Alhajji 1 Alhajji 6 JafarAlhajji Professor: English homework May 1, 2019 Vaccines safety and effectiveness Do you think vaccination is an important or just harmful substance forced by pharmaceutical companies cooperating with the governments to inject into people? A vaccine can be defined as "biological preparations that, when introduced into the body, cause an individual to acquire immunity to a specific disease” (Davidson. 7). So, for decades, vaccines have been considered one of the best revaluation in medical practice. A long time ago, people all around the world tried to fight with different kinds of fatal diseases by different ways, and one of the most Significant ways is to make a vaccine, to prevent such life-threatening diseases. The first vaccine was against the Smallpox disease. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease and caused a lot of fatalities all around the world, and it is transmitted between people by inhalation of droplets of virus or direct contact with smallpox lesion secretions (Davidson 25). It is a deadly disease, it caused blindness and permanent scars in the patients that survived. Finally, after several attempts to make a vaccine for Smallpox, Edward succeeded to produce an effective and safe vaccine in 1796 by using the cowpox vaccine to protect from smallpox. Cowpox is a disease caused by cows and transferred to a human, and Jenner's theory was based that whoever had cowpox will be immunized against smallpox (Davidson29).“Edward Jenner was an English country doctor who introduced the vaccine for smallpox. Previously a keen practitioner of smallpox inoculation.” Then, century after century, the vaccine after the vaccine was developed for different kinds of diseases. In the 20th century, one of the most known vaccines was Diphtheria and Tetanus vaccines. Diphtheria is a respiratory illness, causing the release of exotoxin from Corynebacterium diphtheria bacteria which leads to the death of mucous cells in the throat, mouth, and nose, and as a result of cells accumulation the pseudo-membrane are build up and block the airways of the patients which causes death (Davidson42) After years of experiments and trials to make a vaccine to fight this disease, Gaston Ramona French veterinarian and biologist who realized that attenuated Diphtheria toxin is able to activate the immune system of people without causing serious side effects, and by 1927, the toxoid vaccine was freely used all around the world, and it succeeds to drop the number of cases of diphtheria. Then, by using the same way of toxoid, combined Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid vaccines were produced. Tetanus can be described as a nerves system infection that leads to spasm and contract of body muscles, especially jaw muscles which make the patients unable to open their mouths (Davidson. 44) Another example of one of the most significant vaccine is a Polio vaccine. Polio disease, mainly affecting children under 5 years old, and leading to paralysis and often to .

1. Alhajji 1
Alhajji 6
JafarAlhajji
Professor:
English homework
May 1, 2019
Vaccines safety and effectiveness
Do you think vaccination is an important or just harmful
substance forced by pharmaceutical companies cooperating with
the governments to inject into people? A vaccine can be defined
as "biological preparations that, when introduced into the body,
cause an individual to acquire immunity to a specific disease”
(Davidson. 7). So, for decades, vaccines have been considered
one of the best revaluation in medical practice. A long time ago,
people all around the world tried to fight with different kinds of
fatal diseases by different ways, and one of the most Significant
ways is to make a vaccine, to prevent such life-threatening
diseases. The first vaccine was against the Smallpox disease.
Smallpox is a highly contagious disease and caused a lot of
fatalities all around the world, and it is transmitted between
people by inhalation of droplets of virus or direct contact with
smallpox lesion secretions (Davidson 25). It is a deadly disease,
it caused blindness and permanent scars in the patients that
survived. Finally, after several attempts to make a vaccine for
Smallpox, Edward succeeded to produce an effective and safe
vaccine in 1796 by using the cowpox vaccine to protect from
smallpox. Cowpox is a disease caused by cows and transferred
to a human, and Jenner's theory was based that whoever had
cowpox will be immunized against smallpox
(Davidson29).“Edward Jenner was an English country doctor
who introduced the vaccine for smallpox. Previously a keen
practitioner of smallpox inoculation.”
Then, century after century, the vaccine after the vaccine was
developed for different kinds of diseases. In the 20th century,

