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UNIT 8 hose[Read-Only].pptx
1. UNIT 2: HOSE AND HOSE FITTINGS
Fire hose has been used for hundreds of years for the extinguishment of fires and is one of the basic
elements of the firefighters’ stock in trade. In areas where water supplies may be in short supply, hose
may be necessary to relay water over considerable distance and special diameter hose has been
designed for this
Definitions: Hose , Fire Hose & Hose-reel
Introduction
Hose: A hose is a flexible tube which is used to transfer fluids from point of supply to the
point of delivery.
Fire hose: A fire hose is a thick, high-pressure flexible tube that carries water or other fire
retardant (such as water or foam) to a fire to extinguish it. The usual working pressure of a fire
hose can vary between 8 and 20 bars (800 and 2,000 kPa) while its bursting pressure can be up to
83 bars (8,300 kPa).1
2. Hose-reel: A Hose Reel is a cylindrical spindle made of either metal / fiberglass, or plastic and is
used for storing a hose.
Hose Reel Hose: Hose reel hose is a delivery hose of small internal diameter, normally, 36 m long and 6
mm nozzle diameter carried on a rotating drum. It is used for taking a hose line quickly inside the
building using the available water supply. Hoses are designed to deliver a minimum of 20 litres of water
per minute.
4. Types of Suction and Delivery Hoses
Generally hose may be divided into two categories according to its main use.
i. Intake hose or Suction hose
ii. Attack hose or Delivery hose
Intake hose or Suction hose: Suction hose are also called as hard suction is usually a rubbercovered,
semi-rigid hose with internal metal reinforcements. It is used to suck water out of unpressurized
sources, such as ponds or rivers, by means of a vacuum. Used between the water supply and the pump,
it is larger and more rigid than delivery hose
This hose is one that is employed on the inlet side of the a portable pump where water passing
through it . It should be sufficiently strong to withstand air pressure when a vacuum has been created
at the pump and strong enough to withstand maximum hydrant pressure
.
5. There are two groups within this category:
a) Soft suction hose and
b) Hard suction hose.
a) Soft suction: These are used to transfer water from pressurized water source such as a
hydrant to the pump inlet. The size ranges from 65mm to 150mm in diameter
b) Hard suction: Hard suction is used primarily to draft water from an open water source like
pond . It is also used to water from one portable tank to another usually in a tanker
Hard suction hose is constructed of a rubberized reinforced material. It also ranges from
150mm in diameter.
6. There are two types of hard suction hose:
i. Non-collapsible hard suction hose
ii. Flexible non-collapsible hose
Non-collapsible hard suction hose: Hose that is designed to prevent collapse under vacuum
conditions so that it can be used for drafting water from below the pump (lakes, rivers, wells, etc.).
Flexible non-collapsible hose: The flexible non-collapsible hard suction hose is strengthen by fabric
and plastic. Hose that is designed to carry water between: Hydrant to Engine or Engine to Engine or
Tanker to Engine.
7. Attack hose or Delivery hose: Hose designed to be used to control fires beyond the uncontrolled
stage. Attack hose shall have a minimum design operating test pressure of 18 bars pressures. This
type of hose is used between the pump outlet and the nozzle or branch where water passing
through it used to control and extinguish fires. These hose are usually constructed of rubber or
woven fabric coverings and lined by either rubber or plastic. Delivery hoses sub-grouped as:
i. Percolating Delivery Hose
ii. Non Percolating Delivery Hose:
Attack hose or Delivery hose:
8. 1. Percolating Delivery Hose: Percolating hose is mainly used for forestry firefighting applications.
The seepage of water through the hose provides protection to the hose against damage by
glowing embers falling on to it or the hose being laid on hot ground Percolating hose is made
from a jacket, which contains a proportion of cotton yarns to provide wetting and wicking
properties, lined with a very thin lining, which will allow water to seep through without jetting.
This keeps the outer jacket wet.
9. ii. Non Percolating Delivery Hose: In fire Services, non-percolating hoses are generally used for
delivering water. These consist of a ,probably made from polyester or nylon yarns with mixing
rubber. The use of non-percolating hoses is recommended as friction losses will be much lesser
than that of percolating hoses.
