This presentation aids a Health and Wellbeing Board session on developing prevention across the health and social care system, in answer to financial challenges and the NHS FIve Year Forward View
2. www.hertsdirect.org
Outcomes we’d like from today
1. Agreement to do prevention together AS A
SYSTEM
2. A lead senior person from each partner
3. A gap analysis on prevention from each
partner
4. From gap analyses produce a strategy
5. A steer on governance of this from HWBB
3. www.hertsdirect.org
The big win
“The NHS needs a radical upgrade in
prevention if it is to be sustainable”
5 year Forward View 2014
Current Herts position
We are doing prevention, but lots of variation, not
systematic and lots of gaps
We could get more if we do it smarter
4. www.hertsdirect.org
Problem you asked us to look at
• Significant escalating and avoidable spend
across system
• Some efforts at preventing and reducing this
• Growth of avoidable cost to system and
avoidable health problems
• Growth of multimorbid health conditions
• System wide problem, little system wide
preventive pathways
5. www.hertsdirect.org
What do we mean by prevention?
Primary Prevention – ‘prevent’ harm
•Example: promoting health and active lifestyles
Secondary Prevention – ‘reverse’ harm
•Example: early detection and effective self management
of diabetes
Tertiary Prevention – ‘reduce’ harm
•Example: COPD + early stage heart failure + depression
6. www.hertsdirect.org
What Prevention are we doing
• Primary – increasing and needs to be done but
is a very slow upstream burn
• Secondary – we really need to do much more
here to prevent a 3-5 year cost curve increase
• Tertiary – Could have high impact within twelve
months. We need to do more.
Primary prevention alone, and tertiary prevention
alone not the answer.
Target all three for maximum impact
7. www.hertsdirect.org
Case study – Martha 69
• COPD
• Diabetes
• Early stage heart failure
• Smokes
Tertiary Prevention
Which bit of the system could do what for her?
What do we need to do better?
8. www.hertsdirect.org
Case Study – Joe, 58
• Stroke
• Poorly controlled blood pressure
• Coping poor
How do we prevent escalation? (secondary
prevention)
9. www.hertsdirect.org
Case Study – Joanne 39
• Very overweight
• Inactive
• Smokes
• Single parent
• Stressed
• Manual work
• Depressed
• Always asking for prescriptions
How do we stop this becoming a
major cost to the system?
10. www.hertsdirect.org
The Strategy
1. Reduce cost to the system by implementing high
impact actions system wide to prevent worsening of
health and management of cost
2. Improve quality of life by including clinical + lifestyle +
behavioural components
3. Make more use of services in the community including
pharmacy
4. Develop preventive pathways
5. Work across primary, secondary and tertiary
prevention to deliver this in tandem
6. Start with areas which will have highest impact
11. www.hertsdirect.org
Some early estimates
• Musculoskeletal health costs us
• Obesity costs us
• Poor management of long term conditions costs
us – including physical and mental health
• Multimorbidity costs us – 16% of NHS spend on
2% most complex patients
12. www.hertsdirect.org
Multimorbidity – evidence
• Definition - presence of two or more disorders
• 42% patients 1+ morbidities and 23% were multimorbid
• Prevalence increased with age and present in most 65
+
• BUT absolute number of people with multimorbidity
higher in those younger than 65 years
• Onset of multimorbidity occurred 10–15 years earlier in
people living in the most deprived areas
• Presence of a mental health disorder increased as the
number of physical morbidities increased and was
much greater in more deprived people
13. www.hertsdirect.org
Multimorbidity – implications for
practice?
• Is the single-disease framework fit for purpose?
– individual long term condition (LTC) services can be
duplicative and inefficient, and burdensome for
patients due to poor coordination and integration
• Is mental health a core component of LTC
pathways?
