A brief presentation on Educational Assessments for the school teachers. The sole idea behind the presentation was to guide the teachers in the construction of fair, authentic and reliable assessments. The Assessment Blueprint is discussed in the presentation along with the key features like Psychometric Analysis, Bloom’s Taxonomy and Skill Based Questions. Highlights • Indian Education System • Educational Assessments–Classification, Purpose and Process • Bloom’s Taxonomy • Construct and Blueprint of an Assessment • Creation of Multiple Choice Questions

2. INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

3. A universal
frustration
with the
Indian
K-12
education
system
A valid &
reliable
assessment
would
indicate
these grave
perennial
inadequacies
in the Indian
K-12
education
system
INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

4. Educational Assessment is the systematic process to obtain information
about students’ Learning Progress against the Learning Objectives in an
educational set up
EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENTS

5. EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENTS

6. Assessments should be structured to balance both the developmental
(Formative) and judgmental (Summative) roles of Assessments, which would
provide a balanced picture of the student’s achievements and abilities
EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENTS

7. Diagnostic Assessment
(Assessment for
Learning)
Administered prior to
instruction to ascertain
the academic knowledge
& skills of students.
Establishing these permits
teachers to remediate
students and adjust the
pedagogy & curriculum to
meet unique needs of
each student.
Formative Assessment
(Assessment for Learning)
Administered during
instruction to construct the
academic knowledge &
skills of students. It’s
continuous and used to
monitor learning progress.
It provides feedback to
both students & teachers
concerning learning
successes & failures.
Summative Assessment
(Assessment of Learning)
Administered post
instruction usually at the
end of a chapter, course,
term, semester, session,
year, or the like, the
purpose of which is
evaluative to determine the
degree to which the end
product has been achieved,
and to give feedback, grade,
rank and select according to
achievement.
DIAGNOSTIC
ASSESSMENT
Before instruction
FORMATIVE
ASSESSMNT
During instruction
SUMMATIVE
ASSESSMENT
After instruction
All competitive
exams are
summative
assessments
EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENTS
THE CLASSIFICATION

8. Enables students to learn by
understanding and focus on weak
areas
Enables teachers to adjust their
instructional strategy to remediate
students & help them build up
knowledge & skills
Enables schools to validate and
balance school assessments and also
define the parameters of quality
teaching & learning
Enables parents to design & plan
meaningful educational activities for
their children
Student
Assessment is
central to any
educational
improvement
effort
EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENTS
THE PURPOSE

9. Cognitive
Domain
Cognitive Domain (Knowledge-mental skills)
Affective Domain (Attitude-feelings and emotions)
Psycho-Motor Domain (Skills-manual or physical skills)
Learning
Objectives
Bloom's
Taxonomy
EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENTS
THE PROCESS

10. TEST CONSTRUCTION
Multiple Choice Questions
 Multiple choice questions can be difficult to write, but the exams are easier to grade
 MCQs are quick to score
 MCQs are accurate and objective
 Graded MCQs cater to a wide range of student’s abilities
 Expert agreement on the correct answer
 Allows examination of why students went for incorrect responses (plausible distractors)
 MCQs can be machine scored
 MCQs call upon the child to become aware of the thinking processes or skills needed to solve problems
 MCQs generate critical statistical data which can be used for diagnostic analysis
Essay Questions
 Essay questions are easy to design but more difficult and time consuming to score
 Essay tests can assess limited topics/concepts due to time constraint
 Essay questions mostly test “content” as opposed to “skills and therefore result in cramming
 Essay test can suffer from unreliable grading; that is, grades on the same response may vary from reader
to reader or from time to time by the same reader
 Essay questions are pitfalls for students with inadequate writing skills
 Essay questions don’t allow identification of student’s misconceptions
 However, Essay questions let students display their written expression and overall understanding
of a topic and demonstrate their ability to think critically, organize their thoughts, and be
creative and original

