TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT TOÁN 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯỜNG...
SOC 204 Goldberg Ch 7 Week 4
1.
2. NICOTINE
Nicotine is the addictive ingredient in
tobacco – 90% of smokers become
dependent
C. Everett Koop claimed that nicotine
dependence is as powerful as
heroin and cocaine dependence
In 1988, the American Psychiatric
Association recognized nicotine
dependency as a disorder
3. THE MAJORITY OF ADULTS DEPENDENT ON
NICOTINE STARTED SMOKING BEFORE AGE 18.
A.True
B.False
True
False
9%
91%
7. THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE DYING FROM
TOBACCO-RELATED ILLNESSES IS ABOUT THE
SAME AS PEOPLE DYING FROM ALCOHOL-
RELATED ILLNESSES.
A.True
B.False
True
False
82%
18%
8. SMOKERS ARE MORE LIKELY TO DIE FROM
HEART DISEASE THAN FROM LUNG CANCER.
A.True
B.False
True
False
33%
67%
9. PEOPLE WHO STOP SMOKING BY AGE 35 AVOID
90% OF THE HEALTH RISKS ATTRIBUTED TO
TOBACCO.
A.True
B.False
True
False
60%
40%
11. TOBACCO UNDER ATTACK
Adverse health effects
Secondhand smoke
Smoking and pregnancy
Advertising
Public Education
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Editor's Notes
According to the World Health Organization, tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the world
In China, over half of all males aged 15 and older smoke
Smoking rates in industrialized countries are decreasing, but in underdeveloped countries, they are increasing
US tobacco companies export more than $2 billion worth of tobacco products
600-900 AD: Mexican stone carvings depict smoking
Early 1600s: Thousands of tobacco shops in London
17th century: Smoking condemned by the Pope
1828: Nicotine was isolated and identified as poisonous and addictive
Early 1600s: Jamestown settlers planted tobacco
1776: Tobacco production provided funds for colonial settlers to fight the Revolutionary War against England
Early 1800s: Tobacco was used as snuff, cigars, and pipes, and chewing tobacco – not cigarettes
1883: The cigarette rolling machine was patented
Early 1900s: Tobacco companies began marketing campaigns to promote cigarettes
Cigarettes were the first of the tobacco products marketed to women
Cigarettes were less costly and milder than cigars, which increased their popularity with young people
1798: Physician Benjamin Rush condemned tobacco for its adverse health effects
Several states banned the sale of tobacco to children
During World War I, the YMCA, the U.S. Army, and other groups distributed cigarettes to soldiers
During World War II, cigarette manufacturers donated cigarettes to soldiers in combat
An increase in cost reduces the demand for cigarettes
Many states tax cigarettes to pay for programs such as smoking prevention and hospital treatment for the uninsured
The federal government also amasses substantial tax revenues from tobacco sales
However, higher taxes encourage a black market for cigarettes
60% of new smokers initiate smoking prior age 18
One third of youths who smoked three or four cigarettes a day developed nicotine dependence
By 8th grade, 2.9% of students smoke on a daily basis
One predictor of tobacco use among boys is aggressive/disruptive behavior
Young people smoke to appear mature, to display independence, to cope with stress, or to bond with peers
Adolescent smoking has a high correlation with psychological distress
Most important factors in whether a teenager smokes:
If the teenager’s friends smoke
If perceived benefits outweigh the risks
If the teenager’s household includes smokers
Used by Native Americans, who presented tobacco leaves as a gift to Columbus in 1492
Tobaco was adopted by the Spanish, either from an Arawak term they encountered in the Carribean or from the Arabic word tabbaq which was used for medicinal herbs
Methods of use: users “took” (used snuff) or “drank” (smoked) tobacco
Beginning with a few trials by physicians, recognition of the potential of tobacco grew during the middle 1500s
