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D I S M A N T L I N G T H E M Y T H SPROSTITUTION
1. D I S M A N T L I N G T H E M Y T H S
PROSTITUTION
WHAT IS PROSTITUTION?
• Prostitution: sex for money, drugs, and
housing or any other compensation
• Workers in the sex trade
Retrieved at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/12/sex-
trade-study_n_4951891.html
PROSTITUTION & TRAUMA
How does Prostitution
relate to trauma?
• Trauma: direct exposure
to death, threatened
death, actual or
threatened, serious injury,
or actual or threatened
sexual violence (DSM-5)
Retrieved from
http://www.centura.org/trauma-network/
2. SEX TRADE
What constitutes
the sex trade?
• Street-prostitution
• Brothels
• Massage Parlors
• Escort Services
• Strip Clubs
• Pornography
(Farley, et al., 2003)
H T T P S : / / W W W . Y O U T U B E . C O M / W A T C H ?
V = J V D 3 T J J A F 3 C
PRETTY WOMAN TRAILER
PROMINENT MYTHS OF PROSTITUTION
•Prostitution is…
• A choice
• A reasonable
vocation
• Safe, if regulated
• Sexually Fulfilling
• Empowering
Both retrieved from
3. http://www.sexworkeurope
.org/users/turnoffthebluelig
ht
UNDERSTANDING CHOICE
• History of Sexual Abuse
• 70 to 80 involved in the sex trade have a
childhood history of sexual abuse.
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009; Hom & Woods, 2013; Surratt,
Kurtz, Chen, & Mooss, 2012; Taylor,
2011; Roe-Sepowitz, Hickle, Cimno, 2012).
• Greater risk of a myriad of physical, emotional,
and mental ailments in the future (Igelman, et al., 2007)
• Victimization-revictimization cycle
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009; Hom & Woods, 2013; Surratt,
Kurtz, Chen, & Mooss, 2012; Taylor,
2011; Fitzpatrick, et. al, 2010)
Retrieved from
https://castinglargeshadows.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/bewell
andlive.jpg
UNDERSTANDING CHOICE
• Financial Concerns:
• Often no alternate
5. • Physical violence is
commonplace within
the dynamics between
pimps, johns, and the
sex worker. (Hom & Woods, 2013; RoeSepowitz,
Hickle, Cimno, 2012; Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009)
• In study across 9
countries: (Farly, et al, 2003)
• 71% Physically Assaulted
• 63 % Raped
• Mortality Rate 40% Higher
than the national average
(Prostitution Research and Education)
The Wolves. Mural Copyright 2013. Tanya Wischerath.
UNDERSTANDING SEX WORK
• Physical Harm (cont.)
• Increased risk of STIs
• In a study of sex workers in
Miami, researchers found that
the violent victimization and
severe mental health issues
faced by those in the trade
only further increase the risk of
contracting HIV (Surratt, Kurtz, Chen, &
Mooss, 2012)
6. UNDERSTANDING SEX WORK
• Physical Harm (cont.)
• Pregnancy
• The unprotected sex will lead to a higher
chance of pregnancy.
• Abortion
• Often women in the trade, especially if
under the control of a pimp will also be
coerced into receiving an abortion,
which has the potential to have a
dramatic impact on the woman.
(Hom & Woods, 2013)
UNDERSTANDING SEX WORK
• Substance Abuse
• Research indicates
anywhere from 60-
85% of sex workers
identify substance
addiction as a
problem (Farley, Lynne, & Cotton,
2005; Ward & Day, 2006)
• Vicious cycle (Strega, Casey, &
Rutman, 2009; Taylor, 2011)
Self-
8. COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
• Mental Health Concerns:
• 68% of sex workers met PTSD
criteria
• Trauma related disorders
include:
• post-traumatic stress disorder,
• dissociative disorder,
• intense anxiety or a mood disorder,
• and further resulting often in
multiple other mental health and
general stability issues
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009; Hom & Woods, 2013)
(Farley, et al. 2003)
Retrieved from
http://vvnw.org/home/images/PTSD_Pag
es/ptsd_brain.png
COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
• Mental Health Concerns
(cont.):
• Additionally, the population of sex
9. workers has been found to portray a
higher concentration of serious
mental illness, often linked to
occurrences of intimate partner
violence and childhood sexual
abuse.
