Chap20

11
Chapter 20Chapter 20
Foreign andForeign and
Military PolicyMilitary Policy

22Copyright © 2013 CengageCopyright © 2013 Cengage
 WHO GOVERNS?WHO GOVERNS?
1.1. Is American foreign policy set by publicIs American foreign policy set by public
wishes or elite views?wishes or elite views?
2.2. If only Congress can declare war, whyIf only Congress can declare war, why
has the president become so powerfulhas the president become so powerful
in military affairs?in military affairs?
 TO WHAT ENDS?TO WHAT ENDS?
1.1. Why do we go to war against someWhy do we go to war against some
dictatorships and not others?dictatorships and not others?
2.2. Should our foreign policy be based onShould our foreign policy be based on
American interests or some conceptionAmerican interests or some conception
of human rights?of human rights?

In May 2011 Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. special forces in the house
behind this wall, located in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
© PPIimages / Demotix/Demotix/Corbis

55
Kinds of Foreign PolicyKinds of Foreign Policy
 Majoritarian PoliticsMajoritarian Politics
• Decision to go to warDecision to go to war
 Interest Group PoliticsInterest Group Politics
• Decisions regardingDecisions regarding
tariffstariffs
 Client PoliticsClient Politics
• Aid to American businessAid to American business
abroadabroad
Copyright © 2013 CengageCopyright © 2013 Cengage

A nuclear reactor in southern Iran. America suspects that Iran will build nuclear weapons
somewhere in that country.
Fars/Abaca/Newscom

77
The Constitutional and LegalThe Constitutional and Legal
ContextContext
 Presidential Box ScorePresidential Box Score
• International diplomacy and theInternational diplomacy and the
use of American troopsuse of American troops
• Historical comparisons that suggestHistorical comparisons that suggest
the President’s ability to actthe President’s ability to act
decisively often appears modest.decisively often appears modest.

88

In 1962 President Kennedy forced the Soviet Union to withdraw the missiles it had placed
in Cuba after their presence was revealed by aerial photograph.
© Bettmann/CORBIS

1010
ContextContext
 Checks on Presidential PowerChecks on Presidential Power
• Limitations on aidLimitations on aid
• The War Powers ActThe War Powers Act
• Intelligence oversightIntelligence oversight
 House and Senate Intelligence CommitteesHouse and Senate Intelligence Committees
 Office of the Director of National IntelligenceOffice of the Director of National Intelligence

1111
ContextContext
 Evaluating the PowerEvaluating the Power
of the Presidentof the President
• Supreme Court’s PositionSupreme Court’s Position
• Extraordinary MeasuresExtraordinary Measures
 LincolnLincoln
 JohnsonJohnson
 NixonNixon
 CarterCarter
 FDR and WW IIFDR and WW II
ContextContext
 Evaluating the PowerEvaluating the Power
of the Presidentof the President
• Supreme Court’s PositionSupreme Court’s Position
• Extraordinary MeasuresExtraordinary Measures
 LincolnLincoln
 JohnsonJohnson
 NixonNixon
 CarterCarter
 FDR and WW IIFDR and WW II
National Archives
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor,
President Roosevelt ordered all Japanese
Americans living on the West Coast be
interned in prison camps.

1212

1313
The Machinery of Foreign PolicyThe Machinery of Foreign Policy
 Expansion after WWIIExpansion after WWII
• The president put foreign policy at topThe president put foreign policy at top
of the agendaof the agenda
• Policy was shaped by scores of agenciesPolicy was shaped by scores of agencies
 RivalriesRivalries withinwithin the executive branchthe executive branch
intensify rivalriesintensify rivalries betweenbetween thatthat
branch and Congressbranch and Congress
 Interests of the various organizationsInterests of the various organizations
affect the positions they takeaffect the positions they take

1515
Foreign Policy and Public OpinionForeign Policy and Public Opinion
 World War IIWorld War II
 VietnamVietnam
 September 11, 2001September 11, 2001
 Backing the PresidentBacking the President
 Mass versus Elite OpinionMass versus Elite Opinion

Source: Updated from Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism (New York: Norton, 1969), 184. Poll data are from
Gallup poll. Time lapse between “before” and “after” samplings of opinion was in no case more than one month.

Source: Global Views 2004 (Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 2004).

1818
Cleavages AmongCleavages Among
Foreign Policy ElitesForeign Policy Elites
 How a worldviewHow a worldview
shapes foreign policyshapes foreign policy
• IsolationismIsolationism
• ContainmentContainment
• DisengagementDisengagement
• Human rightsHuman rights
 Political polarizationPolitical polarization
A meeting that named an era: in
Munich in 1938, British prime
minister Neville Chamberlain
attempted to appease the
territorial ambitions of Hitler.
Chamberlain’s failure brought
World War II closer.
© CORBIS

The battleship USS West Virginia burns after being hit by Japanese
warplanes at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
U.S. Navy

Source: Chicago Council on Global Affairs, “Constrained Internationalism” (Chicago, 2010).

2121
The Use of Military ForceThe Use of Military Force
 Two views of the role of theTwo views of the role of the
militarymilitary
• MajoritarianMajoritarian
• ClientClient
 Military-industrial complexMilitary-industrial complex
 War in IraqWar in Iraq

2222
U.S. Military Intervention in the Middle EastU.S. Military Intervention in the Middle East

2525
The Defense Budget:The Defense Budget:
Total SpendingTotal Spending
Source: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), “National Defense Budget
Estimates for FY 2007.”

