The collapse of world trade centre and disaster management

1. Collapse Of World
Trade Center and
Disaster
Management

2. September 11, 2001

3. Something everyone remembers about that day is the sky didn’t
have a cloud in sight, light blue, and crystal clear.

4. On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the United States.
They hijacked four airplanes in mid-flight. The terrorists flew
two of the planes into two skyscrapers at the World Trade Center
in New York City. The impact caused the buildings to catch fire
and collapse. Another plane destroyed part of the Pentagon (the
U.S. military headquarters) in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth
plane crashed in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Officials believe that
the terrorists on that plane intended to destroy either the White
House or the U.S. Capitol. Passengers on the plane fought the
terrorists and prevented them from reaching their goal. In all,
nearly 3,000 people were killed in the 9/11 attacks.
What happened….

5. Who did it
• The people of America banded together in the weeks following the
September 11th attacks like few other times in American history. People
responded with donations of blood, effort and money. The government
declared Osama Bin Laden to be the main suspect and sent the military to
fight him and his terrorist organization called Al Qaeda. The military has been
able tocapture numerous leaders within the terrorist organization but has not
been able to capture Bin Laden himself.
• A controversy started when President Bush sent troops into Iraq on March
19, 2003 claiming that the country led by Saddam Hussein was developing
weapons of mass destruction and aiding Al Qaeda operatives. As time passed
and no evidence of those weapons were found in Iraq, many in America were
upset by what they felt were unnecessary reasons to get involved in Iraq.

6. Timeline of the Events
7:59
a.m.
All
planes
begin
take
off
8:56
a.m.
First
crash,
Flight 11,
north
tower
9:03 a.m.
Second
crash,
Flight
175,
south
tower
9:05
a.m.
George
Bush is
told
about
the
attack
9:31
a.m.
Bush
makes a
public
announc
ement
9:36
a.m.
Vice
presiden
t gets
moved
to safety
9:37 a.m.
Flight 77
crashes into
Pentagon
9:45
a.m.
White
House
and U.S.
capitol
are
cleared
9:59 a.m.
The south
tower
collapses
10:03 a.m.
The fourth
plane
crashes in
Pennsylvania
10:28 a.m.
The north
tower
collapses
1:04 p.m.
The air is
cleared
5:20 p.m.
The World
Trade
Center
collapses
8:30
p.m.
Bush
gives
final
address
of the
day

7. Memorial
The National September 11
Memorial is a tribute of
remembrance and honor to the
nearly 3,000 people killed in the
terror attacks of September 11,
2001 at the World Trade Center
site, near Shanksville, Pa., and
at the Pentagon, as well as the
six people killed in the World
Trade Center bombing in
February 1993.

8. Facts
• On September 11, 2001, 19 men hijack four fuel-loaded commercial
airlines bound for west coast destinations. This terrorist attack on the
United States is orchestrated by al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. A total
of 2,977 people are killed in New York City, Washington, DC and outside of
Shanksville, Pennsylvania, in the worst terrorist attack in U.S. history.
• On any given workday, up to 50,000 employees worked in the WTC twin
towers, and an additional 40,000 passed through the complex.
• 9/11 was the single largest loss of life from a foreign attack on
American soil.
• 18 people were rescued alive from the rubble of the World Trade Center site.

9. Aftermaths
• Other Buildings-
Many of the surrounding buildings were also either damaged or destroyed as the towers fell. 5
WTC suffered a large fire and a partial collapse of its steel structure. Other buildings destroyed
include St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, Marriott World Trade Center (Marriott Hotel 3
WTC), South Plaza (4 WTC), and U.S. Customs (6 WTC). The World Financial Center
buildings, 90 West Street, and 130 Cedar Street suffered fires.
• Many works of art were destroyed in the collapse.
• Health Effects-
The collapse of the World Trade Center produced enormous clouds of dust that covered
Manhattan for days.It resulted in serious reductions in air quality and is likely the cause
of many respiratory illnesses among first responders, residents, and office workers in lower
Manhattan. Asbestosis is such an illness, and asbestos would have been present in the dust. The
thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers
contained more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens.