• Need to support generalist clinicians to provide
personalised continuity of care, especially in
deprived areas
14. www.hertsdirect.org
Example from the Commissioning for
Value CVD pathway
• HVCCG
– Hypertension ratio (-7.1 % lower) opportunity for
5,828 people
– % anti-coagulation drug therapy for those with
stroke risk >1 (using CHADS2 score) (-9.2 %
lower) opportunity for 361 people
– E&NHCCG
– % stroke patients blood pressure <150/90 (-2.6
% lower) opportunity for 200 people
– % stroke patients record of cholesterol (-4.6 %
lower) opportunity for 347 people
15. www.hertsdirect.org
Pharmacy
• We are not using pharmacy effectively
• High impact actions (Year 1 and 2)
– More uptake of medicine use reviews & new
medicine service
– More use of pharmacy based support for self
management in long term conditions
– Minor ailments schemes
– Healthy Living pharmacies in areas of highest need
• Develop further programmes in years 3 onwards
16. www.hertsdirect.org
The avoidable spend areas in the physical
health system, with poor health/quality of
life
Multi morbid
Repeat admission
Complex care
Existing disease
Managed sub-optimally
Sudden onset of acute
Avoidable events eg stroke
Volume of
spend
Severity
Existing curve
17. www.hertsdirect.org
Key actions to reduce this PH spend curve
Clinical + Lifestyle + Behavioural
Case management
Self management
Optimal assertive
Management of existing
disease
(lifestyle +
pharmacological)
Optimal
management of
high
Risk patients;
Volume of
spend
Severity
Existing curve
The Achievable
18. www.hertsdirect.org
The avoidable spend areas in the mental
health system, with poor health/quality of
life
Crisis pathways
And repeat
Admissions, dual
diagnoses
People with long term mental ill health
Whose physical health deteriorates due to
Sub-optimal management
Prescribing practice where
IAPT or CBT could resolve issues
Volume of
spend
Severity of condition
Existing curve
19. www.hertsdirect.org
Key actions to reduce this MH spend curve
Clinical + Lifestyle + Behavioural
Recovery focused
care
Channel shift:
Greater use of
online and
community groups;
less prescribing
Optimum
physical health
(eg quitting
smoking
reduces cost to
MH services)
Volume of
spend
Severity
Existing curve
The Achievable
20. www.hertsdirect.org
The Actions
• We’ve suggested the strategy
• What follows are the actions
Main message:
We need to reduce variation across the
healthcare system for these high
impact actions
21. www.hertsdirect.org
High Impact Actions by Partner 1
Who Primary Secondary Tertiary
Primary Care NHS Health Checks
Making Every Contact
Counts (MECC)
- Joint British Society
recommendations for prevention of
CVD (JBS3) - Blood pressure
- Weight
- Alcohol
- Diabetes – eight care processes
- Improved access to IAPT services
- Early identification of atrial
fibrillation and anticoagulation
therapy
Self-Management
Optimise referrals to
Pulmonary / Cardiac
rehabilitation
Pharmacy
Purple – contractual
Red – requires funding
Green – may need financial
support
Healthy Living Pharmacies
Public Health (PH) Pathway into PH Services
Minor ailments with pharmacy
Medicine Use Reviews / New Medicines Service
Healthy Lifestyle Advice
Home MURs
(Bright Ideas Project)
LTC Pathways
Repeat dispensingExpansion of PH services –
smoking, alcohol IBA, sexual health
Minor ailments
Healthy Living Pharmacies
22. www.hertsdirect.org
High Impact Actions by Partner 2
Partner
Primary Secondary Tertiary
HCS Promote a healthy workforce
Making Every Contact
Counts & brief interventions
Re-ablement
Public Health Continue to commission
services
Use expertise to support
prevention strategy
Enhance healthcare and social
care public health offer
Use expertise to support
prevention strategy
PH Pathway into PH Services
PH Pathway into PH Services
Community Wellbeing Services
Prevention Strategy for Older People
23. www.hertsdirect.org
High Impact Actions by Partner 3
Partner
Primary Secondary Tertiary
HCT
Promote a healthy workforce
Implement NICE guidance
-Smoking cessation in secondary
care: acute, maternity and
mental health services (PH48)
Brief Interventions /MECC
Alignment of physical health and
mental health / psychological
support pathways
Acute Promote a healthy workforce
Implement NICE guidance
-Smoking cessation in secondary
care: acute, maternity and
mental health services (PH48)
Brief Interventions /MECC
Referral pathways to community
prevention services
Rehabilitation
Reduce variations in length of
stay
Optimise Pulmonary / Cardiac Rehab Pathways
PH Pathway into PH Services
PH Pathway into PH Services
24. www.hertsdirect.org
High Impact Actions by Partner 4
Partner
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Voluntary Sector Making Every Contact Count
Deliver resilience and
psychosocial support
Programme delivery
providers
Programme delivery providers
HPFT Promote a healthy workforce
Implement NICE guidance
-Smoking cessation in secondary
care: acute, maternity and
mental health services (PH48)
MECC
Robust physical health pathways
for patients with serious mental
illness (SMI) and dementia
Recovery services
PH Pathway into PH Services
PH Pathway into PH Services
25. www.hertsdirect.org
High Impact Actions by Partner 5
Partner
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Childrens
Ensure universal public health
offer aligns well with children's
services
Schools mental health and
wellbeing
School health
Ensure early intervention
takes holistic approach
PH Pathway into PH Services
26. www.hertsdirect.org
Two things now...
