IMPACTS OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION ERROR 1.docx

IMPACTS OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION ERROR
1
IMPACTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE ERRORS
5
Impacts of Medication Administration Error on Three to Four
years-old Leukemia Patients
Submitted by:
Prospectus
Doctor of Nursing Practice
The Prospectus Overview and Instructions
Prospectus Instructions:
1. Read the entire Prospectus Template to understand the
requirements for writing your prospectus. Each section contains
a narrative overview of what should be included in the section
and a table with the required criteria for each section. WRITE
TO THE CRITERIA, as they will be used to assess the
prospectus for the overall quality and feasibility of your
proposed research study.
2. As you draft each section, delete the narrative instructions
and insert your work related to that section. Use the criterion
table for each section to ensure that you address the
requirements for that particular section. Do not delete/remove
the criterion table as this is used by you and your committee to
evaluate your prospectus.

3. Prior to submitting your prospectus for review by your chair
or methodologist, use the criteria table for each section to
complete a realistic self-evaluation, inserting what you believe
is your score for each listed criterion into the Learner Self-
Evaluation column. This is an exercise in self-evaluation and
critical reflection, and to ensure that you completed all sections,
addressing all required criteria for that section.
4. The scoring for the criteria ranges from a 0-3, as defined
below. Complete a realistic and thoughtful evaluation of your
work. Your chair and methodologist will also use the criterion
tables to evaluate your work.
5. Your Prospectus should be no longer than 6-10 pages when
the tables are deleted.
Score
Assessment
0
Item Not Present
1
Item is Present. Does Not Meet Expectations. Revisions are
Required: Not all components are present. Large gaps are
present in the components that leave the reader with significant
questions. All items scored at one must be addressed by learner
peer reviewer comments.
2
Item is Acceptable. Meets Expectations.Some Revisions May Be
Required Now or in the Future. The component is present and
adequate. Small gaps are present that leaves the reader with
questions. Any item scored at two must be addressed by the
learner per the reviewer's comments.

3
Item Exceeds Expectations. No Revisions Required. The
component is addressed clearly and comprehensively. No gaps
are present that leaves the reader with questions. No changes
required.
Contents
Introduction
4-5
Background of the Problem
6-7
Problem Statement
8
Purpose of the Study
9
10Research Questions-11
12Advancing Scientific Knowledge and Significance of the
Study
14Rationale for Methodology
16Nature of the Research Design for the Study
18Sources of Data
19NOTE: This section elaborates on the Data Collection from
the 10 Strategic Points.
19Data Collection
22Data Analysis Procedures
25Ethical Considerations
26Literature review-27
26Theoretical Foundations/Conceptual Framework and Review
of the Literature/Themes
27Literature Themes-28
28Summary
References
30-31
Introduction

Health care firms have invested in nurses as front line staff that
should recognize and report any errors pertaining to medication,
although the nurse is the source of the error, a contributor of
has observed the error take place (Jones, at el 2016). They
depend on the nurse's ability to detect the problem and make
decisions to put forward the medication errors that have been
discovered. Chemotherapy is one of the dangers that young
Leukemia patients suffer when they are overexposed to the
radioactive rays. The administration of chemotherapy is the
main part of the clinical principals of oncology nursing. When
the medication is not well prescribed to the patients, who are
involved in the physical treatment rather the care that they are
being given by nurses.
Through statistical numbers, it shows about in-patients who are
suffering from the treatment suffer adverse impacts from the
administrative decisions that should be well structured by the
treating nurses. Human errors that happen among health care
workers are at the rising trend mainly because of forgetfulness,
inattention, poor motivation, carelessness, negligence, and
recklessness. These factors are due to human actions that can be
avoided by taking measures that will help resolve the problem.
Some of the errors are unrealistic since they seem to be petty
and minor to be committed with such high profile people who
have taken their studies of making things right in the treatment
of patients.
The efforts of reducing errors in health care sectors are mainly
directed towards the prevention of such occurrences than at the
management section when a mistake occurs. The management
should drive a mechanism of making sure they have a well-laid
protocol on how they should handle when they happen since
young patients are delicate of suffering a lot in making changes
in their health. Many institutions prescribe when errors happen
for Leukemia patients to be reported through the institutional
reporting system in such incidence.

Due to due to limited clinical experience, nursing students have
high chances of making mistakes in handling patients, offering
poor medication treatments. Students have been reported of a
lack of knowledge about patients' diagnosis, the purpose, and
correct method of administration of medication that patients are
supposed to be prescribed, especially to young patients who
require a lot of care while dealing with them. The
administration has the knowledge of nursing students having
weakness in handling patients in Leukemia since they are
sensitive to the type of prescription they are supposed to be
subjected to.
When a mistake has happened during the treatment of Leukemia
young patients, the administration should admit and report the
mistake in a good time to save the lives of the Leukemia
patients. There should be a proper monitoring system that
should be drawn in a cross range so that patients can have an
appropriate manner that they will have to settle their factors on
records and to have treatment of patients. Records do not
actually portray the exact situation with regard to the
occurrence of medications and errors that should be handled
inappropriate manner. The administration should take a close
range of all activities that take place with the institution so that
they can handle all errors that may happen during service
delivery to patients.
Criteria
Learner Self-Evaluation Score
(0-3)
Chair Evaluation Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)

Introduction
This section briefly overviews the research focus or problem,
why this study is worth conducting, and how this study will be
completed.
The recommended length for this section is two to three
paragraphs.
1. A dissertation topic is introduced along with why the study is
needed.
2. It provides a summary of results from prior empirical
research on the topic.
3. Using results, societal needs, recommendations for further
study, or needs identified in three to five research studies
(primarily from the last three years), the learner identifies the
stated need, called a gap.
4. The section is written in a way that is well structured, has a
logical flow, uses correct paragraph structure, uses correct
sentence structure, uses correct punctuation, and uses correct
APA format.
NOTE: This Introduction section elaborates on the Topic from
the 10 Strategic Points. This Introduction section provides the

foundation for the Introduction section in Chapter 1 of the
Proposal.
Reviewer Comments:
The aim of the project is to examine crossly on impacts on
administrative errors that are made on young patients who are
suffering from Leukemia aged between three to four years. The
main consequences of medication administration errors affect a
patient’s morbidity and mortality. These errors affect families
of the patients, patients, and health institutions indirectly
through cost implications that would have been handled without
having committed the mistakes. Patients lose their lives when
they are given a wrong dose that should have been protected in
the early stages. The errors also bring about psychological
torture that will stretch to patients who are in the same
institution about the fate of their medication on the same
facility.
Notably, there are numerous issues that lead to medical errors.
Lack of clinical skills, experiences, and expertise have led to
poor diagnosis and treatment of young patients suffering from
Leukemia. Failure to maintain medical records has also reduced
the quality of patient care. Moreover, poor and inefficient
monitoring of teenagers with Leukemia results into poor
treatment hence putting the minors at a risk of succumbing to
the disease. Consequently, the families of kids suffering from
Leukemia are left with a huge emotional burden. Additionally,
the money spent on continuous treatment leaves the family
struggling financially to cater for medical costs due to errors
committed by medics. Generally, medical errors adversely
affect the quality of healthcare that young patients suffering
from Leukemia receive –hence the need to look into the issue of
keenly in order to improve the quality of medical care in all
healthcare facilities.

Criteria
(0-3)
Chair or Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
This section uses the literature to provide the reader with a
definition and statement of the research gap and problem the
study will address. This section further presents a brief
historical perspective of when the problem started and how it
has evolved over time.
The recommended length for this section is two-three
paragraphs.
1. Includes a brief discussion demonstrating how literature has
established the gap and a clear statement informing the reader
of the gap.
1
2. Discusses how the “need” or “defined gap” has evolved
historically into the current problem or opportunity to be
addressed by the proposed study (citing seminal and/or current
research).
1
3. ALIGNMENT: The problem statement for the dissertation
will be developed from and justified by the “need” or “defined

gap” that is described in this section and supported by the
empirical research literature published within the past 3-5 years.
2
APA format.
2
NOTE: This Background of the Problem section uses
information from the Literature Review in the 10 Strategic
Points. This Background of the Problem section becomes the
Background of the Study in Note; this section develops the
foundation for Chapter 1 in the Proposal. It is then expanded to
develop the comprehensive Background to the Problem section
and Identification of the GAP sections in Chapter 2 (Literature
Review) in the Proposal.
Reviewer Comments:
Problem Statement
Cases of Young children aged between three and four years
have been reported several on poor medications that are offered
by health institutions. Administrative errors during diagnosis
and treatment have resulted to poor quality of patient care.
Today, medical errors have become rampant in the health
section leading to high mortality rate. Medical errors committed
by medics lead to wrong diagnosis and treatment of young
patients suffering from Leukemia. Inefficient treatment of
patients results into a number of adverse effects to both families
and friends of patients. Wrong diagnosis and treatment will lead
to heavy financial burden as well as emotional suffering once
patients continue to suffer since they are not given the

appropriate medical assistance. Therefore, the issue of
administrative errors continues to affect our healthcare system –
leading to poor quality of healthcare.
Criteria
(0-3)
Chair or Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
Problem Statement
This section includes the problem statement, the population
affected, and how the study will contribute to solving the
problem.
The recommended length for this section is one paragraph.
1. States the specific problem proposed for research with a clear
declarative statement.
1
2. Describes the population of interest affected by the problem.
The general population refers to all individuals that could be
affected by the study problem.
1
3. Describes the unit of analysis.
For qualitative studies, this describes how the phenomenon will

