00 let us get started.2016

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00-Let’s get started
By : Mohamed Fawzy
Programming AVR Microcontrollers
© Mohamed F.A.B 2015

Lecture Notes:
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o Set Your Phone To Vibration Mode.
o Ask any time.
o During labs, Feel Free To Check Any Materials or
Internet.
o Slides are self content.
o Feel Free To Share This Materials With Your Friends.
o Work Hard For Achieving Most Benefits Of This Course.

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Don't Forget !!!!
Any Expert Was Once A Beginner


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Agenda.
Lesson (1):
Introduction to micro-controller World.
Lesson (2):
Quick revision for C programming.
Lesson (3):
Installing Our Working Tools.

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Lesson#1
Lesson (1):
Introduction to micro-controller World.

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Microcontroller.
o It is a small computer which can control any thing
around the world .
o It basically consists of Microprocessor, Memory(RAM,
ROM, EEPROM), I/O lines and some other peripherals
……….,etc.
DIP Package SMD Package

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Microcontrollers Vendors.

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Microcontroller Applications.

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Microcontroller Vs. Microprocessor.
Microprocessor is a subsystem of Microcontroller system.

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Internal Components of MC.

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CPU (Central Processing Unit).
o Instruction Decoder :is a part of the electronics which recognizes
program instructions and runs other circuits on the basis of that.
o Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU): performs all mathematical and
logical operations upon data.
o Accumulator: is a SFR closely related to the operation of the ALU. It
is a kind of working desk used for storing all data upon which some
operation should be performed (addition, shift/move etc.).
o It is considered the brain of the microcontrollers.
o It is responsible for executing arithmetic and logic operations.

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Memory.
o Memory is part of the microcontroller
used for data storage.
o Each memory address corresponds to
one memory location.
o Types of memory within the microcontroller:
o SFR registers.
o RAM (Random Access Memory).
o ROM (Read Only Memory).
o EEPROM (Electrical Erasable ROM).

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Memory. (cont'd)
o Register:
A register or a memory cell is an electronic circuit
which can memorize the state of one byte.
o Byte.

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SFR Registers.
o Every microcontroller has a number of registers whose
function is predetermined by the manufacturer.

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ROM.
o ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to permanently save the
program being executed.
o There are several types of ROM:
o Masked ROM.
Program is loaded into the chip by the manufacturer. In
case of large scale manufacture, the price is very low.
Forget it...
o One Time Programmable ROM.
you can download a program into this memory, but the
process of program downloading is a “one-way ticket”
meaning that it can be done only once.
o UV Erasable Programmable ROM.
It enables the surface of the silicon chip inside to be lit by
an UV lamp, which effectively erases and program from
the ROM.

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ROM. (cont'd)
o Flash memory:
Since the contents of this memory can be written
and cleared practically an unlimited number of
times, the microcontrollers with Flash ROM are ideal
for learning, experimentation and small-scale
manufacture.

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RAM.
o It is used for temporary storing data and
intermediate results created and used during the
operation of the microcontroller.
o Once the power supply is off the contents of RAM
(Random Access Memory) is cleared.

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EEPROM.
o The contents of the EEPROM may be changed
during operation (similar to RAM), but remains
permanently saved even upon the power
supply goes off (similar to ROM).

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Internal Architecture.
o All upgraded microcontrollers use one of two basic design
models.
o Briefly, they are two different ways of data exchange
between CPU and memory.
o von-Neumann Architecture.
Only one bus for reading instructions
and data at the same time.
o Harvard Architecture.
Two buses, one for Instructions
and another for data.

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Input/output Ports.
o In order to make the microcontroller useful, it has to be
connected to additional electronics, i.e. peripherals.
Each microcontroller has one or more registers (called
a “port”) connected to the microcontroller pins.

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Programming MC.
Machine Language.
The microcontroller executes the program loaded in its
Flash memory. This is the so called executable code
comprised of seemingly meaningless sequence of zeros
and ones.

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Programming MC. cont'd
Assembly Language.

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Programming MC. cont'd
C Language.
o C Programming is considered a high level language.

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SW Tools.
o Compiler: It Takes C-Code Then Convert It Into Machine code.
o Assembler : It Takes Assembly Code Then Convert It To Machine Code.
C-Code
File.c
Assembly-Code
File.asm
Machine-Code
File.hex
Dis-assembling
Assembler
CodeVisionAVR contains all previous tools and other useful tools.

