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SOC 204 Goldberg Chapter 16 Prevention
1. SOC 204 Drugs &
Society
Goldberg Chapter 16
Drug Prevention
and Education
2. Approaches to
Prevent Drug Abuse
What should be the goals of drug education and
prevention?
When should drug education and prevention
efforts be initiated?
What education and prevention efforts are
effective?
Who should be responsible for drug education
and prevention?
3. Funding Drug Prevention
In the US, most funds for drug prevention
come from the federal government
2012 National Drug Control Budget: $1.7
billion was allocated to drug prevention out of
a budget of $26.2 billion
Most community leaders favor spending a
larger portion on reducing demand rather
than supply of drugs
4. Agencies
Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration (SAMHSA) is
responsible for:
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention
(CSAP)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism (NIAAA),
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Office of Treatment Improvement
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
5. Drug Prevention in Retrospect
1970s: Primary focus was to reduce the supply
of drugs by stopping their importation, sale, and
manufacture
Interdiction remains a popular strategy but now
is complemented by other measures
1980s: Some drug experts began to contend
that prevention should be directed toward the
underlying factors that contribute to drug abuse
6. Drug Prevention in Retrospect
Society was concerned primarily with hard
drugs such as heroin, LSD, cocaine, crack,
and PCP
Soft drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, and
marijuana are known as gateway drugs
The primary strategy of CSAP is to keep
young people from experimenting with drugs
at all
7. Effectiveness of
Prevention Programs
Problems in assessing effectiveness of
programs:
Absence of control groups
Poor data collection
Groups that are too small
Inappropriate statistics
Lack of follow-up to determine how long any
change in drug use persisted
8. School-Based Programs
Five essential criteria:
1. Adequate hours of curricula, over at least
three years
2. Peer involvement
3. Emphasis on social influences, life skills,
and peer resistance
4. Change in perceived norms
5. Involvement of parents, peers, and the
community in changing norms
9. Goals of Drug Prevention
To prevent the individual from beginning
drug use
To minimize the risks of drugs to the user
To reduce the risks of drug use to society
To prevent drug dependency
To teach responsible drug use
To stop drug use after patterns have been
established
To delay the onset of drug use
10. Levels of Drug Prevention
Primary prevention:
Strives to reach people before they start using
alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs
Should be initiated at a young age because
most children already have tried drugs,
especially alcohol, by the time they get to high
school
Includes drug education, mass media
campaigns, community-oriented programs, drug
testing, and legislation
11. Levels of Drug Prevention
Secondary prevention:
Attempts to minimize potential damage resulting
from drug use by targeting people who have
experience with drugs.
Considered an early intervention stage
Tertiary prevention:
Geared to heavy drug users and those whose
patterns of drug use are well established
Basically refers to drug treatment
15. Resilient Children
Many children from impoverished backgrounds
display resiliency despite the presence of major
life stressors
Characteristics of resilient children:
Flexible, responsive, adaptable, and active
Have positive relationships
Empathetic, caring, persistent, competent problem-solvers,
success oriented, and educationally
motivated
Able to disengage from dysfunctional family
environments
16. At-Risk Factors
Hereditary and Familial Factors:
Sons of men with alcohol problems are
more likely to have alcohol problems
Rates of dependence are greater if siblings
are dependent
Family history of antisocial behavior or
criminality increases the risk of drug
problems
Lack of supervision of children after school
is related to drug use
17. At-Risk Factors
Psychosocial Factors:
Peer pressure
Low self-esteem
Low self-efficacy
Sensation seeking
Lack of social skills
Rebelliousness against authority
Lack of commitment to school
Attraction to deviance
Unfavorable attitudes toward adult behavior
18. At-Risk Factors
Biological Factors:
Different amounts of pleasure derived from
drugs
Different amounts of self-control
Community Factors:
Communities where people move often
Extreme poverty and deprivation
Communities that lack social support and
controls regulating behaviors, including drug use
19. Preventing High-Risk
Behavior
Education:
Poor school performance and low expectations
for school are strong predictors of drug use
School alternative programs focusing on
community and recreational activities, physical
activities, and job training help youths at risk to
stay off drugs
Teachers may be role models for helping
children to develop resilience
20. Head Start
Preschool programs
such as Head Start
help at-risk children
21. Preventing High-Risk
Behavior
Role of parents:
Parental drug use greatly increases the
likelihood of children’s drug use
Parents who have high expectations for their
children foster academic success and resilience
Community efforts:
Drug use is prevalent in impoverished, urban
neighborhoods
Jobs have been shown to help curb drug use
22. Preventing High-Risk
Behavior
Barriers to community prevention efforts:
Leaders’ lack of perceived empowerment to
continue prevention work
Insufficient preparation for adopting successful
programs
Public resistance to spending more money on
drug prevention programs after ineffective
programs
Idea that programs that are effective in one
community will not necessarily work in other
communities
23. Drug Education
Evolution in Drug Education:
1970s: Information about the dangers of drugs
Mid 1970s: Values clarification focused on the
underlying values contributing to drug use
Alternatives approach substitutes a positive
addiction for the negative addiction
More emphasis on health in general and less
emphasis on the pharmacology of drugs
Current education emphasizes developing
resilience skills, learning peer-refusal
techniques, and gaining life skills
24. Limitations of Drug Education
Problems with Drug Education:
Teachers often do not keep up with latest
information
Students sometimes know more about
drugs than teachers do
Some teachers are judgmental or moralistic
Goals of drug education are often unclear
Goals of drug education are often unrealistic
25. Goals of Drug Education
Possible goals:
To impart knowledge
Reducing drug abuse or dependency
Preventing or delaying first-time drug use
Curtailing students’ drug use
Teaching responsible drug use
26. One-Size-Fits-All Drug Education
What Works: Schools Without Drugs
Objectives
1. Valuing and maintaining sound personal health
and understanding the effects of drugs on
health
2. Respecting laws and rules that prohibit drug
use
3. Recognizing and resisting pressure to engage
in drug-taking behavior
4. Promoting activities that reinforce a positive,
drug-free lifestyle
27. Current Approaches to
Drug Education
Personal and Social Skills Training:
Young people who rate high in self-efficacy are
more likely to avoid harmful patterns of drug use
Skills training: A drug prevention program in
which one learns skills to prevent drug use
○ Includes skills for resisting media and
interpersonal influences, problem-solving and
decision-making, relieving stress and anxiety,
relaxation, self-control, self-esteem, interpersonal
relations, and assertiveness
28. Current Approaches to
Drug Education
Social Norms Approach:
Goal is to correct misperceptions of students
and reduce alcohol use
Resistance Skills Training:
Involves recognizing, managing, and
avoiding situations that may encourage drug
use
29. Current Approaches to
Drug Education
Drug Prevention Programs:
Project ALERT has been shown to reduce
weekly alcohol and marijuana use, at-risk
drinking, and alcohol use resulting in negative
consequences, as well as attitudes and
perceptions conducive to drug use
Life Skills Training (LST): students are taught
how to avoid being persuaded by others, to
manage anxiety, to communicate more
accurately, to be assertive, and to enhance their
self-esteem
30. Current Approaches to
Drug Education
Drug Abuse Resistance Education
(DARE):
Police officers go to classrooms and teach
elementary students about drugs and personal
safety
Had little impact on drug use
Just Say No!
Adequate for some students, but not for others
Some students do not recognize peer pressure
or have the skills to refuse drugs
32. Effectiveness of Drug Education
Components of Effective Programs:
Based on an understanding of theory and research
Information is developmentally appropriate; short-term,
negative social consequences are emphasized
Emphasize social resistance skills training
Includes normative education
Teachers use interactive teaching techniques
Teachers receive training and support
Time devoted is sufficient and continued
Programs are culturally sensitive.
School programs include family, community, and
media
Evaluation is necessary to determine effectiveness
33. Health Education
Drug education at the secondary level typically is
taught in health education classes
Sequential health education from K through 12th
grade had a positive effect on knowledge,
attitudes, and behaviors
Administrative support and teacher training are
important to the success of health education
34. Peer Programs
In some, older students teach younger students about
drugs
In other programs, peers facilitate discussions about
drugs with others of the same age, or peers counsel
peers
Besides acting as role models, peer leaders have to be
able to communicate effectively
Peer programs were most effective with the average
student; for at-risk students, alternative programs were
most effective
Editor's Notes
Figure 16.1 Drug Prevention Continuum
Figure 16.2 Past Month Illicit Drug Use among Youths (12–17) by Participation in Fighting and Delinquent Behavior
Head Start is a successful program of preschool education. Health screening and nutrition education are provided for at-risk children in this government-sponsored program.