TSI presentation for Bentley Nevada System, Vibration system of steam turbine for 150 MW unit. It demonstrates vibration in power plant. for BHEL turbine.
The document provides information on governing systems and common problems encountered. It discusses:
1. The key components of a governing system block diagram including pumps, valves, filters and overspeed testers.
2. Cleaning procedures and stroke check requirements for governing systems.
3. Parameters that should be followed including pressures, signals, valve lifts and temperatures.
4. Common governing problems like hunting, chattering, and sudden speed variations.
5. Case studies examining issues like improper servomotor assembly and a bent pilot valve spring causing load hunting.
Expansion devices in refrigeration systems serve two purposes: expanding refrigerant from high to low pressure and controlling the flow of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator. There are two main types of expansion devices - variable restriction devices like automatic expansion valves and thermostatic expansion valves, and constant restriction devices like capillary tubes. Capillary tubes are fixed restriction devices that are simple and inexpensive but only provide constant pressure drop via friction and acceleration. Automatic and thermostatic expansion valves can vary the flow of refrigerant in response to temperature. Compressors increase the pressure of vaporized refrigerant and come in positive displacement varieties like reciprocating and scroll compressors or non-positive displacement centrifugal compressors.
A reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. It can operate from vacuum to very high pressures. The document discusses the key components of a reciprocating compressor system including cylinders, valves, coolers, pulsation suppression devices, piping, instrumentation, and controls. Process calculations like pipe sizing, blowdown analysis, and hydrate predictions are required. A process simulation and PFD provide design details. Capacity control methods include speed variation, clearance pockets, and suction unloaders.
This document provides troubleshooting guidance for common air compressor issues. It lists various problems air compressors may experience such as failing to operate, excessive noise, knocking, insufficient pressure, oil consumption issues and more. For each problem, it identifies potential causes and recommended solutions to resolve the issue. The document serves as an informative guide for technicians to diagnose and repair air compressor faults.
TSI presentation for Bentley Nevada System, Vibration system of steam turbine for 150 MW unit. It demonstrates vibration in power plant. for BHEL turbine.
The document provides information on governing systems and common problems encountered. It discusses:
1. The key components of a governing system block diagram including pumps, valves, filters and overspeed testers.
2. Cleaning procedures and stroke check requirements for governing systems.
3. Parameters that should be followed including pressures, signals, valve lifts and temperatures.
4. Common governing problems like hunting, chattering, and sudden speed variations.
5. Case studies examining issues like improper servomotor assembly and a bent pilot valve spring causing load hunting.
Expansion devices in refrigeration systems serve two purposes: expanding refrigerant from high to low pressure and controlling the flow of liquid refrigerant to the evaporator. There are two main types of expansion devices - variable restriction devices like automatic expansion valves and thermostatic expansion valves, and constant restriction devices like capillary tubes. Capillary tubes are fixed restriction devices that are simple and inexpensive but only provide constant pressure drop via friction and acceleration. Automatic and thermostatic expansion valves can vary the flow of refrigerant in response to temperature. Compressors increase the pressure of vaporized refrigerant and come in positive displacement varieties like reciprocating and scroll compressors or non-positive displacement centrifugal compressors.
A reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. It can operate from vacuum to very high pressures. The document discusses the key components of a reciprocating compressor system including cylinders, valves, coolers, pulsation suppression devices, piping, instrumentation, and controls. Process calculations like pipe sizing, blowdown analysis, and hydrate predictions are required. A process simulation and PFD provide design details. Capacity control methods include speed variation, clearance pockets, and suction unloaders.
This document provides troubleshooting guidance for common air compressor issues. It lists various problems air compressors may experience such as failing to operate, excessive noise, knocking, insufficient pressure, oil consumption issues and more. For each problem, it identifies potential causes and recommended solutions to resolve the issue. The document serves as an informative guide for technicians to diagnose and repair air compressor faults.
The document describes the key components and processes in a vapor absorption refrigeration system:
1) An evaporator where refrigerant vaporizes and absorbs heat, 2) An absorber where refrigerant vapor is absorbed by an absorbent, releasing heat, 3) A generator where heat regenerates the refrigerant and absorbent, and 4) A condenser where refrigerant condenses and liquefies. Heat from a heat source like steam drives the process without the need for a compressor.