French physician Jean Nicot made glowing reports
Plant genus (Nicotiana) and active ingredient named for him
16th and 17th centuries: viewed as having many positive medical uses but as having a negative reproductive effect
1890s: Nicotine dropped from the U.S. Pharmacopoeia
Two main species grown today, out of more than 60 species of Nicotiana
Nicotiana tobacum: large-leaf species indigenous only to South America but now cultivated widely
Nicotiana rustica: small-leaf species from the West Indies and eastern North America
Snuff: During the 18th century, smoking diminished but snuff use became widespread
Snuff was perceived as a British product, and American use declined after the Revolution
Chewing tobacco: During the 19th century, nearly all tobacco produced and used in the United States was chewing tobacco
Smoking did not surpass chewing until the 1920s
Cigars: A combination of chewing and smoking
Peaked in popularity in 1920
Cigarettes: Most popular form of tobacco use
Native Americans used thin reeds filled with tobacco
Factories appeared in 19th century
Habit spread widely with the advent of inexpensive machine-produced cigarettes
At the start of the 20th century, users preferred cigarettes with Turkish tobacco
Other styles were introduced later
1913: Camels, which had a hint of Turkish tobacco
1939: King-size cigarettes (Pall Mall)
1954: Filter cigarettes (Winston)
As a class, filter cigarettes have over 90 percent of theU.S. cigarette market
1604: King James of England published an anti-tobacco pamphlet stating that tobacco was harmful to health and morality
1908: New York made it illegal for a woman to use tobacco in public over concern for women’s health and morals
1930s and 40s: Reports indicated a possible link between smoking and cancer
1952: Reader’s Digest article, “Cancer by the Carton,” drew attention to the issue
In response to early reports of health risks:
Mass-marketing of filter cigarettes and cigarettes with lowered tar and nicotine content
Promoted as a safer alternative but marketed in ways to avoid any implication that original cigarettes were unsafe
1964: Surgeon General’s report states that smoking causes lung cancer in men
Tobacco sales began a decline that continued for 40 years
1965: Congress required warning labels on cigarette packages
1971: TV and radio cigarette ads banned
1990: Smoking banned on interstate buses and domestic airline flights
1995: FDA proposes to further regulate tobacco and ads
Many additional state and local bans passed
Lawsuits seeking compensation for the health consequences of smoking
Unsuccessful for many years
Then . . . victories
Changing legal climate
Revelation of tobacco companies’ actions in hiding information on the adverse effects of smoking
1998 settlement agreement between 46 states and the major tobacco companies
$205 billion in payments to the states
Advertising regulations
Programs to enforce laws prohibiting sales to minors
Where does the FDA come in?
Lower nicotine cigarettes
People adjust their smoking behavior to obtain a consistent amount of nicotine (e.g., taking more puffs and inhaling more deeply)
Lower tar cigarettes
Tar is the sticky brown material seen on the filter of a smoked cigarette
Safer, but not safe?
SMOKELESS
Use increased in the 1970s as smokers looked for a method of tobacco use with a lower risk of lung cancer
Forms
Moist snuff
“Benefits” compared with cigarettes
Less expensive
Easier to use outdoors
More socially acceptable in some circumstances
Less likely to cause lung cancer
Health and cosmetic concerns
Bad breath, spitting, disposal of quid
Significantly increased risk of dental disease and oral cancer
Contains nitrosamines and other potent carcinogens
Causes leukoplakia
Nicotine dependence
Nicotine absorbed through mucous membranes
Smokeless tobacco packages carry warning labels
Are cigars back?
In 2008, 9% of males and less than 2% of females reported smoking a cigar in the past month.