be studied. This can be individuals, groups, or organizations
under study.
For quantitative studies, the unit of analysis needs to be defined
in terms of the variable structure (conceptual, operational, and
measurement).
1
4. Discusses the importance, scope, or opportunity for the
problem and the importance of addressing the problem.
1
5. The problem statement is developed based on the need or gap
defined in the Background to the Study section.
2
APA format.
1
NOTE: This section elaborates on the Problem Statement from
the 10 Strategic Points. This section becomes the foundation for
the Problem Statement section in Chapter 1 and other Chapters
where appropriate in the Proposal.
Reviewer Comments: Purpose of the Study
Basically, medical errors remain a major hindrance to quality

healthcare. Moreover, administrative errors continue to threaten
the success of the country’s healthcare system. Inefficient
diagnosis and treatment of young patients suffering from
Leukemia leads to high mortality rate. The significance of this
study is to use a qualitative approach in trying to understand the
root cause of administrative errors in healthcare. Several data
collection tools will be used in order to understand the factors
that lead to medical errors. The findings of the research will
help to develop strategies meant to counter the rising cases of
medical errors when attending to young patients with Leukemia.
This will help to enhance the quality of healthcare and also
reduce the rising mortality and morbidity rate.
Criteria
(0-3)
Chair or Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This section reflects what the study is about, connecting the
problem statement, methodology & research design, target
population, variables/phenomena, and geographic location.
7. It begins with one sentence that identifies the research
methodology and design, target population, variables
(quantitative) or phenomena (qualitative) to be studied, and
geographic location.

1
8. Quantitative Studies: Defines the variables and relationships
of variables.
9. Qualitative Studies: Describes the nature of the phenomena to
be explored.
1
APA format.
1
NOTE: This section elaborates on the information in the
Purpose Statement from the 10 Strategic Points. This section
becomes the foundation for the Purpose of the Study section in
Chapter 1 and other Chapters where appropriate in the Proposal.
Reviewer Comments:Research Questions
The study is going to be a qualitative descriptive that will be
focusing on the effects of administrative errors on patients aged
between three and four years (Mohammadabad at el 2015). It
has created a lot of concern about how patients should handle
their conditions even if they are not presented in the health
facility. The research will also focus on how other parties, such
as relatives and the family of the patient, get impacted.
Research questions
The following research questions will help to guide this
qualitative study:
· RQ1: How does the administration handle situations on errors
over Leukemia young leukemia patients?

· H1: Administration has not mechanism of dealing with
medical errors.
· RQ2: How soon should the errors be handled by the health
facility?
· H2: Medical errors occur regularly.
· RQ3: What the major causes of administrative errors?
· H3: The root cause of medical errors is unknown.
Criteria
(0-3)
Chair Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
Research Question(s) and/or Hypotheses
· The recommendation is a minimum of two research questions,
along with related hypotheses and variables is required for a
quantitative study.
· Also recommended is a minimum of two research questions,
along with the phenomenon description is required for a
qualitative study.
· Put the Research Questions in the appropriate Table in
Appendix B based on whether the study is qualitative or
quantitative.
The recommended length for this section is a list of research
questions and associated hypotheses (quantitative)

11. Qualitative Studies: States the research question(s) the
study will answer and describes the phenomenon to be studied.
12. Quantitative Studies: States the research questions the study
will answer, identifies and describes the variables, and states
the hypotheses (predictive statements) using the format
appropriate for the specific design and statistical analysis.
2
13. Alignment: The research questions are based on both the
Problem Statement and Theoretical Foundation model(s) or
theory(s). There should be no research questions that are not
clearly aligned to the Problem Statement.
2
APA format.
2
NOTE: This section elaborates on the information about
Research Questions) & Hypothesis/variables or Phenomena
from the 10 Strategic Points. This section becomes the
foundation for the Research Question(s) and/or Hypotheses
section in Chapter 1 in the Proposal.
Reviewer Comments:Advancing Scientific Knowledge and
Significance of the Study
The study will look also look at other aspects that are affecting
health facilities such as lack of types of equipment and proper
technology that should be put in place. The study relates to
other fiends of technology, social welfare, and an education

system that should be taken in an advancing manner of having a
composed aspect of having critical affairs of making patients
meet their needs.
Criteria
(0-3)
Chair Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
ADVANCING SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE and
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This section reiterates the gap or need in the literature and
states how the study will address the gap or need and how the
research will contribute to the literature, practical implications
to the community of interest, and alignment with the program of
study.
The recommended length for this section is one to two
paragraphs, providing a brief synopsis of each criterion listed
below, which will be expanded in the proposal.
15. Clearly identifies the “gap” or “need” in the literature that
was used to define the problem statement and develop the
research questions. (citations required)
2
16. Describes how the study will address the “gap” or
“identified need” defined in the literature and contribute to
/advance the body of literature. (citations required)
2

17. Describes the potential practical applications from the
research. (citations required)
2
18. Identifies and connects the theory(ies) or model(s) that
provide the theoretical foundations or conceptual frameworks
for the study. (citations required)
2
APA format.
2
NOTE: This section builds on information about the Literature
review and Theoretical Foundations sections in the 10 Strategic
Points. This section becomes the foundation for the Theoretical
Foundations section in Chapter 2
Reviewer Comments:
Rationale for Methodology
The qualitative approach will be used in this study. Qualitative
method is the most appropriate technique that can be used to
collect data from key respondents within the healthcare sector
in order to understand the factors that contribute to medical
errors. Qualitative data collection techniques like interviews
and questionnaires can be used to get the views of key
respondents in order to understand the issue of medical errors
and its effects on quality of healthcare (Ravandi, at el 2015).
For instance, interviewing key stakeholders in the healthcare

sector will help to capture the causal factors of administrative
errors in medical care provision.
Criteria
(0-3)
Chair or Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
Rationale for Methodology
The Rationale for the Methodology section clearly justifies the
methodology the researcher plans to use for conducting the
study. It argues how the methodological choice (quantitative or
qualitative) is the best approach to answer the research
questions and address the problem statement. Finally, it
contains citations from textbooks and articles on research
methodology and/or articles on related studies to provide
evidence to support the argument for the selected methodology.
20. Identifies the specific research methodology for the study.
2
21. It justifies the methodology to be used for the study by
discussing why it is an appropriate approach for answering the
research question(s) and addressing the problem statement.
22. Quantitative Studies: Justify in terms of the problem
statement and the variables for which data will be collected.
23. Qualitative Studies: Justify in terms of problem statement

and phenomenon.
2
24. Uses citations from seminal (authoritative) sources
(textbooks and/or empirical research literature) to justify the
selected methodology. Note:Introductory or survey research
textbooks (such as Creswell) are not considered seminal
sources.
2
APA format.
2
NOTE: This section elaborates on the Methodology and Design
in the 10 Strategic Points.This section becomes the foundation
for the Research Methodology in Chapter 1 of the Proposal and
the basis for developing Chapter 3, Research Methodology.
Reviewer Comments:Nature of the Research Design for the
Study
This research design will apply key qualitative data collection
instruments such as questionnaires and interviews in order to
collect data from the sample size. The data collected will then
analyzed in order to understand the nature of the current
healthcare system and the root cause of medical errors.
Qualitative-descriptive research is descriptive in nature and
helps in describing a natural phenomenon. This method will
help provide a clear finding of factors that have been making
the condition disastrous. Despite having control measures that

will help patients get relieved. The study area of this project is
mainly in the health facilities despite the level and ranks of the
health facility.
Criterion Score
(0-3)
Chair or Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
Nature of the Research Design for the Study
This section describes the specific research design to answer the
research questions and why this approach was selected. Here,
the learner discusses why the selected design is the best design
to address the problem statement and research questions as
compared to other designs. This section contains a description
of the research sample being studied, as well as the process that
will be used to collect the data on the sample.
The recommended length for this section is two to three
paragraphs and must address each criterion.
26. Identifies and describes the selected design for the study.
2
27. This justifies why the selected design addresses the problem
statement and research questions.
28. Quantitative Studies: Justifies the selected design based on
the appropriateness of the design to address the research

questions and data for each variable.
29. Qualitative Studies: Justifies the selected design based on
the appropriateness of design to address research questions and
study the phenomenon.
1
30. Briefly describes the target population and sample for the
study.
2
31. Identifies the sources and instruments that will be used to
collect data needed to answer the research questions.
1
32. Briefly describes data collection procedures to collect data
on the sample.
2
APA format.
2
NOTE: This section also elaborates on the Design portion of the
Methodology and Design section in the 10 Strategic Points. This
section provides the foundation for the Nature of the Research
Design for the Study in Chapter 1.