The document discusses gas turbine maintenance planning and procedures. It emphasizes the importance of maintenance for productivity and profitability. It provides details on inspection types and frequencies based on operating factors like fuel type, load, starts and trips. Guidelines are given for combustion inspections, hot gas path inspections, and calculating customized inspection intervals based on unit-specific operation.
This document provides an overview of refrigeration and air conditioning concepts. It defines refrigeration and air conditioning, lists desirable properties of refrigerants, and describes the key components and functions of a basic refrigeration system, including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve. It also differentiates between vapour compression refrigeration and vapour absorption refrigeration systems.
This document discusses different types of hydraulic valves and components. It covers pressure control valves like relief valves, reducing valves, and unloading valves. It also covers direction control valves like check valves, 3/2 valves, 4/2 valves, and 5/2 valves. Additionally, it discusses flow control valves, manual and pilot operated valves, poppet and spool valves, actuators, pipes and hoses, fittings, seals, accumulators, and pressure boosters.
The document discusses monitoring tools available in the Computing Center Management System (CCMS). CCMS provides various monitors for monitoring SAP environments and components, which are useful for understanding system performance and diagnosing issues. Key monitoring tools in CCMS include the DBA Planning Calendar, Archive and Backup Monitor, Database Monitor, Alert Monitor, and Operating System Monitor. CCMS enables centralized monitoring of a system landscape from one system and helps ensure SAP installations are running efficiently.
Plant shutdowns can happen for a variety of reasons from
planned and unplanned to strategic and unexpected. No matter
the reason, it’s critical to have a sound plant shutdown
management plan in place.
Shaft alignment is the positioning of two or more rotating shafts so their center lines form a single line when machines are working normally. There are three types of misalignments: parallel offset, angular offset, and combination offset. Common methods for shaft alignment include straightedge alignment, multiple dial gauge alignment, and laser alignment. Properly aligning shafts reduces friction, wear, energy consumption, vibration, and the risks of premature equipment breakdown. Shaft alignment increases machine reliability and saves costs for industries.
This document discusses different types of conveyor systems used to move materials from one location to another. It describes screw conveyors, flight and apron conveyors, bucket elevators, and pneumatic and hydraulic conveyors. It also discusses considerations for handling unit loads and ensuring peak performance of conveyor systems through proper inspection, maintenance and monitoring.
The document discusses configuring and administering SAP R/3 Plant Maintenance. It provides an overview of key concepts and terminology in SAP R/3 Plant Maintenance. The main part of the document focuses on guiding the reader through the Implementation Guide (IMG) to configure technical objects like functional locations, equipment, and bills of material. It also covers aspects like cost centers, number ranges, security authorizations, and engineering change management.
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
Liebherr a900 c zw litronic hydraulic excavator service repair manual sn 2103...fjkskmmdmme
This document provides safety instructions for operating a Liebherr A 900 C-ZW Litronic hydraulic excavator. It states that the excavator is designed to loosen, handle, transport, and dump materials. It can only be used to transport people if approved attachments are used. The instructions emphasize reading the operating manual and following all safety regulations. Personnel operating or maintaining the excavator must be properly trained. Moving the excavator while carrying a load requires special safety measures.
The document discusses the major components of steam turbines, including the casing, nozzles, blades, rotor, bearings, governors, and safety devices. It describes the functions of key parts like the nozzle, blades, governors, and oil pumps. It also classifies steam turbines based on the method of steam expansion, flow direction, final pressure, number of stages, and pressure. The document provides information on standards, parameter ranges, troubleshooting, and starting procedures for steam turbines.
The document discusses refrigeration equipment and refrigerant compressors. It describes how refrigerant compressors work by compressing refrigerant vapor to raise its pressure and temperature. Compressors are classified based on the number of stages, location of the prime mover, method of compression, and number of working strokes. Common types of compressors include reciprocating compressors, scroll compressors, and hermetic compressors. The document also discusses condensers, expansion devices, and provides diagrams of refrigeration system components.