11. General Guidelines for Constructing Test
• Consider reason/s for testing
• Maintain consistency between goals and tests
• Use testing methods that are appropriate to learning goals
• Help students prepare
• Use consistent language
• Design test to give clear opportunities
to demonstrate knowledge and skill
• Design test items that allow students to
show a range of learnings
50%
30%
20%
General Construct of a Good Test
50% Knowledge &
Comprehension
based questions
30% Application &
Analysis based
questions
20% Evaluation &
Synthesis based
questions
Assessing the Test/Items
• Does it test what has been taught?
• Does it test what it is intended to test?
• Does it have the desired consistency?
• Does it adequately discriminate?
• Is the test fair, transparent and free from possible bias?
TEST CONSTRUCTION

12.  Adopt ABL (Activity Based Learning) pedagogy
 Integrate classroom pedagogies with meaningful
assessments in order to deliver the best learning outcomes
 Blend formative and summative assessments into the classroom
 Use multiple assessment methods
 Define assessment objectives and fathom the assessment
impact
 Use learning outcomes as key criteria in deciding on
teaching and assessment strategies
 Adopt credible external assessments to validate students’
learnings and remove even a faintest trace of subjectivity
Teachers are the only professionals who have the daily
responsibility of changing the function, the connectivity and
even the structure of the student’s brain
THE CHANGE CATALYST

13. SKILL ASSESSED: Spatial Understanding
UNIT: Areas and Perimeters

16. 1. Item: Consists of a stem
and response options.
2. Stem: Presents the
problem.
3. Response Options:
Include the distractors
and the key response.
4. Key: Correct or best
answer
5. Distractors: All incorrect
or less appropriate
Response Options are
called “distractors”.
TERMINOLOGIES

17. The stem of the
test item may be
constructed in:
Question Form
Completion Form
Direction Form
Constructing the Stem

18. Question Form
How many paise are there in `
20.75?
A. 2075*
B. 207.50
C. 20750
D. 0.2075
Completion Form
The value of LXXIII – LXIV + XLVII
is
A. XL
B. LIV
C. LVI*
D. LXI
Direction Form
Choose the appropriate reporting verb required in the given indirect
sentence.
Dad __________ that he would not shame himself by accepting such
a silly job.
A. will say
B. would say
C. said
D. says

19. The stem should be clear. Avoid
ambiguous stem.
Constructing the Stem

20. There are 16 children and
9 chairs in a classroom. All
students are required to
sit on the chairs. How
many more chairs are
needed?
A. 6
B. 7*
C. 8
D. 9
Example
Poor Better
If there are 9 chairs in a
classroom and 16 children
in the class, the classroom
lacks how many chairs?
A. 6
B. 7*
C. 8
D. 9

21. Constructing the Stem
When possible, state the stem as a
complete question rather than an
incomplete statement. Stem should
be crystal clear.

22. What is the next number in
the given pattern?
67345, 67645, 67945,
68245, _______ .
A. 68545*
B. 68445
C. 68345
D. 68745
Example
Poor Better
67345, 67645, 67945,
68245, ?
A. 68545*
B. 68445
C. 68345
D. 68745

23. Which of the following
represents the natural
reason(s) of deforestation?
A. Overgrazing
B. Floods
C. Forest fires and
droughts*
D. None of these
Example
Poor Better
The natural reason(s) of
deforestation
A. Overgrazing
B. Floods
C. Forest fires and
droughts*
D. None of these

24. Constructing the Stem
Eliminate excessive verbiage or
irrelevant information from the stem.

25. While ironing her formal, polo shirt
Anu burned her hand accidentally on
the hot iron. This was due to a
transfer of heat because……..
Which of the following ways of heat
transfer explains why Anu’s hand was
burned after she touched a hot iron?
Example
Better
Poor

26. Rohan wants to paint his bedroom of 5 m by 4 m
by 3 m in royal pink textured paint on the South
facing wall and light pink on the other three walls.
There are 2 windows of 15 cm by 15 cm in the
room. There is 1 door of 15 cm by 20 cm also in
the room. If the cost of painting is Rs 7.50 per m2,
then find the total cost of the paint?
Rohan wants to paint his bedroom of 5 m by
4 m by 3 m. There are 2 windows of 15 cm by
15 cm in the room. There is 1 door of 15 cm
by 20 cm also in the room. If the cost of
painting is Rs 7.50 per m2, then find the total
cost of the paint?
Example
Better
Poor

27. Constructing the Stem
Include the word(s) in the stem that
might be repeated in each response.

28. Static Charges can be
transferred by the use of
A. Paper strip
B. Cardboard*
C. Metal conductor
D. Insulator
Example
Poor Better
Static Charges can be
transferred by
A. the use of paper strip
B. the use of cardboard*
C. the use of metal
conductor
D. the use of insulator

29. Example
Which of the following sentence is correct?
A. Most of the students of class X scored above 80.
B. Most of the students of class Y scored above 80.*
C. Most of the students of class Z scored above 80.
D. Most of the students of classes X and Y scored above 80.
Poor

30. Example
In which class the fraction of students who scored above 80 was
the most?
A. Class X
B. Class Y*
C. Class Z
D. Both class X and Y
Better

31. Constructing the Stem
Use negative questions sparingly.
When used, underline and/or
capitalized the negative words.

32. Example
Sarita is mother of Nishant. Madan
is father of Nehar. Brother of
Nishant and Mohit is Nehar. Which
of the following statements is
definitely not true?
A. Sarita is wife of Madan.
B. Nehar is daughter of Sarita.*
C. Madan is father of Mohit.
D. Nishant is brother of Mohit.
Poor

33. Example
Sarita is mother of Nishant. Madan
is father of Nehar. Brother of
Nishant and Mohit is Nehar. Which
of the following statements is
definitely NOT true?
A. Sarita is wife of Madan.
B. Nehar is daughter of Sarita.*
C. Madan is father of Mohit.
D. Nishant is brother of Mohit.
Better

34. The following are examples of an adjective except
A. Beautiful
B. Big
C. Red
D. Plastic*
The following are examples of an
adjective EXCEPT
A. Beautiful
B. Big
C. Red
D. Plastic*
Example
Better
Poor

35. Construction of Response Options
A uniform number of options in each item
must be used in the test paper.
The order of key(s) in all items is/are
randomly arranged rather than following a
regular pattern.

36. Construction of Response Options
Make all options plausible and attractive
to the less knowledgeable or skillful
student.

37. Example
Poor Better
A. 2 days
B. 3 days
C. 10 days*
D. 30 days
Harshit reached Goa on Christmas day and left from there on 4th
of January. How long did Harshit stay in Goa?
A. 9 days
B. 10 days*
C. 11 days
D. 12 days

38. Example
Poor Better
A. Milk*
B. Stones
C. Rubber
D. Spoon
The substance that will mix uniformly with water is ……
A. Sugar*
B. Oil
C. Ice*
D. Sand

39. Construction of Response Options
All options must be grammatically
consistent. For instance, if the stem is
singular, the options should be all singular.

40. Example
Poor Better
A. Painting car
B. Making cars
C. Making furniture*
D. Painting houses
Choose the option that suits the responsibility of the given
profession.
CARPENTER
A. Painting car
B. Making car
C. Making furniture*
D. Painting house

41. Example
Poor Better
A. Non – terminating
decimals
B. Terminating decimal*
C. Recurring decimals
D. Mixed fraction*
𝟒
𝟏
𝟖
is a ________.
A. Non – terminating
decimal
B. Terminating decimal*
C. Recurring decimal
D. Mixed fraction*

42. Example
Poor Better
A. Glucose
B. Cholesterol*
C. Beta carotene
D. Proteins
What is the dietary substance that is often associated with
heart disease when found in high levels in the blood?
A. Glucose
B. Cholesterol*
C. Beta carotene
D. Protein

43. Construction of Response Options
Make the options mutually exclusive.

44. Example
Poor Better
A. May change
B. May not change
C. Change *
D. Sign of the first term
changes only
If a negative sign precedes a bracket, then the signs of the
terms inside the bracket on removing the bracket _____
A. Do not change
B. Change*
C. Sign of the first term
changes only
D. None of these

45. Example
Poor Better
A. 1-2 glasses
B. 2-3 glasses
C. 3-4 glasses
D. At least 4 glasses
The daily minimum required amount of milk that a 10 – year
old child should drink is
A. 1 glass
B. 2 glasses*
C. 3 glasses
D. 4 glasses

46. Example
Poor Better
A. Decrease the load slightly
B. Increase the load slightly*
C. Change the kind of
exercise you are doing
D. Stop exercising
When your body adapts to your exercise load, you should…..
A. Decrease the load slightly
B. Increase the load slightly*
C. Decrease the load
significantly
D. Increase the load
significantly

47. Construction of Response Options
When possible, present options in a
logical order (chronological, most to least,
alphabetical).

48. A.140 gm
B.320 gm
C.70 gm
D.280 gm*
One kg of sweet is to be divided among Naina, Mohit and Arnav in
the ratio 7:8:10. What will be Naina’s share?
Undesirable Desirable
A.70 gm
B.140 gm
C.280 gm*
D.320 gm
Example

49. Construction of Response Options
Make response options approximately
equal in length.

50. We should not waste paper. Justify it.
A. It creates unnecessary waste.
B. For making paper raw material is obtained from trees
that subsequently causes deforestation.*
C. We should recycle paper.
D. None of these
Poor
Example

51. We should NOT waste paper. Justify it.
A. It creates unnecessary waste that subsequently
increases the garbage.
B. For making paper raw material is obtained from trees
that subsequently causes deforestation.*
C. We should recycle paper that subsequently decreases
the waste.
D. We should reuse the paper that subsequently saves
money.
Better
Example

52. Construction of Response Options
Avoid irrelevant clues, such as
grammatical structure, well – known
verbal associations or connections
between the stem and the answer.

53. Poor
Grammatical clue
A chain of islands is called an
A. Archipelago*
B. Peninsula
C. Continent
D. Isthmus
Example

54. Poor
Grammatical clue
4 is an _____ number.
A. Odd
B. Even*
C. Prime
D. Composite
Example

55. Poor
Verbal associations
Choose the correct synonym for the word in bold in the
given sentence.
I am thinking of building a huge bungalow.
A. Big*
B. Normal
C. Tiny
D. Colourful
Example

56. Poor
Connection between stem
and answer
The height to which a water dam is built depends on…..
A. The length of the reserve behind the dam.
B. The volume of water behind the dam.
C. The height of water behind the dam.*
D. The strength of the reinforcing wall.
Example

57. Construction of Response Options
Use the alternative NONE OF THE ABOVE
and ALL OF THE ABOVE sparingly. When
used, such options should occasionally be
used as the correct response.

58. a. A4
b. A3
c. A2
d. None of these*
If Sn denotes the sum of first n terms and d denotes the common
difference of an AP, then S4 - 2S3 + S2 is equal to_____
Undesirable Desirable
a. A4
b. A3
c. A2
d. d*
Example

59. In the given figure, 𝐀𝐁 ∥ 𝑪𝑫 ∥ 𝑬𝑭 . Then which of the
following statements are correct?
a. 𝑥 = 125°
b. 𝑦 = 125°
c. 𝑧 = 35°
d. All the above*
Example

60. CHECKLIST FOR WRITING MULTIPLE – CHOICE ITEMS
• The stem clearly should be clearly presented in the item.
• There should be no repetition of the key words or phrases in the
stem.
• The responses should be arranged in some systematic fashion, such
as alphabetically or by the length of the options.
• All the distractors should be plausible and mutually exclusive.
• The key should be randomly assigned throughout the test paper.
• The “none of the above” and “all of the above” options should be
used sparingly or only when appropriate.
• The negative statements should be avoided. If used, the negative
words should be underlined or written in capital letters.

61. 61
Thank you!