Reviewer Comments:Sources of Data
Data sources will include:
· Patients
· Medical practitioners
· Previous studies
· Key stakeholders in the healthcare industry.
This research will obtain data from mainly from questionnaires
that will be drafted and be sent through patients and other stuff
who willing to give us feedback (Schmiegelow at el 2016).
Additionally, there will be the use of face to face conversations
with patients to have clear feedback on how the treatment is
being done in the health facility. Similarly, we will conduct
some interviews that will help us have more data collection and
accurately on the same factors.
Criterion Score
(0-3)
Chair or Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
RESEARCH MATERIALS, INSTRUMENTATION, OR
SOURCES OF DATA
This section identifies and describes the types of data that will
be collected, as well as the specific research materials,
instruments, and sources used to collect those data (tests,

surveys, validated instruments, questionnaires, interview
protocols, databases, media, etc.).
paragraphs. Note: this section can be set up as a bulleted list.
Quantitative- Instruments/Research Materials:
Provides a bulleted list of the instrumentation and/or materials
for data collection.
Describes the survey instruments or equipment/materials used
(experimental research) and specifies the type and level of data
collected with each instrument.
Includes citations from original publications by instrument
developers (and subsequent users as appropriate) or related
studies.
1
Qualitative - Sources of Data:
Describes the structure of each data collection instrument and
data sources (tests, questionnaires, interview protocols,
observations databases, media, etc.).
1
The section is written in a way that is well structured, has a
APA format.
1
NOTE: This section elaborates on the Data Collection from the
10 Strategic Points.

This information is summarized high level in Chapter 1 in the
Proposal in the Nature of the Research Design for the Study
section. This section provides the foundation for Research
Materials,Instrumentation (quantitative), or Sources of Data
(qualitative) section in Chapter 3.
Reviewer Comments:Data Collection
The data collection process will be based on informed consent.
Each respondent will be at liberty to provide data and also free
to withdraw from the research process. Moreover, the
confidentially and privacy of respondents will be protected.The
data will be collected through having patients who are at least
in a stable condition in that they can have that freeway of
having the ideas of contains the study. I will consider having
one patient after another so that I will judge the information
that they are providing if it's legible for the study (Iland at el
2015). I will also use the questioners that will not involve the
addition of the names of the response in order to keep the
information private and protect patients from any harm from
their responses.
The process will be as follows:
· Interviews will be conducted in a cool and conducive
environment that is free from disturbance.
· The respondent will answer the questions without any
influence from the researcher.
· The researcher will guide the respondent throughout the
process.
· The questionnaires will be given to the respondents who will
fill them and later return the filled questionnaires to the
researcher.

Criteria
(0-3)
Chair or Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT
This section details the data collection process and procedures
so that another researcher could conduct or replicate the study.
It includes authorizations and detailed steps.
The recommended length for this section is a bullet or numbered
list of data collection steps that should not exceed one page.
Quantitative Studies: Lists steps for the actual data collection
that would allow replication of the study by another researcher,
including how each instrument or data source was used, how
and where data were collected and recorded. Includes a linear
sequence of actions or step-by-step procedures used to carry out
all the major steps for data collection. Includes a workflow and
corresponding timeline, presenting a logical, sequential, and
transparent protocol for data collection that would allow
another researcher to replicate the study.
Data from different sources may have to be collected in parallel
(e.g., paper-and-pen surveys for teachers, corresponding
students, and their parents AND retrieval of archival data from
the school district). A flow chart is ok—"linear" may not apply
to all situations
Qualitative Studies: Provides a detailed description of the data
collection process, including all sources of data and methods
used, such as interviews, member checking, observations,

surveys, field tests, and expert panel review. Note: The
collected data must be sufficient in breadth and depth to answer
the research question(s) and interpreted and presented correctly,
by theme, research question, and/or source of data.
2
Describes the procedures for obtaining participant informed
consent and for protecting the rights and well-being of the study
sample participants.
2
APA format.
2
NOTE:This section elaborates on the Sample and Location and
Data Collection in the 10 Strategic Points. This section provides
the foundation for the Data Collection Procedures section in
Chapter 3 in the Proposal. And it is summarized high level in
Chapter 1 in Nature of the Research Design for the Study in the
Proposal.
Reviewer Comments:Data Analysis Procedures
The data will be taken through the interviews and having the
questioners done appropriately (Winick at el 2017). Errors will
be checked if they are in the data collection samples so that
they can be answered correctly.
· Data will be collected, and analyzed feedback be drawn for the
study.

· SPSS data analysis package will be used to analyze the data
and generate reports in form of tables and charts which are
simple to understand.
· A report will then be compiled and handed to the relevant
authorities.
Criteria
(0-3)
Chair or Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
This section provides detailed steps for the analytic procedures
to be used to conduct data analysis.
paragraphs, can also be presented in a bulleted format.
Describes in detail the relevant data collected for each stated
research question and/or each variable within each hypothesis
(if applicable).
Quantitative Studies: "In detail" means scales (and subscales) of
specified instruments AND type of data for each variable of
interest. IMPORTANT: For (quasi) experimental studies,
provide a detailed description of all treatment materials per
treatment condition, as part of the description of the
independent variable corresponding to the experimental
manipulation.
2

What: Describes, in detail, statistical and non-statistical
analysis to be used and procedures used to conduct the data
analysis.
Quantitative Studies: (1) describe data file preparation
(descriptive statistics used to check completeness and accuracy;
for files from different sources, possibly aggregating data to
obtain a common unit of analysis in all files, necessarily
merging files (using the key variable defining the unit of
analysis); (2) computation of statistics for the sample profile;
(3) computation of (subscales and) scales; (4) reliability
analysis for all scales and subscales; (5) computation of
descriptive statistics for all variables of interest in the study
(except those already presented in the sample profile); (6) state
and justify all statistical procedures ("tests") needed to generate
the information to answer all research questions; and (7) state
assumptions checks for all those statistical procedures
(including the tests and / or charts to be computed).
Qualitative Studies: This section begins by identifying and
discussing the specific analysis approach or strategy, followed
by a discussion of coding procedures to be used. Note: coding
procedures may be different for Thematic Analysis, Narrative
Analysis, Phenomenological Analysis, or Grounded Theory
Analysis.
2
Why: Provides the justification for each of the (statistical and
non-statistical) data analysis procedures used in the study.
2
Show Steps that Support Evidence

Quantitative Analysis - states the level of statistical
significance for each test as appropriate and describes tests of
assumptions for each statistical test.
Qualitative Analysis - evidence of qualitative analysis
approaches, such as coding and the theming process, must be
completely described and included in the analysis
/interpretation process. Clear evidence from how codes moved
to themes must be presented.
2
APA format.
2
NOTE: This section elaborates on the Data Analysis from the 10
Strategic Points.This section provides the foundation for the
Data Analysis Procedures section in Chapter 3 in the Proposal.
Reviewer Comments:
Ethical Considerations
The data collection will be done in a Signiant manner without
disclosing the names of the respondents. This project will focus
on study, nor will it be used to sue any health institution. I will
seek permission from the university and the head health
headquarters to be enabled to seek information from patients
(Duncan, at el 2015) I will also ensure the administrative heads
of the health facility have understood my intentions of the

study. Data collection will be based on informed consent.
Privacy and confidentiality of the participants will be protected.
Criteria
(0-3)
Chair or Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
Ethical Considerations
This section discusses the potential ethical issues surrounding
the research, as well as how human subjects and data will be
protected. It identifies how any potential ethical issues will be
addressed.
1. Describes the site authorization process, subject recruiting,
and informed consent processes.
2
2. Describes how the identities of the participants in the study
and data will be protected.
2
3. Discusses potential ethical concerns that might occur during
the data collection process.
2

4. ALIGNMENT: Ethical considerations are clearly aligned with
and relate directly to the specific Data Collection Procedures.
This section also identifies ethical considerations related to the
target population being researched and organization or location,
as described in the Purpose Statement section.
2
APA format.
2
NOTE: This section does not include information from any of
the 10 Strategic Points.
This section provides the foundation for the Ethical
Considerations section in Chapter 3 in the Proposal.
Reviewer Comments:
Literature review
Theoretical Foundations/Conceptual Framework and Review of
the Literature/Themes
It is of great importance to comprehend the impacts of
committing errors, especially when it comes to the lives of
people. Health care institutions should have great regard for
containing patients and meeting their conditions in Leukemia as
it is a killer disease complication (Ravandi at el 2015). The
administration should have a clear guideline in supporting
patients positively on their health conditions that should have
caused a lot of pain to patients. Patients are key stakeholders in
the health section on having the treatments on having the best
ways of having contained people of critical conditions such as

