The document discusses various concepts related to artificial intelligence including definitions of AI, approaches to creating intelligence, and the Turing test. It explores how intelligence can be defined and measured, including debates around whether machines can truly be intelligent or only simulate intelligence. Key concepts covered include knowledge representation, symbolic systems, logic, learning, perception and different approaches to AI like search and problem solving.

1. Approaches to AI.
Robotics Versus
Artificial
Intelligence

2. OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline
Founders of AIFounders of AI
SearchSearch
What are expert systemsWhat are expert systems
Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems inArtificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in
RobotsRobots
Other uses of AIOther uses of AI
Shortcomings of AIShortcomings of AI
New Directions in Intelligent RoboticsNew Directions in Intelligent Robotics
Looking forwardLooking forward

3. HAL in 2001:
A Computer with Artificial Intelligence
In 2001: A Space Odyssey (book by Arthur Clarke, movie by Stanley Kubrick, 1968),
the HAL 9000 computer onboard the spacecraft exhibited severalexhibited several
characteristicscharacteristics which represent areas of artificial intelligence research today:
HAL in 2001:
A Computer with Artificial Intelligence
In 2001: A Space Odyssey (book by Arthur Clarke, movie by Stanley Kubrick, 1968),
the HAL 9000 computer onboard the spacecraft exhibited severalexhibited several
characteristicscharacteristics which represent areas of artificial intelligence research today:
Capacity to understand natural languages:Capacity to understand natural languages: natural languagenatural language
processing.processing.
Facility with logic:Facility with logic: expert systems and logic programsexpert systems and logic programs..
Visual ability to understand what it is seeing:Visual ability to understand what it is seeing: neuralneural
networks for image processing.networks for image processing.
Capability to monitor and control the spaceship:Capability to monitor and control the spaceship: robotics.robotics.
We will discuss them, but let us start from the beginning…...

4. Who started AI?
The founding Father of AI
Other names toOther names to
remember:remember:
MinskyMinsky
PapertPapert
HollandHolland
De GarisDe Garis
MoravecMoravec
BrooksBrooks

5. AutonomousAutonomous
robot needsrobot needs
ArtificialArtificial
IntelligenceIntelligence

7. What is AI?
How does
the human
brain work?
How do we
emulate the
human brain?
Who cares? Let’s
do some cool and
useful stuff!
How do we
create
intelligence?What is
intelligence?

8. How do we classify research as AI?
Does it
investigate
the brain?
If we don’t know how
it works, then it’s AI.
When we find out
how it works, it’s not
AI anymore…
Is it
intelligent?Does it
investigate
intelligence?
Does it emulate
the brain?

9. What is Intelligence?
The ability to learn and to cope.The ability to learn and to cope.
The ability to contemplate, think, andThe ability to contemplate, think, and
reason.reason.
SynonymsSynonyms::
Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit,Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit,
sense, witsense, wit
RelatedRelated::
Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment,Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment,
perspicacity, sagacity, wisdomperspicacity, sagacity, wisdom

10. Definition of AI
(first try)
Definition of AI
(first try)
Artificial Intelligence is theArtificial Intelligence is the
enterprise of constructingenterprise of constructing
an intelligentan intelligent artifactartifact

11. Intelligence
What is intelligence?What is intelligence?
Doing what people do?Doing what people do?
visionvision
voice recognitionvoice recognition
game playinggame playing
people solve many subtle problemspeople solve many subtle problems
Current programs are brittleCurrent programs are brittle

12. Alan M. Turing
Computing Machinery and
Intelligence
Turing
TestThirty minutes to ask questions
If you cannot distinguish between a
person and the artificial system
based on the responses, then the
system is intelligent (how many
tries, language,etc)

13. Intelligence
Turing TestTuring Test:: A human communicates with aA human communicates with a
computer via a teletype. If the human can’tcomputer via a teletype. If the human can’t
tell he is talking to a computer or anothertell he is talking to a computer or another
human, it passes.human, it passes.
Natural language processingNatural language processing
knowledge representationknowledge representation
automated reasoningautomated reasoning
machine learningmachine learning
Add vision and robotics to get the totalAdd vision and robotics to get the total
Turing test.Turing test.

14. The Imitation Game
If a computer can “fool” a human interrogator into
believing that it is human, then it may be said that the
machine is intelligent, and thinks.
The scope of questions that may be asked is virtually
unlimited.
The imitation game
competition

15. Example of an Interrogation
Q: Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the Forth Bridge.
A: Count me out of this one. I never could write poetry.
Q: Add 34957 to 70764.
A: <Pause about 30 seconds> 105621.
Q: Do you play chess?
A: Yes.
Q: I have K at my K1, and no other pieces. You have only K at
K6 and R at R1. It is your move. What do you play?
A: <Pause about 15 seconds> R-R8 mate.

16. One more definition of Turing Test

17. A Refined Definition
Artificial Intelligence is theArtificial Intelligence is the
enterprise of constructing anenterprise of constructing an
artifact that can reliably passartifact that can reliably pass
the Turing Testthe Turing Test

18. Objections to the Turing Test
Not everything about human can beNot everything about human can be
learned by only talking by phonelearned by only talking by phone
Is looking an answer up in a large tableIs looking an answer up in a large table
really intelligence?really intelligence?
Does a functional definition ofDoes a functional definition of
intelligence really characterize humanintelligence really characterize human
intelligence?intelligence?

19. What are artifacts?What are artifacts?
points to discuss
An inorganic objectAn inorganic object
A physical-symbol systemA physical-symbol system
symbolssymbols
expressionsexpressions
a symbol manipulating entitya symbol manipulating entity
symbols correspond to objects in ansymbols correspond to objects in an
environmentenvironment

20. A Final Definition
Artificial Intelligence is theArtificial Intelligence is the
enterprise of constructing aenterprise of constructing a
physical symbol systemphysical symbol system (a(a
robot) that can reliably passrobot) that can reliably pass
the Turing Testthe Turing Test

21. Weak and Strong AI Claims
Weak AI:Weak AI:
Machines can be made to actMachines can be made to act as ifas if they werethey were
intelligent.intelligent.
Strong AI:Strong AI:
Machines that act intelligentlyMachines that act intelligently have realhave real,,
conscious minds.conscious minds.

22. AI Concepts and Definitions

23. Artificial Intelligence: more
definitions

24. What are the objectives of
Artificial Intelligence?

25. What are typical signs of
Intelligence?

26. Signs of Intelligence (cont)

27. Approaches to AI
SearchingSearching
LearningLearning
From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems
Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning
Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning
Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action

28. Interlinked Components of AI
SearchSearch
KnowledgeKnowledge
RepresentationRepresentation
ExamplesExamples

29. Your taskYour task
What is your definition of intelligence?What is your definition of intelligence?
Can your definition be applied to a robot?Can your definition be applied to a robot?
Give one example from your area what is “Knowledge”.Give one example from your area what is “Knowledge”.
How this knowledge can be represented in LISP?How this knowledge can be represented in LISP?
Give one example from your area what is “Representation”Give one example from your area what is “Representation”
How your representation will be implemented in LISP?How your representation will be implemented in LISP?
Give an Example of a Turing test limited to some area, inGive an Example of a Turing test limited to some area, in
which it will be relatively easy but not trivial for a machinewhich it will be relatively easy but not trivial for a machine
to pass. For instance, if you restrict the test to questionsto pass. For instance, if you restrict the test to questions
about baseball league.about baseball league.