WiMaX fundamental

1. WiMAX Overview
ZTE University
CDMA-BSS Team

2. Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution
• WiMAX Forum
• Industry Status and Growth Forecast
• WiMAX Spectrum
• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture
• Network Profiles

3. WiMAX Standard Evolution
 Based on WMAN developed by 802.16 group
 Line-of Sight (LOS)
 Point-to-Multipoint
 10 – 66 GHz band
 Single carrier PHY layer
 TDM MAC layer
802.16
(Dec 2001)
802.16a
(Jan 2003)
 Non-LOS application
 2 – 11 GHz band
support
 OFDM based PHY layer
 Support for OFDMA in
MAC layer
IEEE 802.16-2004
(Jun 2004)
IEEE 802.16e-2005
(Dec 2005)
 Fixed application
 Fixed WiMAX
 Nomadic and
mobile application
 Mobile WiMAX

4. WiMAX Applications
Fixed
802.16-2004 (OFDM)
Nomadic/Portable
802.16-2004 (OFDM) &
early 802.16e (SOFDMA)
Mobile
802.16-2005 (SOFDMA)
Fixed
Outdoor
Backhaul
Nomadic
HotZone
Portable
Indoor
Mobile
Cellular
Deployments
Wi-Fi* Hotspot
Enterprise
Campus Networks
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
 PTP and PMP networking
 Outdoor antenna deployments
 Data and voice service
 802.16-2004 OFDM mode
 Fixed mode
 No handoffs
 Outdoor and indoor coverage
 PCMCIA cards
 802.16-2004 OFDM mode
 BBM handoffs for portable model
 Supporting sleep mode
 Cellular deployments, high
frequency reuse, and backend
infrastructure enabling mobile
services
 Indoor usage model with advanced
antenna options
 802.16-2005 SOFDMA mode
 Embedded clients for PCs and
handhelds
 MBB advanced handoffs
 Data, Audio, Voice, Video

5. 802.16 Basic Data
802.16 802.16-2004 802.16e-2005
Status Completed December 2001 Completed June 2004 Completed December 2005
Frequency band 10GHz–66GHz 2GHz–11GHz
2GHz–11GHz for fixed; 2GHz–6GHz for mobile
applications
Application Fixed LOS Fixed NLOS Fixed and mobile NLOS
MAC architec-ture Point-to-multipoint, mesh Point-to-multipoint, mesh Point-to-multipoint, mesh
Transmission scheme Single carrier only Single carrier, 256 OFDM or 2,048 OFDM
Single carrier, 256 OFDM or scalable OFDM
with 128, 512, 1,024, or 2,048 subcarriers
Modulation QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM
Gross data rate 32Mbps–134.4Mbps 1Mbps–75Mbps 1Mbps–75Mbps
Multiplexing Burst TDM/TDMA Burst TDM/TDMA/ OFDMA Burst TDM/TDMA/ OFDMA
Duplexing TDD and FDD TDD and FDD TDD and FDD
Channel band-widths 20MHz, 25MHz, 28MHz
1.75MHz, 3.5MHz, 7MHz, 14MHz, 1.25MHz,
5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz, 8.75MHz
1.75MHz, 3.5MHz, 7MHz, 14MHz, 1.25MHz,
5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz, 8.75MHz
WiMAX implementation None 256 - OFDM as Fixed WiMAX Scalable OFDMA as Mobile WiMAX

6. IEEE 802.16 Active Standards
 Air Interface
 802.16-2004 – Fixed WiMAX
 802.16e-2005 – Mobile WiMAX
 Maintenance
 802.16-2004/Cor1-2005 – Corrigendum to IEEE 802.16,
published along with IEEE 802.16e-2005
 Network Management
 802.16f-2005 – Management Information Base
 802.16g-2007 – Management Plane Procedures and
Services
 Conformance
 802.16/Conformance03-2004 – Radio Conformance Tests
(RCT) for 10-66 GHz
 802.16/Conformance04 – Protocol Implementation
Conformance Statement (PICS) for Frequencies below 11
GHz.

7. Future Development – 802.16m
 Also referred to as WiMAX II
 Proposed for IMT-Advanced as 4G standard.
 Peak data rates up to 100 Mbits/s for mobile, and 1 Gbits/s for
fixed/nomadic bandwidth.
 1st version is expected to come out by the end of 2009.
 Backwards compatible to mobile WiMAX.

8. Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution
• WiMAX Forum
• Industry Status and Growth
Forecast
• WiMAX Spectrum
• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture
• Network Profiles

9. WiMAX Forum
 Founded in April, 2001
 Aims to promote and certify compatibility and interoperability
 Made up of 15 board members and 472 member companies
 Contributes to foster a thriving ecosystem
Board Member of WiMAX Structure of WiMAX Members

10. Operators
Silicon/
Semiconductor
Companies
Government/
Regulatory
Agencies
Standards
Bodies
CPE/ Embedded
Solutions
System
Vendors
Ecosystem and Partnerships

11. Working Groups
Applications Working
Group (AWG)
Certification Working
Group (CWG)
Global Roaming
Working Group (GRWG)
Marketing Working
Group (MWG)
Network Working Group
(NWG)
Regulatory Working
Group (RWG)
Service Provider
Working Group (SPWG)
Technical Working
Group (TWG)
Network & Air Interface
Requirements
Worldwide Spectrum
Policy
Real World Showcase &
Simulation Modeling
Certification Testing &
Plug-fests
Air Interface System
Profiles & Test Scripts
Marketing
Communications &
Membership
End-to-End Network
Specifications
Assure & Accelerate
Global Roaming
President

12. Working Groups
 AWG – defines application over WiMAX that are
necessary to meet core competitive offerings, and
that are uniquely enhanced by WiMAX.
 CWG – handles operational aspects of the WiMAX
Forum Certified Program.
 GRWG – assures availability of roaming service for
WiMAX networks.
 MWG – promote WiMAX forum, its brand and
standards.
 NWG – creates higher level networking
specifications for fixed, portable, nomadic, and
mobile WiMAX systems beyond what is defined in
the scope of 802.16.
 RWG – influences worldwide regulatory agencies to
promote WiMAX friendly, globally harmonized
spectrum allocation.
 SPWG – provides coordinated input from service
providers to the other working groups. It is the
single source for coordinated recommendations and
requirements that drives the network and air
interface specification for WiMAX.
 TWG – develop technical product specifications and
certification test suites complementary to the IEEE
802.16, for the purpose of interoperability and
certification of MS, SS and BS conforming to
802.16.

13. WiMAX Profiles
 System profiles and Certification profiles are defined by
WiMAX forum to reduce the scope of the standard. A smaller
set of design choices for implementation is defined for practical
reasons of interoperability.
 A system profile defines the subset of mandatory and optional
PHY- and MAC-layer features selected by the WiMAX Forum
from the IEEE 802.16-2004 or IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard.
 Fixed System Profile – OFDM PHY based on IEEE 802.16-
2004
 Mobility System Profile – OFDMA PHY based on IEEE
802.16e-2005 scalable
 A certification profile is defined as a particular instantiation of a
system profile where the operating frequency, channel
bandwidth, and duplexing mode are also specified.
 WiMAX equipment are certified for interoperability against a
particular certification profile.

14. Certification Testing
 Certification testing are
performed in multiple releases
and waves. Multiple releases
are necessary to test products
as they evolve over time with
new features/specifications.
 New releases  new test for new
features as well as previously
tested features, in different waves
of testing.

15. Release 1 - Wave 1 & Wave 2
Wave 1 Wave 2
Physical CINR using Preamble o o
Physical CINR using Pilots o o
Effective CINR using Pilots o
RSSIMeasurements o o
DL QPSK o o
DL 16-QAM o o
DL 64-QAM o o
UL QPSK o o
UL 16-QAM o o
Normal MAP o o
Compressed MAP o o
Sub UL/DL MAP o o
2nd Order Matrix A/B o
Collaborative Spatial Multiplexing o
Fast Feedback on DL o
Mode Selection Feedback w/ 6-bits o
MIMO UL-DL Chase o
PUSC w/Dedicated Pilots o
AMC 2x3 w/ Dedicated Pilots o
UL Sounding 1 (Type A) o
UL Sounding 2 o
CINR Measurement (Group Indication) o
MIMO Permutation Feedback Cycle o
CINR Measurement
Release 1 PHYProfile
Modulation
MAP Support
MIMO
(IO MIMO for BS)
AAS/BF
(IO BF for BS)
Wave 1 Wave 2
PUSC o o
PUSC w/AllSubchannels o o
FUSC o o
AMC 2x3 o
PUSC o o
AMC 2x3 o
InitialRanging o o
HandoffRanging o o
Periodic Ranging o o
Bandwidth Request o o
FastFeedback 6-bit o o
Repetition o o
Randomization o o
ConvolutionalCoding (CC) o o
ConvolutionalTurbo Coding (CTC) o o
Interleaving o o
H-ARQ Chase Combining o o
BS Time/Freq Synchronization N/A N/A
BS-BS Freq Synchronization N/A N/A
MSS Synchronization o o
Closed-loop Power Control o o
Open-loop PowerControl o o
ChannelCoding
Synchronization
PowerControl
Release 1 PHYProfile
DL SubcarrierAllocation
UL SubcarrierAllocation
Ranging and
Bandwidth Request

