Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited, progressive disorder caused by a mutation in the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This prevents the breakdown of phenylalanine, causing it to build up in the brain and impair mental development. Early diagnosis through newborn screening and a special low-phenylalanine diet can help prevent intellectual disability by keeping phenylalanine levels normal.
The document discusses different types of nutrients including proteins, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. It describes essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them, and defines deficiency diseases that can result from not getting enough of certain nutrients. Examples are provided of studies conducted to determine recommended daily intake levels for various vitamins.
There are two main types of macrocytic anemia - megaloblastic anemia and non-megaloblastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency and is characterized by megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow and presence of oval macrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils. Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency include inadequate intake, malabsorption, increased requirements, impaired absorption or utilization. Deficiencies can cause neurological symptoms in addition to anemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing macrocytic anemia and markers of vitamin deficiency.
This document summarizes calcium, phosphate, and magnesium metabolism. It discusses that these minerals have important intracellular and extracellular functions regulated by hormones like PTH and vitamin D. The majority of calcium is stored in bone, while phosphate and magnesium also have roles in cell structures and energy processes. Tight homeostasis maintains mineral levels in the blood and body through balances of absorption, excretion, and bone remodeling. Disorders can develop if these processes are disrupted.
This document summarizes the key components involved in vitamin D and calcium homeostasis, including the roles of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin. It discusses how vitamin D is obtained from sunlight or diet and activated in the body. PTH and calcitonin work in opposition to regulate calcium levels - PTH increases calcium levels by acting on the kidneys and bone, while calcitonin decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. PTH and vitamin D also interact, as vitamin D helps absorb calcium from the gut and PTH stimulates its production. Together this maintains appropriate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and body.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
This document reviews the anatomy and physiology of the stomach. It describes the key functions of the stomach, including storage of food, regulation of emptying into the small intestine, mixing of contents, breakdown of food, inhibition of bacteria, and provision of intrinsic factor. It details the major cell types and secretions of the stomach, including HCl, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, and mucus. It also reviews the neural and hormonal control of gastric acid secretion and the mechanisms of acid secretion by parietal cells.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited, progressive disorder caused by a mutation in the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. This prevents the breakdown of phenylalanine, causing it to build up in the brain and impair mental development. Early diagnosis through newborn screening and a special low-phenylalanine diet can help prevent intellectual disability by keeping phenylalanine levels normal.
The document discusses different types of nutrients including proteins, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. It describes essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them, and defines deficiency diseases that can result from not getting enough of certain nutrients. Examples are provided of studies conducted to determine recommended daily intake levels for various vitamins.
There are two main types of macrocytic anemia - megaloblastic anemia and non-megaloblastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency and is characterized by megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow and presence of oval macrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils. Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency include inadequate intake, malabsorption, increased requirements, impaired absorption or utilization. Deficiencies can cause neurological symptoms in addition to anemia. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing macrocytic anemia and markers of vitamin deficiency.
This document summarizes calcium, phosphate, and magnesium metabolism. It discusses that these minerals have important intracellular and extracellular functions regulated by hormones like PTH and vitamin D. The majority of calcium is stored in bone, while phosphate and magnesium also have roles in cell structures and energy processes. Tight homeostasis maintains mineral levels in the blood and body through balances of absorption, excretion, and bone remodeling. Disorders can develop if these processes are disrupted.
This document summarizes the key components involved in vitamin D and calcium homeostasis, including the roles of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin. It discusses how vitamin D is obtained from sunlight or diet and activated in the body. PTH and calcitonin work in opposition to regulate calcium levels - PTH increases calcium levels by acting on the kidneys and bone, while calcitonin decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. PTH and vitamin D also interact, as vitamin D helps absorb calcium from the gut and PTH stimulates its production. Together this maintains appropriate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and body.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
This document reviews the anatomy and physiology of the stomach. It describes the key functions of the stomach, including storage of food, regulation of emptying into the small intestine, mixing of contents, breakdown of food, inhibition of bacteria, and provision of intrinsic factor. It details the major cell types and secretions of the stomach, including HCl, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, and mucus. It also reviews the neural and hormonal control of gastric acid secretion and the mechanisms of acid secretion by parietal cells.
