Description on kankra and its introduction.

2. Course Title:Dendrology and
Species Silviculture
Course No: FWT-1201
Introduction Part
Shamim Ahmed
Forestry and wood Technology Discipline
Khulna University , Khulna, Bangladesh.
Student ID: 140535

3. Presentation
on
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza L.
(Kankra)

4. Local Name : Kankra
Scientific Name:Bruguiera gymnorrhiza L.
Family : Rhizophoraceae

5. Common species : Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Bruguiera cylindrica
Bruguiera parviflora ,Bruguiera sexangula
Common name : Oriental Mangrove, black
mangrove (Eng.); swartwortelboom
(Afr.) m'tumansi, setaca (Mozambique,
language). orange mangrove, mapeki,
pertut, taheup, tenggel, putut, tumu, tomo,
kandeka, tanjang, lindur, sala-sala, dau,
tongke, mangrove

6.  Height up to 8-30 meters
 Bruguiera gymnorhiza to be an evergreen tree
producing leaves and shoots during the whole
year.
 Bruguiera species are tall buttressed trees and
they usually develop under the shade of other
trees initially.

7.  No other Mangrove species of the Bruguiera family
develops as large leaves as the Bruguiera gymnorhiza
Leaves
 The leaves are generally opposite and have an elliptic
shape
the upper side is smooth and dark green the bottom
is waxy and light green. Occasionally three or four
leaves are formed simultaneously.
The Oriental Mangrove develops leaves with a size
of up to 25cm but generally between 12 to 20cm and
about 3 to 9cm in width.

8.  The two stipules of each leaf are reddish and the
stem is greenish to reddish.
 Bruguiera gymnorhiza does not concentrate much
salts in its leaves. Rhizophora species do that to
get rid of the salt within the plant which explains the
clustered growth of leaves at each branch. This
allows Bruguiera gymnorhiza to grow bushy.

9. Flowers
The flowers of Brugruiera gymnorhiza belong to the
most beautiful flowers among all mangroves. The
colours of the blossoms vary from light orange to dark
pink and dark red.
Brugruiera gymnorhiza always develops single axillary
flowers.
 One flower has 9 to 14 pink to red , notched and
hairy petals, fused sepals and 9 to 14 pairs of
stamens.

10.  The colour of the flowers are often still visible at
the top of fresh propagules.

11. Fruits
The propagule of a Bruguiera gymnorhiza is its
fruit. It grows within the calyx tube and is slightly
grooved.

12. Seeds
 Propagules of Bruguiera gymnorhiza are cigar-
shaped. The propagules of Bruguiera gymnorhiza
are viviparous and already develop a shoot on the
mother tree
 Fresh propagules are generally dark green with a
light green and yellowish top and a dark red
colouration around the shoot
 The viviparous propagules can reach a length of
more than 40cm but generally do not exceed 20 to
25cm.

13. Seeds

14. .
Trunk
The stem of Bruguiera gymnorhiza has a dark brown,
dark grey to black, rough and checkered fissuring
bark.
Typically Bruguiera gymnorhiza develops a one
columnar stem ore is multi-stemmed. The wood of
the trunk has a high densite.
Bruguiera gymnorhiza develops almost no lenticels
in oxygen-rich soils but in oxygen-poor sediments
the trunk and pneumatophores are fully covered by
big corky lenticels.

15. Trunk

16. Roots
 Bruguiera gymnorhiza develops the for Bruguiera
species typical knee roots. Knee roots allow the
exchange of gases in oxygen-poor sediments.
 Surprisely Bruguiera gymnorhiza can also develop
pneumatophores that look like stilt roots which
grow directly from the trunk .These prop roots
serve primarily as a support and to secure the
plants location.

17. Distribution
 Bruguiera gymnorhiza is a robust mangrove with
the ability to adapt to different growing conditions.
This characteristic enabled the spread of the
Oriental Mangrove from Africa to Southeast Asia to
Polynesia between the 20th north latitude and the
25th south latitude.
Countries:
WestAfrica: Kenya,Madagascar,Maldives,Mauritius,M
ozambique,Seychelles,Somalia,SouthAfrica,Sudan,
Tan-zania

18. Asia: Brunei,Cambodia,China,India,Indonesia,
Japan,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Sri
Lanka,Taiwan,Thailand,Vietnam
Australia:
Oceania: Fiji, Guam, Micronesia, New Caledonia,
Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon
Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu

19. Climatic Condition
Temperature :Air temperature should be around 22 to
30°C. Not at any time the temperature should fall below
10°C. Short temperature drops for a few days down to
15°C are normally no problem and can be handled
pretty well.
Humidity :Should be around a minimum of 50
percent. The higher humidity is the better it is for
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and its growth.

20. Physiographic Edaphic and Biotic
Requirements
It is shade tolerant tree
Salt
We recommend brackish water with a salinity
of 10 to 25 grams not iodized sea salt per
liter.
It cannot tolerate high salinity
 Requires the shade and protection of surrounding
trees to survive.

21. Phenology
 Flowers come in April-May which is red colored
 Seedling time extends from late May to
September

22. Regeneration

23. Natural regeneration
 In June-July month the seeds are naturally
germinated to the forest
 The seed remains attached to the parents plant until
it germinates. It then falls from the tree and drifts on
the water until it finds somewhere to take root.

24. Artificial Regeneration
 Cultivation of Bruguiera gymnorhiza in a mangrove basin is
very easy. Socialization with other mangrove species is no
problem.
 As Bruguiera gymnorhiza is grown from a propagule,one
just collect it and planted in aquarium(whether seawater
aquarium, brackish water aquarium or freshwater
aquarium),mangrove basin.

25. Uses
The wood has high density and therefore very
heavy wood which made it very attractive as timber
for the use of salt water and foundation piling, house
posts, flooring, cabinetwork and furniture.
 Kankra was also used as source of dyes for
fishnets ‘ropes, sails and clothing.
Powdered bark was used for preparation of tuba, a
very popular alcoholic drink.
Nowadays charcoals and firewood is made of
Kankra.
Cheap furniture, box, packingcase, boatwood,
hardboard etc. are found from Kankra.

26. Folk Medicine
 The bark is used for diarrhea and fever in Indonesia
(Perry, 1980). Cambodians use the astringent bark
for malaria (Burkill, 1966).
The propagules or green pods are eaten as a
cooked vegetable. They are peeled first and then
boiled, the water being discarded and renewed at
least four times. The propagules of this species are
more appreciated than

27. Thank you!