2013 list of china's underground gas storagesarapublication
This list introduces in alphabetical order names of the 27 underground gas storages recorded in CHINA NATURAL GAS MAP EDITION 5 for the nation's 12th 5-year-plan period.
Chemical park Tagil welcomed the members of the Regional Legislative Assembly - specifically, the Committee for Industrial and Innovative Politics and Enterpreneurship - on the 51st external session. The agenda covered actual execution of the regional law on technoparks in 2013 and 2014 as well as the state support actions for the new industrial sector.
2013 list of china's underground gas storagesarapublication
This list introduces in alphabetical order names of the 27 underground gas storages recorded in CHINA NATURAL GAS MAP EDITION 5 for the nation's 12th 5-year-plan period.
Chemical park Tagil welcomed the members of the Regional Legislative Assembly - specifically, the Committee for Industrial and Innovative Politics and Enterpreneurship - on the 51st external session. The agenda covered actual execution of the regional law on technoparks in 2013 and 2014 as well as the state support actions for the new industrial sector.
Nuclear waste management in Germany (compared to Denmark)Oeko-Institut
Presentation from Beate Kallenbach-Herbert, Oeko-Institut, on the Conference „The Management of Radioactive Wastes in Denmark”, Copenhagen/Christiansborg, March 24, 2015
Dr. Per Christer Lund, Counsellor Science and Technology Norwegian Embassy in Tokyo, gave a briefing on CCS in Norway at the Global CCS Institute Japan study meeting in Tokyo on October 29, 2012
Telling the Norwegian CCS Story | PART I: CCS: the path to sustainable and em...Global CCS Institute
In 2018, the Norwegian government announced its decision to continue the planning of a demonstration project for CO2 capture, transport and storage. This webinar focuses on the Fortum Oslo Varme CCS project. This is one of the two industrial CO2 sources in the Norwegian full-scale project.
At their waste-to-energy plant at Klemetsrud in Oslo, Fortum Oslo Varme produces electricity and district heating for the Oslo region by incinerating waste. Its waste-to-energy plant is one of the largest land-based sources of CO2 emissions in Norway, counting for about 20 % of the city of Oslo’s total emissions. The CCS project in Oslo is an important step towards a sustainable waste system and the creation of a circular economy. It will be the first energy recovery installation for waste disposal treatment with full-scale CCS.
Fortum Oslo Varme has understood the enormous potential for the development of a CCS industry in the waste-to-energy industry. The company is working to capture 90 % of its CO2 emissions, the equivalent of 400 000 tons of CO2 per year. This project will open new opportunities to reduce emissions from the waste sector in Norway and globally. Carbon capture from waste incineration can remove over 90 million tons of CO2 per year from existing plants in Europe. There is high global transfer value and high interest in the industry for the project in Oslo.
The waste treated consists of almost 60 % biological carbon. Carbon capture at waste-to-energy plants will therefore be so-called BIO-CCS (i.e. CCS from the incineration of organic waste, thereby removing the CO2 from the natural cycle).
Find out more about the project by listening to our webinar.
Michael was one of 12 Americans that was invited to participate in the Engaging Coal Communities Tour of Berlin, Lausitz, and North Rhine-Westphalia Visitor Program hosted by the Heinrich Boell Foundation in November 2016. He had a terrific opportunity to see the lignite and hard coal regions of Germany and learned about their “just transition” away from fossil fuels and into renewable energy. The group had the opportunity to speak to government officials, power industry representatives, labor union representatives, local mayors, councilmen and foundation representatives about how communities, industry, and government worked together to make sure that their coal miners and mining landscapes were not left behind in the transition but were made to prosper and become centers for innovation and recreation.
Swiss and Scottish Geoplutonic: How modern drilling technologies could provid...Adam Khan
New technologies are changing the way we communicate and treat medicly. New mining technologies now could change we extract energy for water and electricty production.
See how small UK company -with Zakiewicz game -changer technologies in energy production - is changing the way the entire Swiss and Scottish population are supplied with decentralized low cost, CO2, renewable energy: electricity and heat. This solutions once implemented worldwide could solve the oil, gas, nuclear waste and coal problems without financial burden of subsidies. Watch out and support::)
Northern Lights: A European CO2 transport and storage project Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute hosted the final webinar of its "Telling the Norwegian CCS Story" series which presented Northern Lights. This project is part of the Norwegian full-scale CCS project which will include the capture of CO2 at two industrial facilities (cement and waste-to-energy plants), transport and permanent storage of CO2 in a geological reservoir on the Norwegian Continental Shelf.
