Distribution of Gymnosperms in Pakistan

2.  Saira Mehar
 Roll#13
 BS-Botany
 5th-Semester

3.  What are gymnosperms?
 General features.
 phylum of gymnosperms.
 Distribution of gymnosperm in world.
 Distribution of gymnosperm in Nepal.
 Distribution of gymnosperm in India.
 Distribution of gymnosperm in
Pakistan.

4.  Seed bearing vascular plants.
 Gymnosperms means “naked seed” (from the
Greek: Gymnos=naked; sperm=seed)
 Seeds are formed naked.
 Seed lack a protective enclosure(unlike flowering
plant which have flower & fruit)
 Seeds are produced on the scales of cones.
 More advanced then ferns because they do not
have seeds.

6.  Most of gymnosperms are trees.
 Some are evergreen, i.e. pine
 Gymnosperms have exposed seeds
 All of them don’t posses flowers
 Ancestor of seed plants are homosporous but seed
plants are heterosporous
 Megasorangia produced megaspores > female
gametophyte.
 Micresporangia produced microspores > male
gametophyte.

7.  Ovule consist of
megasporangium,megaspores,one or more
protective integuments.
 Note: gymnosperm megaspores have one
integument while angiosperms have two.
 Naked seeds not enclosed by ovaries.

8. 1. Cycadophyta (Cycads)
2. Ginkgophyta (one living specie: Ginkgo
biloba).
3. Gnetophyta (e.g
Gnetum,Ephedra,Welwitschia).
4. Coniferophyta (coniferous such as
pine,chir & redwood).

9.  Fossils evidence reveals that by the late Devonian
period some plants,called Progymnospermms, had
begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize
seed plants.

10.  Large cones,palm like leaves.
 Thrived during Mesozoic period,few species exist
today.

11.  Ornamental tree.
 High tolerance to air pollution.
 Ginkgo biloba.

13.  comprises 3 genera vary in appearance.
 Tropical, some live in desert

16.  Largest phyla.
 Conifers are evergreen carry out photosynthesis.

18.  1) Cycadophyta:
 Families ---2 to 3
 Genera---- 10 to 12
 Species---- 305
 Global distribution more unified
distribution during time of supercontinent
Gondawana.
 Identified by large crown of
compound,palm like leaves & short trunk.

19.  Families---- 3 (woody plants heaving wood
vessels in the flowering plants).
 Class ----- 1-class(Gnetopsida living
plants)
 Orders ---- 3
 Genales ….. Gnetum
 Welwitschiales…..Welwitschia
 Ephedrales ….. Ephedra.
 Gnetum: woody climbers in tropical forests
 Member; Gnetum gnemon(tree) found in
Malaysia & Indonesia.

21.  Welwitschiales: comprise only one
specie…. Welwitschia mirabilis.
 grows only in desert of Namibia.
 Strange plant heaving only 2-large strap
like leaves.
 Ephedrales:
 Consist of single Genus Ephedra.
 Reputed to have medicinal property
banned by food & drug
administration(FDA) due to harmful &
deadly side effects.

24.  size: less than one meter(39 inches) to over
100-meters(328 feet).
 Example: cedars,Cypresses,Douglas firs,
firs,Junipers,Pines,Redwoods etc
Families….. 6-8
Genera……. 65-70
Species …… 600-650

31.  G. biloba example of living fossils > permian 270M
years ago.
 By the Paleocene, Ginkgo adiantoids only
ginkgo specie left in the Northern Hemisphere.
 Found in China > deep rooted & resistance to
Wind & snow damage.
 3,000 year-old ginkgo reported in Shandong
Province in China.

