alhajji1 alhajji 2 Jafar Alhajji Vaccines Safety and Effectiveness Do you think vaccination is an important or just harmful substance forced by pharmaceutical companies cooperating with the governments to inject into people? Vaccine can be defined as “biological preparations that, when introduced into the body, cause an individual to acquire immunity to a specific disease” (Davidson. 7). So, for decades, vaccines have been considered one of the best revaluation in medical practice. A long time ago, people all around the world tried to fight with different kinds of fatal diseases by different ways, and one of the most Significant ways is to make a vaccine, to prevent such life- threatening diseases. The first vaccine was against the Smallpox disease. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease and caused a lot of fatalities all around the world, and it is transmitted between people by inhalation of droplets of virus or direct contact with smallpox lesion secretions (Davidson 25). It is a deadly disease, it caused blindness and permanent scars in the patients that survived. Finally, after several attempts to make a vaccine for Smallpox, Edward succeeded to produce an effective and safe vaccine in 1796 by using the cowpox vaccine to protect from smallpox. Cowpox is a disease cause by cows and transferred to human, and Jenner’s theory was based that whoever had cowpox will be immunized against smallpox (Davidson 29). “Edward Jenner was an English country doctor who introduced the vaccine for smallpox. Previously a keen practitioner of smallpox inoculation.” Then, century after century, vaccine after vaccine was developed for different kinds of diseases. In the 20th century, one of the most known vaccines was Diphtheria and Tetanus vaccines. Diphtheria is a respiratory illness, causing the release of exotoxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria which leads to death of mucus cells in the throat, mouth and nose, and as a result of cells accumulation the pseudo-membrane are build up and block the airways of the patients which causes death (Davidson 42) After years of experiments and trials to make a vaccine to fight this disease, Gaston Ramon a French veterinarian and biologist who realized that attenuated Diphtheria toxin is able to activate the immune system of people without causing serious side effects, and by 1927, the toxoid vaccine was freely used all around the world, and it succeeds to drop the number of cases of diphtheria. Then, by using the same way of toxoid, combined Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid vaccines were produced. Tetanus can be described as a nerves system infection that leads to spasm and contract of body muscles, especially jaw muscles which make the patients unable to open their mouths (Davidson. 44) Another example of one of the most significant vaccine is a Polio vaccine. Polio disease, mainly affecting children under 5 years old, and leading to paralysis and often to death due to immobilization of respi.

1. alhajji1
alhajji 2
Jafar Alhajji
Vaccines Safety and Effectiveness
Do you think vaccination is an important or just harmful
substance forced by pharmaceutical companies cooperating with
the governments to inject into people? Vaccine can be defined
as “biological preparations that, when introduced into the body,
cause an individual to acquire immunity to a specific disease”
(Davidson. 7). So, for decades, vaccines have been considered
one of the best revaluation in medical practice. A long time ago,
people all around the world tried to fight with different kinds of
fatal diseases by different ways, and one of the most Significant
ways is to make a vaccine, to prevent such life- threatening
diseases. The first vaccine was against the Smallpox disease.
Smallpox is a highly contagious disease and caused a lot of
fatalities all around the world, and it is transmitted between
people by inhalation of droplets of virus or direct contact with
smallpox lesion secretions (Davidson 25). It is a deadly disease,
it caused blindness and permanent scars in the patients that
survived. Finally, after several attempts to make a vaccine for
Smallpox, Edward succeeded to produce an effective and safe
vaccine in 1796 by using the cowpox vaccine to protect from
smallpox. Cowpox is a disease cause by cows and transferred to
human, and Jenner’s theory was based that whoever had cowpox
will be immunized against smallpox (Davidson 29). “Edward
Jenner was an English country doctor who introduced
the vaccine for smallpox. Previously a keen practitioner of
smallpox inoculation.”
Then, century after century, vaccine after vaccine was
developed for different kinds of diseases. In the 20th century,
one of the most known vaccines was Diphtheria and Tetanus
vaccines. Diphtheria is a respiratory illness, causing the release

