Physiological changes occur with aging that affect nearly every system of the body. The skin shows signs of aging like wrinkling and loss of fat and tissue. Musculoskeletal changes include arthritis, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. The gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary, urinary, and genital systems all demonstrate atrophy, decreased function, and other age-related alterations. While aging processes are universal, the rate and extent of changes vary between individuals.
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Age Related Problems / Geriatric problems, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
Elderly physical and physiological changes and nutrient requirementsT. Tamilselvan
This presentation deals with the challenges faced by elderly people during physical and physiological changes and the problems associated with old age, nutrient requirements during old age, nutrients influencing the aging process.It will give a brief overview of all these things mentioned above.
Unit vi ageing process and physiological changes m.sc ii yrsanjalatchi
Normal ageing is characterised by a decrease in bone and muscle mass and an increase in adiposity . A decline in muscle mass and a reduction in muscle strength lead to risk of fractures, frailty, reduction in the quality of life and loss of independence [45]. These changes in musculoskeletal system reflect the ageing process as well as consequences of a reduced physical activity. The muscle wasting in frail older persons is termed ‘sarcopaenia’. This disorder leads to a higher incidence of falls and fractures and a functional decline. Functional sarcopaenia or age-related musculoskeletal changes affect 7% of elderly above the age of 70 years, and the rate of deterioration increases with time, affecting over 20% of the elderly by the age of 80 Strength declines at 1.5% per year, and this accelerates to as much as 3% per year after 60 years of age . These rates were considered high in sedentary individuals and twice as high in men as compared with those in women . However, studies show that on an average, men have larger amounts of muscle mass and a shorter survival than women. This makes sarcopaenia potentially a greater public health concern among women than among men
This is the initial lecture in the course "Significant Medical Conditions in Seniors" presented at Peer Learning in Chapel Hill, NC, USA in 2016 by Michael C. Joseph, MD, MPH.
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Age Related Problems / Geriatric problems, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
Elderly physical and physiological changes and nutrient requirementsT. Tamilselvan
This presentation deals with the challenges faced by elderly people during physical and physiological changes and the problems associated with old age, nutrient requirements during old age, nutrients influencing the aging process.It will give a brief overview of all these things mentioned above.
Unit vi ageing process and physiological changes m.sc ii yrsanjalatchi
Normal ageing is characterised by a decrease in bone and muscle mass and an increase in adiposity . A decline in muscle mass and a reduction in muscle strength lead to risk of fractures, frailty, reduction in the quality of life and loss of independence [45]. These changes in musculoskeletal system reflect the ageing process as well as consequences of a reduced physical activity. The muscle wasting in frail older persons is termed ‘sarcopaenia’. This disorder leads to a higher incidence of falls and fractures and a functional decline. Functional sarcopaenia or age-related musculoskeletal changes affect 7% of elderly above the age of 70 years, and the rate of deterioration increases with time, affecting over 20% of the elderly by the age of 80 Strength declines at 1.5% per year, and this accelerates to as much as 3% per year after 60 years of age . These rates were considered high in sedentary individuals and twice as high in men as compared with those in women . However, studies show that on an average, men have larger amounts of muscle mass and a shorter survival than women. This makes sarcopaenia potentially a greater public health concern among women than among men
This is the initial lecture in the course "Significant Medical Conditions in Seniors" presented at Peer Learning in Chapel Hill, NC, USA in 2016 by Michael C. Joseph, MD, MPH.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. Senescence
…all postmaturational changes and the
increasing vulnerability individuals face as a
result of these changes.
The group of effects that lead to a decreasing
expectation of life with increasing age
3. Sencescence, cont’d
Differs from other biological processes:
– Its characteristics are universal
– Changes come from within the individual
– Associated processes occur gradually
– Changes have a deleterious effect on the invidual
4. Ultimately…You Die.
U.S. Death Rates:
Leading cause among OA’s--heart disease
Higher for older men than for older women
Higher for African Americans than whites
6. At age 75, the average person,
compared to age 30:
92% of brain weight
84% of basal metabolism
70% kidney filtration rate
43% of maximul breathing capacity
We are not the people we once were!
7. CHANGES IN THE SKIN
“To most people, the condition of the skin, hair,
and connective tissue collectively represents
the ultimate indicator of age”. (Kart & Kinney, p.