Leukemia from disastrous ways of meeting their medications. In
order to understand why medical errors occurred in the past and
probably take action to ensure safer clinical practice, models of
human error become quite important. The accident causation
model will be used to highlight conditions which led to such
medical errors. Notably, active medical errors do not occur in
isolation –hence the need to use this model to understand
various factors which contribute to medical errors during
diagnosis and treatment of young patients suffering from
Leukemia. Thus, the model will be effective in highlighting all
the error-producing conditions and how to deal with them.
Literature Themes
Patients safety is a factor that has arisen concern on both
society and policymakers in the administrative sectors of health
institutions. Health organizations have created awareness that
errors have large and unacceptable effects on both costs and
public confidence in health organizations. Patients' injuries
resulting from drug therapy are among the common hospital
adverse patient events that should be given close checking of
the institutions and the organization's feedback.
Themes of the review of the literature review include:
· Lack of proper monitoring of nursing students: When students
are newbies into the field, they should be given full supervision
on sensitive precautions that have to be taken by patients.
Dealing with the lives of patients, it is important to have a more
concern matrix of having student nurses to handle small
instances.
· The fear of reporting situations. Some administrative errors
get buried because of the fear that the health facility will spoil
their reputation on committing fatal mistakes on Leukemia
patients since the condition is sensitive, and it needs proper
care.
· Lack of experience and expertise. It is equally vital to

understand the root cause of the medical errors that occur when
diagnosing and treating young patients suffering from
Leukemia. Understanding these factors leading to possible
medical error helps to develop mechanisms of dealing with
them.
Summary
The research will show how young Leukemia patients have been
suffering from the sharp rays of chemotherapy. The young
patients should be prescribed to the dosage that does not bring a
big impact on killing many body cells since they are not fully
developed.
Criteria
(0-3)
Chair or Score
(0-3)
Reviewer Score
(0-3)
Theoretical Foundations and/or Conceptual Framework
This section identifies the theory(s) or model(s) that provide the
foundation for the research. This section should present the
theory(s) or models(s) and explain how the problem under
investigation relates to the theory or model. The theory(s) or
models(s) guide the research questions and justify what is being
measured (variables) as well as how those variables are related
(quantitative) or the phenomena being investigated (qualitative).
Review of the Literature/Themes
This section provides a broad, balanced overview of the existing
literature related to the proposed research topic. It describes the
literature in related topic areas and its relevance to the proposed

research topic findings, providing a short 3-4 sentence
description of each theme and identifies its relevance to the
research problem supporting it with at least two citations from
the empirical literature from the past 3-5 years.
The recommended length for this section is 1 paragraph for
Theoretical Foundations and a bulleted list for the Literature
Themes section.
1. Theoretical Foundationssection identifies the theory(s),
model(s) relevant to the variables (quantitative study), or
phenomenon (qualitative study). This section should explain
how the study topic or problem coming out of the "need" or
"defined gap" in them as described in the Background to the
Problem section relates to the theory(s) or model(s) presented in
this section. (One paragraph)
2. Review of the Literature Themes section: This section is a
bulleted list of the major themes or topics related to the
research topic. Each theme or topic should have a one-two
sentence summary.
3. ALIGNMENT: The Theoretical Foundations models and
theories need to be related to and support the problem statement
or study topic. The sections in the Review of the Literature are
topical areas needed to understand the various aspects of the
phenomenon (qualitative) or variables/groups (quantitative)
being studied; to select the design needed to address the
Problem Statement; to select surveys or instruments to collect
information on variables/groups; to define the population and
sample for the study; to describe components or factors that
comprise the phenomenon; to describe key topics related to the
study topic, etc.

APA format.
NOTE: The two parts of this section use information about the
Literature Review and Theoretical Foundations/Conceptual
Framework from the 10 Strategic Points.
This Theoretical Foundations section is expanded upon to
become the Theoretical Foundations section in Chapter 2
(Literature Review). The Theoretical Foundations and the
Literature Review sections are also used to help create the
Advancing Scientific Knowledge/Review of the Literature
section in Chapter 2 (Literature Review).
Reviewer Comments:
References
Duncan, C. N., Majhail, N. S., Brazauskas, R., Wang, Z., Cahn,
J. Y., Frangoul, H. A., ... & Khera, N. (2015). Long-term
survival and late effects among one-year survivors of second
allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for relapsed acute
leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Biology of Blood and
Marrow Transplantation, 21(1), 151-158.Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1083879114
006314
Iland, H. J., Collins, M., Bradstock, K., Supple, S. G., Catalano,
A., Hertzberg, M., ... & Hugman, A. (2015). Use of arsenic
trioxide in remission induction and consolidation therapy for

acute promyelocytic leukemia in the Australasian Leukaemia
and Lymphoma Group (ALLG) APML4 study: a non-randomized
phase 2 trial. The Lancet Haematology, 2(9), e357-
e366.Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352302
615001155
Jones, A. K., Freise, K. J., Agarwal, S. K., Humerickhouse, R.
A., Wong, S. L., & Salem, A. H. (2016). Clinical predictors of
venetoclax pharmacokinetics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients: a pooled population
pharmacokinetic analysis. The AAPS Journal, 18(5), 1192-
1202.Retrieved from:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1208/s12248-016-9927-9
Mohammadi, M., Cao, Y., Glimelius, I., Bottai, M., Eloranta,
S., & Smedby, K. E. (2015). The impact of comorbid disease
history on all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in myeloid
leukemia and myeloma–a Swedish population-based study. BMC
Cancer, 15(1), 850.Retrieved from:
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-
015-1857-x
Ravandi, F., Ritchie, E. K., Sayar, H., Lancet, J. E., Craig, M.
D., Vey, N., ... & Pigneux, A. (2015). vosaroxin plus cytarabine
versus placebo plus cytarabine in patients with first relapsed or
refractory acute myeloid leukemia (VALOR): a randomized,
controlled, double-blind, multinational, phase 3 study. The
lancet oncology, 16(9), 1025-1036.Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673614
614033
Rubio, M. T., Savani, B. N., Labopin, M., Piemontese, S.,
Polge, E., Ciceri, F., ... & Gülbas, Z. (2016). Impact of
conditioning intensity in T-replete haploidentical stem cell
transplantation for acute leukemia: a report from acute leukemia
working party of the EBMT. Journal of hematology &
oncology, 9(1), 25.Retrieved from:
Schmiegelow, K., Attarbaschi, A., Barzilai, S., Escherich, G.,

Frandsen, T. L., Halsey, C., ... & Mikkelsen, T. S. (2016).
Consensus definitions of 14 severe acute toxic effects for
childhood lymphoblastic leukemia treatment: a Delphi
consensus. The Lancet Oncology, 17(6), e231-e239.Retrieved
from:
516300353
Winick, N., Devidas, M., Chen, S., Maloney, K., Larsen, E.,
Mattano, L., ... & Willman, C. (2017). Impact of initial CSF
findings on outcome among patients with National Cancer
Institute standard-and high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic
leukemia: A report from the Children’s Oncology
Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35(22), 2527.Retrieved
from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5536164/
10 STRATEGIC POINTS2
Ten Strategic Points
DNP-835-0501- Patient Outcomes and Sustainable Change
10 Strategic Points Table
(Use this table to complete the 10 Strategic Points document for
your project.)
10 Strategic Points
Comments/Feedback

Broad Topic Area
Impact of Medication Administration Errors on 3-4-Year-old
Leukemia Patients
Literature Review
A. Verghese, A., Charlton, B., Kassirer, J. P., Ramsey, M., &
Ioannidis, J. P. (2015). Inadequacies of physical examination as
a cause of medical errors and adverse events: a collection of
vignettes. The American journal of medicine, 128(12), 1322-
1324.
The authors in this article examines the “Inadequacies of
physical examination as a cause of medical errors and adverse
events: a collection of vignettes” from the American journal of
medicine. It takes into consideration the fact that, the oversights
in the corporeal assessment are a medical fault which aren’t
studied via chart evaluation. Furthermore, the article states that
these oversights in the corporeal assessments may be the
primary contributors to the neglected or late diagnosis besides
unnecessary exposure to contrast as well as radiation on the
Leukemia patients. Either the authors indicate that the incorrect
treatments resulting from these delays leads to unfavorable
results like fainting on the Leukemia patient, lack of appetite on
the side of the patient, worsening the Leukemia conditions
which eventually can lead to early death of the patient.
B. Hockings, J. K., Owolabi, D. K., Broyles, J. E., & Wheelis,
S. C. (2017). Impact of medication administration error on over
3 years Leukemia patients and the stimulating factors in acute
leukemia and stem cell transplant patients. Supportive Care in
Cancer, 25(6), 1853-1858.
The authors of this article explored the “Impact of medication
administration error on over 3 years Leukemia patients and the
stimulating factors in acute leukemia and stem cell transplant
patients.” This article is from supportive care in cancer and it
was retrieved from Google Scholar. The article authors
acknowledge the fact that, the medication administration errors

lead to severe impacts on the health conditions of the patient
more especially the ones who are 3 – 4 years of Leukemia.
According to the authors, the impacts associated with the
medication administration errors may lead to worsening of the
health condition of the patient, the rate of Leukemia
advancement into higher stages may also increase with
treatment or managing of this deadly disease being more
complicated. The authors argue that using erroneous medicines,
the Leukemia advancement increases without the knowledge of
the patient which makes even the survival chances of the patient
to reduce due to stress upon realizing that there was an error in
his or her medication.
C. Douer, D. (2016). Efficacy and safety of vincristine sulfate
liposome injection in the treatment of adult acute lymphocytic
leukemia. The oncologist, 21(7), 840-847.
This research study examines the “Efficacy and safety
vincristine sulfate liposome injection in the treatment of adult
acute lymphocytic Leukemia” this article is from the oncologist.
The article has been retrieved from Google Scholar. The authors
take into consideration on the erroneous administration of
vincristine sulfate liposome injection drug which is commonly
used for treatment of Leukemia more especially at the lower
stages like this of 3 – 4 years. However, when this drug is
misused, it leads to instant death according to the author since
even when it’s correctly applied, it’s normally restricted due to
neurotoxicity concerns. The author indicates that if a patient
with large body surface area to volume ratio is overdosed with
the drug, it will lead to death or reduction of the survival rates
to almost 20% in accordance with the authors’ analysis.
D. Tavitian, S., Denis, A., Vergez, F., Berard, E., Sarry, A.,
Huynh, A., ... & Bertoli, S. (2016). Impact of obesity in
favorable‐risk AML patients receiving intensive chemotherapy.
American journal of hematology, 91(2), 193-198.
The authors of this article analyze the “Impact of obesity in