Northern Lights aims to establish an open access CO2 transport and storage service for Europe. It is the first integrated commercial project of its kind able to receive CO2 from a variety of industrial sources. The project is led by Equinor with two partners Shell and Total. Northern Lights aims to drive the development of CCS in Europe and globally.
“Towards net zero: extracting energy from flooded coal mines for heating and ...Kyungeun Sung
“Towards net zero: extracting energy from flooded coal mines for heating and cooling applications” – Prof Amin Al-Habaibeh, Nottingham Trent University, presenting at the Net Zero Conference 2022, ‘Research Journeys in/to Net Zero: Current and Future Research Leaders in the Midlands, UK’ (on Friday 24th June 2022 at De Montfort University)
On 16 May 2013, the Global CCS Institute hosted its seventh study meeting in Tokyo. This presentation is by Holger Bietz, the Institute's General Manager, Projects, Financial and Commercial.
Nuclear waste management in Germany (compared to Denmark)Oeko-Institut
Presentation from Beate Kallenbach-Herbert, Oeko-Institut, on the Conference „The Management of Radioactive Wastes in Denmark”, Copenhagen/Christiansborg, March 24, 2015
Dr. Per Christer Lund, Counsellor Science and Technology Norwegian Embassy in Tokyo, gave a briefing on CCS in Norway at the Global CCS Institute Japan study meeting in Tokyo on October 29, 2012
Telling the Norwegian CCS Story | PART I: CCS: the path to sustainable and em...Global CCS Institute
In 2018, the Norwegian government announced its decision to continue the planning of a demonstration project for CO2 capture, transport and storage. This webinar focuses on the Fortum Oslo Varme CCS project. This is one of the two industrial CO2 sources in the Norwegian full-scale project.
At their waste-to-energy plant at Klemetsrud in Oslo, Fortum Oslo Varme produces electricity and district heating for the Oslo region by incinerating waste. Its waste-to-energy plant is one of the largest land-based sources of CO2 emissions in Norway, counting for about 20 % of the city of Oslo’s total emissions. The CCS project in Oslo is an important step towards a sustainable waste system and the creation of a circular economy. It will be the first energy recovery installation for waste disposal treatment with full-scale CCS.
Fortum Oslo Varme has understood the enormous potential for the development of a CCS industry in the waste-to-energy industry. The company is working to capture 90 % of its CO2 emissions, the equivalent of 400 000 tons of CO2 per year. This project will open new opportunities to reduce emissions from the waste sector in Norway and globally. Carbon capture from waste incineration can remove over 90 million tons of CO2 per year from existing plants in Europe. There is high global transfer value and high interest in the industry for the project in Oslo.
The waste treated consists of almost 60 % biological carbon. Carbon capture at waste-to-energy plants will therefore be so-called BIO-CCS (i.e. CCS from the incineration of organic waste, thereby removing the CO2 from the natural cycle).
Find out more about the project by listening to our webinar.
Michael was one of 12 Americans that was invited to participate in the Engaging Coal Communities Tour of Berlin, Lausitz, and North Rhine-Westphalia Visitor Program hosted by the Heinrich Boell Foundation in November 2016. He had a terrific opportunity to see the lignite and hard coal regions of Germany and learned about their “just transition” away from fossil fuels and into renewable energy. The group had the opportunity to speak to government officials, power industry representatives, labor union representatives, local mayors, councilmen and foundation representatives about how communities, industry, and government worked together to make sure that their coal miners and mining landscapes were not left behind in the transition but were made to prosper and become centers for innovation and recreation.
Swiss and Scottish Geoplutonic: How modern drilling technologies could provid...Adam Khan
New technologies are changing the way we communicate and treat medicly. New mining technologies now could change we extract energy for water and electricty production.