Nutrition is vital for health and well-being. A balanced diet can prevent chronic diseases and improve energy levels. The document defines key nutrition terms and describes the digestive system and enzymes involved in breaking down food. It also covers the main food groups, macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and fats, and provides classifications and sources of these nutrients. Guidelines like food guides and dietary allowances are discussed to promote appropriate diets and nutritional health.
This document provides an overview of basic nutrition concepts. It defines key terms like nutrition, food, nutrients, digestion, and absorption. It also describes the digestive system and the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Additionally, it covers food groups, dietary guidelines, food guides like the USDA food pyramid, recommended dietary allowances, food exchange lists, nutritional labeling, and concepts like basal metabolism, basal metabolic rate, and factors that affect metabolism. The document serves as an introductory compilation on basic nutrition.
This document provides an overview of basic nutrition concepts. It defines key terms like nutrition, food, nutrients, digestion, and absorption. It also describes the digestive system and the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Additionally, it covers food groups, dietary guidelines, food guides like the USDA food pyramid, recommended dietary allowances, food exchange lists, nutritional labeling, and concepts like basal metabolism, basal metabolic rate, and factors that affect metabolism. The document serves as an introductory compilation on basic nutrition.
Fiber has long been known to help increase satiety by helping to send signals from the gut to the brain to say 'i'm full'. Fiber also helps to slow down digestion helping to balance blood sugar, purified fiber supplements have been clinically proven to work as well.
This document discusses nutrition and food. It defines nutrition as the science of taking in and utilizing food and its relationship to health. It discusses the importance of nutrition for health, and how malnutrition can lead to diseases. It also covers the classification, functions, and sources of the main nutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Specific topics covered include protein nutrition and deficiencies, carbohydrates, fats, and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) including kwashiorkor and marasmus.
The document summarizes key aspects of human digestion and nutrition. It describes the main stages of digestion that occur in the oral cavity, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Key points include:
- Digestion involves both physical and chemical breakdown of food facilitated by enzymes and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.
- The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption into the bloodstream through processes like diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
- The liver plays an important role in regulating blood composition and nutrient storage/processing through functions like detoxification, bile production, and albumin synthesis.
- A balanced diet with essential nutrients is important for human health, and macronutrients like carbohydrates
This document discusses key concepts in nutrition including definitions of nutrition, the essential nutrient groups, and modes of nutrition. It defines nutrition as the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism, and repair. The essential nutrient groups that the body needs are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Different organisms obtain nutrition through various modes such as holozoic, saprozoic, frugivoric, insectivorous, parasitic, and others.
The document provides information about the digestive system. It discusses:
- How the small intestine mixes food with enzymes via muscle contraction and moves it along.
- The pancreas secretes enzymes like amylase, lipase, and an endopeptidase into the small intestine to digest macromolecules.
- Enzymes digest most macromolecules into monomers in the small intestine.
- Villi in the small intestine increase absorption surface area and absorb monomers and nutrients.
- Different membrane transport methods are required to absorb different nutrients like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
The document discusses how the body absorbs various vitamins and minerals. It states that water-soluble vitamins can be absorbed from both dietary sources in the small intestine and microbial synthesis in the large intestine. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine within micelles and transported through the lymphatic system. Minerals like sodium, chloride, and potassium are absorbed through active transport and passive diffusion coupled with other substances. Calcium absorption occurs actively in the duodenum and passively elsewhere. Water absorption occurs rapidly through the small intestine via osmosis following electrolyte gradients.
This document discusses the human digestive system and nutrition. It explains that digestion is the breakdown of food into simpler forms for absorption and use by cells. The major parts of the digestive system are named including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The four main stages of digestion are identified as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion. Carbohydrates are categorized as simple or complex, and monosaccharides like glucose, fructose and galactose are listed as examples of simple carbs.
The document discusses digestion in human beings. It describes how humans obtain nutrients from food and break it down through the process of digestion. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Mechanical digestion involves chewing and mixing of food. Chemical digestion involves enzymes that break down macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. The major organs involved in digestion are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver and large intestine. Nutrients are absorbed through the small intestine into the bloodstream and lymphatic system to provide the body with energy and materials for growth, maintenance and regulation.
A brief presentation about the transport of drugs across the cell membrane including the many mechanisms and various transporters and a brief overview of the ABC and SLC superfamily of transporters.