This document provides information on automated flush bottom valves including applications, features, specifications, and drawings. Flush bottom valves are used in industrial vessels, fermentation reactors, food processing, and other applications to provide drainage and eliminate dead space and product buildup. They have features like high sterilization temperatures, unobstructed flow, and easy assembly/disassembly. Specifications include pressure ratings, end connections, and actuation types. Drawings show dimensions, components, and sizing for various valve models.
The document describes the components and operation of an emergency hydraulic (EH) oil system used for turbine protection. It includes descriptions of valves that operate to close the steam valves during a trip, accumulator tanks that maintain oil pressure, and filters and coolers that clean and regulate the oil temperature. The system uses oil pressure to activate actuators that rapidly close steam valves if protective devices detect a problem condition like overspeed or low pressure.
Displacement compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to draw gas into a cylinder and compress it. Screw compressors use a male and female rotor with helical grooves to compress gas by decreasing trapped volume. Dynamic compressors use a rapidly rotating impeller to accelerate gas and a diffuser to convert velocity to pressure. Compressors have many applications including gas feed, refrigeration, pipelines, and aircraft braking systems.
This is a presentation series part 3 on Frequently Asked Questions on Steam Turbines in large steam power plants. All questions are answered properly and any doubt may be mailed to the writer.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial compressors, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Selection depends on operating conditions like flow rate and pressure ratio. Applications include HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial processes.
The document describes the key components and processes in a vapor absorption refrigeration system:
1) An evaporator where refrigerant vaporizes and absorbs heat, 2) An absorber where refrigerant vapor is absorbed by an absorbent, releasing heat, 3) A generator where heat regenerates the refrigerant and absorbent, and 4) A condenser where refrigerant condenses and liquefies. Heat from a heat source like steam drives the process without the need for a compressor.
The document discusses gas turbine maintenance planning and procedures. It emphasizes the importance of maintenance for productivity and profitability. It provides details on inspection types and frequencies based on operating factors like fuel type, load, starts and trips. Guidelines are given for combustion inspections, hot gas path inspections, and calculating customized inspection intervals based on unit-specific operation.
This document provides an overview of refrigeration and air conditioning concepts. It defines refrigeration and air conditioning, lists desirable properties of refrigerants, and describes the key components and functions of a basic refrigeration system, including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve. It also differentiates between vapour compression refrigeration and vapour absorption refrigeration systems.
This document discusses different types of hydraulic valves and components. It covers pressure control valves like relief valves, reducing valves, and unloading valves. It also covers direction control valves like check valves, 3/2 valves, 4/2 valves, and 5/2 valves. Additionally, it discusses flow control valves, manual and pilot operated valves, poppet and spool valves, actuators, pipes and hoses, fittings, seals, accumulators, and pressure boosters.
The document discusses monitoring tools available in the Computing Center Management System (CCMS). CCMS provides various monitors for monitoring SAP environments and components, which are useful for understanding system performance and diagnosing issues. Key monitoring tools in CCMS include the DBA Planning Calendar, Archive and Backup Monitor, Database Monitor, Alert Monitor, and Operating System Monitor. CCMS enables centralized monitoring of a system landscape from one system and helps ensure SAP installations are running efficiently.
Plant shutdowns can happen for a variety of reasons from
planned and unplanned to strategic and unexpected. No matter
the reason, it’s critical to have a sound plant shutdown
management plan in place.
Shaft alignment is the positioning of two or more rotating shafts so their center lines form a single line when machines are working normally. There are three types of misalignments: parallel offset, angular offset, and combination offset. Common methods for shaft alignment include straightedge alignment, multiple dial gauge alignment, and laser alignment. Properly aligning shafts reduces friction, wear, energy consumption, vibration, and the risks of premature equipment breakdown. Shaft alignment increases machine reliability and saves costs for industries.
This document discusses different types of conveyor systems used to move materials from one location to another. It describes screw conveyors, flight and apron conveyors, bucket elevators, and pneumatic and hydraulic conveyors. It also discusses considerations for handling unit loads and ensuring peak performance of conveyor systems through proper inspection, maintenance and monitoring.