2. of exotoxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria which
leads to death of mucus cells in the throat, mouth and nose, and
as a result of cells accumulation the pseudo-membrane are build
up and block the airways of the patients which causes death
(Davidson 42) After years of experiments and trials to make a
vaccine to fight this disease, Gaston Ramon a French
veterinarian and biologist who realized that attenuated
Diphtheria toxin is able to activate the immune system of
people without causing serious side effects, and by 1927, the
toxoid vaccine was freely used all around the world, and it
succeeds to drop the number of cases of diphtheria. Then, by
using the same way of toxoid, combined Diphtheria and Tetanus
Toxoid vaccines were produced. Tetanus can be described as a
nerves system infection that leads to spasm and contract of body
muscles, especially jaw muscles which make the patients unable
to open their mouths (Davidson. 44)
Another example of one of the most significant vaccine is a
Polio vaccine. Polio disease, mainly affecting children under 5
years old, and leading to paralysis and often to death due to
immobilization of respiratory muscles. There were several
attempts to make the vaccine, and it was a competition between
Jonas E. Salk and Albert Sabin to make it. Finally, it was done,
and both succeed, Jonas E. Salk made the “killed virus”
vaccine, while Albert Sabin succeeds to make the oral vaccine.
From that time till now both vaccines use to prevent children
from getting Polio. (Kurlander, 2015)
After all these examples, it is hard to argue the importance
of vaccines. However, there is a huge debate about the efficacy
and safety of vaccines, especially some recent vaccines which
leads to a lot of disagreement about whether or not people
should continue using vaccines.
Vaccine is an important medical tool to be considered for all
parents and their children, because it has eliminated many
serious diseases, decrease the mortality and morbidity rate, to
saved money, expanding the medical practice options, protect
other people who cannot be vaccinated, and for safe travel.

3. Vaccines help total elimination in some of the fatal diseases
such as Smallpox, Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Polio. These
diseases caused a lot of deaths and disabilities all over the
world and the people suffered for a long period of time fighting
these diseases. For example, according to “World Health
Organization” mortality rate of variola major, caused virus of
Smallpox, is 30% and 60-80% of the survivors are marked with
permanent scars, mostly on their faces, and this disease has
been totally eradicated all over the world after discovering the
vaccine. Moreover, WHO cited that Polio disease lead to
paralysis of 1 child out of 200, and 5- 10 % of them may die
because of respiratory failure due to paralysis of respiratory
muscles. Because of vaccination, the disease almost disappeared
since 1988 till 2017, and this vaccine has saved more than 16
million people from getting paralysis.
In that period where was an epidemic break of certain kinds
of infectious diseases, countries and medical organizations
spend a lot of money trying to fight the disaster and to support
the patient as much as possible with expensive equipment. So,
after the idea of vaccines spread and applied over the world,
this money can be beneficial for other purposes. (Rappuoli,
2014) Cited that the US Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention estimate that the US predict saving approximately
$300 billion during 1994–2013 due to vaccinations. The idea
of vaccination gives the scientist other ways to fight with
different diseases in medical practice, instant of the regular
ones. In this case, scientists may think of different ways to
prevent the disease from happening rather than treat it.
Nowadays scientists try to make vaccines for different kinds of
diseases and even for non-infectious ones like cancers and
allergy. according to (Middendorf, 2011) (E57) -additive
vaccine to treatment of cancer after the first attack to protect
the patient from the disease relapse- has been given to patients
with specific type of breast cancer, and it has promising results
in minimizing the risk of relapse. Another Example is that
(Suzuki, et al., 2011) found that it is possible to make oral

4. vaccine from rice as mite allergen to prevent allergic reaction in
patients with asthma. Therefore, that considered as an approval
of the success of vaccination. Hard immunity or Community
immunity can be defined as stop spreading of infectious disease
to people who cannot be vaccinated by increase the percentage
of vaccinated population around them. By this way it will be
hard to unvaccinated people to get infected or transfer the
infection. “For example;19 out of every 20 people need to be
vaccinated against measles to protect people who are not
vaccinated”. Elderly People, week immune system patients like
people on chemotherapy, and HIV patients are examples of
people who cannot be vaccinated, so their protection totally
depends on their community if they where vaccinated or not!
According to Vaccine herd effect search who was published on
2011, claims that Haemophilus influenza type b cases decline by
90% between 1986 to 1996 in children age 5 years who were not
vaccinated due to increase vaccinated population. Also,
regarding meningococcal vaccines hard effect, they clime that
due to vaccination in infant, the cases also decline in
unvaccinated groups by 67% in those aged 1-17 years old and
35% in those aged >25 years old. Although vaccines help to
eliminate fatal diseases from all around the world, but still
some countries may still have some of infectious diseases
because lake of medical awareness or due to financial causes.
And theses disease easy to get transfer and carry it out from
these countries by travelers to their countries, so if they weren’t
vaccinated, that may lead to spread the disease and my lead to
an outbreak. Moreover, some of these diseases may lead to
death or series effects. Also, the chances of getting any
infectious disease increases in crowded places. And Muslim hajj
is the largest gathering of people from all around the world as
stated in WHO, so there is a high risk of getting a disease there
if the pilgrims were not vaccinated. For example; Polio case and
meningococcal strains has been discovered from returning
pilgrims. Local requirement vaccine is meningococcal ACWY,
and some other recommended such as influenza and hepatitis B,