This document provides information about carbohydrates and proteins. It discusses the sources and types of carbohydrates and proteins, how they are digested and absorbed, and their roles and importance in the body. It also describes protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and the conditions that can lead to childhood malnutrition in developing countries.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to nutrition. It begins by defining nutrition and identifying the physiological value of nutrients. It then describes how diet guidelines and menu planning can promote nutrition and health. Culture and age-related changes that can influence nutritional status are also discussed. The document outlines the process of assessing a client's nutritional status and preparing food for sick patients. Expected outcomes of nursing interventions that promote optimal nutrition are described. Common nursing interventions for nutritional deficits are identified. The roles of nutritional support teams are discussed. Indications for different feeding methods like enteral and parenteral nutrition are explained.
Normal flora or resident microbiota refers to the diverse microbial populations that inhabit human bodies. These microbes outnumber human cells 10 to 1 and play important roles in nutrition, immune system development, and preventing pathogen colonization. Disruptions to the normal microbiota are associated with diseases like antibiotic-associated diarrhea, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic syndrome. Probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation can be used to treat diseases by modifying the gut microbiota.
Digestive System Educational Video in Blue Yellow Illustrative Style.pptxlishyen
The document discusses the human digestive system and food digestion. It defines digestion as the process of breaking down food from large to small molecules for cell absorption. It lists the organs in the digestive tract as the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Key steps include chewing and saliva breakdown in the mouth, hydrochloric acid and protease breakdown in the stomach, and enzyme breakdown by pancreatic amylase, protease, and lipase and bile emulsification in the small intestine.
This document provides an introduction to the science of human nutrition through defining key terms and concepts. It discusses that nutrition plays a significant role in life from before birth. Nutrients are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients which provide energy, build tissues, and regulate metabolic processes in the body. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are the main sources of energy. The human body is composed primarily of water with other major components being protein, fats, minerals and carbohydrates. Nutrition is assessed through historical information, anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests and clinical examinations. Signs of good nutrition include well-developed body, ideal weight, and resistance to infection. Nutrition overlaps with other sciences such as
This document provides an overview of nutrition science, including definitions of key terms and descriptions of major nutrients. It discusses the study of nutrients and how the body processes them. Major topics covered include macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, micronutrients like vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies, and how genetics and genomics relate to nutrition and disease.
The document summarizes key aspects of human digestion and nutrition. It describes the five stages of food processing: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. It details the organs and structures involved in digestion, including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas. It explains the roles of enzymes and hormones in breaking down food and regulating digestion. The document also covers nutrient absorption in the small intestine and discusses nutrition, including energy sources, vitamins, minerals, and essential nutrients required in the diet.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Jim Holliman, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Nutrition is vital for health and well-being. A balanced diet can prevent chronic diseases and improve energy levels. The document defines key nutrition terms and describes the digestive system and enzymes involved in breaking down food. It also covers the main food groups, macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and fats, and provides classifications and sources of these nutrients. Guidelines like food guides and dietary allowances are discussed to promote appropriate diets and nutritional health.
This document provides an overview of basic nutrition concepts. It defines key terms like nutrition, food, nutrients, digestion, and absorption. It also describes the digestive system and the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Additionally, it covers food groups, dietary guidelines, food guides like the USDA food pyramid, recommended dietary allowances, food exchange lists, nutritional labeling, and concepts like basal metabolism, basal metabolic rate, and factors that affect metabolism. The document serves as an introductory compilation on basic nutrition.
This document provides an overview of basic nutrition concepts. It defines key terms like nutrition, food, nutrients, digestion, and absorption. It also describes the digestive system and the roles of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Additionally, it covers food groups, dietary guidelines, food guides like the USDA food pyramid, recommended dietary allowances, food exchange lists, nutritional labeling, and concepts like basal metabolism, basal metabolic rate, and factors that affect metabolism. The document serves as an introductory compilation on basic nutrition.
Fiber has long been known to help increase satiety by helping to send signals from the gut to the brain to say 'i'm full'. Fiber also helps to slow down digestion helping to balance blood sugar, purified fiber supplements have been clinically proven to work as well.
This document discusses nutrition and food. It defines nutrition as the science of taking in and utilizing food and its relationship to health. It discusses the importance of nutrition for health, and how malnutrition can lead to diseases. It also covers the classification, functions, and sources of the main nutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Specific topics covered include protein nutrition and deficiencies, carbohydrates, fats, and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) including kwashiorkor and marasmus.