The document discusses configuring and administering SAP R/3 Plant Maintenance. It provides an overview of key concepts and terminology in SAP R/3 Plant Maintenance. The main part of the document focuses on guiding the reader through the Implementation Guide (IMG) to configure technical objects like functional locations, equipment, and bills of material. It also covers aspects like cost centers, number ranges, security authorizations, and engineering change management.
What is first law of Thermodynamics?
What is a Thermodynamic cycle?
Types of Thermodynamic cycles
What is a Refrigeration Cycle?
Types of Refrigeration cycles
What is a Refrigeration System?
Principle of working of a Refrigeration System
Other Refrigeration systems
Liebherr a900 c zw litronic hydraulic excavator service repair manual sn 2103...fjkskmmdmme
This document provides safety instructions for operating a Liebherr A 900 C-ZW Litronic hydraulic excavator. It states that the excavator is designed to loosen, handle, transport, and dump materials. It can only be used to transport people if approved attachments are used. The instructions emphasize reading the operating manual and following all safety regulations. Personnel operating or maintaining the excavator must be properly trained. Moving the excavator while carrying a load requires special safety measures.
The document discusses the major components of steam turbines, including the casing, nozzles, blades, rotor, bearings, governors, and safety devices. It describes the functions of key parts like the nozzle, blades, governors, and oil pumps. It also classifies steam turbines based on the method of steam expansion, flow direction, final pressure, number of stages, and pressure. The document provides information on standards, parameter ranges, troubleshooting, and starting procedures for steam turbines.
The document discusses refrigeration equipment and refrigerant compressors. It describes how refrigerant compressors work by compressing refrigerant vapor to raise its pressure and temperature. Compressors are classified based on the number of stages, location of the prime mover, method of compression, and number of working strokes. Common types of compressors include reciprocating compressors, scroll compressors, and hermetic compressors. The document also discusses condensers, expansion devices, and provides diagrams of refrigeration system components.
This document provides information on automated flush bottom valves including applications, features, specifications, and drawings. Flush bottom valves are used in industrial vessels, fermentation reactors, food processing, and other applications to provide drainage and eliminate dead space and product buildup. They have features like high sterilization temperatures, unobstructed flow, and easy assembly/disassembly. Specifications include pressure ratings, end connections, and actuation types. Drawings show dimensions, components, and sizing for various valve models.
The document describes the components and operation of an emergency hydraulic (EH) oil system used for turbine protection. It includes descriptions of valves that operate to close the steam valves during a trip, accumulator tanks that maintain oil pressure, and filters and coolers that clean and regulate the oil temperature. The system uses oil pressure to activate actuators that rapidly close steam valves if protective devices detect a problem condition like overspeed or low pressure.
Displacement compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to draw gas into a cylinder and compress it. Screw compressors use a male and female rotor with helical grooves to compress gas by decreasing trapped volume. Dynamic compressors use a rapidly rotating impeller to accelerate gas and a diffuser to convert velocity to pressure. Compressors have many applications including gas feed, refrigeration, pipelines, and aircraft braking systems.
This is a presentation series part 3 on Frequently Asked Questions on Steam Turbines in large steam power plants. All questions are answered properly and any doubt may be mailed to the writer.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial compressors, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Selection depends on operating conditions like flow rate and pressure ratio. Applications include HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial processes.
2. 2
1. 정상적인 냉동기 운전상태 이해하기
2. 냉동기 일상적 운전점검 및 조치방법
3. 냉동기 손상원인 집중분석
4. 냉동기 손상률 절감방안
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3. 3
1-1. 냉동기의 정상운전
냉동기의 정상운전을 알아야 할 필요성
운영하는 냉동기를 “고장 또는 이상”이라고 판단을 내릴때는 그 냉동기의 “정상적인 범위”내의 운전상태 에서
벗어난 상태을 말한다. 그러므로 정상적 운전조건을 정확히 알아야만 고장유무를 판단 할 수 있다.
비 정상적인 운전은 냉동기 운전중 에 다양한 형태(누설,누유,과열,소음,진동,적상,온도불량 등)로 나타나게 되어 있다.
