Germany Pestle Introduction The republic of Germany contains sixteen states that cover a three hundred and fifty-seven thousand and twenty-one square kilometers. The country has a population of eighty-one million eight hundred people. It is among the highest populated countries in Europe. It is also among the leading countries in terms of technology. Germany is the fourth largest in economic sector in the world. It is the second biggest exporter of good to other countries and is the third largest importer of goods from other counties therefore it is doing well all round in terms of economic growth in the world. Political factors Germany is republic that has it is democracy that whose political systems functions using a system called Grundgesetz. This system was published in the year nineteen ninety-four in the constitutional documentary. The country contains two parties that have existed since they gained democracy, they include, social democratic party and the Christian democratic union. They have helped in making the government into place and moving agendas that have enabled to maintain the stability of the country. A global corruption indexes Through the transparency test that was done Germany scored eighty points against hundred points that were reported by Transparency International on corruption perceptions index. Since nineteen ninety-five until two thousand and eight corruption index in Germany had averaged to seventy-nine point three five points whereas in nineteen ninety-six it was recorded as low as seventy-three points (Farooq, 2019). A human right index Human rights in Germany have high rights of protection since they are contained in the constitution and human right document. Economic factors As stated earlier Germany is among the leading countries that have a good economic structure whereby they enjoy position four when they are ranked in terms of economy. When the gross domestic product was focused in the year 2019 was set up to four points two trillion dollars that shows that the country is well equipped in economic growth. Nevertheless, there was a decline in the gross domestic product in the year 2018, this lead to slow industrial development in the country. Germany has a low unemployment rate which posts of three-point two percent of the huge population of the country. Germany has an economy which is mixed up regarding being the top exporter in the world in the budget surplus. Despite, the country has suffered on the refugee crisis this has led to the decline of growth in the industries but since it has a good foundation of economy growth cannot be stopped. Germany has a small quantity of raw materials in their industrial section mostly it imports it is raw materials for manufacturing of products. Potash and lignite are the main sources of electric energy in Germany (Germany - Hofstede Insights., 2019). It is the main manufacturer of Mercedes Benz, BMW.T-Mobile they among the most regarded machines that are used in the wo ...

1. Germany Pestle
Introduction
The republic of Germany contains sixteen states that cover a
three hundred and fifty-seven thousand and twenty-one square
kilometers. The country has a population of eighty-one million
eight hundred people. It is among the highest populated
countries in Europe. It is also among the leading countries in
terms of technology. Germany is the fourth largest in economic
sector in the world. It is the second biggest exporter of good to
other countries and is the third largest importer of goods from
other counties therefore it is doing well all round in terms of
economic growth in the world.
Political factors
Germany is republic that has it is democracy that whose
political systems functions using a system called Grundgesetz.
This system was published in the year nineteen ninety-four in
the constitutional documentary. The country contains two
parties that have existed since they gained democracy, they
include, social democratic party and the Christian democratic
union. They have helped in making the government into place
and moving agendas that have enabled to maintain the stability
of the country.
A global corruption indexes
Through the transparency test that was done Germany scored
eighty points against hundred points that were reported by
Transparency International on corruption perceptions index.
Since nineteen ninety-five until two thousand and eight
corruption index in Germany had averaged to seventy-nine point
three five points whereas in nineteen ninety-six it was recorded
as low as seventy-three points (Farooq, 2019).
A human right index
Human rights in Germany have high rights of protection since
they are contained in the constitution and human right
document.

2. Economic factors
As stated earlier Germany is among the leading countries that
have a good economic structure whereby they enjoy position
four when they are ranked in terms of economy. When the gross
domestic product was focused in the year 2019 was set up to
four points two trillion dollars that shows that the country is
well equipped in economic growth. Nevertheless, there was a
decline in the gross domestic product in the year 2018, this lead
to slow industrial development in the country. Germany has a
low unemployment rate which posts of three-point two percent
of the huge population of the country.
Germany has an economy which is mixed up regarding being the
top exporter in the world in the budget surplus. Despite, the
country has suffered on the refugee crisis this has led to the
decline of growth in the industries but since it has a good
foundation of economy growth cannot be stopped. Germany has
a small quantity of raw materials in their industrial section
mostly it imports it is raw materials for manufacturing of
products. Potash and lignite are the main sources of electric
energy in Germany (Germany - Hofstede Insights., 2019). It is
the main manufacturer of Mercedes Benz, BMW.T-Mobile they
among the most regarded machines that are used in the world in
recent year. Most products that Germany produces are mainly in
the Engineering section. Among cities in Germany like Berlin
have the highest trade fair in the world.
GNI per capita (as a proxy for income)
This provides the latest value for Germany gross National
income and previous income ratings they are contained in the
data below:
Actual
Previous
Highest
Lowest
Dates
Unit

3. Frequency
878.52
874.74
878.52
390.99
1991 - 2019
EUR Billion
Quarterly
Current Prices, SA
GDP ranking (as a proxy for market size):
1
United States
21,482.41
24.4
-
24,671
1
2.54
65,062
8
North America
2
China
14,172.20
16.1
7310
19,581
2
6.18
10,099
72
Asia
3

4. Japan
5,220.57
5.93
8952
5,908
3
0.94
41,418
26
Asia
4
Germany
4,117.07
4.67
1104
4,937
4
1.86
49,692
18
Europe
GDP growth rate and direction
Germany’s growth rate has been in a constant level whereby the
GDP of the country increases as the exports and imports fell
faster. The graph bellow will demonstrate.
Social culture factors
The country has a population of approximately eighty-two
million people having the highest number of residents in Europe
at large. There are different lifestyles that people have adapted
in Germany depending on the culture that people have absorbed.
Family is the most important part in the social life in Germany
whereby children have a good relationship with their parents.
There is also participation of sports, literature, music and other
social culture activities that enable the young populations active

5. (Project, B. 2019).
Population size in 2010
Population mid-2010
82 million
Power distance
It deals with the fact that individuals are not equal in the
population; there are the rich, middle class and the poor. This
also regards the extent in which the little powerful people of the
institution and the company with the country.
Individualism
This is the interdependence of social maintenance among the
members of the society. This relates whether people are self-
dependent, or they depend on the parents or sponsors. This has
to do with the self-image of the individuals which is defined by
the term “I” or “we”. People belong to a certain group in a
collective society (StackPath, 2019).
Masculinity
A high score in this dimension indicates that the society is
driven at a high rate by the achievements of its members,
competition and their success. A small score in the dominant
value of the society indicates that the individuals present are
caring for each other.
Long Term Orientation
This is how the society is able to link the different issues that
they have had in the past with those in the present and those
that are yet to come in future. Different societies prioritize
these goals and challenges differently.
Indulgence
This is how people try to put under control their different
desires, and impulses depending on how they were raised from
their early childhood. The culture of the Germans is a little bit
restrained and thus minimizes the number of individuals who
engage in activities that do not promote the right morality.

6. Religion
Most individuals in Germany are either Christians or atheists.
Most of the Germans stick to their own traditional beliefs and
what they have been taught.
Technology factors
German is a country that is well-known for its advanced
development in science and technology. One of the most
advanced and leading car manufacturers come from Germany.
This makes the country the 5th country with more advances in
technology.
In Germany, most of the businesses are country specific. This
means that when a new business gets into the country, it has to
be integrated by the local retailers and distributors. Pollution in
the country has been regulated due to advance in technology.
There is a legislation that ensures the protection of intellectual
property. All the workers are protected by the law in Germany,
the rights are protected, and their working environment has
been made in such a way that it is the most favorable one. There
is the sick pay, maternity pay, the working time is protected and
also those employees with disabilities.
.
Environmental factors
The business environment is very country specific in Germany.
If a new business has to enter then it has to integrate itself with
local retailers and distributors. Unless a company understands
the local needs of the supply chain, it cannot set up its
distribution network. Lot of policies set up by Government also
need to be complied with.
a. Allowable levels of greenhouse gas emissions:

7. In 2007, the German government set a greenhouse gas reduction
target of 40 percent by 2020, compared to 1990 levels, in line
with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC)
recommendation for industrialised nations outlined in its Fourth
Assessment Report.
b. Regulations on recycling:
In 2009, Germany’s total recycling rate hovered at 70 percent.
For 2015, the most recent year data is available, its recycling
rate was a strong 79 percent.
Germany actually leads the EU when it comes to recycling
municipal waste, according to Eurostat data. Here are the top
five EU countries by municipal recycling rates for 2015:
· Germany: 66.1 percent
https://studymoose.com/pestle-analysis-of-germany-essay
c. Water pollution or other standards:
Water quality in Germany has been regulated by an effective
water management division. The country’s water technology and
purification processes are highly regarded internationally. The
German government implemented water protection procedures
such as water waste charges, the preservation of natural habitats
and laws to penalize water pollution.
Germany has an abundance of fresh water; 2.2 percent of the
country’s surface area is covered by 11 predominant rivers, 291
dams, and other natural lakes. Approximately 11.7 percent of
the fresh water is assigned to drinking water protection.
https://borgenproject.org/water-quality-in-germany/
d. Geographic issues or considerations:
Environmental Issues of Germany
Like many industrialized nations, Germany has a significant air
pollution problem, but unlike other Western countries it has
worsened in recent years.

8. After the Fukushima nuclear disaster of 2011, Chancellor
Angela Merkel and the German government adopted a policy of
phasing out the country’s nuclear power plants. To do so, the
government allowed for utilities to burn more coal and as a
result, the air pollution levels in 2012 and 2013 were two of the
highest since the 1980s.
Nuclear power plant in Grohnde near Hameln in
Lower Saxony, Germany.
Nuclear power plant in Grohnde near Hameln in Lower Saxony,
Germany. Image Credits: Thorsten Schier/shutterstock.com
In addition to air pollution, decades of open-cast mining in East
Germany has resulted in significant water pollution in some
rivers. During mining days, the areas around the mine were
drain of water, but now that the mines are no longer in
operation – water levels have risen and caused a brown sludge
to start filling up the Spree River, killing wildlife in the popular
tourist attraction and UNESCO biosphere reserve.
According to a 2018 pole by Statista, 36% of respondents
believed that global warming was the most important
environmental issue facing Germany today. Future energy
sources and air pollution came a close second and third with
30% and 27% respectively.
One of the largest environmental topics of discussion in 2018 is
the legal battle between Germany’s main energy provider, RWE
and BUND, a German environment non-profit trying to defend
the Hambach forest. Approximately 37% of the country’s
electricity is generated by lignite coal though the country is
attempting to replace this need with renewable energy. The

9. Hambach forest is 12000 years old and has been slowly
destroyed, leaving on 300 hectares remaining.
The mining company need to expand lignite mining into the
forest area in order to need coal energy needs of the ever-
growing populations for the coming years, however this would
mean sacrificing yet another portion of a significantly declining
forest.
Legal environment
Follow a Civil law Tradition
The legal system in Germany prescribes strict labour laws with
stringent rules against lay-offs. The law also makes it
compulsory for the business to publish financial reports even if
the business is not publicly listed. The wage standards allow the
central bargaining of wages unlike most developed countries.
a. Taxation
The Personal Income Tax Rate in Germany stands at 45 percent.
Personal Income Tax Rate in Germany averaged 48.06 percent
from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 57 percent in
1996 and a record low of 42 percent in 2005.
b. Regulations
1. It’s illegal to run out of fuel on the Autobahn
TRUE. As a motorist in Germany you have to observe a gamut
of laws. One of your obligations as a driver is to make sure to
always fill up the tank on time
2. It’s forbidden to work in an office without window
FALSE! You don’t have a right to an office with window in
Germany.
3. It’s forbidden to tune the piano at midnight
TRUE. Germans love their silence, even if it needs to be upheld

10. by a battery of laws, rules and regulations. For example, the
Federal High Court of Justice has ruled that making music or
practicing your instrument in rental apartments is only allowed
between 8:00-12:00 and 14:00-20:00.
4. It’s forbidden to keep urns at home
TRUE. The German law of Friedhofszwang (“cemetary
compulsion”) demands that any mortal remains have to be
deposited in a designated space, i.e. either on a cemetery or as
part of an official burial at sea.
5. It’s illegal to hang the laundry on Sunday
FALSE! There’s a myth floating around on the Internet that
there’s a German law which forbids the hanging of laundry on
Sundays.
7. It’s forbidden to make noise at lunchtime
FALSE! Contrary to popular opinion there is no (unified)
national law regulating the Mittagsruhe (quiet-time around
lunch).
10. It’s forbidden to wear masks in public
FALSE! It’s not generally forbidden to wear masks in public, a
good example being the Carnival.
https://learnoutlive.com/crazy-german-laws/
c. IP protection
Germany has an ample legislation regarding the protection of
intellectual property (IP). The regulations refer to copyright,
trademark, design, utility model and patent protection. An
intellectual property lawyer from our team can help investors
understand the principles of IP protection in this country and
can help with IP protection services.
All the laws have been drafted before Germany became an
European Union member state but were subsequently modified
and amended to be compatible to EU regulations regarding the
protection of intellectual property. Here are the main laws
providing the grounds for intellectual property protection in
Germany:

11. · - the Copyright Act (UrhG),
· - the Patent Act (PatG),
· - the Trademark Act (MarkenG),
· - the Utility Model Act (GebrMG),
· - the Designs Act (GeschMG),
· - the Act Against Unfair Competition (UWG).
d. Workplace safety
The German system for safety and health at the workplace has a
dual structure. It encompasses state (at Federal and Land level)
safety and health provision and the autonomous accident
insurance institutions. The state (at Federal and Land level)
enacts legislation, and promulgates regulations and the rules of
state boards. After examination of their needs, and with the
approval of the Federal and Land governments, the accident
insurance institutions release their own accident prevention
rules.
https://osha.europa.eu/en/about-eu-osha/national-focal-
points/germany
e. Worker benefits and protections
Under Regulation (EC) 593/2008 on the law applicable to
contractual obligations, employers and employees can agree on
the law that governs their employment relationship. However,
the agreed choice of law must not exclude mandatory provisions
under German law if they are more favourable to the employee
in comparison to the agreed laws. The question of which
regulations are more favourable to an employee will vary from
case to case. For example, the following German employment
laws are usually more favourable to an employee:
· Termination protection.
· Applicable collective bargaining agreements.
· Holidays.

12. In addition, German statutory regulations cannot be ruled out if
they are considered as public order law. These include
provisions on:
· Maternity pay.
· Sick pay.
· Notifications concerning mass redundancies.
· Protection of disabled employees.
· Working time.
Therefore there may be cases where the laws of a foreign
jurisdiction will apply to the employment relationship, but
German social security or tax laws can also apply.
https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/3-503-
3433?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstP
age=true&bhcp=1
Brazil Pestle Analysis
Brazil’s PESTLE analysis is as follows:
Political
According to Transparency.org, Brazil has a global corruption
index score of 35/100, ranking at 105th out of 180 countries
with recorded data. The score of 35 indicates that the country is
somewhat corrupt.
https://www.transparency.org/country/BRA
According to research by Cato Institute, Brazil has a human
freedom score of 6.21, with a personal freedom score of 6.67
and economic freedom score of 5.75. This score ranks them
123rd out of 162 countries with recorded data. According to
data found, their score has been dropping since 2008, indicating
that recent government is more corrupt and likely harder to
work with.
https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/human-freedom-index-
files/human-freedom-index-2018-country-profiles-revised.pdf

13. Brazil’s government is a federal republic with 3 branches:
executive, judicial and legislative. The government is currently
headed by Jair Bolsonaro. As of August 2019, the government
run by Bolsonaro has only a 29.4% approval rating according to
a CNT/MDA poll. Approval of his personal performance as
president is only 41% as of August 2019 as well.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-poll/brazil-poll-
shows-bolsonaro-government-approval-sinks-
idUSKCN1VG1KR
The biggest political factor has been the corruption scandal
known as “Operation Car Wash.” It started as an investigation
into money laundering in 2014, but evolved into an
investigation into political corruption as it appears that some
money had been given to government officials of the then ruling
party. The investigation has currently resulted in the jailing of
several government officials, including the former president,
and the accusation of hundreds more on the grounds of
corruption, money laundering, and other financial crimes.
However, recent developments have seen the Supreme Court of
Brazil annul one conviction and Congress pass bills with
portions that take power away from investigators.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Petrobras-scandal
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-corruption-
analysis/brazil-car-wash-corruption-probe-facing-worst-
moment-as-establishment-fights-back-idUSKCN1VP2SR
Economic
Brazil is an emerging global economy and a part of the global
association BRICS. The association was coined with the idea
that the countries would form a major economic bloc in the
future, with India and China being dominant suppliers of goods
and services and Brazil and Russia being suppliers of raw
materials.

14. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brics.asp
Brazil’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the year 2018 was
$1.869 trillion, with the GDP per capita at $8920.762. And
Brazil’s Gross National Income (GNI) per capita was $15820 in
the year 2018. These numbers are down from a few years prior
due to the Petrobras scandal, which caused a projected drop in
Brazil’s GDP of 0.75% in 2015 and led to increasing inflation
and recession in the Brazilian economy. According to projected
data though, the economy is trending back upwards and is to be
back above $2 trillion by the year 2022, and the GNI per capita
has increased over the last two years. Brazil’s income inequality
has been slowly been decreasing since the late 1990’s and had a
53.3 on the GINI Index according to an estimate from the World
Bank.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locatio
ns=BR
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locati
ons=BR
https://www.britannica.com/event/Petrobras-scandal
https://www.statista.com/statistics/263769/gross-domestic-
product-gdp-in-brazil/
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD?loc
ations=BR
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=B
R
Companies in Brazil however have been losing confidence in
economic outlook. According to a survey of 2500 companies by
Confederação Nacional da Indústria, Brazil had a business
climate index rating of 56.9 in June 2019. Although a 50
indicates optimistic outlook, this rating has dropped from a
peak of 64.7 in January of the same year. Consumers in Brazil
have a similarly waning confidence in the economy with a
consumer confidence index rating of 47.0 in June 2019.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/259289/business-climate-

15. index-of-brazil/
http://www.portaldaindustria.com.br/estatisticas/consumer-
confidence-index/
The unemployment rate in Brazil has been increasing since
2014. While it was at 6.67% in 2014, the unemployment rate
rapidly grew up to 12.54% over the next 4 years. Employment
in different economic sectors are as follows for the year 2018:
9.39% were employed in agriculture, 20.43% in industry, and
70.18% in services.
Brazil Statista Dossier: https://www-statista-
com.mutex.gmu.edu/study/15417/brazil-statista-dossier/
Socio-Cultural
In 2018, Brazil had a total population of 209,469,333.
Population is evenly split between males and females, with
49.17% of the population being male and 50.83% female.
Population growth has been declining over the last decade; in
2007 population grew 1.06% from the previous year, but in
2017 had only grown 0.78%. In Brazil, almost 90% of the
population is, at least in name, Catholic. This gives Brazil the
largest Catholic population in the world.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=B
R
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS?locat
ions=BR
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.MA.ZS?loca
tions=BR
Brazil Statista Dossier: https://www-statista-
com.mutex.gmu.edu/study/15417/brazil-statista-dossier/
https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Assem-
Braz/Brazil-Doing-Business-in.html

16. Life expectancy however, has increased up to 75.72 years in
2017 from 72.77 in 2007. This increased life expectancy can
also be seen in the aging trend of the population. In 2007 the
population percentages of children (0-14 years old), adults (15-
64 years), and elderly (65 years and older) were 26.39%,
67.38%, and 6.22% respectively. In 2017 these percentages
were 21.75% for children, 69.70% for adults, and 8.55% for the
elderly. Urbanization in Brazil is happening at a high rate; in
2007 the urbanization rate was 83.45% and has steadily
increased to 86.31% in 2017.
Brazil Statista Dossier: https://www-statista-
com.mutex.gmu.edu/study/15417/brazil-statista-dossier/
The Hofstede cultural insights for Brazil are as follows: a power
distance rating of 69, an individualism of 38, a masculinity
rating of 49, an uncertainty avoidance rating of 76, a long term
orientation rating of 44, and an indulgence rating of 59.
The power distance rating indicates that Brazilian society
believes in a hierarchy that is to be respected and is more
accepting of inequalities amongst people. The power
distribution in Brazil also lends itself to this inequality, as those
that hold power benefit more in society than those without
power. Brazilian culture finds it important to respect and care
for the elderly. Brazil’s individualism rating signifies that
people form strong, cohesive groups (typically represented by
their relationships with extended family), protecting their
members in exchange for loyalty. This is also reflected in
business scenarios where it is important to build up trust and
long lasting relationships. The masculinity rating is an
intermediate score and does not indicate any inclination towards
being driven by competition, achievement and success or being
more focused on caring for others and quality of life. The
uncertainty avoidance score indicates a society that has a strong
need for rules and legal systems to structure their lives. This

17. high score is common among Latin American and South
American countries, and like these other countries the Brazilian
population is very passionate and demonstrative, showing
emotion very readily. The long term orientation score is
intermediate and does not show a strong tendency towards a
society that is strong in long-held traditions or being more
adaptive to changing societal views. Brazil’s indulgence rating
marks it as a society that is more willing to act on impulses and
desires with regards to having fun and doing things a person
enjoys; placing a higher degree of importance on leisure.
Brazilian population is generally more optimistic and holds a
more positive attitude in life.
https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/brazil/
Like most other Latin and South American countries, Brazil has
a high context culture. This means that there is an equal or
stronger emphasis on nonverbal cues in communication when
compared to verbal communication. In most communication
other factors such as the relationship between groups or
individuals also play a significant part in how messages and
communication are interpreted and conducted. This makes it
important to garner trust and respect in personal relationships
while conducting business in Brazil.
https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Assem-
Braz/Brazil-Doing-Business-in.html
Technology
Brazil has restrictive laws regarding the importing of hardware,
making the pricing of computers and other technology much
higher than in other countries. Despite this there is still a
technology boom occuring due to the high usage of mobile
development and website software. Brazil has the 5th largest
number of mobile phone and internet users in the world. In

18. education, Brazil is also trying to promote the increase of a
technology savvy population. Officials in Brazil are pushing for
the development of technology centers, and the country is host
to one of the top Computer Science programs for both
undergraduate and graduate degrees. As Brazil looks to further
develop technological education infrastructure, there has been
an increase creation of tech-based companies. Despite these
efforts by Brazilian officials, the legal framework to improve
innovation has yet to fully take effect and there are still issues
with innovation and IP protection in Brazil. The Global
Innovation Index(GII) ranks Brazil 64th in the world, the worst
ranking among BRICS countries. This is due to the collapse of
17 positions in the GII between 2011 and 2018. Other issues in
the legal structure make it hard for technology and innovation
to prosper in Brazil, including poor financial incentives and
many bureaucratic roadblocks when starting up companies.
https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-
11/TechnologyTrendsLatinAmerica/brazil.html
https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelicamarideoliveira/2018/07/1
0/why-is-it-so-hard-to-innovate-in-brazil-the-legal-
issues/#51bed54aa6fa
Legal
In Brazil there are laws in place that require foreign companies,
hire local workers. This requirement has allowed many in the
Brazilian population to stay in the country and develop a strong
labor culture. This culture in the labor force has led to many
worker-friendly protections and policies, among them including
food and transportation stipends. According to the Intellectual
Property Rights Index, Brazil ranks 62nd out of 131 recorded
countries. Brazil has a corporate tax rate of 34%. This rate has
been consistent for 2 decades, averaging a rate of 33.3%, having
an all time low of 25% in 1998 before reaching an all time high
of 37% in 2000 and then settling to 34% in 2002. According to

19. the International Labor Organization (ILO), excluding health
services, Brazil spent 2.6% of national GDP on public social
protections. The ILO has also indicated that Brazil has a
“comprehensive scope of legal coverage” with regards to social
security. Brazil has all policy areas, as indicated by the ILO,
covered by at least one legal program.
https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-
11/TechnologyTrendsLatinAmerica/brazil.html
https://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/country/brazil
World Social Protection Report:
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---
dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_604882.pdf
Environmental
Brazil’s national environmental agency is the Ministry of the
Environment (Portuguese: Ministerio do Meio Ambiente
[MMA]). Brazil’s public policies cover various environmental
areas with a focus on the recovery, conservation and
sustainability of those areas. The biggest programs that are used
are Amazon Protected Areas Program and the Bolsa Verde
(Green Bag) programs, which provide financial incentive for
those in protected areas that develop environmental
conservation activities and efforts.
https://www.mma.gov.br/programas-mma.html
http://www.caixa.gov.br/programas-sociais/bolsa-
verde/Paginas/default.aspx
Recently Brazil has made environmental news headlines due to
forest fires raging in the Amazon rainforest. While during the
country’s dry season wildfires are normal, they have increased
over the past years due to slash and burn techniques used to
clear land for loggers, farmers, and cattle ranchers. The
National Institute for Space Research (Portuguese: INPE)

20. reported satellite data showing an 84% increase in forest fires in
the Amazon from the previous year. While these activities of
deliberately starting fires is generally illegal, enforcement of
Brazil’s environmental protections is not always strictly
imposed or monitored. These activities also have caused large
deforestation in the amazon. The INPE also reported that from
January to September destruction totaled 7,854 square
kilometers (3,032 square miles), which is a 96% increase from
the previous year.