How nanotechnology is use in diagnosis of diabetes, coronary heart disease and malaria.

1. USE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETICS ,
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
& MALARIA
Presented by = ZUBIDA BANO
221259
BIOPHYSICS & NANOSCIENCE

2. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DIABETICS:-
• Diabetes ----- metabolic disorder in which patient suffers from high blood sugar level
because their bodies do not respond to or produce enough amount of insulin (A
hormone that helps to maintain the blood sugar level by directing the cells to use
glucose and stops hepatic glucose production).
• Diabetes is biggest health problem which have banged alarming level.

3. NANOCAPSULE
• nanocapsules are found to be as drug carriers. It is a type of nanoparticles. It is vesicular system, where the drug is
placed in a cavity which is made up of inner liquid core and Outer polymeric membrane.
• Nanoparticles is a ball shaped, void structure. They are consisting of one or more than one functioning material i.e., core
and it also made up of preventive matrix i.e., shell.
• Nanocapsules are comprises of protective coating which is pyrophoric and easily get oxidized.
• developed as dosage form for various routes of administration like oral and parental.
• prevents molecules of drug from biological environment and transportation of drug becomes easy through biological
barrier. The drug is placed into a cavity which is enclosed by particular polymer membrane which is consist of synthetic
polymer.
• have submicron size when they take intravenously, they travel towards the target and releases the enclosed drug. It has
microscopic size; therefore, they have more capability to take up a considerable range of applications.
• found in the range of 10nm to 1000nm.

5. NANOPUMP
• The nanopump is a powerful device with many
medical applications. It is a tiny volumetric pump
with a pair of check valves that is integrated into a
Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) or a Nano
Electromechanical Systems (NEMS) chip .
• he chip is a stack of three layers bonded together.
The first one is a Silicon-on- Insulator (SOI) layer
with micromachined pump-structures, and the two
others are Pyrex cover plates.
• Insulin delivery is the main application of the pump,
introduced by Debiotech .
• The pump can inject insulin to the patient’s body in a
constant rate, balancing the amount of glucose in the
blood. It can also administer small drug doses over a
long period of time.

6. ARTIFICAL PANCREAS
• Comprising of a continuous glucose monitor, glucose meter and an insulin
infusion pump for the monitor calibration could be the permanent solution
for the patients who suffer from diabetes mellitus .
• The original initial idea was first demonstrated in 1974
• includes a sensor electrode which can repeatedly measure the level of blood
glucose, with the data feeding into a tiny computer .
 process can trigger an infusion pump, and the appropriate units of insulin
can enter the bloodstream from a small reservoir . The utilization of a tiny
silicon box, containing pancreatic beta cells obtained from animals is an
alternative approach .
 used to protect transplanted cells from the immune system. It also allows
the sufficient diffusion of glucose, insulin and oxygen . It can be implanted
under the skin of diabetes patients.
• box is encapsulated in a material with a specific nanopore size. These pores
allow glucose and insulin to pass through them, while impede the passage
of much larger immune system molecules . A smart insulin patch is the
promising achievement for insulin delivery .
• This device can release depending on the body’s needs and therefore it is
called “smart” . It contains a pack of more than 100 microneedles, which are
packed with insulin and glucose-sensing enzymes .
• The current scientific attempt includes the development of a nanorobot
with glucose level sensors on the surface and insulin departed in inner
chambers. The sensors on the surface can record any increase in blood
glucose levels, triggering selective insulin release .