Hookahs: large, ornate water pipes imported from Arab countries
Hookahs produce milder, water-filtered tobacco smoke
Clove cigarettes
Made from tobacco and cloves; contain more tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide than commercial cigarettes
Eugenol
Ingredient in clove cigarettes that provides aroma and reduces coughing reflex
Bidis
Flavored cigarettes from India that have considerably higher concentrations of nicotine than regular cigarettes
Light cigarettes are advertised as having less tar and nicotine
Account for the vast majority of cigarettes sold
2011: Federal judge ruled that tobacco companies must admit that they have lied about light cigarettes
People who smoke light cigarettes receive the same amount of nicotine and tar as those smoking regular cigarettes
1990: Increase in cigar bars and restaurant cigar nights
Sales of small cigars (cigarillos) have increased
Taxed at a lower rate than cigarettes
Fewer restrictions placed on their promotion
Health hazards are associated with cigar smoking:
Nicotine levels higher than cigarettes
34% higher cancer rate than nonsmokers
Higher rates of cancers of the mouth, throat, and esophagus than cigarette smokers
Use of smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco) has nearly tripled in the last twenty years
Nicotine in smokeless tobacco is absorbed quickly through the mucous lining of the mouth, making it highly addicting
The nicotine in one dip of snuff equals four cigarettes
Smokeless tobacco has a higher level of the carcinogen NNK than regular tobacco
Snus are a tobacco product packaged in small pouches that go under one’s upper lip
Usage is increasing in response to antismoking views, increased taxes on cigarettes and expanding smoke-free ordinances
More adult males smoke than adult females
College students smoke less than young adults who are not in college
Parents who smoke are more likely to have children who smoke
Smoking rates are correlated with education and occupation
Percentage of smokers (by gender)
Men 26
Women 22
Percentage of smokers (by years of education)
High school diploma only 30%
Undergraduate degree 14%
Full time students attending college 18%
Non-college students 32%
8th Graders who plan to attend a 4 year college 5.5%
8th graders who don’t plan to attend a 4 year college 21.1%
Smoking increased until 1964, when the Public Health Service issued Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General
The percentage of adult Americans who smoke decreased from 42.4% in 1965 to 20.6% in 2009
More adult males smoke than adult females
College students smoke less than young adults who are not in college
Parents who smoke are more likely to have children who smoke
Smoking rates are correlated with education and occupation
Smoking by adolescents has declined only slightly
In 1965, 34% of women smoked – currently, approximately 17.9% of women smoke cigarettes
Less-educated women are three times more likely to smoke than women with more education
Cigarette smoking reduces a woman’s life by 14 years
Lung cancer is the leading fatal cancer among US women
Women smokers have higher rates of depression, osteoporosis, peptic ulcers, and cataracts
Use of smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco) has nearly tripled in the last twenty years
Nicotine in smokeless tobacco is absorbed quickly through the mucous lining of the mouth, making it highly addicting
The nicotine in one dip of snuff equals four cigarettes
Smokeless tobacco has a higher level of the carcinogen NNK than regular tobacco
Snus are a tobacco product packaged in small pouches that go under one’s upper lip
Usage is increasing in response to antismoking views, increased taxes on cigarettes and expanding smoke-free ordinances
60% of new smokers initiate smoking prior age 18
One third of youths who smoked three or four cigarettes a day developed nicotine dependence
By 8th grade, 2.9% of students smoke on a daily basis
One predictor of tobacco use among boys is aggressive/disruptive behavior
Young people smoke to appear mature, to display independence, to cope with stress, or to bond with peers
Adolescent smoking has a high correlation with psychological distress
Most important factors in whether a teenager smokes:
If the teenager’s friends smoke
