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1. Environmental Engineering- I
By
Akash Padole
Department of Civil Engineering
Water Resources, Water Supply and
Distribution System of Water

2. Water
• Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless,
odorless, and colorless chemical substance, which is
the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere.
 Density: 997 kg/m³
 Boiling point: 100 °C
 Formula: H2O
 Molar mass: 18.01528 g/mol
 Melting point: 0 °C
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3. Water Resources
• Water resources are sources of water that are useful
or potentially useful to humans.
• It is important because it is needed for life to exist.
• Many uses of water include
– agricultural,
– industrial,
– household,
– recreational and
– environmental activities.
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4. • Water resources come in many forms, but the three
main categories are
 Saltwater
 Groundwater
 Surface water
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5. Earth
Land (29%) Water
(71%)
Ocean
(97%)
Fresh Water
(3%)
2%
• Glaciers & Ice caps
(70%)
• Groundwater
(30%)
1%
Surface water
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6. 7.7 billion 4.5 billion
1.3 billion
19 million
1%
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7. Usage of Fresh Water
70% Agriculture 22% Industrial 8% Domestic
• Taking shorter shower won’t solve Global problem
• Agricultural & Industrial pattern of water use need serious
attention
• The business of water became very popular in the 20th
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8. Solution:
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9. Potable water
Palatable water
Polluted water
Contaminated water
Mineral water
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10. Distribution System
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11. • The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water
to consumer with appropriate quality, quantity &
pressure.
• Distribution system is used to describe collectively
the facilities used to supply water from its source to
the point of usage.
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12. Requirement of Good Distribution system
• Water quality should not get deteriorated in the
distribution pipes.
• It should be capable of supplying water at all the
intended places with sufficient pressure.
• It should be capable of supplying the requisite
amount of water during fire fighting.
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13. • The layout should be such that no consumer would
be without water supply, during the repair of any
section of the system.
• It should be fairly water tight as to keep losses due
to leakage to the minimum.
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14. LAYOUTS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
• The distribution pipes are generally laid below the
road pavements, and as such their layouts generally
follow the layouts of roads.
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15. • There are general, four different types of pipe
networks; any one of which either single or in
combinations, can be used for a particular place.
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16. CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS
1. Dead End System
2. Radial System
3. Grid Iron System
4. Ring System
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17. 1. Dead End System
It is suitable for old towns and cities which grows in
unplanned manner.
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18. 18
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19. • Advantage :-
• Relatively cheap
• Less number of valves are required
• Disadvantage :-
• Due to many dead ends, stagnation of water occurs
in pipes which leads to contamination of water.
• In case of repair, substantial area gets affected.
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20. 2. Radial System
• The area is divided into
different zones.
• The water is pumped into
the distribution reservoir
kept in the middle of each
zone.
• The supply pipes are laid
radially ending towards the
periphery.
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21. • Advantages :-
• It gives quick service
• Calculation of pipe size is easy
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22. 3. Grid Iron System
• It is suitable for cities with rectangular layouts, where
the water mains and branches are laid in rectangles.
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23. • Advantage :-
• Water is kept in good circulation due to absence of
dead ends
• In the case of break down in some section, water is
available from some other direction.
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24. 4. Ring System
• The supply main is laid all along
the peripheral roads and sub
mains branch out from the
mains.
• This system also follows the grid
iron system with the flow
pattern similar in character to
that of dead end system.
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25. • Advantages :-
• Water can be supplied to any point from at least two
directions.
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26. 26
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27. METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
• For efficient distribution system adequate water
pressure required at various points.
• Depending upon the level of source, topography of
the area and other local conditions, the water may
be forced into distribution system by following ways–
1. Gravity System
2. Pumping System
3. Combined gravity and pumping system
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28. Gravity System
• Suitable when source of supply is at sufficient height.
• Most reliable and economical distribution system.
• The water head available at the consumer is just
minimum required.
• The head is consumed in the frictional and other
losses.
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29. Pumping System
• Treated water is directly
into the distribution main
out storing.
• High lifts pumps are
required.
• If power supply fails,
complete stoppage of
water supply.
• The method is not
general used.
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30. 30
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31. Combined gravity and pumping
system
• Most common system
• Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated
distribution reservoir.
• Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity.
• The excess water during low demand periods get
stored in reservoir and get supplied during high
demand period.
• Economical, efficient and reliable system.
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33. DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS
• Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are
the storage reservoirs, which store the treated water for
supplying water during emergencies (such as during fires,
repairs, etc.) and also to help in absorbing the hourly
fluctuations in the normal water demand.
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34. • Function of distribution reservoirs-
• To absorb the hourly variations in demand.
• To maintain constant pressure in the distribution
main.
• Water stored can be supplied during emergencies.
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35. TYPES of RESERVOIRS
• Depending upon the elevation with respect to
ground, It may be classified into.
1. Surface reservoirs
2. Elevated reservoirs
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36. Surface reservoirs
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37. • These also called ground reservoir.
• Mostly circular or rectangular tanks.
• Underground reservoir are preferred especially when
the size is large.
• These reservoirs are constructed high natural
grounds and are usually made of stones, brick, plain
or reinforced concrete cement.
• The side walls are designed to take up the pressure of
the water.
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38. Elevated reservoirs
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39. • It is also referred to as overhead tanks are required
at distribution areas which are not governed and
controlled by the gravity system of distribution.
• These are rectangular, circular or elliptical in shape.
• If the topography of the town not suitable for under
gravity, the elevated tank or reservoir are used.
• They are constructed where combine gravity an
pumping system of water distribution is adopted.
• These tanks may be steel or RCC.
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