5. for pilgrims. Although vaccines are important and helpful in
getting rid of fatal diseases, but there are a lot of people against
it and their main reasons are either blaming the pharmaceutical
companies that only care about money or having concerns
about vaccines safety.
Some people claim that the vaccination idea is a trick made
by pharmaceutical companies to increase their investments.
According to (Sara, 2018) – The Healthy Home Economist holds
a master’s degree from the University of Pennsylvania who
against vaccine use - supported the idea of untrusted
pharmaceutical companies by giving examples of some side
effects of some medications discovered or withdrawn from
pharmacies after marketing. However, any new medication
spends years and years before marketing and went throw three
phases of trails at least to get the FDA approval to be released
to public or not, and even after marketing, the new medication
continues to be under-supervision after marketing. So, it is
normal to have some side effects did not discover before
marketing, especially after more people have used it. In case if
something serious happen, the normal response is to withdraw
the medication, so, it cannot be true that the vaccines are just a
way to take people’s money because it is difficult to get an
approval of new vaccine or drug.
Another significant reason that they claim to against
vaccination is the concerns regard it is safety, especially parents
who refuse to vaccinate their children because they are worried
about their children health. However, the most common side
effects of vaccines are mild and tolerated; for example,
(Barlow, 2001) found that there is significate increase in febrile
seizure on the same day of DTP, vaccine and 1-2 weeks after
MMR dose, but there is not long lasting negative effect.
However, febrile seizure is a common type of seizures on
infants, especially if they have fever. So, it is a normal response
after vaccination because usually the infants express fever after.
There is tiny present to get a serious reaction after taking
vaccines; For example, (Kimmel, Burns, Wolfe, &

6. zimmerman,2007), illustrate that anaphylaxis reaction may
happen after hepatitis B vaccine by 1 in 600,000.However,
anaphylaxis reaction is very fast allergic reaction results in
sudden hypotension and maybe fainting, but because vaccines
usually given on a medical care unit so this reaction can be
easily maintained by giving adrenalin to increase the blood
pressure, and there are no lasting negative effects.
And as example of a falsely side effect is claiming that the
hepatitis B vaccine can cause multiple sclerosis- dangerous
auto-immune disease. (Ascherio, 2001) argue there is no
relation between the hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis
disease. Moreover, in case of side effects, especially the serious
or life-threatening ones, there are special adverse drug reaction
reporting systems on each country. And that system can be
accessed by health care team, or by public.
Vaccine is a biological way to produce immunity on the
individual against certain kinds of diseases. Vaccination has
been a subject of debate on the last few years. Some people
claim that vaccination is only a trap from pharmaceutical
companies to steal their money, and it has fatal side effects.
While other group of people think it is an essential medical
procedure to be done to protect their self and the upcoming
generation from such diseases. According to scientific articles
and trusted health organizations, vaccination consider a very
important because it improves people’s health status by
elimination of some fatal diseases, save money, which spending
to fight these diseases, widening the range of methods to efface
the diseases, protect other people who cannot be vaccinated by
the hard immunity effect, and improve the safety of traveling.
On the other hand, maybe there are some side effects of using
vaccines but these side effects either minor, rare or not causing
by vaccines. The benefits of vaccines overweight the risks, and
this is normal in the medical field, since no medication is free
of side effect, even the natural products.