2. one of the most known vaccines was Diphtheria and Tetanus
vaccines. Diphtheria is a respiratory illness, causing the release
of exotoxin from Corynebacterium diphtheria bacteria which
leads to the death of mucous cells in the throat, mouth, and
nose, and as a result of cells accumulation the pseudo-
membrane are build up and block the airways of the patients
which causes death (Davidson42) After years of experiments
and trials to make a vaccine to fight this disease, Gaston
Ramona French veterinarian and biologist who realized that
attenuated Diphtheria toxin is able to activate the immune
system of people without causing serious side effects, and by
1927, the toxoid vaccine was freely used all around the world,
and it succeeds to drop the number of cases of diphtheria. Then,
by using the same way of toxoid, combined Diphtheria and
Tetanus Toxoid vaccines were produced. Tetanus can be
described as a nerves system infection that leads to spasm and
contract of body muscles, especially jaw muscles which make
the patients unable to open their mouths (Davidson. 44)
Another example of one of the most significant vaccine is a
Polio vaccine. Polio disease, mainly affecting children under 5
years old, and leading to paralysis and often to death due to
immobilization of respiratory muscles. There were several
attempts to make the vaccine, and it was a competition between
Jonas E. Salk and Albert Sabin to make it. Finally, it was done,
and both succeed, Jonas E. Salk made the “killed virus”
vaccine, while Albert Sabin succeeds to make the oral vaccine.
From that time till now both vaccines use to prevent children
from getting Polio. (Kurlander, 2015)
After all these examples, it is hard to argue the importance of
vaccines. However, there is a huge debate about the efficacy
and safety of vaccines, especially some recent vaccines which
leads to a lot of disagreement about whether or not people
should continue using vaccines.
A vaccine is an important medical tool to be considered for all
parents and their children because it has eliminated many
serious diseases, decrease the mortality and morbidity rate, to

3. save money, expanding the medical practice options, protect
other people who cannot be vaccinated, and for safe travel.
Vaccines help total elimination in some of the fatal diseases
such as Smallpox, Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Polio. These
diseases caused a lot of deaths and disabilities all over the
world and the people suffered for a long period of time-fighting
these diseases. For example, according to “World Health
Organization” mortality rate of variola major, caused virus of
Smallpox, is 30% and 60-80% of the survivors are marked with
permanent scars, mostly on their faces, and this disease has
been totally eradicated all over the world after discovering the
vaccine. Moreover, WHO cited that Polio disease leads to
paralysis of 1 child out of 200, and 5- 10 % of them may die
because of respiratory failure due to paralysis of respiratory
muscles. Because of vaccination, the disease almost disappeared
since 1988 till 2017, and this vaccine has saved more than 16
million people from getting paralysis.
In that period where was an epidemic break of certain kinds of
infectious diseases, countries and medical organizations spend a
lot of money trying to fight the disaster and to support the
patient as much as possible with expensive equipment. So, after
the idea of vaccines spread and applied over the world, this
money can be beneficial for other purposes. (Rappuoli, 2014)
Cited that the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
estimate that the US predict saving approximately $300 billion
during 1994–2013 due to vaccinations.The idea of vaccination
gives the scientist other ways to fight with different diseases in
medical practice, instant of the regular ones. In this case,
scientists may think of different ways to prevent the disease
from happening rather than treat it. Nowadays scientists try to
make vaccines for different kinds of diseases and even for non-
infectious ones like cancers and allergy. according to
(Middendorf, 2011) (E57) -an additive vaccine to the treatment
of cancer after the first attack to protect the patient from the
disease relapse- has been given to patients with a specific type
of breast cancer, and it has promising results in minimizing the

4. risk of relapse. Another Example is that (Suzuki, et al., 2011)
found that it is possible to make an oral vaccine from rice as
mite allergen to prevent an allergic reaction in patients with
asthma. Therefore, that considered as an approval of the success
of vaccination.Hard immunity or Community immunity can be
defined as stop spreading of infectious disease to people who
cannot be vaccinated by increasing the percentage of the
vaccinated population around them. By this way, it will be hard
to unvaccinated people to get infected or transfer the infection.
"For example;19 out of every 20 people need to be vaccinated
against measles to protect people who are not vaccinated".
Elderly People, week immune system patients like people on
chemotherapy, and HIV patients are examples of people who
cannot be vaccinated, so their protection totally depends on
their community if they were vaccinated or not!According to
Vaccine herd effect search who was published on 2011, claims
that Haemophilus influenza type b cases decline by 90%
between 1986 to 1996 in children age 5 years who were not
vaccinated due to increase vaccinated population. Also,
regarding meningococcal vaccines hard effect, they climb that
due to vaccination in infant, the cases also decline in
unvaccinated groups by 67% in those aged 1-17 years old and
35% in those aged >25 years old.Although vaccines help to
eliminate fatal diseases from all around the world, still some
countries may still have some infectious diseases because of
lack of medical awareness or due to financial causes. And
theses disease easy to get a transfer and carry it out from these
countries by travelers to their countries, so if they weren't
vaccinated, that may lead to spread the disease and may lead to
an outbreak. Moreover, some of these diseases may lead to
death or series effects.Also, the chances of getting any
infectious disease increases in crowded places. According to
Herbert L. Dupont, mass gathering creates a lot of concerns
when it comes to the spread of infectious disease. According to
him most of the infectious diseases are spread through contact
and includes tuberculosis, measures, and influenza. And Muslim