7. INHALATION
 focusing on inhaling the insulin, instead of injecting it, allowing its controlled release into the bloodstream
 inhaler systems provide the pros of mild environment, including low enzyme concentrations and neutral pH .
 Various types of inhaler systems can be used to deliver the active products. Dry powder formulations and solutions
are among the most common .
 The encapsulation of insulin within the nanoparticles, allows the inhalation of the dry powder formulation of
insulin into the lunG.
 Insulin degradation is avoided, ensuring the delivery of insulin to the bloodstream. In order to maximize the
efficacy, regular lung function tests are required to be applied to the patients, before the treatment, increasing the
cost of this approach .
• proposed a controlled insulin delivery system, based on injectable polymeric nanoparticle-crosslinked network, able
to be noninvasively triggered by a Focused Ultrasound System (FUS) .
• As a matrix material biodegradable poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) was used . They demonstrated that the
resulting FUS-activated insulin encapsulated nano-network could regulate blood glucose levels of type 1 diabetic
mice in a long-term .
• For the treatment of type 2-diabetes, chitosan nanoparticles are considered to be suitable for the development of an
inhalation delivery system . Since, insulin is a hydrophilic drug, it is difficult to be diffused through intestinal
epithelium
• Chitosan can enhance the absorption of insulin . Advanced composite nanomaterials, produced by carboxylated
chitosan grafted with poly(methylmethacrylate) seem to increase the efficiency of the controlled release of insulin.

8. CORONARY HEART DISEASE
• Coronary artery disease is caused by plaque buildup in the wall of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
(called coronary arteries).
• Plaque is made up of cholesterol deposits. Plaque buildup causes the inside of the arteries to narrow over
time.
• This process is called as atherosclerosis.
• It is sometimes called coronary heart disease
or ischemic heart disease.

9. LIPOSOMES
• Liposomes are small vesicles, have a spherical shape and are composed of a lipid-bilayer
formed from natural and nontoxic phospholipids and cholesterol .
• such as biocompatibility (because of using natural biologically safe lipids), nanometer size, the
ability to tailor the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity can provide enhanced tissue specificity
for delivery of hydrophobic drugs in the lipid environment, and for hydrophilic drugs in the
aqueous core .
• The revascularization of occluded arteries in vivo was enhanced, along with a reduction in the
risk of hemorrhagic side-effects. The effect of peptide-modified liposomes with good potential
for vascular-targeted delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents has been studied.
• Ligands that recognize surface receptors on activated platelets (e.g., integrin GP IIb/IIIa and
P-selectin) have been attached to liposomes to demonstrate the vital role of activated platelets
in atherogenesis, atherosclerotic lesion progression and thrombosis in vascular diseases .

10. DENDRIMIERS
• Dendrimers consist of a single molecule constructed from an original inner core with a series of
macromolecular branches built up by successive additions of discrete units (generations). The ability to
display multiple copies of functional groups on their surface makes them a unique structure for drug-
delivery applications.
• Dendrimers are more used in cell-labeling rather than in ISR therapy. For instance, manganese G8
dendrimers have been successfully applied in atherosclerosis detection.
• One study described the development of ‘tadpole’ dendrimeric materials for siRNA delivery in a rat
ischemia-reperfusion model. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor has been investigated since it is the major
receptor that mediates most adverse effects of Ang II.
• Among those tadpole dendrimers evaluated, significant effective downregulation in AT1R expression in
cardiomyocytes was related to the oligo-arginine-conjugated dendrimer loaded with siRNA in vitro.
• Delivery of the siRNA in vivo, inhibited AT1R levels to be increased, and meaningfully cardiac function
recovery was improved compared with saline injection or empty dendrimer treated groups
• Additionally, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have been favored in recent years in CVD therapies.
PAMAM zero generation dendrimers (G0) were tested as nanocarriers in drug delivery and conjugated G0
PAMAM dendrimers with a ZnPc photosensitizer were chosen to study their effects on the diseased and
normal tissues extracted from human carotid arteries.
• Statistical analysis was carried out based on AFM images extracted through fractal analytical methodologies
and Minkowski functionals.
• The affinity of the nanocarriers for healthy tissue and atheromatous tissue was different. Dissimilar
aggregation behaviors between G0 and G0/ZnPc nanomaterials were observed. Larger G0/ZnPc aggregation
on the atheromatous plaque were reported . Photodynamic therapy with PAMAM dendrimers could have a
bright future in therapy of atherosclerosis..