때문에 냉동기 관리자는 냉동장비의 정상적인 운전상태를 반드시 숙지하고 정상적인 범위 내에서 냉동기가
운전 되고 있는지 점검 및 관리를 해야 할 의무가 있다. (효율적인 냉동기 관리업무란 고장사고 이후 의 사후처리업무가
아니라 고장사고를 미연에 방지하는 사전관리업무이다.)
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5. 5
2-1. 냉동기 운전상태 점검 – 압축기 일상점검
저압압력 : 냉동 0.5㎏/㎠.Gage 전후(ET -30℃ 설계기준)
냉장 2.0㎏/㎠.Gage 전후 (ET -15℃ 설계기준)
고압압력 : 13㎏/㎠~15 ㎏/㎠.Gage 전후(CT 35~45℃ 설계기준)
오일압력 : 저압압력 + 2㎏/㎠~3㎏/㎠.Gage 이상 유지할것
냉동오일 : 적정레벨에 투명하고 청결한 상태로 60℃이하 유지 할 것
크랭크케이스는 주위온도보다 5℃이상 유지 할 것
냉매 : 오염되지 않은 순수성분 (수분 60ppm이하)으로 과소 / 과대 충진 되지 않은 상태
토출온도 : 최대 110℃ 이하(토출배관을 압축기 헤드에서 15cm지점 체크)로 유지
기계 운전음 : 일정하고 안정적인 기계음
진동 : 기동시 외 진동이 없어야 함
정상범위내의 저압배관 흡입 과열도 유지 ( 이상적 과열도 +5℃_)
- 현장측정 냉동용 저압배관 온도 : -15℃ 전후
- 현장측정 냉장용 저압배관 온도 : +5℃ 전후
수냉식 냉동기 유니트
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6. 6
2-2. 냉동기 운전점검 – 응축기 일상점검
냉각수 입구온도: 32℃ (설계기준)
냉각수 출구온도: 37℃ (설계기준)
고압압력 : 13㎏/㎠~15 ㎏/㎠ Gage 전후(CT 35~45℃ 설계기준)
냉각능력을 충족시키는 충분한 유량과 유속을 확보(냉각수펌프)
불 응축가스 발생여부 확인 및 방출
불 응축가스 발생여부 확인법
불 응축가스는 응축기에 머물기 쉬우므로 불 응축가스의 존재 여부
는 응축기의 냉매온도와 압력을 비교하면서 판단한다. 먼저 냉동기의
운전을 정지하고 응축기에 냉각수를 계속 통하게 하여 응축기 내의
냉매온도와 냉각수온도가 같게 될 때까지 충분한 시간 동안 냉각수
를 흐르게 한다. 이때 냉각수 온도에 상응하는 냉매의 포화압력을 구
하여 응축기 내의 압력이 계산된 압력보다 높으면 불 응축가스가 있
다고 보아야 한다.
점 검 항 목
수냉식 응축기
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7. 7
2-3. 냉동기 운전점검 – 응축기 불응축 가스 확인법
메니폴드 게이지를 이용한 불 응축가스 검침법
냉각수온도 (32℃) = 냉매온도 (32℃)
냉매(R-22)의 포화압력 (32℃) ≒ 12 ㎏/㎠.Gage
고압게이지 압력 = 14 ㎏/㎠.Gage
게이지 압력 - 포화압력 = 불 응축가스 함유량
14 ㎏/㎠ - 12 ㎏/㎠ = 2 ㎏/㎠
불 응축가스 생성원인
- 수분유입(가수분해에 의한 염산생성)
- 외기유입
- 냉매 및 냉동오일의 성분변화(과열운전 촉진)
- 과열운전에 의한 탄화물 생성메니폴드 고압 게이지
냉매온도
포화압력
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8. 8
2-4. 냉동기 운전점검 – 응축기 불응축 가스 배출법
불 응축 가스 배출 방법
★ 냉동기를 정지 시킨후 일정시간 경과후 시행한다.
불 응축가스 배출밸브를 통하여 배출한다.
배출밸브가 없을 시 – 응축기 액관 출구측 서비스 밸브를 잠근다
– 압축기 토출측 서비스 밸브의 캡을 열고 서비스밸브를 개방하여 배출한다.