10. • Clean-up:
The cleanup was a massive operation coordinated by the City of New York Department of
Design and Construction. On September 22, a preliminary cleanup plan was delivered
by Controlled Demolition, Inc. (CDI) of Phoenix, Maryland. It involved round-the- clock
operations, many contractors and subcontractors, and cost hundreds of millions of dollars.The
large pile of debris left on the site burned for three months, despite efforts to extinguish the
blaze until the majority of the rubble was finally removed from the site.By early November,
with a third of the debris removed, officials began to reduce the number of firefighters and
police officers assigned to recovering the remains of victims, in order to prioritize the
removal of debris. This caused confrontations with firefighters. In 2007, the demolition of the
surrounding damaged buildings was still ongoing as new construction proceeded on the
World Trade Center replacement, 1 World Trade Center.

11. Disaster Management Lessons Learned
• Need for Backup Communications and Command Center
• Need for Better Individual Unit Communication Links
• Telephone Systems Fail Early in a Disaster
• Computer Communications May Still Function Despite Phone System Malfunction
• Better Monitoring & Recording of Specific Personnel Responding into a Danger Zone
is Needed
• Special Rescue Arrangements Are Needed for Top Floors of High Buildings
• After a Building Collapse, Most Secondary Injuries Are Due to Dust and Smoke
• Hospital E.D. Pre-planning and Conducting Disaster Drills Pays Off
• Better Communication & Use of Incident Command System Needed for Field Medical
Units
• Medical Personnel Will Readily Volunteer in a Disaster
• Volunteers Should Wait to be Called In by Local Authorities
• Disaster Declaration Needs to Account for Volunteers' Medical Licenses
• Even Modern Buildings Cannot Resist Fire from Jet Fuel-Laden Large Aircraft

12. Future Preparedness'
The tragedy of 9/11 resulted in awareness that our country needed to be prepared for a
terrorist attack. Since 2001 there have been significant advances in emergency response
for large-scale events.
• Improvements to hospital preparedness since 9/11 include surge capacity, better
preparedness for chemical/bioterrorist attack, emergency drills with local agencies
and employee training.
• Pre-9/11 there was limited or no capability of first responders from different
jurisdictions to communicate with each other. Since fiscal year 2003 the Department
of Homeland Security (DHS) has provided approximately $3 billion for
communications interoperability initiatives.
• There were no risk-based security funds pre-9/11. Today 100% of Urban Area
Security Initiative (USASI) funds are awarded based on risk and effectiveness.
• Pre-9/11 no critical infrastructure was in place. Following 9/11 DHS crated the
National Infrastructure Plan (NIPP), “a historic and unprecedented public/private
partnership to identify and protect the Nation’s critical infrastructure and key
resources.”
• Since 2004, September has been declared as National Preparedness
Month. Sponsored by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the focus is on
personal and community preparation. We remember the loss of 9/11 and we share in
the responsibility of preparedness.

14. Conclusion
• In the past, designers had no need to accommodate for terrorist attacks from the air,
but now that this threat is a reality, designers are looking for reasonable ways to
protect our high-rises.It appears that to truly be safe, a building must be able to
withstand a great impact without losing structural integrity, as well as defend itself
against fires and explosions. Perhaps buildings can be made more resistant with
redundant systems in which the structure will not collapse if a few columns are
destroyed by an impact or explosion. Perhaps high-rise buildings should have backup
fire protection systems in case the primary system is disabled for some reason.
Ultimately buildings will have to focus more on robust construction and emergency
precautions and less on aesthetic appeal. Of course, if the World Trade Center is
going to be rebuilt, which many say it will, the new buildings will have to be as
aesthetically pleasing as their predecessors; they will be replacing the two most
famous buildings in the infamous New York skyline.

15. Thankyou