5. Hajj is the largest gathering of people from all around the world
as stated in WHO, so there is a high risk of getting a disease
there if the pilgrims were not vaccinated. For example; Polio
case and meningococcal strains have been discovered from
returning pilgrims. Local requirement vaccine is meningococcal
ACWY, and some other recommended such as influenza and
hepatitis B, for pilgrims. For those traveling to congested areas
such as Hajj, different states make it mandatory for them to
seek health care provider’s advice about available vaccinations.
In many cases, for those traveling in abroad, they are always
advised to be vaccinated against different infectious diseases
present in the countries they are heading to. Also, health care
providers have duties of advising people about available
recommendation about travel vaccines for those going to
clouded places or gatherings.
Although vaccines are important and helpful in getting rid of
fatal diseases, there are a lot of people against it and their main
reasons are either blaming the pharmaceutical companies that
only care about money or having concerns about vaccines
safety.
Another significant reason that they claim against vaccination is
the concerns regard it is safety, especially parents who refuse to
vaccinate their children because they are worried about their
children health. However, the most common side effects of
vaccines are mild and tolerated; for example, (Barlow, 2001)
found that there is significant increase in a febrile seizure on
the same day of DTP, vaccine and 1-2 weeks after MMR dose,
but there is not long lasting negative effect. However, a febrile
seizure is a common type of seizures on infants, especially if
they have a fever. So, it is a normal response after vaccination
because usually, the infants express fever after.
There is tiny present to get a serious reaction after taking
vaccines; For example, (Kimmel, Burns, Wolfe, &
Zimmerman,2007), illustrate that anaphylaxis reaction may
happen after hepatitis B vaccine by 1 in 600,000. However,
anaphylaxis reaction is very fast allergic reaction results in

6. sudden hypotension and maybe fainting, but because vaccines
are usually given on a medical care unit so this reaction can be
easily maintained by giving adrenalin to increase the blood
pressure, and there are no lasting negative effects.
And an example of a falsely side effect is claiming that the
hepatitis B vaccine can cause multiple sclerosis- dangerous
auto-immune disease. (Ascherio, 2001) argue there is no
relation between the hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis
disease. Moreover, in case of side effects, especially the serious
or life-threatening ones, there are special adverse drug reaction
reporting systems on each country. And that system can be
accessed by the health care team, or by the public.
A vaccine is a biological way to produce immunity on the
individual against certain kinds of diseases. Vaccination has
been a subject of debate on the last few years. Some people
claim that vaccination is only a trap from pharmaceutical
companies to steal their money, and it has fatal side effects.
While other groups of people think it is an essential medical
procedure to be done to protect their self and the upcoming
generation from such diseases. According to scientific articles
and trusted health organizations, vaccination consider a very
important because it improves people's health status by
elimination of some fatal diseases, save money, which spending
to fight these diseases, widening the range of methods to efface
the diseases, protect other people who cannot be vaccinated by
the hard immunity effect, and improve the safety of traveling.
On the other hand, maybe there are some side effects of using
vaccines but these side effects either minor, rare or not caused
by vaccines. The benefits of vaccines overweight the risks, and
these are normal in the medical field since no medication is free
of side effect, even the natural products. Especially for young
children, vaccinations are very crucial, it prevents children from
contract serious illness and complications. Studies have shown
that there are more reported cases of infectious diseases and
deaths in countries and areas where vaccination was not
administered as compared to vaccinated areas. For those who