Source: Gallup Poll

2727
The Defense BudgetThe Defense Budget
 What do we get with our money?What do we get with our money?
• PersonnelPersonnel
 Personnel Issues:Personnel Issues:
• Movement to an all-volunteer armed forcesMovement to an all-volunteer armed forces
• Increase in the numbers of women inIncrease in the numbers of women in
serviceservice
• Homosexuals in serviceHomosexuals in service

Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1998, 363.

2929
• Big Ticket ItemsBig Ticket Items
 Cost overrunsCost overruns
 RemediesRemedies

The United States has tried to decide whether to build interceptors like
this one to shoot down incoming missiles from enemies.
Vandenberg Air Force Base

Women Marine recruits go through close combat training.
Scott Olson/Getty Images News

Retired Navy commander Zoe Dunning (2nd from left) and
her friends celebrate the end of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” in
San Francisco.
Paul Chinn/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis

3333
• ReadinessReadiness
 Training and readiness issuesTraining and readiness issues
• BasesBases
 Keeping bases openKeeping bases open
 1998 Commission on Base Realignment1998 Commission on Base Realignment
and Closuand Closurere

3434
The Structure of Defense DecisionThe Structure of Defense Decision
MakingMaking
 National Security Act of 1947National Security Act of 1947
 Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986
 Joint Chiefs of StaffJoint Chiefs of Staff
 The ServicesThe Services
 The Chain of CommandThe Chain of Command
• President – Commander-in-ChiefPresident – Commander-in-Chief
• Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Defense

3535
The New Problem of TerrorismThe New Problem of Terrorism
 Bipolar worldBipolar world – A political landscape– A political landscape
with two superpowerswith two superpowers
 Unipolar worldUnipolar world – A political landscape– A political landscape
with one superpowerwith one superpower
 Doctrine of preemptionDoctrine of preemption – attacking a– attacking a
determined enemy before they candetermined enemy before they can
attack us or an allyattack us or an ally
 Iraq and AfghanistanIraq and Afghanistan

3737
M E M O R A N D U MM E M O R A N D U M
To:To: The PresidentThe President
From:From: National security adviserNational security adviser
Subject:Subject: HostagesHostages
The six Americans held hostage in the Middle East areThe six Americans held hostage in the Middle East are
beginning their second year of captivity. One, a CIA officer,beginning their second year of captivity. One, a CIA officer,
is undergoing torture. It has been the policy of thisis undergoing torture. It has been the policy of this
administration not to negotiate with terrorists. Criticism ofadministration not to negotiate with terrorists. Criticism of
this refusal is being heard from hostage families and theirthis refusal is being heard from hostage families and their
sympathizers. The terrorist groups are demanding that wesympathizers. The terrorist groups are demanding that we
end our support of Israel. A government in the region hasend our support of Israel. A government in the region has
secretly indicated that, in exchange for military supplies, itsecretly indicated that, in exchange for military supplies, it
may be able to help win the release of “some” hostages.may be able to help win the release of “some” hostages.
WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

3838
Your options:Your options:
1. Maintain the “no-negotiations” policy but use quiet diplomacy with1. Maintain the “no-negotiations” policy but use quiet diplomacy with
friendly nations in the region to see whether they can intercedefriendly nations in the region to see whether they can intercede
with the terrorist groups on behalf of the hostages.with the terrorist groups on behalf of the hostages.
AdvantagesAdvantages: (a) Our “no-negotiations” policy remains credible, and: (a) Our “no-negotiations” policy remains credible, and
this will deter other terrorist groups from thinking that they canthis will deter other terrorist groups from thinking that they can
win concessions by capturing Americans. (b) This policy iswin concessions by capturing Americans. (b) This policy is
consistent with our insistence that U.S. allies not negotiate withconsistent with our insistence that U.S. allies not negotiate with
terrorists.terrorists.
DisadvantagesDisadvantages: (a) There is no evidence that our traditional policy: (a) There is no evidence that our traditional policy
will get the hostages released. (b) Public sympathy for thewill get the hostages released. (b) Public sympathy for the
hostages may increase, and this will lead to more criticism of thishostages may increase, and this will lead to more criticism of this
administration for failing to free captive Americans.administration for failing to free captive Americans.

3939
Your options:Your options:
2. Secretly exchange arms for the release of Americans.2. Secretly exchange arms for the release of Americans.
AdvantagesAdvantages: (a) Some or all hostages may be released. (b) We may: (a) Some or all hostages may be released. (b) We may
earn the goodwill of more moderate elements in the area andearn the goodwill of more moderate elements in the area and
thereby increase our influence there.thereby increase our influence there.
DisadvantagesDisadvantages: (a) We may deliver arms and no hostages will be: (a) We may deliver arms and no hostages will be
released. (b) If secret arms deliveries become public, we will bereleased. (b) If secret arms deliveries become public, we will be
heavily criticized for abandoning our “no-negotiations” policy.heavily criticized for abandoning our “no-negotiations” policy.
3. Use military units to find and free the hostages.3. Use military units to find and free the hostages.
AdvantageAdvantage: The hostages may be freed without our having to make: The hostages may be freed without our having to make
any concessions.any concessions.
DisadvantagesDisadvantages: (a) The military is not optimistic that it can find and: (a) The military is not optimistic that it can find and
free the hostages, who are being kept in hidden, scattered sites.free the hostages, who are being kept in hidden, scattered sites.
(b) The hostages may be killed during the rescue effort.(b) The hostages may be killed during the rescue effort.

4040
Your decision:Your decision:
Option 1 _________________Option 1 _________________
Option 2 _________________Option 2 _________________
Option 3 _________________Option 3 _________________

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