See how small UK company -with Zakiewicz game -changer technologies in energy production - is changing the way the entire Swiss and Scottish population are supplied with decentralized low cost, CO2, renewable energy: electricity and heat. This solutions once implemented worldwide could solve the oil, gas, nuclear waste and coal problems without financial burden of subsidies. Watch out and support::)
Northern Lights: A European CO2 transport and storage project Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute hosted the final webinar of its "Telling the Norwegian CCS Story" series which presented Northern Lights. This project is part of the Norwegian full-scale CCS project which will include the capture of CO2 at two industrial facilities (cement and waste-to-energy plants), transport and permanent storage of CO2 in a geological reservoir on the Norwegian Continental Shelf.
Northern Lights aims to establish an open access CO2 transport and storage service for Europe. It is the first integrated commercial project of its kind able to receive CO2 from a variety of industrial sources. The project is led by Equinor with two partners Shell and Total. Northern Lights aims to drive the development of CCS in Europe and globally.
“Towards net zero: extracting energy from flooded coal mines for heating and ...Kyungeun Sung
“Towards net zero: extracting energy from flooded coal mines for heating and cooling applications” – Prof Amin Al-Habaibeh, Nottingham Trent University, presenting at the Net Zero Conference 2022, ‘Research Journeys in/to Net Zero: Current and Future Research Leaders in the Midlands, UK’ (on Friday 24th June 2022 at De Montfort University)
On 16 May 2013, the Global CCS Institute hosted its seventh study meeting in Tokyo. This presentation is by Holger Bietz, the Institute's General Manager, Projects, Financial and Commercial.
Technische Probleme in den französischen AKW und ihre AuswirkungenOeko-Institut
Präsentation von Dr. Christoph Pistner, "Misère Nucléaire – Wenn AKW ungeplant ausfallen", Schweizerische Energie-Stiftung, Trinationaler Atomschutzverband, 30.06.2023, Basel
Präsentation von Dr. Katja Schumacher, Symposium „Klimaschutz in Caritas und Diakonie: Den Weg erfolgreich gestalten“ der Versicherer im Raum der Kirchen Akademie GmbH, 29.9.2022
Das Projekt „compan-e – Wege zur elektrischen und nachhaltigen Unternehmensmobilität“ versteht sich als übergeordnetes Forschungsprojekt, das den Übergang von der bisherigen vereinzelten und pilothaften Erprobung von Elektromobilität in Unternehmen hin zum „Mainstream“ in der gewerblichen Mobilität wissenschaftlich begleitet und durch den koordinierten Erfahrungsaustausch und gezielte Informationsangebote, die auch jenseits der Projektbeteiligten wirksam werden, beschleunigt.
compan-e: Befragungsergebnisse Themenfeld Ladeinfrastruktur am WohnortOeko-Institut
Das Projekt „compan-e – Wege zur elektrischen und nachhaltigen Unternehmensmobilität“ versteht sich als übergeordnetes Forschungsprojekt, das den Übergang von der bisherigen vereinzelten und pilothaften Erprobung von Elektromobilität in Unternehmen hin zum „Mainstream“ in der gewerblichen Mobilität wissenschaftlich begleitet und durch den koordinierten Erfahrungsaustausch und gezielte Informationsangebote, die auch jenseits der Projektbeteiligten wirksam werden, beschleunigt.
Das Projekt „compan-e – Wege zur elektrischen und nachhaltigen Unternehmensmobilität“ versteht sich als übergeordnetes Forschungsprojekt, das den Übergang von der bisherigen vereinzelten und pilothaften Erprobung von Elektromobilität in Unternehmen hin zum „Mainstream“ in der gewerblichen Mobilität wissenschaftlich begleitet und durch den koordinierten Erfahrungsaustausch und gezielte Informationsangebote, die auch jenseits der Projektbeteiligten wirksam werden, beschleunigt.
compan-e: Befragungsergebnisse Themenfeld Car PolicyOeko-Institut
Das Projekt „compan-e – Wege zur elektrischen und nachhaltigen Unternehmensmobilität“ versteht sich als übergeordnetes Forschungsprojekt, das den Übergang von der bisherigen vereinzelten und pilothaften Erprobung von Elektromobilität in Unternehmen hin zum „Mainstream“ in der gewerblichen Mobilität wissenschaftlich begleitet und durch den koordinierten Erfahrungsaustausch und gezielte Informationsangebote, die auch jenseits der Projektbeteiligten wirksam werden, beschleunigt.