7. believe that vaccines are not safe, they are not on the right track
as all vaccines are always reviewed by scientists, governments,
and doctors. Also, different non-governmental organizations
support the use of vaccines and insist there are always safe for
use.
Works Cited
Barlow, et al. "The risk of seizures after receipt of whole-cell
pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine." The New
England journal of medicine. 30 Aug. 2001. U.S. National
Library of Medicine. 02 Apr. 2019
Barlow, et al." Vaccination Greatly Reduces Disease, Disability,
Death, and Inequity Worldwide." World Health Organization,
World Health Organization, 4 Mar. 2011
Bystander Suppression.” Plant Biotechnology Journal, U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2011
Davidson, Tish. Vaccines: History, Science, and Issues.
Greenwood, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017.
Human Services, U.S. Department of Health &. “Five Important
Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child.” Vaccines, 2018,

8. KIMMEL, SANFORD R. "Addressing immunization barriers,
benefits, and risks." Addressing immunization barriers, benefits,
and risks. Feb. 2007.
Kim, Tae Hyong, et al. “Vaccine Herd Effect.” Scandinavian
Journal of Infectious Diseases, Informa Healthcare, Sept. 2011
Mittendorf, Elizabeth A, et al. "Clinical trial results of the
HER-2/neu (E75) vaccine to prevent breast cancer recurrence in
high-risk patients: From US Military Cancer Institute Clinical
Trials Group Study I-01 and I-02." Cancer. 15 May 2012. U.S.
National Library of Medicine. 02 Apr.
Ministries, et al. “Mothers Welcome World's First Malaria
Vaccine in Malawi.” World Health Organization, World Health
Organization
Rappuoli, Rino. "Vaccines: Science, health, longevity, and
wealth." PNAS. 26 Aug. 2014. National Academy of Sciences.
02 Apr. 2019 <https://www.pnas.org/content/111/34/12282>.
Romina Libster, "Herd immunity (Herd protection)." Herd
immunity (Herd protection) | Vaccine Knowledge. 26 Nov.
2018. 26 Apr. 2019
Suzuki, Kazuya, et al. “Prevention of Allergic Asthma by
Vaccination with Transgenic Rice Seed Expressing Mite
Allergen: Induction of Allergen-Specific Oral Tolerance without
Vadheim, V. Rebolledo, et al. "The risk of seizures after receipt
of whole-cell pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella
vaccine." The New England journal of medicine. 30 Aug. 2001.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. 02 Apr. 2019
Vindu. "The Vaccine That Changed the World." The Polio
Story. Mar. 2015
Appearance of the art
Art works are usually not only appreciated by artists, for most
viewers, what surprises them or evaluates is often the first look
of a piece. For example, many people who don't understand art
feel weird about abstraction then give up thinking to ignore its
inner meaning, so people often measure the importance of a
work by whether it is "beautiful." In my Final paper, I want to

9. compare the early narratives of Duane Michals's photography
career, one of the most influential photographers of the 20th
century, with recent contemporary works of art to see if the
appearance of a work of art is important.
First of all, I would like to introduce Duane Michals to his
current photography career. In his early works, through several
sets of logical pictures, the stories he wants to tell are clear to
the audience, so they are different from the way other artists
and photographers express themselves. “Photography deals
exquisitely with appearances, but nothing is what it appears to
be.” His messages and Poems Inscribed on the photographs, and
his visual stories created through multiple images, defined the
principles of the reigning practitioners of the form. Because a
set of narrative photographs can see what he wants to express
and are more easily understood and accepted by the public than
other photographers, I think this is one of the main reasons for
his popularity in his early career and also shows the importance
of appearance for artists.
After that, I will discuss his gradual loss of influence on the
photography industry because he lost his creative appearance
narrative. I will do research to compare more artists.
Here are some other points that I want to expand, so the content
may be very vague: most things do not understand when they
call it art, whether oil painting or photography, it has a basis for
creation. For example, the imagination of painters and
photographers, but aesthetics is also an important factor.
Surface is not unimportant, the meaning of a work is the
meaning of art, and its beauty may be the embodiment of skills.
Some people's criterion for artistic evaluation is "plainness",
which is not ostentatious display, but intuitive touching of
works.
Resource:

10. https://aperture.org/shop/duane-michals-storyteller/
https://www.lightwork.org/news/a-closer-look-duane-michals/
Feedback
I think this is still way too broad. It seems to me it would be
better to deal with Michals and his apparent extension of the
surrealist project with his photos. His work seems to raise
issues about what can be imaged and imagined with
photography, far more than he deals with questioning
appearance or any interrogation of the nature of vision. The way
images can provide a fantastic-yet-seemingly-real vision seems
like what is at stake.