고압게이지 압력계를 확인하면서 게이지상으로 약 10 ㎏/㎠.Gage까지 배출시킨다
상기작업을 20분 단위로 2~3회 이상 실시하여 불 응축가스를 완전히 제거한다.
부족한 냉매를 보충하여 정상운전 시킨다.
수냉식 응축기
오일 액면계
오일필터액관 출구
토출측 서비스
불 응축가스
유분리기
압축기
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9. 9
2-5. 냉동기 운전상태 점검 – 팽창변 일상점검
냉동부하와 사용온도에 적합한 제품으로 설치 (적정 과열도 유지가 중요)
용량이 작거나 과열도가 클 경우 – 냉동기 과열운전에 의한 오일탄화 및
권선코일의 열화현상 발생 (코일 소손원인)
용량이 크거나 과열도가 작을 경우 – 액압축 으로 인한 냉동기 기관파손
불필요한 팽창변 의 개도조정 절대불가 – 전문업체 의뢰(냉동 숙련공)
점 검 항 목
용량이 작을 때 용량이 클 때
이상적인 증발 완료지점 이상적인 증발 완료지점
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10. 10
2-6. 냉동기의 과열도 측정법
● 팽창밸브의 작동원리
밸브를 여는 힘 = 감온통 압력(P1)
밸브를 닫는 힘 = 증발압력(P2) + 스프링 힘(P3)
P1 = P2 + P3 : 균형을 유지하고 있는 상태
P1 〉P2 + P3 : 열리는 방향으로 이동
P1〈 P2 + P3 : 닫히는 방향으로 이동
●과열도 측정방법(R-22)
① 감온통이 놓인곳에서 온도 측정(-15℃)
② 감온통이 놓인곳에서 압력(1.5kg/㎠)을
측정하여 포화온도로 환산 (-20℃)
∴ 과열도(Super heat)는 ① - ② = +5℃
포화온도 확인법
● 과열도 란?
포화온도 이상으로 가열된 과열증기의
온도와 그 압력에 상당하는 포화온도와
의 차이를 말한다.
(압축기의 액압축 & 과열운전을 방지하기
위해 필요한 냉동기 운전조건으로 설계상
의 과열도 는 +5℃ 이다.)
www.kookje2001.com
11. 11
2-7. 냉동기의 과열도 측정
▼과열도가 높고 흡입압력이 낮다.
1. 수분 , 오염 , WAX 생성
2. 팽창밸브 용량이 작다.
3. 과열도가 높게 조절되어있다.
4. 냉매가 부족하다.
5. 감온부 충전가스의 응축
6. 감온부 파손,기능 상실
7. 외부 균압관의 위치 잘못, 막힘
8. 액관에서 후레쉬가스 발생.
a. 액관이 길고 가늘다.
b. 높은 마찰 손실
c. 드라이어가 막힘
9. 팽창밸브에서 고,저압 차가 적다.
a. 위 8항 참조
b. 응축온도가 과도하게 낮다.
c. 분배기의 관경 또는 회로가 적다.
과열도 측정 결과치
www.kookje2001.com
12. 12
2-8. 냉동기의 과열도 측정
▼흡입압력이 높고 과열도가 낮다
1. 팽창밸브 용량이 너무 크다.
2. 수분 , 오염 , WAX 생성
3. 밸브 개도불량(막힘)
4. 과열도가 낮게 조절되어있다.
5. 외부 균압관의 위치 잘못
6. 압축기가 저온에서 용량부족
7. 감온통의 접촉불량 또는 더운곳에 위치
과열도 측정 결과치
www.kookje2001.com
13. 13
2-9. 냉동기의 과열도 측정
▼흡입압력 & 과열도 모두 낮다.
1. 냉동부하(Loard)가 적다.
a. 공기순환량 불충분하다.(냉각휀 불량)
b. 공기순환 계통의 오염(먼지)
c. 냉동코일의 적상발생
2. 공기순환의 분배가 나쁘다.(진열물품의 적재불량)
3. 냉매의 분배가 나쁘다.