The document summarizes key aspects of human digestion and nutrition. It describes the main stages of digestion that occur in the oral cavity, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Key points include:
- Digestion involves both physical and chemical breakdown of food facilitated by enzymes and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.
- The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption into the bloodstream through processes like diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
- The liver plays an important role in regulating blood composition and nutrient storage/processing through functions like detoxification, bile production, and albumin synthesis.
- A balanced diet with essential nutrients is important for human health, and macronutrients like carbohydrates
This document discusses key concepts in nutrition including definitions of nutrition, the essential nutrient groups, and modes of nutrition. It defines nutrition as the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism, and repair. The essential nutrient groups that the body needs are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Different organisms obtain nutrition through various modes such as holozoic, saprozoic, frugivoric, insectivorous, parasitic, and others.
The document provides information about the digestive system. It discusses:
- How the small intestine mixes food with enzymes via muscle contraction and moves it along.
- The pancreas secretes enzymes like amylase, lipase, and an endopeptidase into the small intestine to digest macromolecules.
- Enzymes digest most macromolecules into monomers in the small intestine.
- Villi in the small intestine increase absorption surface area and absorb monomers and nutrients.
- Different membrane transport methods are required to absorb different nutrients like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
The document discusses how the body absorbs various vitamins and minerals. It states that water-soluble vitamins can be absorbed from both dietary sources in the small intestine and microbial synthesis in the large intestine. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine within micelles and transported through the lymphatic system. Minerals like sodium, chloride, and potassium are absorbed through active transport and passive diffusion coupled with other substances. Calcium absorption occurs actively in the duodenum and passively elsewhere. Water absorption occurs rapidly through the small intestine via osmosis following electrolyte gradients.
This document discusses the human digestive system and nutrition. It explains that digestion is the breakdown of food into simpler forms for absorption and use by cells. The major parts of the digestive system are named including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The four main stages of digestion are identified as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion. Carbohydrates are categorized as simple or complex, and monosaccharides like glucose, fructose and galactose are listed as examples of simple carbs.
The document discusses digestion in human beings. It describes how humans obtain nutrients from food and break it down through the process of digestion. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Mechanical digestion involves chewing and mixing of food. Chemical digestion involves enzymes that break down macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. The major organs involved in digestion are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver and large intestine. Nutrients are absorbed through the small intestine into the bloodstream and lymphatic system to provide the body with energy and materials for growth, maintenance and regulation.
A brief presentation about the transport of drugs across the cell membrane including the many mechanisms and various transporters and a brief overview of the ABC and SLC superfamily of transporters.
This document provides information about carbohydrates and proteins. It discusses the sources and types of carbohydrates and proteins, how they are digested and absorbed, and their roles and importance in the body. It also describes protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and the conditions that can lead to childhood malnutrition in developing countries.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to nutrition. It begins by defining nutrition and identifying the physiological value of nutrients. It then describes how diet guidelines and menu planning can promote nutrition and health. Culture and age-related changes that can influence nutritional status are also discussed. The document outlines the process of assessing a client's nutritional status and preparing food for sick patients. Expected outcomes of nursing interventions that promote optimal nutrition are described. Common nursing interventions for nutritional deficits are identified. The roles of nutritional support teams are discussed. Indications for different feeding methods like enteral and parenteral nutrition are explained.
Normal flora or resident microbiota refers to the diverse microbial populations that inhabit human bodies. These microbes outnumber human cells 10 to 1 and play important roles in nutrition, immune system development, and preventing pathogen colonization. Disruptions to the normal microbiota are associated with diseases like antibiotic-associated diarrhea, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic syndrome. Probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation can be used to treat diseases by modifying the gut microbiota.
Digestive System Educational Video in Blue Yellow Illustrative Style.pptxlishyen
The document discusses the human digestive system and food digestion. It defines digestion as the process of breaking down food from large to small molecules for cell absorption. It lists the organs in the digestive tract as the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Key steps include chewing and saliva breakdown in the mouth, hydrochloric acid and protease breakdown in the stomach, and enzyme breakdown by pancreatic amylase, protease, and lipase and bile emulsification in the small intestine.