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009; Hom & Woods, 2013)
COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
• Mental Health
Concerns (cont.):
• Suicidality:
• Research indicates that
suicidal thoughts,
ideation, and planning
will increase after a
traumatic event (Krysinka,
Lester, & Martin, 2009).
• Those with PTSD
symptoms were found
almost 15 times more
likely to attempt suicide
than those without
PTSD (Jackson, Bennett, & Sowinski,
2007).
Retrieved from
https://henryehooper.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/ptsd-
cover.jpg
10. COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
• Mental Health Concerns (cont.):
• Suicidality:
• The chances only increase as co-occurrence of
other disorders and substance abuse problems
begin to factor in (Jackson, Bennett, & Sowinski, 2007).
• Hom and Woods also report that first-line service
providers to those taken out of trafficking indicate
depression and a deep despair that can be
accompanied by suicidal ideations; this is further
darkened by the shame and guilt associated with
sexual assault and victimization (2013).
COUNSELING SEX WORKERS
• Current Research:
• Substantial research in the
area of treatment for sex
workers is still needed!
• Two major themes in
current research:
• Working through past
traumatic experiences
• Cultivating new and healthy
relationships
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009)
12. Options
• Physical
• Mental
• Emotional
• Spiritual needs
(Hom & Woods, 2013)
Retrieved from www.richs.com
WHAT TO REMEMBER
• Current Research
(cont.)
• The importance of
• validating the
individual,
• helping foster a sense
of autonomy,
• remaining full of grace
and patience,
• and recognizing and
responding to the full
effect of the trauma
on the survivor.
(Hom & Woods, 2013)
Retrieved from Pinterest. Original Source Unknown.
13. COUNSELING THEORIES
• Current Research (cont.)
• Trauma-based Treatment
• Empirically-Based
Treatment for PTSD (Taylor, 2011)
• Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy
• Desensitization and
reprocessing
• Exposure Therapy
COUNSELING THEORIES
• Feminist Therapy
• Revolves around the idea of
societal oppression of women
• Acutely addresses violence
against women and
empowers them to
understand their worth and
value separate from what
they have been told by the
men in their lives or culture as
a whole
(Murdock, 2013; Cleman, 2005)
14. Retrieved from http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2015/05/Feminism.jpg
COUNSELING THEORIES
• Additional positive aspects of
feminist theory include focus on:
• Personal strengths,
• Collaboration between the
professional and the client,
affirmation of the unique perspective
of a woman, expansion of alternative
life choices,
• And promotion of healthy, mutually
beneficial female relationships.
(Murdock, 2013; Cleman, 2005)
P R O V I D E D B Y A Z I Z A N S A R I
QUICK COMIC RELIEF MOMENT
GROUP THERAPY
• Research Support for Group Work, as it:
• encourages mutual aid,
• dispels myths about sex work and abuse,
• validates emotions,
• empowers individuals to take control of their lives
15. • allows for a safe and stable environment to foster
community and speak freely.