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HW Tools.
o PROGRAMMER or FLASHER : It is a hardware device used to burn or
write code To MC flash memory.

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Summary.

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Break.

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Lesson#2
Lesson (2):
Quick revision in C-Programming language.

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C-Program Structure.
Information about the project
Main Function

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Comments In C Programming.
o Comments is some texts which ignored by the compiler.
o It used for documentation.
 There are two types of comments in C programming:
o One-line comment.
EX:
//comment
o Multi-line comment.
EX:
/*
line1
line2
……..
*/

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Variables.
o Any number changing its value during program
operation is called a variable.
 Declaring Variables:
o Variable name can include any of the alphabetical characters A-
Z (a-z), the digits 0-9 and the underscore character '_'.
o The compiler is case sensitive and differentiates between capital
and small letters.
o Function and variable names usually contain lower case
characters, while constant names contain uppercase characters.
(it is recommended not must).
o Variable names must not start with a digit.
o Some of the names cannot be used as variable names as already
being used by the compiler itself.(key words).

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Data-Types.
o You should choose the best suitable data-type, since
MC RAM is limited.
o By adding prefix (qualificator) to any data type, the
range of its possible values changes as well as the
number of memory bytes needed.
NOTES

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Data type Modifiers.
NOTE
o By default any declared variable is signed.

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Operators.
o Arithmetic Operators:
These are used to perform mathematical calculations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus.

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Operators. cont’d
o Relational Operators:
These operators are used to compare the value of two variables.
NOTE
The result here will be true or false (0 or 1).

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Operators. cont’d
o Logical Operators:
These operators are used to perform logical operations on
the given two variables.
NOTE The result here will be true or false (0 or 1).

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Operators. cont’d
o Bitwise Operators:
These operators are used to perform bit operations on given two
variables.

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Arrays.
o Array is the simplest and most commonly used structured type.
o A variable of array type is actually an array of objects of the
same type.
o These objects represent elements of an array and are
identified by their position in array (index).
o An array consists of a contiguous region of storage exactly
large enough to hold all of its elements.
EX:
char arr_1[5];
//declare array of 5 character variables.
//here you must define array size.
int arr_2[]={1,2,3,4,5};
//declare array of 5 integer variables and give
initialization values.
//here, you don't need to define array size.
<data type> <array name> [array size] = {e1_val,e2_val,….};

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If-Statement.
if (condition)
one statement;
0False!0True
Condition
if (condition)
{
Multiple statement;
}if (condition)
{
statement;
statement;
………………………
}
else
{
statement;
statement;
………………………
}
if (condition)
{
statement;
………………………
}
else if (condition)
{
statement;
………………………
}
else
{
statement;
……………………
}

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Switch-case.
Example:Syntax:

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For Loop.
for (initial_value ; condition ; update_value)
{
statements;
statements;
…………………………
}
③
① ② ④
True
False
Interactive Question:
What is the output of this program?
for (x=0;5;x++)
{
printf(“M n”);
}
Basic Syntax:
o Step ① only executed one time.
o Use {} for more than one statement.
o for (;;) // infinite loop
NOTE

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While Loop.
while (condition)
{
statements;
statements;
………………………
}
Basic Syntax:
o while (1) // infinite loop
NOTE

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Do ….. While Loop.
do
{
statements;
statements;
………………………
}
while (condition)
Basic Syntax:
o Execute at least one time.
o Do …… while (1) // infinite loop
NOTE

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Label Loop.
Loop:
//statement
...
goto loop;
Don't use this method in your code because it
make your code like spaghetti. 
NOTE

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Control Loop.
break
Continue
o Exit from the nearest loop. Interactive Question:
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
{
if (i == 3) break;
printf(“%d n”,i);
}
o Skip one or more iteration.
Interactive Question:
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
{
if (i == 3) continue;
printf(“%d n”,i);
}

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Lesson#3
Lesson (3):
Installing Our Working Tools.

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Codevision AVR.

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Protuse.

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Questions:

Thank You All 
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mo7amed.fawzy33@gmail.com
01006032792
fawzy.fab@gmail.com

00 let us get started.2016

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