favorable risk AML patients receiving intensive chemotherapy”
an article from American journal of hematology. The article has
been retrieved from Google Scholar. According to the authors,
the obesity has got negative impacts more especially to the
Leukemia patients who are receiving intensive chemotherapy
while trying to manage it at the earlier stages. According to the
authors, the erroneous medication administration to such
Leukemia patients may lead to paralysis in the earlier stages as
well as earlier death if the erroneous medication isn’t
recognized earlier.
E. Santoleri, F., Lasala, R., Ranucci, E., La Barba, G., Di
Lorenzo, R., Vetrò, A., ... & Costantini, A. (2016). Medication
adherence to tyrosine kinase inhibitors: 2-year analysis of
medication adherence to imatinib treatment for chronic myeloid
leukemia and correlation with the depth of molecular response.
Acta haematologica, 136(1), 45-51.
This last article explores “Medication adherence to tyrosine
kinase inhibitors: 2-year analysis of medication adherence to
imatinib treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia and correlation
with the depth of molecular response.” From Acta
haematologica, the article is retrieved from Google Scholar. In
accordance with the authors of the article, adherence to tyrosine
medication can help in the treatment of Leukemia more
especially at the earlier stage of 3 – 4 years. However, the
authors stresses that the erroneous administration of these drugs
that are meant to cure the Leukemia, they can turn out to be a
poison in the body which facilitates the advancement of the
disease in the body and eventually leads to coma and
consequently death.
From the above articles, various variables were identified which
includes, the patients served between 4AM to 8AM experience
higher rates of erroneous medication which is a time dependent
variable. The second variable is on the medication ordered by
practicing nurses, with resultant observation that it is very high
more especially during weekends. This is an independent

variable. The year of the trainee also means that a dependent
variable in the last first year trainees committed many erroneous
administrations of medication compared to final years trainees.
Problem Statement
It is not known the impact of medication administration errors
on 3-4-year-old leukemia patients
Clinical/PICO Questions
What is the impact of medication administration errors in
pediatric patients?
What are the impacts of medication administration errors on 3-
4-Year-old Leukemia Patients?
Sample
· Location– Harris County, Texas. USA
· Target Population:
· Pediatric Hospitals/ Patients
· 3-4-Year-old Leukemia Patients
· Physicians
· Therapists
Sample: Will be composed of interviews with 5 pediatric
hospitals, physicians, parents and 5 Therapists in the county.
Define Variables
To effectively understand the impact of medication
administration errors on 3-4-year-old Leukemia patients, the
following variables would be used.
· The number of patients seen who erroneously administered
medication are – dependent variable
· Medication ordered by the trainees – independent variable
· The year the trainee is in medical practicing like first year or
final year – independent variable.
Methodology and Design
Qualitative Descriptive Study

Purpose Statement
The purpose of this qualitative descriptive case study is to
understand are the impacts of medication administration errors
on 3-4-Year-old Leukemia Patients in Harris County, Texas?
Data Collection Approach
· Informed & signed consent by participants
· Visits to pediatric hospital facilities
· Interview with Physicians, Parents & Therapist recorded on
tape
· Sampling Method: Purposeful Sampling
· Sources: Interviews, Surveys & Questionnaires
Data Analysis Approach
· Data will be collected and analyzed for the study.
· Descriptive statistics will be used in summarizing the data
collected.
· Coding will be used to address questions posed.
· A narrative summary will be developed.

References
Douer, D. (2016). Efficacy and safety of vincristine sulfate
liposome injection in the treatment of adult acute lymphocytic
leukemia. The oncologist, 21(7), 840-847.
Hockings, J. K., Owolabi, D. K., Broyles, J. E., & Wheelis, S.
C. (2017). Impact of medication administration error on over 3
years Leukemia patients and the stimulating factors in acute
leukemia and stem cell transplant patients. Supportive Care in
Cancer, 25(6), 1853-1858.
Santoleri, F., Lasala, R., Ranucci, E., La Barba, G., Di Lorenzo,
R., Vetrò, A., ... & Costantini, A. (2016). Medication adherence
to tyrosine kinase inhibitors: 2-year analysis of medication
adherence to imatinib treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia
and correlation with the depth of molecular response. Acta
haematologica, 136(1), 45-51.
Tavitian, S., Denis, A., Vergez, F., Berard, E., Sarry, A.,
Huynh, A., ... & Bertoli, S. (2016). Impact of obesity in
favorable‐risk AML patients receiving intensive chemotherapy.
American journal of hematology, 91(2), 193-198.
Verghese, A., Charlton, B., Kassirer, J. P., Ramsey, M., &
Ioannidis, J. P. (2015). Inadequacies of physical examination as
a cause of medical errors and adverse events: a collection of
vignettes. The American journal of medicine, 128(12), 1322-
1324.
10
WORKING WITH INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
2
WORKING WITH INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
2
Working with Inferential Statistics

DNP-830-0502: Data Analysis
Introduction
Inferential statistics is the method used to draw inferences
regarding a population after analyzing a randomly selected
sample. According to (Simonsohn & Nelson, 2015) inferential
statistic allows one to use a small portion of the population to
make assumptions about the whole at large. Independent t-test
is used to test if the means of two unrelated groups are
statistically differ from each other whereas the ANOVA helps to
determine if there are any differences between the means of
more than one independent groups. The data provided can be
analyzed to investigate whether injures caused by children
differed based on type of movie, length or years of creating the
movie, and even the violence time in a movie.
Determining Statistics using a One-Tailed t-test (Question 1)
To investigate whether the children who were exposed to
movies that were created before 1980 actually caused more
injuries than those children who were exposed to movies after
1980, we perform an independent t-test. Injuries variable is
considered to be the dependent variable whereas the year of
movie release is the independent variable. The independent
variable in this case will have two groups: “children exposed to
movies created before 1980”, labelled as 1 and “children
exposed to movies created after 1980”, labelled as 2. The SPSS
(Ho, 2006) output for comparing the means is as shown below:
Table 1: Group Statistics
Group Statistics
Movie_Created
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Injuries

children exposed to movies created before 1980
23
.74
1.010
.211
children exposed to movies created after 1980
51
2.12
2.016
.282
Table 2
Independent Samples Test Results
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F
Sig.
t
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower
Upper

Injuries
Equal variances assumed
9.439
.003
-3.100
72
.003
-1.379
.445
-2.265
-.492
Equal variances not assumed
-3.914
71.10
.000
-1.379
.352
-2.081
-.676
The study determined that the hypothesis that those children
who were exposed to movies created before the year 1980
caused more injuries than those children who were exposed to
movies after 1980 was false since they caused statistically
significantly lower injuries compared to those children who
were exposed to movies after 1980, t (72) = -3.1, p=0.003.
ANOVA (Question 2)
To investigate the group that actually caused a lot of injuries we
analyzed injuries as the dependent variable and year as the
independent variable with the following groups:
“1” = children exposed to movies created between 1937-1960
“2” = children exposed to movies created between 1961-1989

“3” = children exposed to movies created between
1990-1999
Table 3: Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive
Injuries
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Minimum
Maximum
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
1937-1960
13
1.00
1.000
.277

.40
1.60
0
3
1961-1989
21
1.62
2.037
.444
.69
2.55
0
6
1990-1999
40
1.95
1.974
.312
1.32
2.58
0
9
Total
74
1.69
1.872
.218
1.26
2.12
0
9
As required
Table 4: ANOVA
ANOVA
Injuries

Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Between Groups
8.999
2
4.499
1.294
.281
Within Groups
246.852
71
3.477
Total
255.851
73
Based on the results, it can be deduced that there is a
statistically significance difference between the three groups as
shown by one-way ANOVA (F (2,71) = 1.294, p =0.281). The
group that has caused more injuries is that group with children
who were exposed to movies that were created between 1990-
1999 with a mean of 1.95, followed by that group of children
who were exposed to movies that were created between 1961-
1989 with 1.62 mean and children exposed to movies created

between the years 1937-1960 cause the least injuries
characterized by a mean of 1 as shown in the Table 2 of
descriptive statistics.
Conclusion
The assumptions for the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the
one tailed t- test were met prior to conducting the analysis by
ensuring that the dependent variable “injuries” was a continuous
approximately normally distributed variable while the
independent variable “year” consisted of two independent
groups: movie that were created before 1980 and those movies
that created after 1980 (Moore et al., 2015).. There was also
homogeneity of variances as demonstrated by the Levene's test
(Lowry, 2014). Additionally, there were no significant outlies in
the variables analyzed. In conclusion, the discussed statistical
analysis can be very instrumental in deducing assumptions of a
population by simple analyzing a sample. How different
variable relate can also be determined.
References
Ho, R. (2006). Handbook of univariate and multivariate data
analysis and interpretation with SPSS. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Lowry, R. (2014). Concepts and applications of inferential
statistics.
Simonsohn, U., Simmons, J. P., & Nelson, L. D. (2015).
Specification curve: Descriptive and inferential statistics on all
reasonable specifications.
Moore, D. S., Notz, W. I., Flinger, M. A. (2015). Basic Practice
of Statistics 6th Edition.
QUALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY: PART ONE 2
2

QUALITY AND SAFETY
Quality and Safety
Introduction
Patient safety is the essential foundation of delivering high-
quality health care. It is viewed as the underlying umbrella of
patient safety. According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM),
patient safety is indistinguishable from delivering high quality
health care. The organization defined it as “the degree to which
health services for individuals and populations increase the
likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with
current professional knowledge.” Prevention of harm in its
practices have mostly defined by negative outcomes of care that
include mortality and morbidity (Mitchell, 2008). This project
discusses the role of quality and/or safety in nursing science
with emphasis on quality and/or safety measures and description
of their relationship and role in present-day nursing science and
how it applies quality or safety measures in nursing science. In
addition, it provided the components required to analyze a
health care program’s outcome (GCU, 2020).