This document provides an introduction to the science of human nutrition through defining key terms and concepts. It discusses that nutrition plays a significant role in life from before birth. Nutrients are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients which provide energy, build tissues, and regulate metabolic processes in the body. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are the main sources of energy. The human body is composed primarily of water with other major components being protein, fats, minerals and carbohydrates. Nutrition is assessed through historical information, anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests and clinical examinations. Signs of good nutrition include well-developed body, ideal weight, and resistance to infection. Nutrition overlaps with other sciences such as
This document provides an overview of nutrition science, including definitions of key terms and descriptions of major nutrients. It discusses the study of nutrients and how the body processes them. Major topics covered include macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, micronutrients like vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies, and how genetics and genomics relate to nutrition and disease.
The document summarizes key aspects of human digestion and nutrition. It describes the five stages of food processing: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. It details the organs and structures involved in digestion, including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas. It explains the roles of enzymes and hormones in breaking down food and regulating digestion. The document also covers nutrient absorption in the small intestine and discusses nutrition, including energy sources, vitamins, minerals, and essential nutrients required in the diet.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Jim Holliman, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Alterations in Body Temperature: The Adult Patient with a Fever- Reside...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Rapid Sequence Intubation & Emergency Airway Support in the Pediatric E...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Michele Nypaver, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This document provides an overview of ocular emergencies. It begins with an introduction to the Project: Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative and author information. The bulk of the document consists of slides reviewing various eye conditions and emergencies, including styes, chalazions, conjunctivitis, iritis, orbital cellulitis, subconjunctival hemorrhages, and scleritis. Treatment approaches are provided for many of the conditions. The document concludes with a discussion of the eye examination approach and areas to be reviewed.
GEMC- Disorders of the Pleura, Mediastinum, and Chest Wall- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This document provides an overview of disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall. It discusses several topics in 1-3 sentences each, including costochondritis (inflammation of the costal cartilages), mediastinitis (infection of the mediastinum), mediastinal masses, pneumothorax (air in the pleural space), and catamenial pneumothorax (recurrent pneumothorax associated with menstruation). The document aims to enhance understanding of the major clinical disorders commonly encountered in emergency medicine involving the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall.
GEMC- Dental Emergencies and Common Dental Blocks- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Arthritis and Arthrocentesis- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Bursitis, Tendonitis, Fibromyalgia, and RSD- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Right Upper Quadrant Ultrasound- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Jeff Holmes from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
The document summarizes cardiovascular topics including pericardial tamponade, pericarditis, infective endocarditis, hypertension, tumors, and valvular disorders. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic studies, and management of these conditions. The document also includes bonus sections on cardiac transplant patients, pacemakers and ICDs, and EKG morphology.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC: Nursing Process and Linkage between Theory and PracticeOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Jeremy Lapham from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
2014 gemc-nursing-lapham-general survey and patient care managementOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Jeremy Lapham from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of patients with kidney failure presenting to the emergency department. It covers causes of acute kidney injury including pre-renal, intra-renal and post-renal failure. It also discusses evaluation of kidney function, risks of intravenous contrast, dialysis indications and complications in chronic kidney disease patients including infection, cardiovascular issues and electrolyte abnormalities. Special considerations are outlined for resuscitating, evaluating and treating kidney failure patients in the emergency setting.
GEMC: The Role of Radiography in the Initial Evaluation of C-Spine TraumaOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Stephen Hartsell from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Dr. Jim Holliman from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
1. Author: John Williams, M.D., Ph.D., 2009
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3. M1 - GI Sequence
Intestines
John Williams, M.D., Ph.D.
Winter, 2009
4. THE SMALL INTESTINE
Human small intestine 6-7 m long
Duodenum 20-30 cm
Jejunum 2.5 m
Ileum 3.5 m
FUNCTIONS
Digestion
Absorption
Secretion
Motility
Fig. 7-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal
Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985: 144.
6. Histologic organization of the small intestinal mucosa
Trier, JS, Modara, JL. “Functional morphology of the mucosa of the small intestine”. In Johnson, LR.
Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Vol. II. Raven Press, New York, NY, 1981: 926.
8. DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES (cont)
• Normal American diet contains 200-300 g
(50% of caloric intake)
• Serves an energy and carbon source
• Digestion includes a luminal phase and
a brush border phase
• Only monosaccharides are appreciably
absorbed
9. Starch= Amylose & Amylopectin
Source Undetermined
• Amylase (pH optima 7) cleaves interior α1-4 linkages but not α1-6
• Endproduct is a mixture of maltose, maltotriose and limit dextrans
• Acarbose – Amylase inhibitor
12. Lactase is present in infancy
by disappears to a variable
extent during childhood in
most humans.