74)
8. SKIN: Wrinkling
Muscles of the face are capable of tremendous
movement. “Smiles, laughter, frowns,
disappointment, ager, rage, and surprise are all
recorded. The hand of time captures these
expressions and outlines them on the
face….By the age of 40, most people bear the
typical lines of their expressions.” (Kart &
Kinney, p. 75)
9. SKIN--Wrinkling:
Loss of subcutaneous fat
– > vulnerability to pressure sores
– less insulation of body to cold (also affected by
diminished blood flow to skin & extremities) & heat
10. SKIN & NAILS
Atrophic changes in sweat glands
Thickened fingernails & toenails
Generalized loss of body hair and head hair
Decrease in # of functioning pigment-producing
cells-->graying
– Some remaining pigment cells enlarge--> “age
spots”
– Skin changes increase. vulnerability to
infections/disorders
11. SKELETOMUSCULAR SYSTEM
CHANGES
“Arthritis & allied bone and muscular conditions
are among the most common of all disorders
afffecting people 65 years of age and over.”
(Kart & Kinney, p. 76)
Arthritis: A generic term that refers to an
inflammation or degenerative change in a joint
– Occurs world wide & is one of the oldest known
diseases
12. ARTHRITIS
Osteoarthritis
– Cause not known
– Also referred to as degenerative joint disease
– A gradual wearing away of joint cartilage that results
in the exposure of rough underlying bone ends
– Can do damage to internal ligaments
– Most commonly associated w/ weight bearing jnts
13. Rheumatoid Arthritis
– A chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease of
connective tissue
– 2-3 times more common among women than men
– currently viewed as an autoimmune disease
– may occur at any age -- most common onset
between 20 & 50
14. Musculoskeltal, cont’d:
Osteopenia --> Osteoporosis:
– Gradual loss of bone that reduces skeltal mass
without disrupting the proportions of minerals &
organic materials
– For many, it is asymptomatic
– Bones most critically involved: vertebra, wrist, hip
15. Musculoskeletal, cont’d:
Sarcopenia:
– Loss of muscle mass that occurs with aging
– Cause not completely understood
– Preventable/reversible with regular physical activity
16. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Atophy of secretion mechanisms
Decreasing motility of the gut
Loss of strength/tone of muscular tissue &
supporting structures
Changes in neurosensory feedback
– Enzyme & hormone release
– Innervation of the tract
– Diminished response to pain & internal sensations
17. The phenomenon of referral is common in the
GI--I.e. signs & symptoms often associated
with one part of the tract may actually be
associated with another part of the tract.
“Discomfort perceived as originating in the
stomach may actually be coming from the
lower GI tract.” (p. 79)
The GI symptoms often have their origins in
psychosocial factors
18. CARDOPULMONARY SYSTEM
In the absence of disease, the heart tends to
maintain its size
Heart valves tend to increase in thickness with
age
BP tends to go up with age
– Systolic stabilizes at about age 75
– Diastolic stabilizes at about 65 then may gradually
decline
19. Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
– Developed by an overwhelming # of people in
industrialized nations
– A narrowing of arterial passageways as a result of
the development of plaques on their interior walls
– Reduces the size of the passageway--even to the pt
of closing it off. A cause of ischemic heart tissue
(tissue deprived of adequate blood supply)
20. Arteriosclerosis:
– A generic term referring to the loss of elasticity of
arterial walls
– Often referred to as “hardening of the arteries”
– Considered a general aging phenomenon
21. Respiratory Changes
Airways & tissues become less elastic & more
rigid with age
Osteoporosis may alter the size/shape of the
chest cavity
Power of respiratory & abdominal muscles
becomes reduced--hinders diaphramatic
movement
22. URINARY SYSTEM
“The bladder of an elderly person has a
capacity of less than half (250ml) that of a
young adult (600 ml) and often contains as
much as 100 ml of residual urine”. (p. 81)
Micturation reflex is delayed-- usually activated
when bladder is half full; in OAs, not until
bladder is nearly at capacity
23. GENITAL SYSTEM CHANGES
“The genital system is characterized by a
number of age-related changes in physiology
and anatomy. On the whole, very few age-
specific disorders are associated with this body
system. With the exception of declining levels
of testosterone, most of the problems of
sexuality and aging are sociogenic or
psychogenic”. (p. 83)
24. Female genital tract
External genitalia
– Folds become less pronounced
– Skin becomes thinner
– Vasculariy & elasticity decrease
– Becomes more susceptible to tissue trauma &
itching
– # of glands decreas, as does level of secretion
25. Internatal reproductive organs
– Uterus decreases in size & becomes more fibrous
– Uterus has fewer endometrial glands
– Cervix reduced in size
– Uterine tubes become thinner
– Ovaries take on an irreguar shape
– Ovulation stops--menopause (50% between ages
45 and 50)
26. Male Genital System
Continues to produce germ cells (sperm) and
sex hormones (testosterone) well into old age,
declining with advancing age
Size & firmness of the testes decrease
Reduced sperm production due to age-related
fibrosis which constricts the blood supply
Fibrosis may also affect the penis since
erection is a purely vascular phenomenon
27. …AND ON THAT HAPPY NOTE,
WE MOVE ON
… What are the various theoretical
explanations for the CHANGES OF AGING?