If perceived benefits outweigh the risks
If the teenager’s household includes smokers
When teaching young people about the dangers of tobacco, one challenge is that harmful effects take years to appear
Emphasizing short-term or cosmetic effects may have a greater impact
Most programs that are information based have been ineffective in reducing the onset of smoking
Tobacco prevention programs outside of schools are more effective with high-risk youths
Tar is a carcinogenic component of tobacco
Nicotine is the psychoactive component in tobacco responsible for stimulation and tobacco dependence
Although levels of tar and nicotine in cigarettes have been reduced, this has increased the number of cigarettes smoked, as smokers smoke more to get more nicotine
Nicotine = a naturally occurring liquid alkaloid that is colorless and volatile
Tolerance and dependence develop quickly
Smokers and chewers build-up tolerance quickly, some in a matter of weeks
Withdrawal symptoms
4,000 chemicals are found in tobacco smoke
Used as an insecticide
60 mg can cause human death
Carcinogenic
Nicotine
Releases stimulant norepinephrine
Depression follows arousal
Constricts blood vessels
Stays in the body for 8 to 12 hours
Smoking is responsible for nearly one in five US deaths
Most prominent behavioral cause of lung cancer, other respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases
Responsible for $167 billion in annual health-related economic losses in the US
$75 billion in direct medical costs
$92 billion in lost productivity
Lower heart rate
Tremors
Aggressiveness
Hunger
Heart palpitations
Headaches
Anxiety
Lower blood pressure
Shorter attention span
Increased circulation
Insomnia
Fatigue
Drowsiness
Craving for nicotine
Most people continue to use tobacco products because nicotine is addictive – however, most people who quit are able to do so without nicotine replacement
Nicotine addicts develop tolerance, have a strong desire for continued use, and undergo withdrawal
Highly toxic
Typically not delivered fast enough or in a high enough dose to be lethal
Lethal dose = 60 mg
A cigar contains twice that much
Inhalation is very effective
90 percent of inhaled nicotine is absorbed
Most nicotine (80 to 90 percent) is deactivated in the liver and then excreted via the kidneys
Use of nicotine increases the activity of liver enzymes responsible for nicotine deactivation
Contributes to tolerance
Mimics acetylcholine
First stimulates and then blocks certain receptor sites
Causes the release of adrenaline and has an indirect sympathomimetic effect
Symptoms of nicotine poisoning
Low-level (often experienced by beginning smokers): nausea, dizziness, and general weakness
Higher-level: tremors, convulsions, paralysis of breathing muscles, death
CNS and circulatory system effects
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Increased oxygen need of the heart
Decreased oxygen-carrying ability of blood
Causes shortness of breath
Increased platelet adhesiveness
Increased electrical activity in the cortex
Reduced hunger
Inhibition of hunger contractions
Increased blood sugar
Deadening of taste buds
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTSNicotine is the primary reinforcing substance in tobacco
Smokers report that nicotine has both stimulant and calming effects
User expectation probably plays an important role in the effects
DEPENDENCE
Debate continues despite conclusions made in the Surgeon General’s report:
Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco are addicting
Nicotine is the drug in tobacco that causes addiction
The processes that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those that determine addiction to drugs like heroin and cocaine
There are more than 40 million ex-smokers in the United States!
Challenges to quitting
Nicotine is a strongly reinforcing drug
Pack-a-day smoker puffs at least 50,000 times a year
Six-month relapse rate from smoking cessation is extremely high (70 to 80 percent)
Nicotine replacements—nicotine without the tar and carbon monoxide
Nicotine gum
Nicotine patches
Nicotine nasal spray
Nicotine inhalers
Nicotine lozenge
Bupropion (Zyban) – nicotine antagonist
Chantix – nicotine agonist
Combining counseling and pharmacological treatments increases the odds of quitting
Keep trying!