Soziale Aspekte von Klimakrise und KlimapolitikOeko-Institut
Präsentation von Dirk Arne Heyen, DVSG-Bundeskongress, Forum 9: Die sozial-ökologische Transformation: Wie kann Soziale Arbeit zu sozial gerechtem Klimaschutz beitragen?, 10.11.222, Kassel
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Radioactive Waste Management in Germany – Recent Developments Based on Lessons Learnt
1. www.oeko.de
Radioactive Waste Management in Germany –
Recent Developments Based on Lessons Learnt
Beate Kallenbach-Herbert
Öko-Institut e.V.
MKG seminar
Stockholm, 3 June 2014
2. 2
www.oeko.de
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
Agenda
1 Quick ride through German nuclear power history
3 Disposal of low and intermediate level waste
4 Management of spent fuel
5 A new start – the Repository Site Selection Act
6 Phase out chance and challenges
2 Overview of nuclar waste amounts and facilities
3. 3
www.oeko.de
1. Quick ride through German nuclear power history
Nuclear power and research reactors
● Initial operation of first research reactors
● Initial operation of first commercial NPPs
● Latest start of operation, max. 20 NPPs in operation
● Nuclear-Phase-Out agreement („Nuclear consensus“)
between Federal Government and electricity companies
● Amendment of Atomic Energy Act è “Nuclear Phase-out-
Act”: restriction of average operational time: 32a, 2 NPPs
permanently shut down
● Federal Government and Parliament decision on Extension
of NPP operational time (average 40 years)
1957
1960
1988
2000
2002
2010
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
4. 4
www.oeko.de
1. Quick ride through German nuclear power history
Nuclear power and research reactors
● Fukushima accident
● 8 reactors (8,4 MWe) permanently shut down
● 9 NPPs at 8 sites in operation, total capacity:
12,696 Mwe
staged phase out by 2022 legally fixed
03-2011
07-2011
Today
● New built of NPPs was and is prohibited since the
2002 “Nuclear Phase-Out Law”
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
5. 5
www.oeko.de
1. Quick ride through German nuclear power history
Vortragstitel│Referentenname│Ort│Datum
operation
dismantling
permanent shut down
Nuclear power plants and
prototype reactors after
Fukushima accident
6. 6
www.oeko.de
Agenda
1 Quick ride through German nuclear power history
3 Disposal of low and intermediate level waste
4 Management of spent fuel
5 A new start – the Repository Site Selection Act
6 Phase out chance and challenges
2 Overview of nuclear waste amounts and facilities
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
7. 7
www.oeko.de
2. Overview of nuclar waste amounts and facilities
● about 2,500 t of spent fuel in interim storage to arise between
2013 and 2022
Amounts of waste from spent nuclear fuel by 2022
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
8. 8
www.oeko.de
2. Overview of nuclar waste amounts and facilities
not considering waste amounts disposed of at Asse and Morsleben sites
Development of waste amounts with negligible heat generation
source: BMU 2011
total
reprocessing Ka.
NPPs
Nuclear industry
research
state collecting fac.
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
9. 9
www.oeko.de
2. Overview of nuclar waste amounts and facilities
Vortragstitel│Referentenname│Ort│Datum
Onsite interim storage for
spent fuel (SF)
Offsite storage for SF
SF storage pool
Waste interim storage
state collecting facility
conditioning facility
waste repository
waste retrieval project Asse
Onsite interim storage for
spent fuel (SF)
Offsite storage for SF
SF storage pool
Waste interim storage and
state collecting facility
Conditioning facility
Waste repository
Waste retrieval project Asse
Former exploration mine
Gorleben
10. 10
www.oeko.de
Agenda
1 Quick ride through German nuclear power history
3 Disposal of low and intermediate level waste
4 Management of spent fuel
5 A new start – the Repository Site Selection Act
6 Phase out chance and challenges
2 Overview of nuclear waste amounts and facilities
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
11. 11
www.oeko.de
3. Disposal of low and intermediate level waste
Onsite interim storage for
spent fuel (SF)
Offsite storage for SF
SF storage pool
Waste interim storage
state collecting facility
conditioning facility
waste repository
waste retrieval project Asse
Morsleben
LAW/MAW repository
closure ongoing
Asse (former
„research mine“):
investigations for
waste retrieval
ongoing
Schacht Konrad
repository under
construction
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
12. 12
www.oeko.de
3.a Experience and problems of the Asse repository
SITEX│Minhans│Senec│16.09.2013
1. MAW chamber:
1 chamber 511 m level
1293 barrels intermediate
active waste
2. LAW chambers:
1 chamber 725 m level
11 chambers 750 m level
124.494 barrels low-level waste
3. brine inflow from overlying rock
(about 12 m³/day since 1988)
Geological situation
● Zechstein salt dome
● From 1909 till 1964 salt mine
for potash salt and rock salt
13. 13
www.oeko.de
3.a Experience and problems of the Asse repository
Waste disposal
• Waste disposal from
1967 – 1978
• Nominally for research purposes, but:
no intention of waste retrieval
Safety problems
• brine inflow
• instability
• danger of flooding and collapse due to salt dissolution
è release of radionuclides è contamination of groundwater
and biosphere
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
14. 14
www.oeko.de
3.a Experience and problems of the Asse repository
Contributing factors
● Asse mine
‒ was never intended to be used for disposal purposes,
‒ was excavated close to the outer boundary of the salt dome,
‒ chambers from salt exploration not backfilled before waste emplacement.
● Science, industry and politics
è prove feasibility of disposal
è suitability of the mine not questioned
● Cheap “solution” of final waste management
● insufficient realisation of checks and balances
‒ unsuitable distribution of roles
‒ realisation under mining law è nuclear requirements ignored
● no involvement of the public è early warnings ignored
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
15. 15
www.oeko.de
3.a Experience and problems of the Asse repository
Federal Office for Radiation Protection, BfS, new operator
BfS - supported by the regional representatives - choosing
retrieval as the preferred option for closure
3-phased feasibility study started
first drilling into closed waste chamber failed, second attempt
successfully terminated in June 2013
in parallel: Measures to increase stability of the mine and to
extend the potential time for future actions
Start of retrieval not expected before 2033
expected volume: 200,000 – 400,000 m³
2009
2010
2033
2011
2012
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
16. 16
www.oeko.de
3.b Schacht Konrad: repository under construction
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
Disposal of “Waste with Negligible Heat Generation”
A former iron ore mine in Lower Saxony
Accepted volume: 303,000 m³
Emplacement drifts at 800 – 1300 m
depth
17. 17
www.oeko.de
3.b Schacht Konrad: repository under construction
● Application for plan approval filed in 1982
● Public hearing - part of the plan approval procedure - held in 1992
‒ Duration: 75 days - the longest in German nuclear instatallations
history .
‒ About 290.000 objections had to be treated
● The plan approval notification was served in May 2002
● Complaints at the Lüneburg Supreme Administrative Court and the
Federal Administrative Court were decided or in the latter case
rejected in 2006 and 2007
● Detailed planning and reconstruction works are ongoing since 2007
● Start of operation is expected around 2015 – 2019 – 2022
è 7 years delay in the last 4 years
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
18. 18
www.oeko.de
Agenda
1 Quick ride through German nuclear power history
3 Management of low and intermediate level waste
4 Management of spent fuel
5 A new start – the Repository Site Selection Act
6 Phase out chance and challenges
2 Overview of nuclear waste amounts and facilities
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
19. 19
www.oeko.de
4. Management of spent fuel
Short overview
● Reprocessing (France and UK) as well as interim storage at
centralized storage facility used till 2002 “Nuclear Phase Out Law”
● Onsite interim storage of spent fuel mandatory today
● Interim storage of HLW from reprocessing at centralized cask
storage facility Gorleben è return-shipments of vitrified waste still
ongoing, but alternatives to Gorleben foreseen
● Exploration activities for disposal of high active waste and spent
fuel have focused on the Gorleben salt dome since the late 1970s
● Attempts for starting a new site selection process failed in the past
till 2011
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
20. 20
www.oeko.de