Defining Quality and Safety Measures
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), quality in
nursing refers to “the extent to which health care services
provided to individuals and patient populations improve desired
health outcomes” (Salyers et al., 2017). For this to be achieved,
nursing practice must be people-centered, equitable, efficient,
timely effective and safe. While there are numerous ways of
developing, assessing and assuring quality, the concept of
quality in nursing care is difficult to measure. In the healthcare
setting, there are promises of providing quality care by nurses
and desired by patients. Quality care has significant impact on
patient experience and satisfaction. As the nursing environment
becomes more complex, organization leaders must understand
the role of quality in healthcare.
Regarding safety, it is yet an important component of high-
quality healthcare. You cannot talk about quality healthcare
without talking about safety. Multiple studies show that many
patients are harmed in healthcare facilities, which increases
their length of hospital stay or resulting in permanent injuries.
In severe cases lack of safety in healthcare results in death.
Studies show that this harm is not intentional, but as a result of
the multifaceted and complex nursing environment with the
outcome of a patient depending on a wide range of factors.
Multiple strategies have however been developed to improve
safety in healthcare.
Quality plays an important role in nursing practice. Healthcare
organizations must provide quality healthcare services to meet
the needs of their patients and the community in general. This
not only improves the outcome of patients but also increases
nurse satisfaction resulting in improved performance. Quality
ensures that healthcare organizations provide patient centered
services that take into consideration people’s aspirations and
preferences as well as the culture of their community. It also
ensures all patients receive equitable services regardless of their
personal characteristics such as socioeconomic status,
geographical location, ethnicity, race, or gender.

Quality in nursing also ensures that patients receive healthcare
on time and without delays. Once patients are admitted in the
healthcare system, they need to receive care as soon as possible.
It also ensures efficiency in the healthcare system. This implies
that healthcare is delivered in a manner that avoids wastage and
maximizes all resources available. Quality ensures there is
safety in delivering healthcare services to patients. This
involves delivering car that harm and risk to patients including
reducing medical errors and avoiding preventable injuries.
Providing quality care is therefore a critical part of
strengthening health systems (Graban, 2018).
The roles of safety measures in nursing practice is to ensure
reduce the likelihood of mistakes and limit harm though
planning that promotes effective communication. Nurse
practitioners, support staff and patients share a common goal; to
achieve the best health outcome possible. Safety in healthcare
promotes the well-being of the general community. Nurse
practitioners and healthcare managers must understand their
role in patient safety. Administrators must train all employees
about safety in the healthcare setting and updater the regularly
on any changes in policy. All employees in healthcare setting
must adhere to the safety procedures developed by the
organization.
Contemporary Example
There are various ways in which healthcare organizations apply
quality and safety measures in the healthcare system. One way
of ensuring safety quality and safety measures is by
communicating safety among patients. Patients have historically
played a passive role in their recovery process. Patients placed
significant trust on healthcare providers and unquestioningly
followed treatment plans. However, today healthcare
organizations emphasize on educating patients to help reduce
medical errors. Once patients are admitted in the healthcare
system, they receive specific information concerning their
safety. Patients are encouraged to ask questions where they
don’t understand to help prevent common healthcare errors that

could lead to undesirable outcomes (Vincent & Staines, 2019).
At the present, patients take part in their recovery planning.
They have increasingly become more involved in the treatment
progress. Therefore, they receive safer treatment as educated
consumers because health advocates and care providers have
helped them to develop the ability to notice potential problems
and ask relevant questions. Even after leaving healthcare
organizations, patients are able to monitor their situation and
determine when something goes wrong. As a result, more
patients are receiving quality treatment increasing their
outcomes. Patient education has proved to be an effective
approach in reducing medical errors that have historically
dominated the healthcare systems around the world (Modi et al.,
(2019).
Contemporary nursing practice has become more patient
centered. Whenever people talk about service quality, patient
centered care is always mentioned. Initially the philosophy was
considered to undermine the efforts of evidence-based practice.
However, health advocates now consider patient centered care
as an important framework for fostering desired wellness
outcomes. It allows nurse practitioners to incorporate evidence-
based practice in providing care to patients. Patients feel more
secure and trust the process, and they are fully aware of what to
expect. This awareness makes it easy for healthcare providers to
avoid making mistakes when dealing with patients. This also
eliminated illegal activities I the healthcare systems as
information is readily available.
Quality and Components Needed to Analyze a Health Care
Program's Outcomes
There are numerous components that can be used to analyze the
outcomes of a particular healthcare program. One of these
components is effectiveness. This involves providing healthcare
services based on evidence-based guidelines and scientific
knowledge. This helps to analyze patient outcomes by
determining whether recommended hospital care is utilized for
specific medical conditions such as prevention of surgical

infection, heart attack and pneumonia care. Timeliness is
another component needed to analyze the outcomes of
healthcare programs. Patients need to receive medical care
without any delays. In this quality measure, the patient reports
on the timeliness of care and services they received in a
particular healthcare facility (Brown, Dickinson & Kelaher,
2018).
Patient centeredness is another measure that is used to analyze
the outcomes of health care programs. This component involves
taking care of patients while considering their preferences. It
can be measured through reviewing patient reports of services
offered by an organization. It can also be analyzed by
determining whether a healthcare organization provided care
instructions after a patient has been discharged from hospital. In
patient centered care, people are given instructions on how to
care themselves at home. Failure to give these instructions
shows that the healthcare facility or hospital does not offer
patient centered care (Allen et al., 2016).
Another component that can be used to analyze the outcomes of
a particular healthcare program is efficiency. This component
involves providing services and care that minimizes wastage
and maximizes the available resources. This component can be
analyzed by utilization of hospital procedures and services as
measured by the average hospital stay or hospital discharge
rate. A low rate of discharge from the hospital shows lack of
efficiency in delivering healthcare services to patients. In the
same way, a high rate of hospital discharge is an indicator of an
effective healthcare system. Either way, an efficient healthcare
program must ensure patients receive quality healthcare services
(Lamé & Dixon-Woods, 2018).
Equity is also an important component in analyzing outcomes of
healthcare programs. This involves determining whether
patients receive equitable services regardless of their personal
characteristics such as socioeconomic status, geographical
location, ethnicity, race, or gender. Hospitals can provide
equitable services by ensuring they have equal number of beds

for both genders and ensuring there is no discrimination in the
healthcare setting. Electronic medical records can be used to
determine the services provided for every patient who visited a
particular hospital. Nurse to patient ration can also provide
critical information for the analysis of outcomes of healthcare
programs.
Conclusion
Patient safety remains the cornerstone in the provision of high-
quality health care. Health care professionals, especially nurses
are extremely important to the care, control, supervision and
coordination that will help in reducing negative or adverse
outcomes. The numerous government healthcare organizations
in collaboration with healthcare professionals must continue to
work on evaluating the impact of nursing care on positive
quality indicators that include appropriate self-care and other
measures of improved health status (Mitchell, 2008).
References
Allen, D., Braithwaite, J., Sandall, J., & Waring, J. (2016).
Towards a sociology of healthcare safety and quality. Sociology

of Health & Illness, 38(2), 181-197. Retrieved from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-
9566.12390
Brown, A., Dickinson, H., & Kelaher, M. (2018). Governing the
quality and safety of healthcare: A conceptual
framework. Social Science & Medicine, 202, 99-107. Retrieved
from
618300765
Graban, M. (2018). Lean hospitals: improving quality, patient
safety, and employee engagement. Productivity Press. Retrieved
grom https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315380827
Lamé, G., & Dixon-Woods, M. (2018). Using clinical
simulation to study how to improve quality and safety in
healthcare. BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced
Learning. Retrieved from
https://stel.bmj.com/content/early/2018/11/08/bmjstel-2018-
000370.abstract
Mitchell, P. H. (2008). Patient Safety and Quality: An
Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2681/
Modi, S., Ozaydin, B., Zengul, F., & Feldman, S. S. (2019). The
emerging literature for the triad of health informatics,
healthcare quality and safety, and healthcare simulation. Health
Systems, 8(3), 215-227. Retrieved from
https://orsociety.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/20476965.201
9.1687263
Salyers, M. P., Bonfils, K. A., Luther, L., Firmin, R. L., White,
D. A., Adams, E. L., & Rollins, A. L. (2017). The relationship
between professional burnout and quality and safety in
healthcare: a meta-analysis. Journal of general internal
medicine, 32(4), 475-482. Retrieved rrom
Vincent, C., & Staines, A. (2019). Enhancing the Quality and
Safety of Swiss Healthcare. Retrieved from
https://www.bag.admin.ch/dam/bag/fr/dokumente/kuv-

leistungen/qualitaetssicherung/Enhancing%20the%20Quality%2
0and%20Safety%20of%20Swiss%20Healthcare-EN.pdf.d
I, (Bola Odusola-Stephen), verify that I have completed (10)
clock hours in association with the goals and objectives for this
assignment. I have also tracked said practice hours in the
Typhon Student Tracking System for verification purposes and
will be sure that all approvals are in place from my faculty and
practice mentor.
DNP-840
Comprehensive Assessment Part One: Competency Matrix
For each competency below, provide no more than one or two
sentences to explain how you met the competency through
selected coursework. You will expand upon these achievements
in the "Comprehensive Assessment Part Two: Outcomes and
Reflection" assignment. Note: You are not required to complete
every column for each competency. Select evidence from
coursework relevant to that particular competency to discuss.