16. Certification Testing – Key Components
 Conformance testing
 verify whether a vendor’s implementation of the standard is
compliant to a set of 802.16-2004/HyperMAN specifications
selected by the WiMAX Forum.
 Interoperability testing
 verify whether a vendor’s subscriber unit is able to establish
a link and communicate with two other vendor’s base
stations,
 verify whether a vendor’s base station is able to establish a
link and communicate with two other vendor’s subscriber
units.
Radio
Conformance
Testing (RCT)
Protocol
Conformance
Testing (PCT)
Interoperability
Testing (IOT) or
Mobile
Interoperability
Testing (MIOT)
Current testingCurrent testing
modulesmodules

17. Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution
• WiMAX Forum
• Industry Status and Growth Forecast
• WiMAX Spectrum
• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture
• Network Profiles

18. Industry Status
 To date, more than 62 companies are developing
WiMAX chipsets and end user devices, and 37
companies developing infrastructure equipment.
 Their products are used in WiMAX deployments by
407 operators in 133 countries as of September
2008.

19. Subscriber Penetration
WiMAX Users by Region
2007-2012
WiMAX User Penetration by
Region 2007 & 2012

20. Operators and Countries
WiMAX Operators & Countries
2007-2012
Average WiMAX Users by
Operator & Country 2007-2012

21. Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution
• WiMAX Forum
• Industry Status and Growth Forecast
• WiMAX Spectrum
• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture
• Network Profiles

22. WiMAX Spectrum

23. Canada
2.5, 3.5 GHz
USA
2.3, 2.5,
3.7 GHz
Central &
South America
2.5, 3.5GHz
Europe
2.5 & 3.5GHz
Middle East &
Africa
2.5, 3.5 GHz
Russia
2.5 & 3.5 GHz
China
3.5 GHz
SE Asia
2.5, 3.3 GHz
Korea &
Asia Pacific
2.3 2.5, 3.3,
3.5 GHz
Global Spectrum Use

24. Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution
• WiMAX Forum
• Industry Status and Growth Forecast
• WiMAX Spectrum
• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture
• Network Profiles

25. WiMAX Main Features
 OFDM-based physical layer
 Very high peak data rates
 Scalable bandwidth and data
rate support
 Adaptive modulation and coding
 Link layer retransmission
 Support for TDD and FDD
 Orthogonal Division Multiple
Access
 Flexible and dynamic
per user resource
allocation
 Support for advance
antenna techniques
 Quality of Service
support
 Robust Security
 Support for Mobility
 IP-based architecture

26. CDMA EV-DO, HSPA Vs WiMAX
Attribute 1xEV DO RevA HSDPA/HSUPA Mobile WiMAX
Base Standard CDMA2000/IS-95 WCDMA IEEE 802.16e-2005
Duplex Method FDD FDD TDD
Downlink TDM CDM-TDM
Uplink Multiple
Access
CDMA CDMA OFDMA
Modulation DL QPSK/8PSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
Modulation UL BPSK,QPSK/8PSK BPSK/QPSK QPSK/16QAM
Coding Turbo CC,Turbo CC, Turbo
DL Peak Over the
Air Data Rate
3.1Mbps 14Mbps
46 Mbps, DL/UL=3
32 Mbps, DL/UL=1
(10 MHz BW)
UL Peak Over the
Air Data Rate
1.8Mbps 5.8Mbps
7 Mbps, DL/UL=1
4 Mbps, DL/UL=3
(10 MHz BW)
HARQ
Fast 4-Channel
Synchronous IR
Fast 6-Channel
Asynchronous CC
Multi-Channel
Asynchronous CC
Scheduling
Fast Scheduling in
the DL
Fast Scheduling in
the DL
Fast Scheduling in the
DL and UL
Handoff Virtual Soft handoff
Network Initiated
Hard Hansoff
Network Optimized
Hard Handoff
Tx Diversity and
MIMO
Simple Open Loop
Diversity
Simple Open &
Closed Loop
Diversity
STBC, SM
Beamforming No Yes Yes