Exception is Northern
Europeans and European
Americans-commonly retain
lactase into adulthood.
Fig. 7-15 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985: 169.
13. DIETARY PROTEIN
• Normal humans require about 0.75 g/kg body
weight of high quality dietary protein daily
• Nine essential amino acids are not synthesized and
must be obtained from diet
• Normal American diet contains 70-90 g/day
Also endogenous protein in digestive secretions
and shed epithelial cells
14. DIETARY PROTEIN (cont)
• Digestion includes a luminal and brush
border phase
• Both amino acids and di- and tri-peptides
absorbed
• Digestion normally quite complete
17. Peptidases ~20 Protein Digestion
Including enterokinase 1 luminal (stomach, pancreas)
Endo-; amino; carboxly etc 2 brush border (enterocyte)
3 intracellular (enterocyte)
Di & tri Peptides
H+ coupled Na+ coupled
PepT1
Small amounts of peptides enter blood intact- may Carrier to exit cell
be important in immune response
Source Undetermined
19. Defects in Absorption of Protein Digestion
Products due to Altered Transport Systems in
Gut and Kidney
• Cystinuria
Autosomal Recessive
Increased excretion in urine with renal stones
• Hartnup Disease
Autosomal Recessive
Impaired absorption of neutral amino acids
Symptoms of Niacin deficiency (Pellagra)
Patients normally don’t show protein malnutrition-
di and tri peptides sufficient
20. DIETARY LIPID
• Normal American diet about 100g/day primarily as
triglyceride
• Long chain “essential” polyunsaturated fatty acids,
cholesterol, and fat soluble vitamins also present
• Lipid digestion begins in stomach and is
completed in upper intestine in the lumen
• Multiple lipase enzymes have pH optima between
6 and 7
21. STEPS IN LIPID DIGESTION
1. Emulsification
physical process takes place in stomach
phospholipids, proteins facilitate
2. Digestion
stomach and duodenum
3. Solubilization
requires bile salts
role of mixed micelles
4. Absorption
normally <5gm in stool- more is “steatorrhea”
22. • pH optimum 6-7
• in presence of bile salts acid inactivates
Fig. 8 Johnson, L. Essential Medical Physiology New York Raven Press 1992: 515.
23. Mixed micelles solubilize the
products of lipid digestion.
Colipase anchors lipase to the
fat droplet in the presence of
bile salts.
Source Undetermined
24. Ways to alter fat digestion and absorption
1. Olestra - Fake fat, can’t be digested
2. Orlistat (Xenical) – Covalent Lipase inhibitor
Now available OTC as Alli
Side effect of both is malabsorption and diarrhea
26. Short and medium
chain fatty acids
as well as glycerol
Fig. 11-14 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 6th ed. Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2001: 136.
27. Medium Chain Triglycerides
1. Fatty acids are 6-12 carbons in chain length
2. Present in small amounts in normal diet
3. Can be digested and absorbed without bile
salts due to increased water solubility
4. Fatty acids not reesterified but taken up into
the portal vein
29. Cholesterol Absorption
• Luminal cholesterol comes largely from diet
and bile; about 50% absorbed by intestine
• Cholesterol absorbed selectively as
compared to plant sterols
• Absorbed cholesterol released in
chylomicron and goes back to liver as
chylomicron remnants
• Ezetimibe (Zetia) is a new drug that blocks
cholesterol entry into the enterocyte
30. CALCIUM ABSORPTION
1. Dietary intake about 1000 mg/day with net
absorption of about 100 mg/day
2. Most active in duodenum and involves an energy
dependent, transcellular pathway
3. Regulated by active form of Vit D, 1,25(OH)2 Vit
D, also known as 1,25(OH)2-cholecalciferol
31. Mechanism of Intestinal Calcium Absorption
Paracellular – Vit D-independent
Transcellular – Vit D-dependent
Fig. 9 Chang, E, Sitrin, M, Black, D. Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, and Nutritional Physiology. Lippincott – Raven, Philadelphia, PA;
1996: 204.