(Clemans, 2005; Hickle & Roe-Sepowitz, 2014; Ward & Roe-
Sepowitz, 2009;
Velazco, 2011; Roe-Sepowitz, Hickle, & Cimno, 2012)
GROUP THERAPY
• Other group
considerations:
• Psychoeducational:
• Debunk myths
• Provide instruction
• Redirect with healthy
guidance
(Clemans, 2005; Hickle & Roe-Sepowitz, 2014; Ward
& Roe-Sepowitz, 2009)Retrieved from
http://www.psychotherapist.org/cegrpdrawing_bf8.gif
GROUP THERAPY
• Other group considerations
(cont.):
• Facilitator should demonstrate a
spirit of positivity and consistency
with her group members
• Co-facilitator who has walked
through the sex work path can
16. • be helpful in building rapport,
• modeling healthy behavior
changes,
• and bringing an extra level of
authenticity to the group dynamic
(Clemans, 2005; Hickle & Roe-Sepowitz, 2014; Ward & Roe-
Sepowitz, 2009)
PROSTITUTION EXITING PROGRAMS
Esuba
(Ward & Roe-Sepowitz, 2009)
• Currently incarcerated
prostitutes
• “Psychoeducational
therapy group
designed to heighten
awareness of abuse
and violence while
teaching anger
management and
communication skills”
SWAT
(Strega, Casey, & Rutman, 2009)
• Inpatient program
• Peer-based model
17. for sex workers
Substance abuse
treatment programs
• Psychoeducational
workshops (health,
legal and safety
issue)
• Therapeutic
treatment
EXAMPLE: THISTLE FARMS
• Residential
Program/Social
Enterprise
• Therapy
• Medical Care
• Free Education
• Job Training
Retrieved from thistlefarms.org
BIBLE AND PROSTITUTION
• Notable Prostitutes
in the Bible
• Rahab (Joshua 2)
• Gomer (Hosea)
• Proverbs’ warning
18. against harlots
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahab
Retrieved from
https://nikkipruitt182.wordpress.c
om/2013/10/31/why-did-hosea-
marry-a-prostitute/
JESUS AND PROSTITUTES
• Luke 7: 36-50
• A Sinful Woman Forgiven
• “for she loved much”
“For She Loved Much” Art & Photo by Tia Poissant
REFERENCES
• Antonopoulou, C. (2006). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress
disorder in victims of sex-related trafficking. Inernational
Psychology Bulletin, 10 (4), 32-37. Profiles of adult survivors
of severe sexual, physical and emotional institutional abuse in
Ireland. Child Abuse Review, 19, 387-404.
• Fitzpatrick, M., Carr, A., Dooley, B., Flanagan-Howard, R.,
Flanagan, E., Tierney, K., White, M., Daly, M., Shevlin, M., &
Egan, J.
(2010). Profiles of adult surviviors of severe sexual, physical,
and emotional institutional abuse in Ireland. Child Abuse
Review,
19: 384-404.
19. • Hom, K., & Woods, S. (2013). Trauma and its aftermath for
commercially sexually exploited women as told by front-line
service
providers. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34, 75-81.
• Igelman, R., Taylor, N., Gilbert, A., Ryan, B., Steinberg, A.,
Wilson, C., & Mann, G. (2007). Creating more trauma-informed
services for children using assessment-focused tools. Child
Welfare, 86(5), 15-33.
• International Labor Office. (2009). The cost of coercion.
Geneva, Switzerland.
• Jackson, L., Bennett, C., & Sowinski, B. (2007). Stress in the
sex trade and beyond: Women working in the sex trade talk
about
emotional stressors in their working and home lives. Critical
Public Health, 17(3) 257-271.
• Krysinska, K., Lester, D., & Martin, G. (2009). Suicidal
behavior after a traumatic event. Journal of Trauma Nursing,
16(2), 103-
110.
• Maddox, T. (2011). Modern-day slavery: A problem that can’t
be ignored. The CNN Freedom Project. Retrieved from
http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/04/modern-
day-slavery-a-problem-that-cant-be-ignored/
• Nolot, B. (Producer & Director). (2014). Nefarious: Merchant
of Souls. (Documentary). United States of America: Exodus
Cry.
• Roe-Sepowitz, D., Hickle, K., Cimno, A. (2012). The impact
of abuse history and trauma symptoms on successful completion
of
20. a prostitution-exiting program. Journal of Human Behavior on
the Social Environment, 22, 65-77.
• Roxburgh, A., Degenhardt, L., & Copeland, J. (2006).
Posttraumatic stress disorder among female street-based sex
workers in
the greater Sydney area. Australia. BMC Psychiatry, 624-12.