27. Performance Comparison
Higher Throughput
and Efficiency

28. WiMAX and Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi (Include 802.11n) is more suitable for the fixed, small coverage usage
WiMAX is one of carrier-level technique,
suitable for operator to deploy large scale mobile network
802.11a/b/g 802.11n 802.16e
Frequency 2.4G, 5G 2.4G, 5G 2.3G, 2.5G, 3.3G, 3.5G
Mobility Fixed Fixed Fixed, Nomadic, Mobile
Channel Bandwidth 20M 20M 5M/10M/20M
Coverage 10-30m 30-300m 300m-10km, Cellular Application
Maximum Throughput 54Mbps 108Mbps 70Mpbs
Access Method DSSS, FHSS,OFDM DSSS, FHSS,OFDM OFDMA
Advanced Antenna None MIMO STC, MIMO
Frequency Efficiency Low High High
Complexity Low Low High
Qos None None 5 Qos
Standard finished Draft 3.0 Stage finished in 2006.02

29. LTE, UMB 16e and 16m

30. Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution
• WiMAX Forum
• Industry Status and Growth Forecast
• WiMAX Spectrum Allocation
• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture
• Network Profiles

31. WiMAX Network Reference Model
ASN CSN Services

32. Network Elements
 Mobile Station (MS) or Subscriber Station (SS)
refers to the user equipment and/or software needed
for communication with the WiMAX network.
 The Base Station (BS) is defined as representing
one sector with one frequency assignment
implementing the IEEE 802.16e interface to the MS.
 UL and DL scheduling
 Traffic classification and Service Flow Management
(SFM)
 Tunneling and message relay function between BS
and AGW
 Reception and encryption key to MS
 Provide terminal activity (active, idle) status

33. Network Elements
 Access Service Network Gateway (AGW) performs
management of BS and interconnects BS to the
CSN
 Provide ASN location management and paging
 Server for network session and mobility management
 Acts as an authenticator and performs Service Flow
Authorization (SFA).
 Performs routing (IPv4/IPv6) to selected CSNs.
 CSN stands for Communication Service Network
 IP address allocation to MS for user sessions.
 Policy and QoS management
 Subscriber billing and inter-operator settlement.
 Inter-CSN tunneling for roaming.
 Inter-ASN mobility management.

34. Reference Point
 Reference Points are conceptual links that connects two groups of
functions that reside in different functional entities of the ASN, CSN, or
MS – which aims to ensure multi-vendor interoperability.
 R1 – implement the air interface specifications between MS and
ASN.
 R2 – logical interface between MS and CSN. Used for
authentication, authorization, IP configuration management and
mobility management.
 R3 – provide tunneling and transfer of IP data between ASN and
CSN.
 R4 – standard interface to enable MS mobility between different
ASN.
 R5 – provide a set of protocols for interworking between home and
visited CSN.
 R6 – provide a set of protocol for communication between BS and
ASN-GW.
 R7 – optional set of control protocols for coordination between
ASN-GW
 R8 – enable message flows between BS to ensure fast and
seamless handover.

35. Contents
• WiMAX Standards / Evolution
• WiMAX Forum
• Industry Status and Growth Forecast
• WiMAX Spectrum
• WiMAX Features and Advantages
• Network Architecture
• Network Profiles

36. Network Profiles
 Profile B has both BS and AGW in an integrated unit. Profile B has some
limitations in paging, handover and mobility.
 Profile A and Profile C has similar construction with some exceptions:
 Profile A handover function and radio resource controller is found in the
AGW
 Profile C handover function and radio resource controller is found in the
BS
 Profile A has been canceled in Madrid conference.
 Profile C employs the open R6 interface making it suitable for large
deployment.

37. ZTE Mobile WiMAX Network Architecture
 ASN Profile C
 Cellular
deployments
 Seamless coverage
 Full QoS support
 Support fixed,
nomadic, portable,
simple mobility and
full mobility