10. Characteristics of Hoses
A good firefighting hose must have the following
characteristics;
i. Flexibility and Bend Radius:
ii. Suction and Vacuum:
iii. Durability:
iv. Resistance to rot
v. Should not change in length or diameter:
vi. Weight:
11. i. Flexibility and Bend Radius: Flexibility and minimum bend radius are important factors in hose design
and selection if it is known that the hose will be subjected to sharp curvatures in normal use. Hose must
be sufficiently flexible to enable it to be handled easily and without kinking when in use..
ii. Suction and Vacuum: There is chance of collapse of hose during vaccum and suction ,so it require the
hose to resist collapse in suction and vacuum service. Such hose is subjected to crushing forces because
the atmospheric pressure outside the hose is greater than the internal pressure. The hose can collapse and
restrict the flow unless the hose is constructed to resist these pressure differentials. The most common
method of preventing hose collapse is to build a wire reinforcement into the hose body
12. iii. Durability: The durability qualities must be as high as possible and the materials used particularly
in the cover must have high resistance to abrasion(Saveta)
iv. Resistance to rot: Natural fiber hose are liable to be affected by mildew or rot. Therefore, it is
important that these hose are given rot proofing treatment.
v. Should not change in length or diameter: Any increase in the length or diameter of hose when
under pressure, indicates that the material is stretching. Unlimited stretch will tend to weaken the
hose and eventually cause it to burst.
vi. Weight: The weight of the hose should be relatively light enough to enable a firefighter to carry it
over a distance and have enough strength to carry out his firefighting duties.
13. Materials used for Construction of Hoses
The basic materials in the manufacture of hose are rubber, plastics, textile yarns, textile fabrics, and
metal in the form of wires and cables. Textile fabrics used in hose construction provide the strength
to achieve the desired resistance to internal pressure or to provide resistance to collapse, or both.
The properties of a fabric depend on the construction and the material from which the yarn is made
and on the type of weave used.
The woven fabric consists of two sets of yarns (threads) that run at right angles to each other. The
lengthwise threads being the WARP gives the hose durability to resist wear and tear while the crosswise
threads known as the WEFT give the hose its ability to resist the tendency of water pressure to burst the
hose.
14. The most common weave is known as plain weave. Notice that the warp and filling yarns cross each
other alternately. This is done on a relatively simple loom. Other weaves used, though to a lesser
degree, are twill. The various weaving methods are defined as follows:
15. Materials used to make hoses are as follows:
i. Flax: Flax has great strength and durability with high absorbent qualities. But when wet,
the weight of lined hose gets increased. It must be given a rot proofing treatment also.
ii. Cotton: Cotton is strong and has high resistance abrasion. It also has high absorbent
qualities and requires rot proofing treatment
iii. Nylon: Nylon is a synthetic rot resistant fibered, light in weight and of great strength
with low degree of absorbency. Nylon stretches well enough under pressure
iv. Terylene: an artificial textile fibre made from a polyester. Terylene is a rot resisting fibre,
light in weight and has great strength with low absorbent qualities.
In the past, cotton was the most common natural fiber used in fire hoses, but most modern
hoses use a synthetic fiber like polyester or nylon filament.
16. Damages to Hose
Fire hose is a tool that is subjected to many potential sources of damage during firefighting. It is
possible to avoid most of the damages caused to the hoses by strictly carrying out the
manufacturer’s instructions.
i. Mechanical Damage:
ii. Organic Damage:
iii. Heat/ Thermal Damage:
iv. Shock Damage:
v. Rubber Acid Damage:
vi. Chemicals Damage
17. i. Mechanical Damage: Fire hose maybe damage in a variety of ways while been used at fires.
Some common mechanical injuries are:
a) Abrasion or cut on the coverings
b) Crushed or damaged couplings
c) Cracked inner linings
ii. Organic Damage: Organic damage such as mold may occur on woven jacket hose when
moisture remains on the outer surfaces. Mold causes decay and the consequent deterioration
of the hose. Hoses not dried enough or are in a damp condition cause the growth of mold
18. iii. Heat/ Thermal Damage: The exposure of hose to excessive heat or its contact with fire will
melt, or weaken the fabric covering. A similar drying effect may occur to inner linings when hose
is hung to dry in a drying tower for longer period than is necessary, or when it is dried in intense
sunlight.
iv. Shock Damage: Rolls of hoses thrown roughly to the ground causes shock. If water flows too
rapidly, which will create pressure in side wall of hose. By Sudden Open or closure of hand-
control branches can also bring about shock. While closing valves, special care is to be taken to
prevent water hammer.