Minimally, you should have one column complete for each
competency.
DNP Program Competencies
Programmatic Coursework: Summary of Competency
Achievement
Section One: Programmatic Assessments
Reflective Journals
Case Reports
Scholarly Activities
10 Strategic Points
DPI Project Draft Prospectus
Literature Review
Course Assignments With Practice Immersion Hours
(DNP-805 Through DNP-840 - Include Assignment Title)
1.2: Apply science-based theories and concepts to determine the
nature and significance of health and health care delivery
phenomena.
1.3: Employ science-based theories and concepts to describe
the actions and advanced strategies to enhance, alleviate, and
ameliorate health and health care delivery phenomena as
appropriate.

2.1: Employ principles of business, finance, economics, and
health policy to develop and implement effective plans for
practice-level and/or system-wide practice initiatives that will
improve the quality of health care delivery.
2.2: Demonstrate leadership, influence, and advocacy in the
development and implementation of institutional, local, state,
federal, and/or international health policy.
2.4: Provide leadership in the evaluation and resolution of
policy, ethical, and legal issues within health care systems.
3.1: Demonstrate the conceptual ability and technical skills to
develop and execute an evaluation plan involving data
extraction from practice information systems and databases.

3.2: Evaluate current consumer health information sources for
accuracy, timeliness, and appropriateness.
3.4: Design, select, use, and evaluate programs that monitor
outcomes of care, care systems, and quality improvement
including consumer use of health care information systems.
4.1: Analyze epidemiological, biostatistical, environmental,
and other appropriate scientific data related to individual,
aggregate, and population health.
4.4: Advocate for social justice, equity, and ethical policies
within all health care arenas.

5.2: Design and implement processes/strategies that evaluate
outcomes of practice, practice patterns, and systems of care for
individual, aggregate, and populations against national
benchmarks.
5.3: Design, direct, and evaluate quality improvement
methodologies to promote safe, timely, effective, efficient,
equitable, and patient-centered care.
© 2015. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
3
QUANTITATIVE METHODS OF INQUIRY 2

2
QUANTITATIVE METHODS OF INQUIRY
Quantitative Methods of Inquiry
Quantitative Methods of Inquiry
Quantitative methods of inquiry focus on gathering and
generalizing data through group’s people or describing a
particular phenomenon. According Letourneau University
(2019), quantitative methods emphasize on objective
measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or
numerical analysis of data collected through polls,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing
statistical data using computational techniques. This type of
study uses interrelated set of variables to emphasize on
objective measurements while trying to establish associations
between variables. According to Clankie (2012), quantitative
method is a number driven analysis in which a researcher knows
what he or she is looking for in advance. The researcher
controls the whole experiment.

Quantitative methodologies allow researchers to quantify human
actions. While not all actions can be quantified, researchers
implement experiment research, survey research, content
analysis and meta-analysis in order to simplify their work.
These are hypothetic-deductive methods that can be quantified.
According Paynton and Hahn (2014), experimental research
uses the principles of research in the physical sciences to
conduct experiments that explore human behavior. The
researcher generally includes research control group and
experimental group in order to monitor different reactions to
different variable. This type of quantitative research can be
conducted in a real world setting or lab setting.
Survey research focuses on a number of questions designed to
cover a particular topic. According Paynton and Hahn (2014),
surveys; online, mailed, handed out, or conducted in interview
format, collect and represent participant responses in numerical
form using tables, graphs, charts, or percentages. The data is
then manipulated to come up with a conclusion about the topic.
On the other hand, content analysis is a method in which
researchers use content analysis to count the number of
occurrences of their particular focus of inquiry (Paynton
&Hahn, 2014). The researcher observes the human actions,
converts these actions to numbers and manipulates these
numbers to interpret the data by coming up with patterns or
trends that can be used to make claims on the significance of
the data.
Meta-analysis involves structured study of past literatures
discussing the topic area you want to analyze. According to
Paynton and Hahn (2014), meta-analysis analyzes existing
statistics found in a collection of quantitative research to
demonstrate patterns in a particular line of research over time.
Results from these studies are used to determine if similarity
exists among the studies or come up with new information.
In the year 2014, a mean number of 604, 175 were discharged
from all the states with the median number of discharges
standing at 393002 patients and 49564a as the mode.

Statistics
V5
N
Valid
31
Missing
3
Mean
604175.23
Median
393002.00
Mode
49564a
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
Fig1: Mean Median and Mode of discharges by state in 2014.
The total number of discharges in the year 2010 were
23,455,503 patients, 18,661,237 in 2012 and 13,976,012 in the
year 2015. In the year 2010, the number of discharges was
greater compared to the year 2015. These results show a
significant decrease of 9,469,491 discharges from the year 2010
to the year 2015.
Fig2: Simple Bar Graph for the year 2010, 2012 and 2015
Compared on the basis of location, North West states have the
lowest number of discharges, 2,543,090. On the other hand,
these numbers increase in North East States which have
7,742,830 numbers of discharges. Central States have 4,002,549
number of discharges, 5,724,239 in South Eastern states and
5,415,098 in the southwest states. There is no significant
difference between these discharges in most states in the year
2011.
Fig3: Discharges Comparison based on the location in the year

2011
References
Clankie, S., & Mima, T. (2012). A brief Comparison of
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods [Video file]
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYqDKEsy9gE
Letourneau University (2019). Quantitative Research and
Analysis. Research Guides. Retrieved From https://lib-
guides.letu.edu/quantresearch
Paynton, T. Scott & Hahn, K. Linda. (2014). Ouantitative
Method. Survey of Communication Study. Retrieved From
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introductiontocommunication
/chapter/quantitative-methods/
practice mentor.

WORKING WITH DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 2
2
WORKING WITH DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Working with Descriptive Statistics
Working with Descriptive Statistics
The descriptive test to be done in this assignment will be based
on the statistics gender to give the frequency account, mean,
standard deviation, minimum and maximum. In addition to this,
the bar graph containing the gender and the sugar axis will be
created.
The data to be used for the assignment is that of the group of

patients that were diagnosed with diabetes. During the
diagnosis, the blood sugar of each individual was recorded as
shown below.
Men
74
71
75
248
388
505
42
21
Female
62
68
61
71
68
80
390
148
Frequency Count is the measure of the number of times that the
event occurs (Narkhede, 2018). From the data provided, the
frequency count is 8 for both males and females.
Mean is referred to as the average of the data provided. It is
used to derive the central tendency. The mean of our data is
182.50 for males and 118.50 for females.
Standard deviation is the measure of how the data spread. Its
major use is the comparison of the data which is characterized
by the same mean but the different range (Donges 2018). The
standard deviation of our data is 184.438 for males and 113.339
for females.
The minimum is the greatest element of the sample. Our
minimum is 21 in men and 61 in the female.
Maximum is the largest element of the sample. The maximum is

505 in men and 390 in the female.
From table 2, the frequency distribution of the male variable is
1. This shows that each value of the variable only appeared
once.
Unlike table 1, table 3 which has the frequency of the female
blood sugar has a frequency of 1 in all the values except 68
which has the frequency of 2.
Appendix
Table 1 the means and the standard deviation
Report
male
female
Mean
182.50
118.50
N
8
8
Std. Deviation
184.438
113.339
Graphing and Descriptive Stats in SPSS

References
Donges, N. (2018). Intro to Descriptive Statistics. Retrieved
from: https://towardsdatascience.com/intro-to-descriptive-
statistics-252e9c464ac9
Narkhede, S. (2018). Understanding Descriptive Statistics.
Retrieved from: https://towardsdatascience.com/understanding-
descriptive-statistics-c9c2b0641291?gi=8b370314b330
practice mentor.
QUALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY-PART TWO 2
2
QUALITY AND SAFETY PART 2
Quality and Safety Part 2

Introduction
Patient safety is the essential foundation of delivering high-
quality health care. It is viewed as the underlying umbrella of
patient safety. According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM),
patient safety is indistinguishable from delivering high quality
health care. The organization defined it as “the degree to which
health services for individuals and populations increase the
likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with
current professional knowledge.” Prevention of harm in its
practices have mostly defined by negative outcomes of care that
include mortality and morbidity (Mitchell, 2008). This project
discusses the role of quality and/or safety in nursing science
with emphasis on quality and/or safety measures and description
of their relationship and role in present-day nursing science and
how it applies quality or safety measures in nursing science. In
addition, it provided the components required to analyze a
health care program’s outcome (GCU, 2020).
Defining Quality and Safety Measures
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), quality in
nursing refers to “the extent to which health care services
provided to individuals and patient populations improve desired
health outcomes” (Salyers et al., 2017). For this to be achieved,
nursing practice must be people-centered, equitable, efficient,
timely effective and safe. While there are numerous ways of
developing, assessing and assuring quality, the concept of
quality in nursing care is difficult to measure. In the healthcare

setting, there are promises of providing quality care by nurses
and desired by patients. Quality care has significant impact on
patient experience and satisfaction. As the nursing environment
becomes more complex, organization leaders must understand
the role of quality in healthcare.
Regarding safety, it is yet an important component of high-
quality healthcare. You cannot talk about quality healthcare
without talking about safety. Multiple studies show that many
patients are harmed in healthcare facilities, which increases
their length of hospital stay or resulting in permanent injuries.
In severe cases lack of safety in healthcare results in death.
Studies show that this harm is not intentional, but as a result of
the multifaceted and complex nursing environment with the
outcome of a patient depending on a wide range of factors.
Multiple strategies have however been developed to improve
safety in healthcare.
Quality plays an important role in nursing practice. Healthcare
organizations must provide quality healthcare services to meet
the needs of their patients and the community in general. This
not only improves the outcome of patients but also increases
nurse satisfaction resulting in improved performance. Quality
ensures that healthcare organizations provide patient centered
services that take into consideration people’s aspirations and
preferences as well as the culture of their community. It also
ensures all patients receive equitable services regardless of their
personal characteristics such as socioeconomic status,
geographical location, ethnicity, race, or gender.
Quality in nursing also ensures that patients receive healthcare
on time and without delays. Once patients are admitted in the
healthcare system, they need to receive care as soon as possible.
It also ensures efficiency in the healthcare system. This implies
that healthcare is delivered in a manner that avoids wastage and
maximizes all resources available. Quality ensures there is
safety in delivering healthcare services to patients. This
involves delivering car that harm and risk to patients including
reducing medical errors and avoiding preventable injuries.

Providing quality care is therefore a critical part of
strengthening health systems (Graban, 2018).
The roles of safety measures in nursing practice is to ensure
reduce the likelihood of mistakes and limit harm though
planning that promotes effective communication. Nurse
practitioners, support staff and patients share a common goal; to
achieve the best health outcome possible. Safety in healthcare
promotes the well-being of the general community. Nurse
practitioners and healthcare managers must understand their
role in patient safety. Administrators must train all employees
about safety in the healthcare setting and updater the regularly
on any changes in policy. All employees in healthcare setting
must adhere to the safety procedures developed by the
organization.
Contemporary Example
There are various ways in which healthcare organizations apply
quality and safety measures in the healthcare system. One way
of ensuring safety quality and safety measures is by
communicating safety among patients. Patients have historically
played a passive role in their recovery process. Patients placed
significant trust on healthcare providers and unquestioningly
followed treatment plans. However, today healthcare
organizations emphasize on educating patients to help reduce
medical errors. Once patients are admitted in the healthcare
system, they receive specific information concerning their
safety. Patients are encouraged to ask questions where they
don’t understand to help prevent common healthcare errors that
could lead to undesirable outcomes (Vincent & Staines, 2019).
At the present, patients take part in their recovery planning.
They have increasingly become more involved in the treatment
progress. Therefore, they receive safer treatment as educated
consumers because health advocates and care providers have
helped them to develop the ability to notice potential problems
and ask relevant questions. Even after leaving healthcare
organizations, patients are able to monitor their situation and
determine when something goes wrong. As a result, more

patients are receiving quality treatment increasing their
outcomes. Patient education has proved to be an effective
approach in reducing medical errors that have historically
dominated the healthcare systems around the world (Modi et al.,
(2019).
Contemporary nursing practice has become more patient
centered. Whenever people talk about service quality, patient
centered care is always mentioned. Initially the philosophy was
considered to undermine the efforts of evidence-based practice.
However, health advocates now consider patient centered care
as an important framework for fostering desired wellness
outcomes. It allows nurse practitioners to incorporate evidence-
based practice in providing care to patients. Patients feel more
secure and trust the process, and they are fully aware of what to
expect. This awareness makes it easy for healthcare providers to
avoid making mistakes when dealing with patients. This also
eliminated illegal activities I the healthcare systems as
information is readily available.
Quality and Components Needed to Analyze a Health Care
Program's Outcomes
There are numerous components that can be used to analyze the
outcomes of a particular healthcare program. One of these
components is effectiveness. This involves providing healthcare
services based on evidence-based guidelines and scientific
knowledge. This helps to analyze patient outcomes by
determining whether recommended hospital care is utilized for
specific medical conditions such as prevention of surgical
infection, heart attack and pneumonia care. Timeliness is
another component needed to analyze the outcomes of
healthcare programs. Patients need to receive medical care
without any delays. In this quality measure, the patient reports
on the timeliness of care and services they received in a
particular healthcare facility (Brown, Dickinson & Kelaher,
2018).
Patient centeredness is another measure that is used to analyze
the outcomes of health care programs. This component involves

taking care of patients while considering their preferences. It
can be measured through reviewing patient reports of services
offered by an organization. It can also be analyzed by
determining whether a healthcare organization provided care
instructions after a patient has been discharged from hospital. In
patient centered care, people are given instructions on how to
care themselves at home. Failure to give these instructions
shows that the healthcare facility or hospital does not offer
patient centered care (Allen et al., 2016).
Another component that can be used to analyze the outcomes of
a particular healthcare program is efficiency. This component
involves providing services and care that minimizes wastage
and maximizes the available resources. This component can be
analyzed by utilization of hospital procedures and services as
measured by the average hospital stay or hospital discharge
rate. A low rate of discharge from the hospital shows lack of
efficiency in delivering healthcare services to patients. In the
same way, a high rate of hospital discharge is an indicator of an
effective healthcare system. Either way, an efficient healthcare
program must ensure patients receive quality healthcare services
(Lamé & Dixon-Woods, 2018).
Equity is also an important component in analyzing outcomes of
healthcare programs. This involves determining whether
patients receive equitable services regardless of their personal
characteristics such as socioeconomic status, geographical
location, ethnicity, race, or gender. Hospitals can provide
equitable services by ensuring they have equal number of beds
for both genders and ensuring there is no discrimination in the
healthcare setting. Electronic medical records can be used to
determine the services provided for every patient who visited a
particular hospital. Nurse to patient ration can also provide
critical information for the analysis of outcomes of healthcare
programs.
Conclusion
Patient safety remains the cornerstone in the provision of high-
quality health care. Health care professionals, especially nurses

are extremely important to the care, control, supervision and
coordination that will help in reducing negative or adverse
outcomes. The numerous government healthcare organizations
in collaboration with healthcare professionals must continue to
work on evaluating the impact of nursing care on positive
quality indicators that include appropriate self-care and other
measures of improved health status (Mitchell, 2008).
Analysis and Application
Description of the Healthcare Entity
Healthcare institutions exist in many varied forms depending on
their origin, core values, goals, mission, and vision (Rajfur &
Hys, 2018). Hospitals are part of the different types of
healthcare institutions. A hospital is an institution established
to offer health care services to society. As such, hospitals are
equipped with advanced tools to be used by trained health
practitioners who provided service delivery to the surrounding
communities. The healthcare entity to be considered in this
analysis is a mission hospital called AIM Healthcare Center.
AIM healthcare center was started over ten years ago by a group
of Christian missionaries. The cost of accessing healthcare
services is very high thus poor people can barely access the best
quality care. The founders identified a need to have a hospital
facility that will provide healthcare services to the less
privileged people in society. Furthermore, most of the poor
people do not have healthcare insurance coverage and thus are
unable to access quality healthcare services.
AIM healthcare center specializes in pediatric healthcare care
services as well as treating teenagers aged 18 years and below.
The founders of the mission hospital identified that young
children and teenagers from less privileged communities do not
have access to reliable healthcare services. Most of the patients
served by the AIM healthcare center are from the African-
American and Hispanic communities. Most of the financial
resources utilized to run the facility come from donations made
by individuals and various independent NGOs. The Methodist
church is also a major contributor to the Hospital's operations.

Several insurance companies also support AIM's initiatives to
provide affordable healthcare services by offering healthcare
covers at subsidized prices, exclusively to the less privileged
communities.
The entity under consideration has a workforce that comprises
120 medical doctors, 300 nurse practitioners, and 200 support
staff. Some employees at the hospital are members of the AIM
missionaries’ group who have specialized in medical studies.
AIM healthcare center is accredited by the Liaison Committee
on Graduate Medical Education as an affiliate of the
Association of Children's Hospitals. The institution is now
ranked among the best mission hospitals that offer outstanding
healthcare services to children and teenagers. Such recognition
has attracted more partners and philanthropists who support the
hospital to offer a better quality of healthcare to its patients. It
is essential to focus on providing healthcare services to the
younger generations because they are still undergoing growth
and development. Conditions that fail to be treated or managed
from early ages can be fatal in future years (Ruggles, et.al.,
2019).
Entity Success and Failure due to Quality Outcomes
The success of the AIM healthcare center over the years can be
attributed to the high level of commitment to its patient's safety.
Quality outcomes and patient safety measures are meant to
promote the effectiveness of healthcare services offered. Patient
Safety policy refers to all strategies put in place to prevent any
harm to the patients served at the facility. Quality healthcare
policy refers to the strategies put in place to ensure that all
patients receive the best healthcare services (Brown et.al.,
2018). AIM healthcare center promotes patients' safety and the
quality of healthcare services by upholding several operational
principles. The healthcare entity ensures that the patients are
offered the right medication, the right dosage, and through the
right procedures. The institution has adopted modern
technology, including nursing informatics systems, that
promotes the entire process of healthcare service delivery.

IMPACTS OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION ERROR 1.docx

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