4. 증발기내의 오일 정체
5. 압축기와 증발기의 불균형
과열도 측정 결과치
www.kookje2001.com
14. 14
2-10. 냉동기 운전점검 – 증발기 일상점검
설계능력에 적합한 모델 사용
냉매누설 점검 (일일점검) – 냉매누설시 즉각적인 조치 필요
휀 모터 및 휀 날개의 정상작동 확인 – 풍량 풍속 확인
증발기 및 전열핀 오염상태 확인 – 적상 누적 및 이물질 확인
– 적상 누적시 완전제거 필요
온도제어기(T.C) 제어기능 확인 – 휀 모터 출력 및 작동확인
– 전자변 출력 및 작동확인
– 제상히터 출력 및 작동확인
* 각 제조사별 온도조절기의 메뉴얼을 숙지*
점 검 항 목
리모트 판넬유니트 쿨러
쇼케이스
온도조절기
www.kookje2001.com
15. 15
3-1. 압축기 손상원인 집중분석 - 압축기(comp)소손현황 분석표
2013.01월 ~ 2013.12월 압축기(comp) 소손 및 교체현황 – 국제 티엔씨 실행자료
손상압축기 분석 - 손상유형별
기관손상
코일손상
코일+기관
미 분해점검
코일+기관
5대
교체수량 111대
기관파손
52대
코일소손
43대
미 분해점검
11대
www.kookje2001.com
16. 16
3-2. 압축기 손상원인 집중분석 - 압축기(comp)소손현황 분석표
2013.01월 ~ 2013.12월 압축기(comp) 소손 및 교체현황 – 국제 티엔씨 실행자료
손상압축기 분석 – 유압보호장치 설치여부
유압보호장치 미설치 압축기
유압보호장치 설치 압축기
기관손상 1대
코일손상 9대
OPS손상 2대
사전교체 3대
비말식 2대
2013. 04월 이후 설치
교체수량 111대
유압보호장치 설치점포
17대
유압보호장치 미 설치점포
94대(압축기손상일 기준)
www.kookje2001.com
17. 17
3-3. 압축기 손상원인 집중분석 - 압축기 고장 발생경로
CHCIF2(R22)+H2O(물) →HCL(염
산)
배관내 불순물
진공불량 / 냉매누설
진공불량 / 냉매누설
압력손실
냉동능력저하
이물질 혼입
냉동능력부족
압축비 증대
증발압력 저하
응축압력의 상승
압축기 로 유입
비정상적인 과열
팽창변 / 필터
드라이어 막힘
모터과열
축 베어링 과열
압축밸브 슬러지
침전(탄화)
압축하중 증가
응축온도 상승
냉매와의 가수분해
수분의 응축
산성물질 발생
슬라지 침전
팽창변 / 필터
드라이어 결빙
팽창변 / 필터
드라이어 막힘
모터절연파괴
냉동오일 품질저하
및 오일필터 막힘
압축밸브 손상
모터과열
동 도금현상
압축밸브 막힘
소비전력 증대
압축기 과열
압축기 과열
원 인 발 생 압 축 기 손 상 진 행 과 정 손 상 결 과
공기의 유입
수분의 유입
과부하 /구속
모터의 소손
냉동능력부족
내부기관구속/마모
압축기 구속
내부기관구속/마모
압축기 구속
압축기 구속
압축기 구속
피스톤 과 실린더 구속
오일순환계통
정상 압축기 부품
손상 압축기 부품
www.kookje2001.com
18. 18
3-4. 압축기 손상원인 집중분석 - 압축기(comp)소손 증상별 분석
압축기 손상원인 분석 – 손상유형별 압축기 분해
액 압축에 의한 밸브파손
오일필터 막힘에 의한 압축기 손상
과열운전에 의한 기관 손상
오일순환 불량에 의한 압축기 손상
과열운전에 의한 기관 및 코일손상
오염물질(수분)에 의한 압축기 손상
오일펌프 불량에 의한 압축기 손상
전기적 코일손상 유형
과열에 의한 밸브파손
정상 압축기 부품 오일순환계통 냉동기 분해점검영상
www.kookje2001.com
19. 19
4-1. 압축기 손상률 절감 대책기안 - 유압 압력 보호 시스템 설치
유압보호 압력스위치( O. P. S ) 가 설치되어
있지 않은 모든 냉동기에 설치 하여야 하며
냉동오일 부족으로 인한 압축기 손상을
미연에 방지함을 목적으로 한다.