• Strega, S., Casey, L., & Rutman, D. (2009). Sex workers
addressing treatment. Women’s Health & Urban Life, 8(1), 42-
53.
• Surratt, H., Kurtz, S., Chen, M., & Moss, A. (2012). HIV risk
among female sex workers in Miami: The impact of violent
victimization and untreated mental illness. AIDS Care, 24 (5),
553-561.
• Taylor, O. (2011). The sexual victimization of women:
Substance abuse, HIV, prostitution, and intimate partner
violence as
underlying correlates. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social
Environment, 21, 834-848.
• Ward, A., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2009). Assessing the
effectiveness of a trauma-oriented approach to treating
prostituted
women in a prison and a community exiting program. Journal of
Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 18, 293-312.
TRMA 810
TRMA 810 Powerpoint Grading Rubric
Criteria
Advanced
(A- to A)
21. Satisfies criteria w/ excellence
Proficient
(B- to B+)
Satisfies Most Criteria
Developing
(C- to C+)
Satisfies Criteria Incompletely
Below Expectations
(F to D+)
Does not satisfy criteria
Not Present
Points
Earned
Content: 70% (105 pts)
94-105 pts.
83-93 pts.
75-82 pts.
1-74 pts.
0 pts.
Content
69-75 pts
Content is accurate and information is presented in a logical
order.
63-68 pts
Content is accurate but some information is not presented in a
logical order, but is still generally easy to follow.
45-62 pts.
Content is questionable and information is not presented in a
logical order, making it difficult to follow.
1-44 pts.
Content is inaccurate and information is not presented in a
logical order, making it difficult to follow.
22. Pictures, Clip Art, Background
13-15 pts.
· Images are appropriate, varied and attractive..
· Layout of images is attractive.
10-12 pts.
· Images are appropriate.
· Layout is cluttered
7-9 pts.
Images are inappropriate, repeated, or unattractive
1-6 pts.
No images.
Biblical Integration
13-15 pts.
Biblical application (verses / passages) is integrated into text
with relevance clarified.
10-12 pts.
Biblical application (verses/passages) is integrated into text.
7-9 pts.
Biblical application (verses/passages) is present but not
properly integrated.
1-6 pts.
Biblical terms/ verses/passages are not present and/or
referenced.
Structure: 30% = 45 points
Organization
13-15 pts.
· The assignment has appropriate headings and organizational
clarity.
23. · The required minimum of 40 slides is attained.
10-12 pts.
· The assignment most headings but slightly lacking in
organizational clarity.
· There are between 35 and 40 slides.
7-9 pts.
· The assignment has incorrect headings and lacks
organizational clarity.
· There are between 25 and 35 slides.
1-6 pts.
· The assignment has no headings and lacks organizational
clarity.
· There are fewer than 25 slides.
0 pts.
References & APA
13-15 pts.
· The assignment reflects correct APA form
· The required number of references is present
· All references exhibit correct APA form
10-12 pts.
· The assignment reflects minor APA form errors
· The required number of references is present
· Several minor issues in references
7-9 pts.
24. · The assignment reflects major APA form errors
· The required number of references is not present
· Quite a few issues in references
1-6 pts.
· The assignment reflects major APA form errors
· The required number of references is not present
· Major problems with APA in references
Mechanics
13-15 pts.
· The assignment is without spelling and grammar related errors
· The assignment reflects a graduate level construction (voice
and vocabulary).
10-12 pts.
· The assignment contains very few spelling and grammar
related errors
· The assignment reflects a general graduate level construction
(voice and vocabulary).
7-9 pts.
· The assignment contains spelling and grammar related errors
· The assignment reflects an inconsistent graduate level
construction (voice and vocabulary).
1-6 pts.
· The assignment contains numerous spelling and grammar
related errors
25. · The assignment does not reflect a graduate level construction
(voice and vocabulary).
0 pts
Total
Instructor’s Comments:
