H o t e l C o l l e g e P r o f e s s i o n a l P a p e r W r i t i n g R u b r i c s : B y P a r t 4" P a r t 3 : P r o f e s s i o n a l P a p e r S u m m a r y a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s R u b r i c Objective: To describe and analyze the literature review focusing on application and implications to the research question and making recommendations for the reader or solution to the research question. Written in present tense. Components Novice Proficient – Acceptable Draft Advance – Acceptable Final Paper Introduction Identify and restate the business problem (Do not repeat the same introduction for other parts – make it fresh.) and Preview the contents of the part Briefly explain what your solution or deliverable will include. and Uses all of the titles of subsections in the part as signposts for the reader to know what is coming. Summary of findings from the Literature Review Results are described but are confusing and somewhat vague. Results are present and connected to original business problem but organization is awkward. Results are described clearly and are organized. Results illustrate whether or not original research question is supported. Interpret Your Findings Interpret how you made sense of the findings. Outcomes are logically and systematically summarized and interpreted in relation to their importance to the research questions. and Intelligent interpretation, using layman approach to explaining contextualized data – so that anyone can understand findings and their value to the field. Include inconsistent findings and discuss possible alternative interpretations and Articulates how author’s insider/outsider impacted the findings and interpretations. Articulates insights gained from study providing glimpses into the limitations of study in reference to data and analysis Place Your Findings in Context References made to past literature but no consideration is given to how the results converge with or contradict the past findings. References made to academic and trade literature and consideration to results is given. Results of the literature review are compared and explain how it informs the problem statement. Consideration is given to whether the results converge with, clarify, or contradict each other and a rationale is included. Consider Implications/ Applications An explanation is given regarding past and future research but little or no reflection is given to how study attributes to existing literature. An explanation is provided although not thoroughly. Reflection is present but seemingly vague—lacks specificity. An organized and thoughtful explanation is given for what the project adds to previous research and guides further investigation. A reflection on how this research may contribute to existing literature is included. Limitations Refers to the study’s shortcomings but to a limited extent – only ...

1. H o t e l C o l l e g e P r o f e s s i o n a l P a p e r W r i t i n
g R u b r i c s : B y P a r t
4"
P a r t 3 : P r o f e s s i o n a l P a p e r S u m m a r y a n d
R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s R u b r i c
Objective: To describe and analyze the literature review
focusing on application and implications to the research
question and making recommendations for
the reader or solution to the research question. Written in
present tense.
Components Novice Proficient – Acceptable Draft Advance –
Acceptable Final Paper
Introduction Identify and restate the business problem
(Do not repeat the same introduction for
other parts – make it fresh.)
and Preview the contents of the part
Briefly explain what your solution or
deliverable will include.
and Uses all of the titles of subsections in
the part as signposts for the reader to know
what is coming.
Summary of
findings from the
Literature Review

2. Results are described but are confusing
and somewhat vague.
Results are present and connected to original
business problem but organization is awkward.
Results are described clearly and are organized. Results
illustrate whether or not original research question is
supported.
Interpret Your
Findings
Interpret how you made sense of the
findings.
Outcomes are logically and systematically
summarized and interpreted in relation to
their importance to the research
questions.
and Intelligent interpretation, using layman
approach to explaining contextualized data –
so that anyone can understand findings and
their value to the field.
Include inconsistent findings and discuss
possible alternative interpretations
and Articulates how author’s insider/outsider impacted
the findings and interpretations. Articulates insights
gained from study providing glimpses into the limitations
of study in reference to data and analysis
Place Your
Findings in Context

3. References made to past literature but no
consideration is given to how the results
converge with or contradict the past
findings.
References made to academic and trade
literature and consideration to results is given.
Results of the literature review are compared and
explain how it informs the problem statement.
Consideration is given to whether the results converge
with, clarify, or contradict each other and a rationale is
included.
Consider
Implications/
Applications
An explanation is given regarding past
and future research but little or no
reflection is given to how study attributes
to existing literature.
An explanation is provided although not
thoroughly. Reflection is present but seemingly
vague—lacks specificity.
An organized and thoughtful explanation is given for
what the project adds to previous research and guides
further investigation. A reflection on how this research
may contribute to existing literature is included.
Limitations Refers to the study’s shortcomings but to
a limited extent – only certain aspects are
addressed.

4. Addresses most (but not all) the study’s
shortcomings. Variables have been considered
as alternative explanations but have not been
completely identified and/or analyzed.
Reflects on the limitations and shortcomings of the
problem statement, the approach to the literature
review, and the availability of viable and useful
information and suggests how the literature/research
might be extended in the future
H o t e l C o l l e g e P r o f e s s i o n a l P a p e r W r i t i n
g R u b r i c s : B y P a r t
5"
Components Novice Proficient – Acceptable Draft Advance –
Acceptable Final Paper
Recommendations
and Comment on
Future Directions
The need for future research is included
yet the discussion is vague and does not
address other fields of research.
Recommendations are made and consideration
is given to how this professional paper might
be extended. However, there is little to no
discussion of the potential use of the study.
Recommendations for using this professional paper in this

5. study are considered and examples of potential uses are
given. Consideration is given to how this study might be
continued in the future.
Conclusion Have a basic conclusion to the part and
Professional Paper
Re-articulates research question
Summarize key concepts in part Provides a profound ending,
make it engaging and
meaningful to the reader
!
Rubic_Print_FormatCourse CodeClass CodeAssignment
TitleTotal PointsNRS-451VNNRS-451VN-O502Benchmark -
Effective Approaches in Leadership and
Management150.0CriteriaPercentageUnsatisfactory (0.00%)Less
Than Satisfactory (75.00%)Satisfactory (79.00%)Good
(89.00%)Excellent (100.00%)CommentsPoints
EarnedContent80.0%Selected Issue, Setting, and Impact on
Patient Safety15.0%The issue described does not meet the
assignment criteria. The description of the issue and its impact
to quality of care and patient safety is omitted.A partial
summary of the issue is presented. How it impacts quality of
care and patient safety is unclear. There are omissions of key
information.A general description of the issue is presented. A
summary of how it impacts quality of care and patient safety is
presented; more information is needed. There are some
inaccuracies.A description of the issue is presented. How the
issue impacts quality of care and patient safety is presented.
Some detail is needed for clarity or accuracy.A clear description
of the issue is presented. How the issue impacts quality of care
and patient safety is detailed and accurate.Professional
Standards of Practice to Rectify Issue or Maintain Professional

6. Conduct (D3.4)15.0%How professional standards of practice
should be demonstrated in this situation to help rectify the issue
or maintain professional conduct is not discussed.A summary of
how professional standards of practice should be demonstrated
in this situation to help rectify the issue or maintain
professional conduct is presented. The summary is incomplete.
More information is needed. There are significant
inaccuracies.A general discussion of how professional standards
of practice should be demonstrated in this situation to help
rectify the issue or maintain professional conduct is presented.
There are some gaps in the discussion; some information is
needed. There are minor inaccuracies. Rationale is needed for
support.A discussion of how professional standards of practice
should be demonstrated in this situation to help rectify the issue
or maintain professional conduct is presented. Minor detail is
needed for clarity or accuracy. Rationale provides adequate
support.A through discussion of how professional standards of
practice should be demonstrated in this situation to help rectify
the issue or maintain professional conduct is presented. An
understanding of the importance of professional standards of
practice in resolving issues and maintaining professional
conduct is demonstrated. Strong rationale supports
discussion.Differing Roles and Approaches of Nursing Leaders
and Nursing Managers (C1.3)15.0%Explanation of the differing
roles and approaches for nursing leaders and nursing managers
is omitted.A partial explanation of the differing roles and
approaches for nursing leaders and nursing managers is
presented. It is unclear how the roles and approaches relate to
the selected issue, or how they would promote patient safety
and quality care. Rationale using theories, principles, skills, and
nursing manger or nursing leader roles is not used.A general
explanation of the differing roles and approaches for nursing
leaders and nursing managers is presented. A general summary
of how the roles and approaches relate to the selected issue, and
how they would promote patient safety and quality care, is
provided. Some rationale using theories, principles, skills, and

7. nursing manger or nursing leader roles is used.An explanation
of the differing roles and approaches for nursing leaders and
nursing managers is presented. An explanation of how the roles
and approaches relate to the selected issue, and how they would
promote patient safety and quality care, is provided. Rationale
using theories, principles, skills, and nursing manger or nursing
leader roles is used. Some detail is needed for accuracy or
clarity. More rationale is needed in some areas. The explanation
demonstrates a general understanding of the of nursing
leadership and management roles in the promotion of patient
safety and quality care.A detailed explanation of the differing
roles and approaches for nursing leaders and nursing managers
is presented. A well-developed explanation of how the roles and
approaches relate to the selected issue, and how they would
promote patient safety and quality care, is provided. Rationale
using theories, principles, skills, and nursing manger or nursing
leader roles is used. The explanation demonstrates insight into
exercising the roles of professional nursing leadership and
management in the promotion of patient safety and quality
care.Ensuring Professionalism Through Diverse Health Care
Settings (C1.1)20.0%Discussion on what additional aspects
mangers and leaders would need to initiate to ensure
professionalism throughout diverse health care settings while
addressing the selected issue is omitted. The discussion fails to
meet the assignment criteria.A partial summary on what
additional aspects mangers and leaders would need to initiate to
ensure professionalism throughout diverse health care settings
while addressing the selected issue is presented. The summary
contains significant omissions. There are inaccuracies.A general
discussion on what additional aspects mangers and leaders
would need to initiate to ensure professionalism throughout
diverse health care settings while addressing the selected issue
is presented. It is unclear how some of the aspects continue to
address the selected issue, or the aspects do not appear to relate
to a diverse health care setting.A discussion on what additional
aspects mangers and leaders would need to initiate to ensure

8. professionalism throughout diverse health care settings while
addressing the selected issue is presented. Overall, the aspects
presented address the selected issue and relate to a diverse
health care setting. The items proposed in the discussion
generally support professionalism in diverse health care
settings.A detailed discussion on what additional aspects
mangers and leaders would need to initiate to ensure
professionalism throughout diverse health care settings while
addressing the selected issue is presented. The aspects presented
clearly continue to address the selected issue and relate to a
diverse health care setting. The items proposed in the discussion
support the exemplification of professionalism in diverse health
care settings.Leadership Style to Address Issue15.0%A
leadership style to address the chosen issue is omitted. The
proposed item is not a leadership style.A leadership style to
address the chosen issue is partially summarized. The
characteristics of the leadership style are vaguely presented. It
is unclear why this style could be successful in this setting.The
characteristics of the identified leadership style are described.
A general explanation of why this style could be successful in
this setting is presented. There are some gaps in the
explanation. More information or rationale is needed.The
characteristics of the identified leadership style are described.
An explanation of why this style could be successful in this
setting is presented. Some rationale is needed for support.The
characteristics of the identified leadership style are clearly
described. A detailed explanation of why this style could be
successful in this setting is presented. Strong rationale is
provided for support.Organization, Effectiveness, and
Format20.0%Thesis Development and Purpose5.0%Paper lacks
any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.Thesis is
insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear.Thesis is
apparent and appropriate to purpose.Thesis is clear and
forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive
and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the
purpose.Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the

9. paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper
clear.Argument Logic and Construction5.0%Statement of
purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does
not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses
noncredible sources.Sufficient justification of claims is lacking.
Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the
logic. Some sources have questionable credibility.Argument is
orderly but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument
presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically,
but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are
credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the
thesis.Argument shows logical progression. Techniques of
argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of
claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are
authoritative.Clear and convincing argument presents a
persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All
sources are authoritative.Mechanics of Writing (includes
spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)5.0%Surface
errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of
meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is
used.Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the
reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word
choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not
varied.Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are
not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence
structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.Prose
is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be
present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence
structures and figures of speech.Writer is clearly in command of
standard, written, academic English.Paper Format (use of
appropriate style for the major and assignment)2.0%Template is
not used appropriately, or documentation format is rarely
followed correctly.Appropriate template is used, but some
elements are missing or mistaken. A lack of control with
formatting is apparent.Appropriate template is used. Formatting
is correct, although some minor errors may be

10. present.Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually
no errors in formatting style.All format elements are
correct.Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes,
references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and
style)3.0%Sources are not documented.Documentation of
sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to
assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.Sources
are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style,
although some formatting errors may be present.Sources are
documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format
is mostly correct.Sources are completely and correctly
documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format
is free of error.Total Weightage100%
THE RISING JAPANESE GAMING INDUSTRY
COMPARES TO MACAU
AND SINGAPORE
By

11. PART ONE
Introduction
The gaming market around is expanding more rapidly than ever.
There are several established and famous gambling facilities in
Asia, such as Singapore and Macau. Other countries are now
starting to legalize casino, hoping to bring in more profits.
Meanwhile, online gaming options such as fantasy football are
also becoming popular among millennial gamblers.
Japan has enacted statutes in July 2018 legalizing integrated
resorts in Japan. Under this statute, gaming activities conducted
by licensed casino business operators in the land-based form
within IRs are now legalized in Japan (ICLG, 2019). The
integrated resorts law allows up to three casino business
licenses for the purpose of develop casino resorts in Japan
(Japan Times, 2018). Furthermore, the Japanese government has
made it its goal to achieve its target of 40 million oversea
tourists by 2020, when the Tokyo Olympics will be held to
stimulate economic growth. According to the statistics, the
government’s goal of reaching 40 million overseas visitors in
2020 is in steady progress. 31.2 million people visited Japan in
2018, which was an 8.7% rise from 2017 and a new record
figure recorded since 1964 (nippon.com, 2019).
In this paper, we will first compare the budding casino
industries in japan with their counterparts in Singapore and
Macau from various perspectives, such as political and
government, economic environments, targeted clientele and
potential growth. Then, we will examine the uniqueness of the
Japanese casino market and study the reason behind the success
of Macau and Singapore. Moreover, we will also analyze the
comparative and competitive advantages of the Japanese market
and find different ways to differentiate Japanese market from
others to attract more future gamblers.
The world’s major gaming industry operators, such as MGM

12. Resorts International, Wynn Resorts, Caesars Entertainment,
and Galaxy Entertainment, have gathered professional teams to
present their proposals for a casino license in Japan. Thus, this
paper will also evaluate the advantage and disadvantage of these
different major operators going into the Japanese market.
Purpose
As the third biggest economy in the world, Japan has huge
growth potential for the gaming industry. The focus of this
paper is to compare the Japanese gaming industry with Macau
and Singapore and to address other factors that can help Japan
find its unique way to be successful in future gaming industry
development.
Justification
With the appearance of Japanese casinos in the gaming
industry, other gaming properties, especially in Asia, are eager
to learn more about Japan and how they can compete with the
new Japanese market. Researches have been done on the general
gaming industry and the history of it, but a few of the
researches categorized Japan, Macau and Singapore as the
examples of the Asian gaming industry and compared one
another from the point of history, economy, politic and culture.
This paper will focus more on these three markets and conclude
the strengths and weaknesses of the rising Japanese industry.
Statement of Problem
After the enactment of a law in July 2018 legalizing casino
gambling in Japan, many giant resort operators, such as Wynn
Resorts Ltd. and MGM Resorts International, have started
competing to bid to win the casino business license to enter the
Japanese market and operate around mid- 2020s.
Although there is a high expectation for a significant economic
boost, there are also a lot of people with legitimate concerns
about gambling addiction and negative social impacts. When the
government made the decision to approve IR statute and made
casino legal in Japan, what is the true intention behind it? Was
the decision made for political and personal preference or
genuinely for the good of the country? Because this decision

13. will have a significant impact on the Japanese economy,
population, future growth, and political position. Therefore, the
true intention to legalize IR and open casino need to be assessed
to ensure the decision was indeed good for Japan’s long-term
goal achievement.
Limitations
Legalizing gaming in Japan is still an ongoing process, many
decision are still yet to be made regarding this topic. The result
is unpredictable due to the nature of this topic.
Also, only Macau and Singapore are being compared to Japan
for the gaming industry, it does not comprehensively represent
the entire industry with other markets around the world.
Delimitations
This paper is mainly based on resources and researches written
in English, eliminating many potential resources in Japanese
and Chinese languages.
PART TWO
Literature Review
I. Definitions
According to the gambling commission official website (2019),
gambling is defined as betting, gaming or participating in a
lottery, which help distinguish between activities which need to
be licensed and other activities which do not. Moreover, in
Gambling Act 2005, different gambling activities were
categorized into six sectors. The sectors include arcades (those
for adults and those for families), betting (online, at an event or
in a high street bookmakers), bingo (online or in a bingo hall),
casino (online or in a casino), lotteries (online, raffles,

14. tombolas, sweepstakes and etc) and the gaming machines (fruit
machines, fixed odds betting terminals and etc) ”. (Gambling
commission, 2019).
Specifically, the casino has been defined by the Merriam-
webster dictionary (2019) as a building or room used for social
amusements, specifically referring to one used for gambling). In
academia, many scholars like Wu (2002) believe that translating
casino as tourist casino is more appropriate because the
structure of casino and entertainment facilities is included in
the casino. According to Wu (2002), the casinos do not only
have gambling machines and gambling activities, but also
provide tourism activities, especially as the operating concept
for today’s casino is not limited to only indoor locations.
Thus, the gambling industry has existed in Japan and many
other countries that forbidden commercial casinos for many
years. Even though the Japan government did not legalize the
commercial casinos until 2018, some sectors like betting and
lotteries are acknowledged in Japan, which will be also
discussed latter in this chapter.
As the relationship between casinos and the gambling industry
is clarified, this chapter will deepen the understanding of
casinos in the following parts. Firstly, the paper will investigate
and summarize the history of commercial casinos. Secondly, the
paper will analyze the previous studies that have discussed and
examined the advantages and disadvantages of the commercial
casino industry. As the casino industry is a new item for Japan,
the paper will then review Macao and Singapore’s casino
industry and relevant history. Finally, with the prior knowledge,
the last part of chapter two will zero on Japan by examining
gaming industry and the legislative attempts to implement a
lottery in Japan.
II. History of Casino Industry
According to the gambling official website (2019), the studies
on the gambling history greatly overlaps the history of human
being. The history of humanity is inextricably linked with the
history of gambling. It seems that no matter how far back in

15. time you go there are great amount of signs showing that
“where groups of people gathered together gambling was sure to
have been taking place.” Considering that the origin of
humanity is still uncertain, the precise origin of gambling is
thus unknown as well.
If changing the perspective from the time to the width, the
answer will also be ambiguous. The reason is that gambling in
some form or another has been seen in almost every society in
history. From the Ancient Greeks and Romans to Asian China,
the history is similarly filled with stories of entertainment based
on games of chance. In China, the earliest evidence of gambling
was found in the Chinese ‘Book of Songs’. The book makes
reference to “the drawing of wood” which suggests that the tiles
may have formed part of a lottery type game. Hence, researchers
have evidence in the form of keno slips which were used in
about 200bc as some sort of lottery to fund state works –
possibly including construction of the Great Wall of China.
(Gambling.net, 2019).
In spite of the separate evidences for gambling, the official
gambling activities that nowadays symbolize a “casino” began
during the Middle Ages in Italy (Clotfelter & Cook, 1989). This
earliest game that still played in the casinos today is the two-
player card game of Baccarat, a version of which was first
mentioned as long ago as the 1400s when it migrated from Italy
to France. Although casinos added many other games and
gambling machines with its development, the game of Baccarat
is still a feature of just about every casino due to its popularity
with high rolling gamblers. (Gambling.net, 2019).
With the appearances of the famous games in casino, the
earliest gambling houses which could reasonably be compared
to casinos started to appear in the early 17th century in Italy.
According to Bjorn (2014), this first known European gambling
house, not called a casino although meeting the modern
definition, was the “Ridotto”, established in Venice, Italy, in
1638 by the Great Council of Venice.
Though the casinos appeared in 17th centuries, the rapid spread

16. of casinos was not in 17th century but in 19th century. While
Casinos started to spring up all over continental Europe, in the
US much more informal gambling houses were in vogue as
prosperous farmers and traders used the steamboats up and
down the Mississippi (which provided the venue for a lot of
informal gambling stateside). In many western countries, early
gambling establishments were known as saloons. According to
Bjorn (2014), the reason is that only when in the saloon
travelers could find people to talk to, drink with, and often
gamble with. Regarding the convenience of the Mississippi in
the historical background, it is thus comprehensible why casinos
or saloons could develop so quickly in the United States.
Opposite to its great development, the commercial casinos were
not legalized in many countries until the Americans legalized it
in 1931. (Bjorn, 2014). The attitude of Americans has not
always been positive towards the casinos. Dating back to when
the very first European settlers arrived, the relationship with
gambling was fine as the England can tolerate it at that time.
Later in 1910, public pressure led to a nationwide prohibition
on gambling, and proved difficulties to enforce, so gambling
continued only in an only slightly discreet manner. The
situation kept for twenty years until the Wall Street Crash and
the Great Depression in the early 1930s. According to the
gambling official website (gambling.net, 2019), the pressure led
to gambling being legalized again, as for many this was the only
prospect of alleviating the grinding poverty which they suffered
through.
Despite that American’s legalization of commercial casinos, the
casino industry is faced with many arguments. Many studies
have been conducted regarding the advantages and
disadvantages of commercial casinos. Based on the findings and
suggestions in the literature, different governments have
decided to legalize or ban the casino industry in their countries.
Therefore, in the next part, the paper will critically analyze the
previous findings, and then provide supplementary information
that focus on the casinos in Asian countries such as Singapore

17. and China.
III. The Pros and Cons of Casino industries in the literature
In the literature, many researchers have conducted research on
the influences of the gaming industry from different
perspectives. In this part, the paper will present the previous
studies and results that devote to answer the question whether it
is beneficial to legalize the casino in a country. Toward the
question, the researchers have found both positive and negative
impacts, which lead to the division of the supporters and the
opponents.
Thus, this part will analyze and synthesize the results of the
previous research in terms of the positive impacts and the
negative impacts. Although the research includes the impacts in
many areas, this part of literature review will focus on the areas
that most research studied in.
A. The Positive Side
1. Economics
Among the positive impacts, the great income and the related
development brought by the casino industry is one of the most
important reasons for the legalization of this controversial
industry. Particularly, while tribal gaming is available in more
areas, the corporate casino gaming has traditionally been
perceived as a more appropriate tool for fostering general
economic development through increased employment and tax
revenue. (Garrett, 2004).
Aiming at examining the great influence believed by the
government, in the literature, many studies have proved the
significant impacts of the casino industry on the local
economics, including Eadington (1999) and the Federal Reserve
(2003). Among the great amount of studies, there are three
perspectives for the researchers to investigate.
Firstly, some authors have studied the relationships among
casinos, other gambling industries, and tax revenues. For
example, Anderson (2005), Anders, Siegel, and Yacoub (1998)
similarly found that the tax revenues showed a significant
increase since the casinos became legal and settled in the area.

18. Similarly, the papers of Elliott and Navin (2002), Fink and Rork
(2003) and Kearney (2005) proved the strong correlation
between the casino industry and local tax revenues. Moreover,
according to Central Intelligence Agency (2008), casino
industries generate millions of dollars for a country’s budget.
For example, the gaming revenues reached a record high of
US$10.33 billion in 2006, far exceeding the US$6.6 billion
made on the Las Vegas strip.
Secondly, several researchers examined the degree to which
casinos can influence the local job employment. For example,
Lee & Kwon (1997) used the data from the Korean government
and found that casinos have a higher propensity for generating
income and employment han do sectors of the export industry,
such as the passenger, car, TV, semiconductor, and textile and
leather sectors.
Thirdly, there are some studies that superficially examine
economic growth. One original peer-reviewed paper that does
address the economic growth issue is Walker and Jackson
(1998). Using a panel of quarterly data from 1991–1996, we
found that casino gambling Granger-causes state per capita
income. Another example is Arthur Anderson (1996), which is a
consulting project for the American Gaming Association. This
study describes the number of employees in the casino industry,
average wages paid to employees, taxes paid to states, and so
forth, but does not examine the economic growth effects of the
industry. Other studies by the American Gaming Association
provide similar descriptive analyses. Grinols’s (2004) analysis
is detailed, but it provides no empirical evidence and has an
arguably biased perspective on the economic effects of casinos.
2. Tourism
In addition to the economics, the tourism is also a field that is
greatly influenced by the casino industry. (Lee, 1996). In the
academia, researches have been done from the following two
perspectives.
On one hand, the studies investigate the impact from the
perspective of tourists. Firstly, they studied tourists who visit

19. the destination only for the gaming industry. According to
Eadington (1998), with the quantitative data and statistical
analysis, it is identified that the form of legal gambling that is
most associated with tourism is casino gaming. Other popular
forms of gambling—such as lotteries, wagering on racing,
charitable gambling, and non-casino located gaming devices—
cater predominantly to local markets and therefore have little
direct impact on tourism or tourism development. (Eadington,
1998). Secondly, they analyzed those who would visit the
famous casino destinations only for touring instead of gambling.
According to Eadington (1998), famous historic casino
centers—such as Las Vegas, Monte Carlo, Sun City and
Macao— have attracted visitors from neighboring or distant
states or countries as their main source of business. Indeed, Las
Vegas—which in 1997 attracted over 30 million visitors per
year to its 105,000 hotel rooms and myriad casino and
entertainment facilities—had become an ideal tourism
destination resort, centered around casinos.
On the other hand, some research shows that tourism activity
can stimulate investment or increase job opportunities but also
give local sciences, environment or society different impacts
because of the development and large amounts of tourists. For
example, a comparative framework involving pre- and post-
opening assessments is adopted to analyze the impact of the
introduction of the Christchurch and Auckland casinos on
tourism in New Zealand. (Pearce, 1999). In addition to
analyzing the patterns of tourist demand consideration is also
given to other ways in which the casinos impact on the country's
tourist industry. These broader impacts include destination
enhancement, promotion, competition and greater
professionalism. The study concludes that the introduction of
the casinos has contributed to the objective of promoting
tourism but that these impacts, while beneficial, have been
relatively modest and should not be overstated. (Pearce, 1999).
In short, as the casinos provides gambling and tourism
activities, the possible influences should be considered.

20. B. Negative Impacts
1.Economics
Although many studies suggested the economic development
and the increased income resulted from casinos, given the
complexity of measuring the economic impacts of casinos, there
is also a significant amount of research that suggests that
casinos do not create the type of economic surplus that gaming
companies propose. For example, Turner and IaIomiteanu
(1999), reported that people spent less money at other
entertainment venues because of the opening of some casinos.
Some studies even find that there is no improvement or no
impact on recreation options (Long, 1996).
In terms of the tax revenue, some scholars argue that the overall
state revenues decrease when the gaming revenues increase. In
their study regarding the correlation of gaming and recreational
taxes, Siegel and Anderson (1999) found that a 10% increase in
gambling tax revenue led to a 4% decline in tax revenue from
other amusement and recreation sources. More specifically, the
study of Popp and Stehwien (2002) found that the introduction
of the first Indian casino decreased county tax revenue by 1%,
while introduction of the second casino decreased county tax
revenue by 6%. However, in these studies, there is no other
consistent negative effect found on other types of tax revenues.
Moreover, the situation of the local business and other
industries did not get much attention from the supporters of the
casinos. Goodman (1994) suggest that the expansion of casinos
will increase the cost of production for local industries and
make them more vulnerable. Local enterprises struggle to
compete and may be “cannibalized” or even driven out from the
economy as the casinos provide the customers with 24-hour
services. According to Benton (2015),local customers may also
patronize the casino's facilities, which will decrease the amount
that they spend on local businesses.
Concerning the cash flow, studies like Eadington (1995) have
discussed the negative influence of casino industries as the
“export” services. Even though casino gaming is referred as a

21. kind of “trade”, the local population would get benefirs if
casinos are unable to entice outside customers to visit the
casino. In a way, casino gaming is a kind of export service
industry. The more gamblers and tourists that come from
outside the host community, the more gambling goods and
services will be ‘‘exported’’, and the more likely local residents
will benefit from the economic growth. Thus, the degree in
which the local population will benefit depend solely on the
actual number of gamblers and tourists that come from outside
of the area. In this case, it will be questionable whether the
casinos can always attract the same amount of visitors and then
benefit the community and the government
Regarding the economic development, Grinols (2004: chap. 4)
does offer a general discussion of economic development as it
relates to job growth. From a critical perspective, he provides a
detailed discussion of development as it relates to casino
gambling. He argues that researchers who have written export
multiplier or cost-benefit analyses of the casino industry often
have been confused. Grinols’s critique is mostly on-target; he
correctly argues that economic development occurs when
welfare or utility increases. Development may or may not be
associated with employment growth.
Therefore, it can be concluded what is necessary for economic
development is that individuals are better off. (Grinols, 2004).
2.The Social Impact
While the economic impacts are quantifiable, tangible and
measurable, social impacts—which tend to be negative—are
qualitative, elusive, and very difficult to measure. Thus, one can
often readily account for positive economic impacts within new
casino industries, such as visitations, revenues, tax collections,
jobs created, and new investments undertaken. However, it is
very difficult, if not impossible, to come up with meaningful
measures of the incidence of many social impacts attributable to
an expanded presence of permitted gambling.
Due to the complexity of social variables, social issues are
viewed as the most difficult subject for researchers to measure

22. (Oh, 1999). Some of the most common social effects deal with
crime, problem gambling, and the quality of life.
Firstly, regarding the quality of life, it is commonly believed
that the addition of a casino may enhance the recreation,
leisure, and entertainment options of the local region. (Benton,
2015). However, studies have found evidence that in cities with
gaming facilities, residents felt a decrease in their sense of
community as well as reduced overall quality of life. For
example, the study of Long (1996) found that Colorado
residents who lived in a city with casinos were less positive
when asked whether the casino made their town a better place in
which to live.
Hence, Janes and Collison (2004) evaluated the views of city
leaders in Indian gaming communities over a five-year period.
The study found that although entertainment choices such as
hotels and restaurants were available, customers limited their
participation to gaming activities instead of participating in
other recreational activities. In support of these findings, Room,
Turner and Iomiteanu (1999) found that customers spent less
money on other entertainment options because of the opening of
new casinos.
Secondly, in terms of the safety and crimes, casinos have long
been assumed by the greater population to be connected with
crime. particularly organized crime. The types of negative
social impacts that have raised the greatest concerns have been
linkages between casinos and casino-style gambling and
organized crime; neighborhood crime and other crimes against
property, such as burglaries, break-ins and embezzlements; and
family-related crime and disruptions, such as child abuse,
spousal abuse, suicides and divorce.
To test and verify the assumptions, many studies have analyzed
the data of the frequency of crimes in the area before and after
the open of casinos in an area. In the peer review of Benton
(2015), Grinols and Mustard (2006) represents one of the most
comprehensive studies done on the relationship between casinos
and crime. The study analyzed the crime rate between two years

23. prior to casino introduction and five years after the casino was
built. These crime rates were then compared to communities
without casinos. The study found that crime rates in
communities without casinos were lower than communities with
casinos. Additionally, the study found that casinos appear to
increase crime at around four years after the introduction of the
casino (Grinols & Mustard, 2006). Using the same methodology
for towns in South Dakota, Long (1996) found similar results
that crimes had increased with the development of casino
operations.
Impacted by the crimes, there is also argument about whether
casinos have negative effects on pathological gaming and the
need for social assistance. Many opponents of casino gaming
have pointed to the negative family issues that are caused by
gambling. Long (1996) compared the social issues in gaming
and nongaming communities, and found that there was an
increase in child protection, marriage treatment, and other
social programs in gaming centric regions. Based on Long’s
study, Chhabra (2007) studied the perception of casino gaming
in Iowa and found that residents perceived that there was an
increase in bankruptcies, mental health issues, domestic
violence, financial difficulties, and alcohol/drug abuse.
In conclusion, there are sufficient evidence provided by both
the supporters and opponents of the casinos. With these results,
the decision makers would also need some more information
that is local and specialized for Japan. Thus, the following part
will illustrate more analysis of the gaming industry in Japan and
other typical Asian countries.
IV. Review Macao and Singapore’s casino industry and relevant
history
1. Macau
Macau, also known as “Las Vegas of the East” is currently the
largest gaming market in the world. In 2013 total gaming
revenue in Macau was $45.1 billion, compared to Las Vegas
Strip gaming revenue of $6.5 billion during that same year
(Benton, 2015). Although casino gaming in Macau has been

24. legal since 1850, it did not wait until the end of the gaming
monopoly in 2002 that the gaming market started increasing at a
historically high rate. Actually, in last thirteen years, gaming
has expanded throughout the region and has become the mecca
of casino gaming throughout the world. Macau is believed to be
the oldest economy in the world that relies on legalized
gambling. (Benton, 2015).
Macau was transferred to the People's Republic of China in
1999 and became a special administrative region of China. In
2002, the Chinese government decided to end the gambling
monopoly “Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau” or
STDM which was in place since 1962 (Chan, 2000). The
government granted three concessions, which later became six,
to the original concessionaire and a significant number of
foreign enterprises. These included STDM, Wynn Resorts, Las
Vegas Sands, Galaxy Entertainment Group, MGM, and Melco.
As of 2015, there are eleven casinos that make up the Macau
Peninsula and Cotai Strip. Over the course of the next three
years, a number of new megaresorts are set to open on the Coati
Strip, which will increase the number casinos in the region
(Schaper, 2013).
2. Singapore
History of gambling in Singapore goes back to colonial times.
In 1923 under the British government gambling was legalized,
however it turned out to increase delinquency and gambling
addictions among society, which lead to the turn back of
legalization.
From February 14th 2006.Gambling in Singapore was legalized
by Casino Control Act. In Singapore there are two casinos one
in the southern part of the country in the mainland part while
the other one on the island of Sentosa. Casinos are opened 24/7,
the offer includes following games: roulette, blackjack,
baccarat, Pai Gow, Fortune Wheel, Tai Sai, Ponton, Sic Bo and
many more slot machines.
Regarding the regulation, Supervising Authority of casino is the
Casino Regulatory Authority CRA) was established within the

25. Ministry of Finance of Singapore. ("Casinos and Gambling in
Singapore", 2019). This Office ensures proper casino
functioning as well as the principles of fairness and prevention
of social harms arising from gambling. One of the preventive
measures is to exclude one from casino. In Singapore there are
3 types of exclusions: self exclusion at the player’s request,an
exclusion at the request of the family, and exclusion by law.
Minimal exclusion period lasts one year. To protect the youth
from negative effects of gambling minimal age to enter casino
in Singapore in 21. Tourists do not pay entrance fee but players
from Singapore must pay a one-time fee of $100 or annual fee
of $2000. ("Casinos and Gambling in Singapore", 2019).
V. Examine previous gaming industry and legislative attempts
to legalize casinos in Japan
1. Gaming Industry in Japan
Before the legalization in Japan, there are several types of
gambling game and machines allowed in Japan. Generally, the
gambling industry in Japan can be categorized into the
following three types: pachinko, lottery & toto and racing
gambling.
a. pachinko
While not legally considered gambling, pachinko/pachislot
(pachinko) type games are widely distributed games that serve a
similar purpose in the Japanese marketplace. Pachinko is a type
of mechanical game used as both a form of recreational arcade
game and much more frequently as a gambling device. Japan
spends $200 billion on pachinko, a vertical pinball game, every
year. (Chan, 2018).
When there was a ban on most gambling, the industry employs
more people than the top 10 car manufacturers and accounts for
nearly half of the country's leisure activities. Although casinos
have recently been legalized, it is claimed that the tax revenue
estimates don't come close to pachinko. (Chan, 2018).
b. Lottery & Toto
The lottery was only reintroduced to the community during the
year 1937 when the government urgently needed a source of

26. funds for the war. Lottery is regulated by the Law of Tickets
with Prizes and Toto is subject to the Law Concerning the
Promotion of Sports Tickets. Each are overseen by separate
organizations. Toto is a form of legalized wagering on soccer
matches in Japan. It is done through a lottery system, which
allows fans to pick the winners of matches in a given week.
(Philander, et al, 2017).
c. Racing
According to Chan (2018), the horses racing and some auto
races is the third most popular form of gambling after lottery
and pachinko games.
2. Legislative attempts
1. Industry Supported Activity
The Recovery Support Network (RSN) offers a telephone
helpline to support persons with pachinko or pachislot machine
gambling issues and their concerned family/friends. (Philander,
et al, 2017).
2. Japan government goals
a. Economic goals: grow the tourism market, particularly in
terms of foreign visitor trips to Japan, spend per visitor, and
total nights stayed. (Philander, et al, 2017).
b. Social goals: minimize social costs of gambling, in
particular, impacts associated with addiction and/or crime.
(Philander, et al, 2017).
VI Review the culture
Culture is a very strong concept that has different definitions.
According to Hofstede, culture can be defined as the collective
programming of the mind (Ozorio, Lam, & Fong, 2010).
Cultural beliefs and values can be passed on directly through
cultural group members or family members. Culture determines
the way people make decisions, express their ideas and feelings,
and their values. Therefore, culture determines the acceptance
of gambling in a society as well as their involvement in it.
Japan has ingrained culture of gambling. Every morning women
and men usually queue near train stations in Japan. According
to a study conducted on gambling in Japan, more than 3.2

27. million Japanese are addicted to gambling (Takiguchi &
Rosenthal, 2011). In every place in Japan from the biggest cities
to the smallest towns’ one of the things that are common is
gambling halls.
According to a study conducted in 2013 by the Ministry of
Health in Japan, about 5 out of 100 people in Japan are
suffering from gambling addiction (Wu & Chen, 2015). In 2013,
it was estimated that the number of people addicted to gambling
was about 5.36 million (Wu & Chen, 2015). The most common
games played in the gambling halls in Japan is Pachinko
(Komiya & Nakamura, 2019). Just like other types of gambling,
this game has generated a lot of money for the country.
According to Brooks, Ellis, and Lewis (2008), pachinko has
about 17.1 million players that generate an annual income of
about 2.87 trillion yen which is equivalent to $250 billion.
While Macau has been running the Casino industry for a very
long time, Singapore and Japan have just started their casino
operations recently. The most common games in Casinos in this
country include poker and blackjack. Casinos in Singapore are
an upcoming industry that was opened in 2010 and has been
attracting very many people since then thereby earning a
considerable amount in tourism revenues (Wu & Chen, 2015).
Even though Singapore is now considered a gambling
destination, it is nothing compared to Macau. Macau is very far
much ahead in this industry and can be placed in the same level
as Las Vegas. Singapore places Casinos and gambling as part of
IR (integrated resorts). This model has been studied by Japan
that has recently enacted a law to legalize gambling.
In the Asian region, Macau is known as the pioneer of the
gaming industry. Gaming was legalized in Macau in 1847.
Macau has made Casinos to become entertainment facilities and
has made casinos to become like resorts. According to a study
conducted in 2006, Macau was the leading casino city followed
by Las Vegas.
Social-cultural impact
Gambling has greatly affected the culture of the people living in

28. these three countries. In the past, the people in the Asian region
were considered as honest and hardworking people. Gambling
has made them to develop criminal behavior which has led to an
increase in criminal activities. Janes & Collison (2004)
conducted a research in which they concluded that gambling
does not cause criminal activities. Most studies have however
confirmed that gambling is not only associated with increased
criminal activities but also leads to drug abuse, criminal sexual
behavior such as prostitution, divorce, domestic violence, and
bankruptcy.
The Asian people are known for their strong family values.
They are known as people that treasure their families and work
hard to sustain them. In the recent past there has been an
increase in issues regarding family problems and child neglect
in these three countries. In 2005, emotional issues and family
relationship issues were the most common issues that were dealt
with by social workers in Macau (Wu & Chen, 2015). It is very
much likely that these issues were caused by gaming since this
plays a major psycho-social role in the families in Macau.
Community leaders believe that there is a growing need for
social service programs, marriage counseling, and child
protection.
Cultural perception towards gambling
In Muslim groups, gambling is usually condemned, discouraged,
and avoided. In some countries and regions, games are
perceived to be childish and adults do not engage in them (Kim,
Ahlgren, Byun, & Malek, 2016). Even so, gambling has a
different perception in some cultures especially those that are in
the Asian region. In Macau and Singapore gambling is regarded
as a common lifestyle and therefore, people tend to engage in it.
This is different in Japan where gambling has been legalized
recently and therefore people have not yet embraced it as a
common way of life.
Cultural differences in the way people perceive gambling have
also caused issues in the way people seek treatment for

29. gambling addiction. In these three countries, people with the
gambling problem find it very hard to express their feelings and
discuss the problem they have with other people. Counseling is
usually their last resort. Counseling on gambling must be
adjusted in a way that fits the Asian culture that is community
and family-centered (Takiguchi & Rosenthal, 2011).
Culture in selection of games
Even though gambling and game selection is mainly based on
attitude, cultural differences also play a huge role. According to
Wang & Zabielskis (2010), Chinese prefer gams in which they
play with people while Americans prefer games in which they
play with machines. In Macau, games of strategy are more
present as compared to games of chance. It is suggested that
games of strategy are usually found in complex societies. The
influence of culture in gambling is also evident in behavior and
attitude. The influence of culture can also be evident in the way
businesses are prearranged. Traditionally in Macau, VIP casino
gambling system was due to the culture of personal
relationships that was present. Cultural differences have also
made it difficult for native people to work with non-native
company managers especially in a case where they open their
tribal gaming halls (Ozorio, Lam, & Fong, 2010).
According to Hofstede’s insights on cultural dimensions, one of
the areas in which these three nations differ is in uncertainty
avoidance. Japan is very high in uncertainty avoidance while
Singapore and China are very low in uncertainty avoidance.
Uncertainty avoidance is based on the way in which a country
deals with some issues in the society since the future is
unknown. With a low score in this dimension, Singapore and
China adapt easily to things. This explains the reason why
gambling was made legal in these two countries a long time ago.
Japan is regarded as one of the most uncertainty avoiding
nations across the globe (Komiya & Nakamura, 2019). In Japan,
social life is well explained and people the way in which they
are required to behave. Avoidance uncertainty is the reason why
it is very difficult to introduce change in Japan and certainly the

30. reason why legalization of gambling took a long time.
Conclusion
Even though Macau, Singapore, and Japan are in the same
region, they have different gambling behavior. The perception
towards gambling and selection of games in the three countries
is also different. Many people seem to be attracted to gambling
sites and other spend all their money on gambling. One of the
effects of gambling culture is an increase in tourism. Since
gambling was legalized in these three countries, each country
has experienced an increase in tourism as well as the amount
collected in taxes.
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