Tar is a carcinogenic component of tobacco
Nicotine is the psychoactive component in tobacco responsible for stimulation and tobacco dependence
Although levels of tar and nicotine in cigarettes have been reduced, this has increased the number of cigarettes smoked, as smokers smoke more to get more nicotine
Tobacco use tends to have triggers:
Following a meal
Talking on the phone
Drinking coffee
Being around other smokers
Tobacco contains acetaldehyde, a chemical with sedating properties similar to those of alcohol
Nicotine improves cognitive performance slightly
Seventy percent of smokers say that they want to quit
Withdrawal symptoms can be intense, leading to anxiety and depressed mood
Most people require five to seven attempts to quit before they are successful
Stopping smokeless tobacco is more difficult than quitting cigarettes
Obstacles:
Many activities trigger smoking
Many are concerned about gaining weight once they stop
Confidence is crucial in how long one remains abstinent
Smoking cessation programs:
90% quit without a formal treatment program
Nicotine replacement therapy helps many smokers
Other therapies have not been proven to help
Nicotine Gum and Lozenges
Reduce withdrawal symptoms
Increases success by 10%
Nicotine Patches
Can deliver dangerously high doses to those who continue smoking
Nicotine Inhalers
Can irritate nasal passages
Drug Therapy
Zyban reduces the desire for nicotine; side effects include convulsions and delirium
Chantix treats nicotine addiction
Antianxiety drugs can reduce irritability
Three vaccines are being developed to prevent nicotine addiction
Aversive Techniques
Rapid smoking causes smokers to exceed their tolerance levels and become ill
Electric shock – benefits are short-term at best
Behavior Modification
The smoker learns new or alternative behaviors to use in place of smoking
May include support groups or a buddy system
Hypnosis
Works best with people who want it to work
Not found any more effective than other treatments
Acupuncture
Minimal evidence of effectiveness
Claims to release endorphins and reduce physical symptoms of withdrawal
400,000 tobacco
100,000 alcohol
Seventy percent of smokers say that they want to quit
Withdrawal symptoms can be intense, leading to anxiety and depressed mood
Most people require five to seven attempts to quit before they are successful
Stopping smokeless tobacco is more difficult than quitting cigarettes
Smoking causes more cardiovascular deaths than cancer deaths
Smoking is implicated in 30% of all deaths from coronary heart disease
Risk of heart attack and stroke increases among women who smoke cigarettes and use oral contraceptives
Cardiovascular damage is correlated with the frequency and length of time a person smokes
Nicotine raises the heart rate and blood pressure, forcing the heart to work harder
Carbon monoxide impedes the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, impairs circulation, increases cholesterol deposits and arteriosclerosis
Buerger’s disease can result in amputation of the extremities as a result of poor circulation
Respiratory conditions caused by smoking:
Chronic coughing and shortness of breath
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema (COPD)
Bronchitis
Smoke irritates bronchi; tar builds up on cilia; breathing becomes more labored
Emphysema
Disabling, incurable disease
Lungs lose elasticity, unable to retain air
There are dozens of carcinogenic gases in tobacco smoke, including ammonia, benzopyrene, hydrogen cyanide, nitrosamines, and vinyl chloride
Most cancer-causing substances are found in the tar of tobacco, though nicotine has been implicated as well
Cigarette smoking is responsible for at least 30% of all cancers deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths
Cigarette smoking is the leading risk factor for cancers of the larynx, mouth, esophagus, pancreas, and bladder
Increases chances of developing cancers of the oral cavity, pancreas, esophagus, kidney, larynx, trachea, and bladder
Higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Oral and pharyngeal cancers account for almost 8,000 deaths annually in the United States
Warning signs of oral cancer
Sore in the mouth that does not heal
White or red patch on the gums, tongue, tonsil, or mouth
Lump or thickening in the cheek
Sore throat or a feeling that something is caught in the throat
Difficulty chewing or swallowing
Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue
Numbness of the tongue or other area of the mouth
Swelling of the jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly
Loosening of teeth or pain around the teeth or jaw
Voice changes
Lump or mass in the neck
Weight loss
Smoking interferes with the fetus:
Babies weigh less and are more likely to be premature
Higher incidence of spontaneous abortions
Higher rate of stillbirths