Interim Storage
● 2000: “Nuclear Consensus” of Government and electricity
companies comprised agreements on erection of on site interim
storage facilities at each reactor site
● Planning, licensing and construction of 12 storage facilities was done
in about 8 years between 1998 and 2006
● Capacities adapted to the expected amounts of spent fuel and a
clear restrictions of operating times were points of major interest in
for regional representatives and public
● The technical concept is based on the storage of robust dual
purpose casks in storage buildings with passive air cooling
● Licenses are limited to 40 years è A stable factor in German nuclear
waste management policy, but: Follow up unclear when no
repository is available in time when licenses expire
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
4.a Management of spent fuel – Interim Storage
21. 21
www.oeko.de
● 1977: The Gorleben site was defined for exploration for a repository
for all kinds of radioactive waste (later changed to “heat generating
waste”)
● 1979: Above ground explorations were started
● 1986: Underground explorations were started with the sinking of two
shafts to a depth of 800 m
● 1995: the driving of horizontal drifts began. The two shafts were
connected in 1996
● From today’s perspective the selection of Gorleben is not sufficiently
transparent
● An exploration moratorium for longest 10 years for clarification of
basic questions was decided in 2000 due to ongoing discourse on
suitability of the site. The moratorium ended (under new
Government) in October 2010
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014
4.b Gorleben Exploration Mine
22. 22
www.oeko.de
Agenda
1 Quick ride through German nuclear power history
3 Management of low and intermediate level waste
4 Management of spent fuel
5 A new start – the Repository Site Selection Act
6 Phase out chance and challenges
2 Overview of nuclear waste amounts and facilities
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New Majorities after the Fukushima accident:
● Broad political and societal support for nuclear phase-out decision
● New societal and political openness for solving the waste
management problem
● Proof of changed demands on decision-making processes
(“Stuttgart 21”)
● New political majorities on the Länder level
● Growing public scepticism in the salt concept (failure of the Asse
project) …
Political agreement on Federal and Länder level to
restart siting based on the “Repository Site Selection Act
(passed July 2013)
5. A new start – Repository Site Selection Act
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5. A new start – Repository Site Selection Act
Enhanced geological and
geographical diversity:
to be considered as potential
host rocks
Stop of Gorleben explorations
clay
cristalline
salt
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5. A new start – Repository Site Selection Act
Stepwise siting process
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Öko-Institute.V.2013
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5. A new start – Repository Site Selection Act
New players and
broad participation
Öko-Institute.V.2013
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Öko-Institute.V.2013
Sciences
Chair
Sciences
Environmental
Groups
Churches
Industry
Trade Unions
Parliamentary Groups of
Federal Parliament
State Governments
Kommission Lagerung hoch radioaktiver Abfallstoffe
5. A new start – Repository Site Selection Act
with voting rights:
8 people: Sciences
2 people: Environmental Groups
2 people: Chruches
2 people: Industry
2 people: Trade Unions
without voting rights:
2 Chair Persons
8 Members of Fed. Parliament
8 Members of state governments
Öko-Institute.V.2013
Commission for High Level Waste Disposal
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5. A new start – Repository Site Selection Act
Tasks, to be finalised by end 2015:
● review waste management options
● review the Act
● provide detailed recommendations on: selection criteria,
selection process, participation
Commission for High Level Waste Disposal
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Agenda
1 Quick ride through German nuclear power history
3 Management of low and intermediate level waste
4 Management of spent fuel
5 A new start – the Repository Site Selection Act
6 Phase out chances and challenges
2 Overview of nuclear waste amounts and facilities
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6. Phase out chances and challenges
…from a waste management perspective
● Well known waste amounts for spent fuel and operational
waste
● Clear time schedule of spent fuel and waste generation from
decommissioning
● New political and societal openness for solving the spent fuel
management problem
● Opening an exit from the Gorleben dilemma to a restart of
siting a high active waste repository
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6. Phase out chances and challenges
…from a waste management perspective
● Delays in completion of Konrad repository cause additional
challenges for management of decommissioning waste
● High societal resistance against onsite waste storage facilities
● Economical challenges of dismantling and waste management
in times of decreasing profits become apparent
● New governance models needed for controlled termination of
the nuclear age?
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Thank you for your attention!
Do you have any questions?
?Beate Kallenbach-Herbert
Head of Nuclear Technology & Facility Safety Division
Öko-Institut e.V.
Rheinstraße 95
D-64295 Darmstadt
Telefon: +49 6151 8191-122
E-Mail: b.kallenbach@oeko.de
Waste Management Germany│Kallenbach-Herbert│Stockholm│3 June 2014