7. Work Cite
.
Barlow,et al . "The risk of seizures after receipt of whole-cell
pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine." The New
England journal of medicine. 30 Aug. 2001. U.S. National
Library of Medicine. 02 Apr. 2019
Barlow, et al.“Vaccination Greatly Reduces Disease, Disability,
Death and Inequity Worldwide.” World Health Organization,
World Health Organization, 4 Mar. 2011
Bystander Suppression.” Plant Biotechnology Journal, U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2011
Davidson, Tish. Vaccines: History, Science, and Issues.
Greenwood, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017.
Human Services, U.S. Department of Health &. “Five Important
Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child.” Vaccines, 2018,
KIMMEL, SANFORD R. "Addressing immunization barriers,
benefits, and risks." Addressing immunization barriers, benefits,
and risks. Feb. 2007.
Kim, Tae Hyong, et al. “Vaccine Herd Effect.” Scandinavian
Journal of Infectious Diseases, Informa Healthcare, Sept. 2011

8. Mittendorf, Elizabeth A, et al. "Clinical trial results of the
HER-2/neu (E75) vaccine to prevent breast cancer recurrence in
high-risk patients: From US Military Cancer Institute Clinical
Trials Group Study I-01 and I-02." Cancer. 15 May 2012. U.S.
National Library of Medicine. 02 Apr.
Ministries, et al. “Mothers Welcome World's First Malaria
Vaccine in Malawi.” World Health Organization, World Health
Organization
Rappuoli, Rino. "Vaccines: Science, health, longevity, and
wealth." PNAS. 26 Aug. 2014. National Academy of Sciences.
02 Apr. 2019 <https://www.pnas.org/content/111/34/12282>.
Romina Libster, "Herd immunity (Herd protection)." Herd
immunity (Herd protection) | Vaccine Knowledge. 26 Nov.
2018. 26 Apr. 2019
Suzuki, Kazuya, et al. “Prevention of Allergic Asthma by
Vaccination with Transgenic Rice Seed Expressing Mite
Allergen: Induction of Allergen-Specific Oral Tolerance without
Vadheim, V. Rebolledo, et al. "The risk of seizures after receipt
of whole-cell pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella
vaccine." The New England journal of medicine. 30 Aug. 2001.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. 02 Apr. 2019
Vsandu. "The Vaccine That Changed the World." The Polio
Story. Mar. 2015
Paper #4: Research paper
Length: 7 pages (Please note: The 7 pages does not include a
Works Cited….7 pages of content.)
Points: 350
Write a research paper that is persuasive on a topic of your

9. choice. Try to find something new to you that you’d like to
learn about…remember, it’s 7 pages, so you want it to be a
topic that interests you.
Here are the forbidden topics: Abortion, death penalty, global
warming, steroids, legalization of marijuana, drinking age, and
collegiate athlete compensation. Make sure your topic is
academic in nature. Feel free to shoot me an email if you want
affirmation you are on the right track.
Proposal: Write a one-page proposal for Assignment 4,
explaining what topic you’ve chosen and any others you’ve
considered. Describe your decision-making process and think
ahead to the research process: how will you investigate this
topic? What sorts of sources will you look for? What questions
or concerns do you have about the project? Due by email before
class 4/12 for my approval.
Use the following checklist when you turn in your final paper
(not your rough drafts) to ensure you have completed each part
of the assignment.
· Include a clear introduction that provides a context for the
topic and includes a thesis statement that indicates your
position. Whatever the purpose, thesis must provide a road-map
(hints at how you will support your position).
· The purpose (persuasive) should be indicated in the
introduction and thesis without using an announcement
statement – “I am writing to persuade you…”.
· Clearly and thoroughly explain each of the supporting points
for your thesis; be sure to show relationships between related
ideas.
· Even though your purpose is to persuade, acknowledge other
positions on the topic but refute them with evidence from your
sources and information you present in your paper.
· Include specific examples, paraphrases, and quotes from the

10. article to support each point. Papers that do not fulfill this
requirement will not likely receive a passing grade.
· Make sure your points are developed and well organized
(written in a logical order that is easy to follow).
· Document sources using MLA citation and a Works Cited page
at the end.
· Include a topic sentence for each paragraph.
· Avoid using conversational or informal language –Avoid first
person.
· Include a conclusion that presents your final thoughts on the
topic. (Do not simply restate your introduction, but do restate
thesis.)
· Edit and proofread your draft to correct any errors: fragments
and run-ons, spelling errors, subject-verb agreement, etc.
· Include your name, the course and professor’s name, the date,
and “final draft” in the upper left hand corner of your paper.
· In-text citations must be appropriately MLA formatted and
used for each source quoted, paraphrased or summarized.
· Make appointment at Writing Lab if needed or haven’t with
other papers.
· Sources: include at least 8 sources total. At least four sources
should be scholarly. Your Works Cited page should include
only sources you actually cite in your paper. Remember to use
credible sources and not blogs, Twitter or Wikipedia.
· Title (Preferably one that grabs the reader….me.)