1.설치대상 및 목적
압축기의 오일부족 및 오일필터의 막힘에
의한 압축기 손상률을 감소시키며 평상시
운전상태에서도 냉동오일의 오염상태와
유 분리기의 기능이상을 유면계를 통해
사전에 확인할 수 있다. (오일순환 계통도)
2.설치 후 기대효과
유압압력 스위치가 작동되면 작동원인을
반드시 해결한 후 재 가동시킨다.
(무분별한 복귀 리세트 작동은 압축기 기관손상의
직접적인 원인이 된다.)
3.유의사항
시스템 설치 전
시스템 설치 후
www.kookje2001.com
20. 20
시스템 설치 작업
3.오일탄화가 지속적인 원인
4-2. 압축기 손상률 절감 대책기안 - 저압배관 코아쉘 설치
냉동기의 저압배관에 코아쉘이 설치되어 있지
않은 모든 냉동기에 설치하여야 하며 냉동기
시스템상에서 순환되고 있는 오염된 냉동오일
과 냉매에 함유된 수분을 제거하기 위한 부품
설치를 목적으로 한다.
1.설치대상 및 목적
오염된 냉동오일과 냉동기의 고장 원인 중
가장 큰 원인인 수분을 제거함으로써 압축기
의 손상을 미연에 방지할 수 있다.
2.설치 후 기대효과
이미 한번 오염된 냉매와 냉동오일은 냉동 시스템 내부에서 순환을 하며 냉동기 구성장비을 지속적으로
손상시킴으로 압축기 내부의 국소적인 오일교체만으로는 냉동시스템을 정상화 시키기가 어렵다.
그럼으로 오염된 냉매와 냉동오일을 전량 교체함과 동시에 시스템내부에 함유되어있는 오염물질
(수분,오일탄화물,이물질 등)을 반드시 제거하여 추가적인 압축기 손상을 방지해야 한다.
볼밸브
코아 쉘
석션필터 설치완료 모습
필터 링 작업영상
www.kookje2001.com
21. 21
전자식 모터 보호 계전기 성능비교
4-3. 압축기 코일 손상률 절감 대책기안 – 전자식 모터보호 계전기
현재 사용중인 전자식 모터 보호 계전기 는
과부하 차단 기능만 있어서 단상에 의한 모터의
손상시 압축기를 보호하지 못함으로 결상감지
차단기능이 있는 제품으로 교체해야 할 필요성
이 있음
과부하 - 전동기에 연결되어 있는 기계에 과중한
부하가 가해져 전동기에 열이 발생시켜 그 열에
의해 권선의 절연이 파괴되어 소손 된다
결상 - 전동기를 운전하기 위한 전선로에 3상 중
한 상의 결함으로 단상으로 운전될 때 (연결부위
나 접촉기의 접점에서 많이 발생함) 전동기는 회
전 토오크의 부족으로 회전을 계속하지 못하고
정지하게 되며, 이 때 권선상의 과도한 전류가 전
동기를 소손 시킨다.
1.교체목적
구 분 삼화계전 LS산전
명 칭 EOCR-SS EMPR
모 델 SS-60 GMP60-3T
과부하 O O
결 상 X O
구 속 X O
불평형 X O
기존 사용품 개선 대체품
www.kookje2001.com
22. 22
내부기관 부위별 사진취합
압축기 손상 사진 – 압축기 기관파손 유형
피스톤 동부착 현상
피스톤 롯드 과열
크랭크축 동부착 현상피스톤 헤드 과열 압축기 내부(수분에 의한 변
질)
정상적인 피스톤과 샤프트실린더 과열피스톤 헤드 과열
www.kookje2001.com
23. 23
내부기관 부위별 사진취합
압축기 손상 사진 – 압축기 기관파손 유형
고압밸브 탄화/슬러지
저압밸브 열화
고압밸브 탄화/슬러지고압밸브 파손 정상적인 고압밸브
정상적인 저압밸브저압밸브 열화축 베어링 과열
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