32. MOLECULAR COMPONENTS
OF INTESTINAL CALCIUM ABSORPTION
1. Entry across the apical brush border is mediated
by a specific Ca2+ entry channel known as CaT1
2. Within the enterocyte a calcium binding protein,
calbindin binds and transports Ca2+
3. Ca2+ exit across the basolateral membrane is
mediated by the plasma membrane
Ca-2+ATPase, PMCA1
33. Synthesis and Action of Vitamin D
Fig. 12-6 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 133.
34. Primary Sites of Nutrient Absorption
Stomach
Lipophillic molecules (ethanol)
Weak acids (aspirin)
John Williams
36. Volumes and ionic composition of fluid
entering the human intestine
Source Undetermined
37. DUODENAL FLUID DYNAMICS
• Mucosa is leaky allowing rapid osomotic
equilibration of hypertonic and hypotonic
meals
• Duodenal secretion of HCO3- from Brunner’s
glands
• Absorption by small intestine is then isotonic
38. Cellular Models of Intestinal Sodium
Absorption
Figs. 7-7 and 7-8 from Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA;
1985.
Can be regulated by contents, neurotransmitterers,
inflammatory mediators and systemic hormones
particularly Angiotensin II
39. Fluid Absorption According to the Standing Osmotic Gradient Model
Can account for isotonic movement
Of fluid by use of localized
hypertonicity
Fig. 12-4 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007.
40. Absorption
Secretory diarrhea of Cholera
Is due to Cholera Toxin activating
Secretion cAMP and stimulating secretion
To 15 –20 liters per day
Source Undetermined
43. FUNCTIONS OF INTESTINAL MOTILITY
1. Mixing of foodstuffs, digestive secretions and enzymes
2. Facilitate contact of chyme with intestinal mucosa
3. Net propulsion in an aboral direction
44. Intraluminal Pressure Changes in the Duodenum of
a Concious Man
Fig. 5-1 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 42.
In duodenum contractions occur at intervals of 5 sec or multiples of 5
45. Electrical Threshold for Generation of Action
Potentials
Source Undetermined
Frequency of slow waves is 12/min in duodenum and decreases to 9/min in
The ileum. (Another site of pacemaker activity)
48. Villus contraction which
increases after a meal
also helps mix unstirred
layer and compress the
lacteal
Only very short peristaltic
movements occur in the
fed state
Fig. 5-3 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 44.
53. ESSENTIAL MINERAL ELEMENTS
1. Required to maintain normal physiology and
health
2. Occur in diet, sometimes as trace elements
3. Variable absorptions may be regulated
4. In steady state intestinal absorption equals
body losses
54. Additional Source Information
for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 4 – Fig. 7-2 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985: 144.
Slide 5 – Source Undetermined
Slide 6 – Trier, JS, Modara, JL. “Functional morphology of the mucosa of the small intestine”. In Johnson, LR. Physiology of
the Gastrointestinal Tract. Vol. II. Raven Press, New York, NY, 1981: 926.
Slide 9 – Source Undetermined
Slide 10 – Source Undetermined
Slide 11 – John Williams
Slide 12 – Fig. 7-15 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985: 169.
Slide 15 – Fig. 11-8 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 114.
Slide 16 – Fig 7-18 Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985: 174.
Slide 17 – Source Undetermined
Slide 18 – Source Undetermined
Slide 22 – Fig. 8 Johnson, L. Essential Medical Physiology New York Raven Press 1992: 515.
Slide 23 – Source Undetermined
Slide 25 - Source Undetermined
Slide 26 – Fig. 11-14 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 6th ed. Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2001: 136.
Slide 28 – Source Undetermined
55. Additional Source Information
for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 31 – Fig. 9 Chang, E, Sitrin, M, Black, D. Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, and Nutritional Physiology. Lippincott –
Raven, Philadelphia, PA; 1996: 204.
Slide 33 – Fig. 12-6 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 133.
Slide 34 – John Williams
Slide 36 – Source Undetermined
Slide 38 – Figs. 7-7 and 7-8 from Granger, D, et al. Clinical Gastrointestinal Physiology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 1985.
Slide 39 – Fig. 12-4 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007.
Slide 40 – Source Undetermined
Slide 44 – Fig. 5-1 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 42.
Slide 45 – Source Undetermined
Slide 46 – Source Undetermined
Slide 47 – Source Undetermined
Slide 48 – Fig. 5-3 Johnson, L. Gastrointestinal Physiology, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA; 2007: 44.
Slide 49 – Jim Sherman
Slide 50 – Jim Sherman
Slide 51 – Source Undetermined