11. ELECTROCHEMICAL NANOSENSORS:-
• Immobilizing highly sensitive molecules like antibodies, enzymes, or nucleic acids on the
electrode surface through surface modification, these biosensors facilitate specific
binding to target analytes and subsequent translation into quantifiable currents.
• developed a graphene quantum dot and polyamide-amine (GQD-PAMAM)
electrochemical immunosensor, which featured immobilized cTnI antibodies.
• The PAMAM dendrimer facilitated increased antibody immobilization area and
quantity, thereby enhancing the capture of cTnI and sensor sensitivity.
• bimetallic Cu@Au nano-electrochemical sensor integrated with a magnetic metal-
organic framework containing DNA nano-tetrahedra (Fe3O4@UiO-66/Cu@Au) for cTnI
detection.

13. OPTICAL BIOSENSOR
• ECL sensors generate optical signals through electrochemical reactions and can
monitor modifications in phase, amplitude, polarization, or frequency of optical
signals in response to bio-cognitive processes .
• ECL immunosensor incorporating gold nanoparticles with hairpin DNA, which was
utilized for cardiac cTnI detection. In the presence of cTnI, the DNA initiating
strand forms an immunocomplex via an immune reaction, triggering the unfolding
of hairpin DNA and catalyzing the co-reactant to produce the ECL signal.

15. MALARIA:
• Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite. The parasite is spread to humans
through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
• The causal agent of malaria is the single cell protozoa called Plasmodium.
• Protozoal vector-borne diseases are the most common infections in developing
regions and result in more than a million deaths from malaria every year
worldwide.
• People who have malaria usually feel very sick with a high fever and shaking
chills.
• While the disease is uncommon in temperate climates, malaria is still
common in tropical and subtropical countries.
• Each year nearly 290 million people are infected with malaria, and more
than 400,000 people die of the disease.

16. POLYMERIC NANOSPHERES
• Polymeric nanospheres (NS) constitute the most thoroughly investigated
nanocarriers for drug delivery, after liposomes .
• The surface properties of the NS can be modulated using a wide variety of polymers
in order to obtain passive or active targeting in the body .
• Due to their polymeric nature, NS generally possess high stability in biological
fluids and under stress conditions of preparation and storage, which qualifies them
as promising drug delivery systems .

18. PROTEIN BASED NANO-THERAPHY:
• Gelatin is a compound where amide groups rarely make the gelatin positively charged having an
isoelectric point.
• gelatin is a pharmaceutical adjuvant and approved plasma expander due to its safety record.
• The loading of drugs then proceeds via polyion complexation between drug molecules and surface-
charged groups on the gelatin.
• The gelatin NPs were obtained by a double dissolution process which may then be stabilized by a suitable
cross-linking agent and can be used for the optimal delivery of chloroquine at a physiological pH.
• nano-protein adjuvants have been used to carry malaria-specific antigens to the target receptors
successfully.
• These adjuvants in conjugation with specific antigens ranging in size from 16 to 73 nm diameter upon
injection into the mice showed a better immune response against malaria as compared with antigens
alone.

20. GREEN NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Biogenic synthesis of metallic NPs such as silver, gold copper and zinc using various biological
materials has potential antimalarial activities against different Plasmodium species.
• Health perilous stabilizing and reducing agents can be replaced by important biomolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, which are produced by organisms ie, fungi, algae, bacteria, yeast
and plants.
• The synthesis of AgNPs via plants is the most valuable, eco-friendly and cost-effective method.
• Leaf extracts of the medicinal plants Acalypha indica and Garcinia mangostana and synthesized
AgNPs in the range of 20–30 and 35 nm.
• leaf extracts of the medicinal plants Aloe vera and Capsicum annuum for the synthesis of AgNPs

22. REFERENCES: