This document provides an introduction to mechanical engineering concepts related to energy. It discusses different forms of energy including kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, electrical, electromagnetic, electro-chemical, sound, and nuclear energy. Primary energy sources include nuclear, fossil fuels, and renewable sources. Energy can be transferred and converted between different forms while being conserved. Ways to conserve energy include designing efficient devices, using alternative energy sources, and implementing renewable technologies like wind, hydroelectric, wave, tidal, and geothermal energy. Air pollution adversely impacts the environment and health, and is caused by various natural and man-made sources including vehicle emissions, industry, and fossil fuel usage. Energy efficiency aims to use less energy for the same output

1. Introduction to Mechanical Engineering
Lecture-1
 Form of Energy
 Kinetic Energy: object in motion
 Potential Energy
 Thermal Energy/ Heat Energy : Temperature difference
 Chemical Energy
 Electrical Energy
 Electromagnetic Energy
[Examples of electromagnetic energy include gamma rays, X-rays,
ultraviolet radiation, visible light and infrared radiation, as well as
microwaves and radio waves. Electromagnetic energy is any self-
propagating energy that has an electric and a magnetic field.]
 Electro-chemical Energy
 Sound Energy
 Nuclear Energy; E = mc2

2.  Source of Energy:
Primary energy sources take many forms, including Nuclear Energy, Fossil Energy—
like oil, coal and natural gas—and renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and
hydropower. These primary sources are converted to electricity, a secondary energy
source, which flows through power lines and other transmission infrastructure to our
home and business.
 Properties of Energy:
 Energy can be transferred from an object or system to another object or system
through interaction of forces between objects
 Energy comes in multiple forms
 In principle, energy can be converted from any of the forms into any other & vice
versa
 Energy is always conserved
i.e. it is never created or destroy
Lecture-3
Energy Conversion Technology
----> Energy Conservation refers to the reducing of energy consumption through using less of an
energy service.
 Some important ways to conserve energy:
 Designing of device
 To source of alternative
 Renewable energy
 Less input, more output
 Energy conservation:
 Reducing energy consumption through using less of energy service.
 Advantage of Energy consumption:
 Increased environmental quality
 National security
 Personal financial security and
 Higher savings

3.  Renewable Technologies:
 Onshore & offshore wind
 Hydroelectric energy
 Flowing water creates energy that can be captured and turned into
electricity. This is called hydroelectric power or hydropower. The most
common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to store
water in a reservoir.
 Wave & tidal energy
 Geothermal energy
Renewable Energy:
Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are
naturally replenished on a human timescales, such a sunlight, wind, rain, waves &
geothermal heat.
 Wind Energy:
 Growth trend is higher compared to others
 China: 70 GW, USA: 60 GW, Germany: 31 GW, Spain: 23 GW, India: 18.5 GW
#Rest of the world: 40 MW
 Major technology involved: Wind turbines (vertical & horizontal) and power
grid
 Hydroelectric:
 China is the largest hydro electricity producer (more than 700 terawatts/hr)
 Major technology: water turbines
 Wave & Tidal energy:
 Pioneers : France, UK, Canada, USA
 Technology: Tidal stream (stream: current of water) generators
Tidal stream generator:
Similarity to wind turbines. Tidal Stream generators draw energy from water currents
in much the same way as wind turbines draw energy from air currents. However, the
potential for power generation by an individual tidal turbine can be greater than that of
similarity rated wind energy turbine.
 A tidal stream generator, often referred to as a tidal energy converter (TEC), is a machine
that extracts energy from moving masses of water.

4.  Wave Energy:
 Technology: Wave dragon, Kaplan turbines
Wave Dragon:
The wave dragon is a slack-moored wave energy converter that can be
deployed alone or in parks wherever a sufficient wave climate and a water depth
of more than 25 m is found.
Kaplan turbine:
The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable
blades. It was developed in 1913 by Austrian Professor Viktor Kaplan.
Lecture-4
Air Pollution
 Natural Causes
 Man-made causes
 Vehicle’s smoke
 Brick field
 Industrial waste material
 Threats:
 Global warming with the increase in global air temperature
 Health risk of the inhabitants of the earth because of the increase of the pollutant
particles in the atmosphere.
→skin cancer, asthma
 Pollutant Particle comes from fossil fuel, diesel, kerosene etc.
 Why pollutants increased?
The process to make the fuel
 Emissions created from using the fuel
 Emissions:
 Diesel engine emits: CO, SO2, NOX , Diesel particulate matter (DPM)

5.  Source of emissions:
 Fuel consumption (electrical utilities –coal burning electric utility, major source
CO2)
 Fuel consumption (industrial and others –manufacturing of petroleum and coal –
products, cement & concrete products SO2)
 Non –road engine and vehicles
 Metal processing
 Others
 Danger of SO2 in atmosphere:
 SO2 emissions reacts with other atmospheric chemicals to form H2SO4, a key
component of acid rain.
 Chemical reactions increases air temperature
Energy efficiency
Lecture- 5
 Energy Efficiency:
‘’Using less energy to provide the same service.’’
Energy efficiency is defined as saving energy, but keeping the same
level of service.
Example: Energy light
 Energy Management:
 Seven steps of energy management
 Understand energy cost (energy demand, energy utilization, time to use,
power factor)
 Compare energy consumption: (yourself vs other entities)
 Understand the energy usage
 Understand the requirements of energy
 Match usage with requirements
 Maximize system efficiency
 Optimize energy supply
Lecture-6
Energy Management
 Four steps for Effective energy Management:
 Step1: Identify all your opportunities
 Step2: Prioritize your activities
 Step3: Accomplish your activity successfully
 Step4: Maintain your activities throughout the life of the facility