19. v. Rubber Acid Damage: Rubber lined hoses stored without being properly drained, will form water
to turn to acid in pockets. When the water evaporates through slow drying, the acid concentration
increases. This accumulated acid damage the hose jackets.
vi. Chemicals Damage: Chemicals and chemical vapours will damage the rubber lining and often
causes the lining and jacket to separate. When hose is exposed to petroleum products, paints, acids
or alkalis, it may weaken to the point of bursting. After being exposed to chemicals, hose should be
cleaned as soon as possible.
20. Methods of storing Hose – The Roll / Coil , Dutch Roll, Flaking and Figure of Eigh
After fire hose has been adequately brushed, washed and dried, it should be rolled and stored
in suitable racks. Hose racks should be located in a clean, well ventilated room in or close to the
apparatus /engine bay for easy access. Methods of Storing Hoses are as follows
a) The Roll: In this method the hose is laid out flat on the surface and roll is made from the female coupling
end. The coupling is doubled down on the hose. Hose is then rolled up until the male coupling is reached.
21. b) Dutch Roll: The hose must be laid down flat on the surface and the female coupling has to
be drawn back along the hose towards the other end so that the female coupling rests on the
top of the hose and about 1 metre short on the male coupling. After the upper layer has
been arranged exactly over the lower layer, the hose is rolled up from the bite so that the
coupling comes together on the out side of the roll.
c) Flaking: In this method the hose is folded one above other by taking exact measurement
and later secured at the centre of the folds.
d) Figure of Eight:Here hose is folded in shape of eight. It may be used to store hose but it
takes up more space than when flaked.
22. Hose drying cabinet and Hose drying plant
The methods used for drying hose also depend on the type of hose. Rubber hoses
may be placed back on the fire appliance/apparatus while still wet . Woven jacket hose
requires thorough drying before being reloaded on the drying equipment. A Hose
should be dried in accordance with local procedures and manufacturer’s
recommendations
Different types of equipment used to Dry hose
1.Hose drying Rack:
2. Hose Drying Cabinet
3. Hose Drying Plant
23. Hose drying Rack: Hose drying Rack Unit consists of the top mounted drying rack, where hose and
other equipment dries naturally and quickly.
Hose Drying Cabinet: These are cabinet used for drying wet hoses. The interior of the cabinet is
made warm and ventilated by means of heaters and fans. The temperature is usually fixed at
approximately 40℃ .
Arrangements are usually made that the temperature shall not rise the above the determined point.
Hose Drying Plant: Modern hose drying plants generally consist of a number of drying chambers.
Hoses are coupled to chamber through which hot air is blown. In addition, hot air is circulated by a
fan for drying outer sides of the hoses. An exhaust fan in each chamber maintains constant
circulation of air
24. Care and Maintenance of Hoses
Care of hose; The following are general hints for the care of hose:
i. New hose should never be allowed to remain in the box in which it is received but should be
removed and coil loosened.
ii. Hose should be stored in a dry well ventilated place
iii. Hose which is unused for long periods should not be allowed to remain in the appliance but
removed and placed on racks
iv. Rubber lined hose should have water passed through it from time to time to keep the lining in
good condition, after which it should be thoroughly drained and dried in a hose tower
v. Great care should always be taken of rubber lined hose, especially when cooling down after large
fires, as the hose is often stretched over debris which still retain heat, causing burning and weakening
of the hose
vi. Hose should never be bent, especially under water pressure, since this causes a severe pressure on
bends which may leads to lleakage of water
vii. Hose known to have been contaminated with acids or alkalis should be thoroughly washed
immediately with clean water
25. Maintenance of Hose after Fires: When hose is returned back, it should be laid out where
it can be brushed and washed as required. It is important to remove dirt and other
foreign material from the jackets. A scrub brush and mild soap and water may be used
for this purpose .Clean dry hose should only be loaded on the appliance to replace the
hose that has been used.
26. Hose Fittings
Hose fittings are parts used to connect hoses, in hydraulic systems. Hose fittings generally
operates under high pressures and is often not a fixed system.
Definition: The hose fittings are the appliances which are used in conjunction with hoses for
firefighting operations are known as “Hose Fittings”.
Hose fittings are available for connecting hoses of different sizes and threads. Hose fittings connect
runs of hose to other hose sections, equipment, or other components.
connections and joints commonly used in fire services, such as:
i. Couplings ii. Nozzles & branches
iii. Monitors iv. Standpipes
v. Collecting head vi. Fittings – Adaptors & Reducers
vii. Hose Bridges or Ramps viii. Intake Devices-Metal and Basket Strainers
ix. Blank caps x. Valve Devices Dividing and Collective Breechings
27. Couplings
Any metal device used for joining two lengths of hose. A coupling is permanently
attached to each end of a section of a fire hose.
Couplings are made of durable materials and designed so that it is possible to couple and
uncouple them with little effort in a short time. Materials used for hose couplings are generally
alloys in varied percentages of brass, aluminum or magnesium. The effectiveness of the fire hose
operation depends upon the condition and maintenance of its coupling
Types of coupling: There are several types of hose couplings used in the fire service across the world,
but in this service the ones commonly used are:
i. Threaded or screwed
ii. Instantaneous
iii. Hermaphrodite
28. i. The Threaded/Screwed Coupling: This type of coupling has all outlets male and inlets
female. These couplings are standard in the Fire Brigade for:
Suction Hose or Intake Hose
Hydrant outlets
The male side of connected couplings can be distinguished from the female by noting the lugs-only
,male couplings have lugs on the shank. The female couplings have lugs on the swivel. The lugs on
the coupling aid in tightening and loosening connections. Connections are made by hand and then
tightened by spanners.
29. Snap/ Instantaneous Coupling: This type of coupling has all outlets being female and all inlets
male. These are coupling are used for:
Delivery hoses-
The female coupling has instantaneous pin lugs that will grip the male as it snaps into position.
To disconnect, pull the lugs in the opposite direction.
30. ii. The Storz/ Hermaphrodite Coupling: This type of coupling has no distinct male or female
components. Both couplings are identical and may be connected to each other. This type of coupling is
found on:
31. Nozzles (Branches)
Nozzles/branches (branch pipes) are devices that are attached to the discharge end of attack lines
to give fire streams shape and direction. It also increases the velocity of the water as it approaches
the nozzle tip, so providing an effective firefighting jet. The size of the jet is governed by the size of
the nozzle. The branch consists of a metal tube having an internal diameter which tapers gradually
in size towards the delivery end.
Nozzles/Branches may be divided into two principal classes:
1.Branches without control facilities (Uncontrolled)
2.Branches with control facilities (Hand controlled)
32. Branches without control facilities (Uncontrolled) - these yield a fire stream in the form of a jet
which cannot be controlled .The standard type of branch and nozzle has been used for many years in
fire and rescue services.
33. Branches with control facilities (Hand controlled) - these provide for some form of control by
shutting off the jet, altering its size or shape, or changing character by means of converting it
into a spray. There are many different patterns of hand-controlled branch in use by fire and
rescue services, all designed to enable branch operators to control or change in one way or
another the formation of the water stream by the operation of levers
Two types of nozzle manufactured for fire service;
i. Smooth bore (produces a solid column of water)
ii. Fog stream (separate the water into droplets
34. Smooth Bore Nozzles:
Consist of a shut off valve and a smooth bore tip that gradually decreases in diameter
of the stream to a size smaller than the hose diameter
Advantages
It has a longer reach than a fog nozzle operating
It is capable of deeper penetration into burning materials. This results in quicker extinguishment.
Operate at lower pressures than adjustable stream nozzles
Extinguish fire with less air movement
Disadvantages
Do not absorb heat as readily as fog stream,
Cannot change setting to produce a fog pattern.
35. Fog Stream Nozzles:
These nozzles produce fine droplets of water. It absorbs heat more quickly and efficiently.
Advantages
It creates a variety of patterns (from a straight stream to a narrow stream cone of less than 45
degrees angle to a wide angle fog pattern that is close to 90 degrees.)
Can be used to create a water curtain to protect firefighters from extreme heat
Can be used to exhaust smoke and gases through hydraulic ventilation.
Disadvantages:
i. Move large volumes of air, which can result in a sudden fire increament
iii. If used incorrectly, can push fire in to unaffected area.
36. Monitors
Monitors are used in circumstances where large quantities of water in a jet form are required and
they fall into two categories
i. Portable monitors -these are designed to stand on the ground
ii. Fixed monitors - these are secured to fire appliances such as fireboats or firefighting
engines and turntable ladders.
37. Portable monitors
Portable monitors are used in cases of very large fires where abundant quantities of water are
required. Smaller monitors can be moved by hand and placed on the ground to provide a rapid
response in the event of a fire
38. Fixed monitors / larger monitors are usually mounted on trailers and sometimes have permanently
piping arrangements from the pumps. The trailer is also often fitted with outriggers to provide
stability. Water tanks on the trailer can be filled to provide additional weight for stability. Extra tanks
can also be specified to provide foam concentrate
Fire Monitors are industrial monitor devices used to deliver large water flows for fire fighting
purposes in high risk or hazardous industries. Industrial fixed monitors can be controlled
automatically by means of a remote control station. Fixed Monitors are generally designed for
heavy duty applications such as aggressive chemicals plants or off shore platforms. These heavy
duty fire monitors are designed to withstand extreme conditions are very robust and easy to
maintain
Fixed monitors
39. standpipe is a type of rigid water piping which is built into multi-story buildings in a vertical position,
or into bridges in a horizontal position, to which fire hoses can be connected, allowing manual
application of water to the fire. These are used to couple hose to underground hydrant by extending
the outlet of the hydrant above ground level.
40. Collecting Heads
A collecting head consist of a metal casting, usually made of aluminum alloy, having on one side
a number of outlets (two, three or four) according to the capacity of the pump. Non-return valves
are provided in the Collecting head, and prevent back-flow.
41. Fittings – Adaptors and Reducers
These are hardware accessories available for connecting:
Hoses of different sizes
Instantaneous to threaded type coupling
Adaptors: Adaptors are fittings for connecting hose with same couplings or to connect
threaded type to an instantaneous or to connect threaded type to Storz type coupling.
Reducers: Reducers are used to attach smaller hose to a larger hose. They are commonly found
on pump discharge outlets so that smaller hose lines may be hooked directly to the pump.
42. Hose Bridge or Ramp
A device to enable vehicles to run over delivery hose without damaging. These help prevent
injury to hose when vehicles cross it. They should be used wherever a hose line crosses the
street or other area where vehicular traffic cannot be diverted.
43. Intake Devices
These are also known as suction strainers. They are attached to the suction end end of a hard suction
and their function is to keep debris from entering the fire pump. They are two types
i. Metal Strainer
ii. Basket strainer
44. Metal Strainer: Metal strainers are constructed of copper or aluminum alloy and cylindrical in shape. They
have holes sufficient in size , hole is small enough to prevent entry of pieces of wood, stones or other solid
subject
Basket Strainer: These are used above the metal strainer but never alone. When resting on a soft
surface such as mud the metal strainer tends to sink in because of its weight, thus reducing its
efficiency. The basket strainer act as an outer shell and rest in the mud and also has a larger
surface area than that of the metal strainers.
45. Blank Cap It is a metal cover, which is attached to close a delivery outlet or suction inlet while
not in use. It is fixed to a short length of chain and is connected to the standpipe.
46. Valve Devices- Dividing Breeching and Collecting Breeching
These increase or decrease the number of hose lines operated at the fire ground. They are:
Wye Appliances / Dividing Breeching: These make it desirable to divide one hose stream into two
or more hose streams or one hose line into two or more hose lines. The most common has a
65mm inlet to two 38 mm outlets. In this fire service this appliance is called a dividing breeching.
Wye appliances are often equipped with gated valves so that the flow of water being fed into the
hose lines each may be controlled independently.
Siamese Appliance/ Collecting Breeching: These make it desirable to combine two or more hose
lines or stream into one hose line or stream. The typical threaded appliance has two or more
female connections coming into the appliance and one male discharge exiting the appliance.
47. Care & Maintenance of Hose Fittings
The couplings or fittings should be closely examined and, if there is any sign of movement
of the hose from the couplings, the hose should be removed from service. Hose fittings are
have to be maintained well, for ready and immediate use on fire ground.
They must be periodically inspected, cleaned and kept in good condition.
All moving parts should be slightly lubricated to ensure fire operation.
Condition of washers has to be checked and renewed if necessary.
Particles of paint, tar etc should be removed with the help of suitable solvent
Threads of screw type couplings are to be checked and cleared off dirt.