How do we govern this?
• How do we make it happen
system wide?
• Which fora do we use?
• Who leads?
• Resource – within existing
resources but some
investment in programme
capacity and look at
prioritising?
Agreements we’d like today
1. Agreement to do
prevention together AS
A SYSTEM
2. A lead senior person
from each partner
3. A gap analysis on
prevention from each
partner
4. From gap analyses
produce a strategy for
HWBB
Editor's Notes
England faces an epidemic of largely preventable non-communicable diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, Type 2 diabetes and liver disease.
The WHO Global Burden of Disease Study shows us that the leading causes of premature mortality are tobacco, raised blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity and poor diet. The radical upgrade in prevention needs population-level approaches. But it also needs ongoing behaviour change support and medical treatment for individuals during their repeated contacts with primary care.
Secondary prevention - interventions happen after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed. The goal is to halt or slow the progress of disease (if possible) in its earliest stages; in the case of injury, goals include limiting long-term disability and preventing re-injury.
Tertiary prevention - focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer and chronic musculoskeletal pain. The goals include preventing further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life.
Referral from GP to CP could result in
Education and counselling by CP can result in improvements to cardiovascular risk profile of patients with diabetes. (Manor Pharmacy/UoH pilot article attached)
MURs in pharmacy or patient’s home (Bright Ideas project – IM sponsoring) may prevent hospital admission, by ensuring prescribed medication compliance/concordance
Stroke/Coping poor
Referral to support services – detail needed on what they are? Community navigator role?
Why are bloods poorly controlled?
Provide community based anti-coag service? Could be in CP or other suitable venue? Could be nurse/CP lead?
Needs multi-disciplinary solution – HPs, social care, voluntary sector etc
CP could signpost, also offer SS service, Rx support – are meds being prescribed appropriately
Not addressing relationship between LTCs and mental health and its impact on self management
NHS England LTC Dashboard
1 LTC (31% EN; 31.7% HV)
2 LTCs (12.4% EN; 12.5% HV)
3 LTCs (9% EN; 8.1% HV)
Commissioning for Value (CfV) - 2% most complex patients of which 60% aged 65 years+
E&NH – 16% spend, 1497 patients, av. 2.8 conditions and 6.2 admissions per year – circulation, cancer and GI top 3 areas of spend
HV – 15.9% spend, 1530 patients, av. 2.91 conditions and 6.7 admissions per year– circulation, cancer and MSK top 3 areas of spend
Obesity associated with the four most prevalent disabling conditions in the UK: arthritis, back pain, mental health disorders and learning disabilities
1/3 obese adults have a limiting long term illness or disability compared to a quarter of adults in the general population
Multimorbidity is associated with high mortality, reduced functional status, and increased use of both inpatient and ambulatory health care
The Global Burden of Disease study (2010) - growing burden of disability, particularly from mental disorders, substance use, musculoskeletal disorders, and falls deserves an integrated and strategic response
314 GP practices in Scotland (2007)
Prevalence of both physical and mental health disorder 11%, in most deprived area vs 6% in least deprived
Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, Watt G, Wyke S, Guthrie B. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 2012;380(9836):37–43. CrossRefPubMed
cross-sectional study
data on 40 morbidities from a database of 1 751 841 people registered with 314 medical practices in Scotland as of March, 2007.
