Author: Jonathan Epstein (03-22)

1. American Red Cross New ECC and First Aid Guidelines Jonathan L. Epstein, MEMS, NREMT-P Vice Chair - Advisory Council on First Aid, Aquatics, Safety and Preparedness (ACFASP)

11. Class Recommendations Indeterminate • Research just getting started or continuing area of research • No recommendations until further research ∙ Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against this therapy ∙ Recommendation made on basis of clinical consensus but data inadequate to justify Class at this time … is not recommended… … is not indicated… … should not… … is not useful/effective/ beneficial… … may be harmful… … may/might be considered useful… … may/might be reasonable… … usefulness/effectiveness is not well established… … is reasonable… … can be useful/effective/ beneficial… … is probably indicated… … should… … is recommended… … is indicated… … is useful/effective/ beneficial… Class III Risk > Benefit Procedure/treatment should NOT be performed/administered since it is not helpful and may be harmful. Class IIb Benefit > Risk Procedure/Treatment May Be Considered . Class IIa Benefit >>Risk It Is Reasonable to perform procedure or administer treatment. Class I Benefit >>>Risk Procedure/Treatment should be performed/administered.

14. National First Aid Science Advisory Board The American Pediatric Surgical Association Australian Resuscitation Council Save a Life Foundation Army Medical Command Occupational Safety and Health Administration American Association of Poison Control Centers National Safety Council American Safety and Health Institute National Association of EMTs American Red Cross National Association of EMS Physicians American Heart Association National Association of EMS Educators American College of Surgeons Military Training Network American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Medic First Aid International American College of Emergency Physicians International Association of Fire Fighters American Burn Association International Association of Fire Chiefs American Academy of Pediatrics Canadian Red Cross American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

19. What were the key areas of controversy?

26. American Red Cross Summary of 2005 First Aid Changes

28. Summary of 2005 First Aid Guidelines First Aid providers should be familiar with the epinephrine auto-injector to help with its self administration by the person. Rescuers should be able to administer it if the victim is unable to do so, the medication has been prescribed by a physician, and state law permits it Note: Module participants must have current ARC CPR cert. to attend. Anaphylaxis—Epinephrine Auto-injector

29. Summary of 2005 First Aid Guidelines Control external bleeding by applying pressure to the bleeding area until bleeding stops or EMS rescuers arrive. Bleeding (external)

31. Summary of 2005 First Aid Guidelines Loosely cover burn blisters with a sterile dressing but leave them intact. Burn Blisters Cool thermal burns with cold water as soon as possible and continue at least until pain is relieved. Do not — Apply ice or ice water except on a small, superficial burn and then for no more than 10 minutes. Thermal Burns

32. Summary of 2005 First Aid Guidelines Brush powdered chemicals off the skin with a gloved hand or piece of cloth. Remove all contaminated clothing and make sure not to contaminate yourself in the process. In case of an acid or alkali exposure to the skin or eye, Flush the burn with large amounts of cool running water. Chemical Burns Turn off the power at its source. In case of high-voltage electrocution, immediately notify the appropriate authorities (i.e., 911, fire department, etc). Once the power is off, assess the victim, who may need CPR, defibrillation, and treatment for shock and thermal burns. All victims of electric shock require medical assessment. Electrocution and Electrical Burns

34. American Red Cross Summary of 2005 First Aid Guidelines Assume that any injury to an extremity includes a bone fracture. Cover open wounds with a dressing. Do not move or straighten an injured extremity. If you are far from definitive health care, you may stabilize the extremity in the position found. If an injured extremity is blue or extremely pale activate EMS immediately. Cooling: Fill a plastic bag or wrap ice with a damp cloth and apply ice to the injured area for periods of 20 minutes. If continued icing is needed, remove the pack for 20 minutes, and replace it. Place a thin barrier between the ice and bare skin. Musculoskeletal Trauma: Sprains, Strains, Contusions, and Fractures

35. Summary of 2005 First Aid Guidelines In case of frostbite, remove wet clothing and make sure the victim does not develop hypothermia. Get the victim to a medical facility as rapidly as possible. If you are in a remote area far from a medical facility, slowly re-warm the frostbite using warm water (100-105°F), Cold Emergencies— Frostbite Move the victim to a warm environment, remove wet clothing and wrap all exposed body surfaces with anything at hand including blankets, clothing, newspapers, etc. If you are far from definitive health care, you may actively re-warm a victim of hypothermia. Active re-warming should not delay definitive care. Cold Emergencies— Hypothermia

41. What is in the future?

43. Questions?