Higher rate of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Higher risk of cleft lip and cleft palate
Higher rates of psychological problems
Significantly reduces fertility in women
Maternal smoking is the most important avoidable risk factor for SIDS
Ability to engage in physical activity is impaired:
Mucous membranes of the trachea and the bronchial tubes enlarge, restricting air passage
Alveoli in the lungs receive less oxygen
Smoking impairs sexual activity:
Carbon monoxide reduces testosterone production
Erectile dysfunction due to nicotine
Sperm count and motility is reduced
Impairs normal sexual response in young women
Lung cancer (see top right)
Cardiovascular disease
Chronic obstructive lung diseases, including emphysema (see bottom right)
Risk increases for those who start young, smoke many cigarettes, and continue to smoke for a long time
Smoking is the single greatest avoidable cause of death
Cigarette packages and advertisements are required to rotate among different warning labels
Passive smoke
Tobacco smoke present in the air from someone else’s smoking and inhaled by others
Environmental tobacco smoke
Smoke in the air as a result of someone smoking
Mainstream smoke
Smoke exhaled by a smoker
Sidestream smoke
Smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar
Passive smoke is blamed for 3,400 lung cancer deaths each year
The extent of harm is related to the degree of exposure
Sidestream smoke contains more nicotine and carbon monoxide than mainstream smoke
Children of smokers have five times as much cotinine in their urine as children of nonsmokers
Passive smoke is linked to:
Lung cancer
Urinary tract problems
Cancers of the liver, pancreas, and breast cancer
Type 2 diabetes and multiple sclerosis
Heart attack
The Environmental Protection Agency declared secondhand smoke a carcinogen in 1993
Children exposed to cigarette smoke:
Higher incidence of atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Respiratory infections (colds, bronchitis, pneumonia)
Absent from school more often
Higher incidence of asthma
Childhood allergies
Physical aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity
Dental cavities
Secondhand smoke= nonsmokers inhaling cigarette smoke from the environment
Components of environmental tobacco smoke
Sidestream smoke: the smoke rising from the ash of a cigarette
Mainstream smoke: the smoke inhaled/exhaled by the smoker
Health effects difficult to define but include
Lung cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Other adverse health effects
Environmental Protection Agency classified secondhand smoke as a known human carcinogen in 1993
Many laws and regulations have been passed to protect nonsmokers
OTHER COUNTRIES
Five million deaths worldwide each year
Perhaps as high as 8 million by 2030
Third World demand for American cigarettes has increased markedly
Asian countries also experiencing increased demand for American cigarettes
PREGNANCY
Increased risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, and SIDS
Later effects on physical and intellectual development
Neurological problems, problems with certain reading and mathematical skills, and hyperactivity
Effects are of the same type and magnitude as those reported for “crack babies,” and many more pregnant women smoke than use cocaine
1798: Physician Benjamin Rush condemned tobacco for its adverse health effects
Several states banned the sale of tobacco to children
Anti-smoking legislation:
Federal minimum age of 18 to purchase tobacco products
Local tobacco control ordinances against smoking in public areas and private workplaces
Airline passengers on commercial flights within the US were forbidden from smoking
2012, FDA mandates more prominent health warnings on all cigarette packaging and advertisements
New York City banned smoking in restaurants, and tobacco ads within 1,000 feet of a school
The Master Settlement Agreement:
Legislation requires the tobacco industry to pay $206 billion among all 50 states in exchange for an end to litigation against the four largest tobacco companies
Compensate states for medical costs resulting from cigarette smoking
Creates a $500 million fund to educate young people about the risks of smoking
Tobacco companies are no longer liable for addiction or dependence claims, class action suits, and claims of punitive damages
During World War I, the YMCA, the U.S. Army, and other groups distributed cigarettes to soldiers
During World War II, cigarette manufacturers donated cigarettes to soldiers in combat
An increase in cost reduces the demand for cigarettes
Many states tax cigarettes to pay for programs such as smoking prevention and hospital treatment for the uninsured
The federal government also amasses substantial tax revenues from tobacco sales
However, higher taxes encourage a black market for cigarettes