analysed the data according to the number of morbidities, disorder type (physical or mental), sex, age, and socioeconomic status. D
Defined multimorbidity as the presence of two or more disorders.
challenge the single-disease framework by which most health care, medical research, and medical education is configured
The CHADS2 score is a clinical prediction rule for estimating the risk of stroke in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation (AF), a common and serious heart arrhythmia associated with thromboembolic stroke. It is used to determine whether or not treatment is required with anticoagulation therapy or antiplatelet therapy,
& new medicine service (50% drugs stopped before end of first month without this and often GPs unaware)
The NHS Health Check is a systematic approach to identifying local people at high risk of CVD, offering behaviour change support and early detection of hypertension, CKD, diabetes and pre-diabetes. Modelling suggests that 75% uptake will lead to substantial reductions in premature mortality. What proportion of our local eligible population is receiving the NHS Health Check and how effective is their follow up risk factor management in primary care?
12.8% offered an NHS Health Check (18.4% in England). 65.3% of people received an NHS Health Check of those offered (49% in England).
http://www.guidelines.co.uk/cardiovascular_bmj_jbs3_jul14
Diabetes
Diabetes observed prevalence compared to expected prevalence ENH 82% & HV 73%
8 care processes – CfV data on pathways - Cardiovascular disease profile - Diabetes (March 2015)
ENH- People with diabetes who have had the eight recommended care processes = 42.4%
HV- People with diabetes who have had the eight recommended care processes = 63.2%
CVD pathway CfV - What questions should we ask in our CCG?
1.For each indicator how wide is the variation in achievement and exception reporting?
2.How many people would benefit if all practices performed as well as the best?
3.How can we support practices who are average or below average to perform as well as the best in:
•Identifying people who are obese, inactive or smokers
•Identifying and managing high CVD risk
•Identifying and managing high blood pressure
•Identifying and managing pre-diabetes
4.What is the quality of brief interventions we offer our patients?
5.How available are preventive services such as weight management and smoking cessation?
Stroke
Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of stroke by about 6 fold, and strokes caused by AF are often more severe with higher mortality and greater disability. Anticoagulation substantially reduces the risk of stroke in people with AF. Around 25-30% of people with AF are unaware they have the condition and less than a half of patients are adequately treated – many do not receive anticoagulants and of those who do, many are undertreated. Only 30% of people with known AF admitted with stroke are on anticoagulant treatment at the time of their stroke.
Secondary prevention of stroke For people who have had a stroke anti-platelet treatment and good control of blood pressure are key to reducing the risk of a further stroke
Pharmacy – Lisa
Healthy Lifestyle advice contractual and includes healthy eating, physical activity, smoking, alcohol etc. Advice given generally as well as during MURs and as part of contractual Health Promotion campaigns.
Medicines Use Review (MUR)/New Medicines Service (NMS) – contractually funded but need multidisciplinary buy in. Prioritise by specific target groups eg respiratory disease, recently discharged from hospital. Could also have local target groups eg: musculoskeletal conditions. Direct funding not required but knowledge of local pathways/training etc
Expansion of PH services – need to look at where GP/Pharmacy services are lacking and encourage contractors to become accredited. Referral process where GP or CP is not providing to ensure patient needs are met.
LTC Pathways – CP rarely included until issues arise or targets unmet eg: Under 65yrs target groups for flu vaccine. When are pathways reviewed? How can CP be involved?
Repeat dispensing – contractual service that CPs must promote but only GP can issue – need both to work together. Patient benefits as CP must assure that requested medication is required. Opportunity to discuss with patient on monthly basis. Potential to improve compliance/concordance and recognise problems at early stage.
Home (domicilary) MURs – project doc attached
Healthy Living pharmacy – expansion of current ohort (18) across Herts. Promotes PH interventions and proactive working with clients in pharmacy and as part of outreach
HCS
Levels and competencies from brief intervention onwards
Preventive services as part of commissioned services
Link up to community services (referral for leisure and behavioural interventions)
Culture change
Embedding good practice
Evidence on what is effective
Pulmonary / Cardiac Rehab Pathways - uptake/access and follow up