34.  Some common species of Nepal are;
 1.Pinus roxburghii(Khote salla)
 2. Pinus wallichiana(Rani Sallo): The forest
of Pinus wallichiana is abundant in Karnali river in
the western Nepal and the Kali Gandaki river in
the central Nepal.
 3. Ephedra gerardiana: It grows up to 3 m high
(tall). It is mostly found in Himalayan regions. It
prefers dry region to grow.
tree usually appears from 1200m – 2100m altitude

38.  4. Ephedra intermedia: It is only found from upper
Kali Gandaki valleys. It grows at 2700m to 4000m
altitude.
 5. Cycas pectinata: It is a palm like evergreen plant
attaining a height of about 2.5m to 5m tall. It occurs in
sub-tropical forests of Eastern region and Central
region.
 6. Larix griffithiana: It is a deciduous tree found in
Eastern Himalayas. It is mostly abundant in an altitude
of 1500m.
 7. Juniperus indica: It is a bushy tree found mostly
in an elevation of 2500m to 4000m altitude
 8. Larix hamilaica: It is mostly dominant in
central Nepal. It is found in Langtang valley of Nepal.

42.  9. Juniperus indica: It is a bushy tree found
mostly in an elevation of 2500m to 4000m altitude.
 10. Junipersus recurva: It is mostly distributed in
inner regions of Himalayas at an elevation of
3000m to 4500m altitude. It is abundantly
found in Eastern Nepal.

44. •Name •family •distribution
Gnetum gnemon Gnetaceae Arunachal
Pradesh,Assam,Meghalaya,
Tripura.
Gnetum
montanum
Gnetaceae Arunachal
Pradesh,Assam,Nagaland,West
Bengal,Sikkim.
Ephedra
gerardiana
Ephedraceae Sikkim
Gnetales

48. Name Family Distributio
n
Cycas
pectinata
Cycadaceae Assam,Meghalaya,Ma
nipur,Sikkim,West
Bengal

50. Name Family Distribution
Pinus armandii Pinaceae Arunachal Pradesh
Pinus bhutanica Pinaceae Arunachal Pradesh
Nageia wallichiana Podocarpaceae Assam,Meghalaya
Juniperus
wallichiana
Cupressaceae Eastern Himalayas

55. Gnetales
Name In World In West
Pakistan
Altitude Flower
season
Fruit
season
Seed
season
Ephedra
foliata
Turkestan
,Iran &
India
Plains &
low
coastal
hills,Thar,
Pubbi
hills &
Salt range
2,500 feet February
& March,
sometime
in
October
Ripens in
May
Germinat
e in June
with
monsoon
rain
Ephedra
gerardia
na
Afganista
n,Tibet &
Western
Himalaya
s.
Chitral,Sa
wat,Gilgit
,Kaghan,
Kurram,
Wazirista
n,Quetta
8,000 to
14,000
feet
April to
July
August to
October

58. Gnetales
Name In World In West
Pakistan
Altitude Flower
season
Fruit
season
Seed
season
Ephedra
intermed
ia
Turkestan
,Iran &
Central
Asia
Kurram,C
hitral,Gil
git,Waziri
stan &
Quetta
6000 to
9000 feet
spring Spring of
the next
year
Ephedra
perzewal
skii
Central
Asia
Baluchist
an &
Nanga
Parbat

61. Coniferales
Name In World In West
Pakistan
Altitud
e
Flower
season
Fruit
season
Seed
season
Cedrus
deodara
Western
Himalayas
(Garhwal
to
Afganista
n)
Kashmir,
Hazara,S
awat,Dir,
Chitral.
spring March to
April
Juniperus
communi
s
Northern
& Central
part of
Euope,Ira
n,Afganist
an
Kashmir,
Hazara,G
ilgit,Sawa
t,Chitral,
Dir,Kurra
m
11,000 to
13,000
feet
March to
April
August to
septembe
r of the
2nd year
Just after
melting
of snow
at the end
of spring.

64. Name In World In West
Pakistan
Altitude Flower
season
Fruit
season
Seed
season
Juniperus
squamat
a
Alpine
region of
western
Himalayas
Afganista
n
Kashmir,C
hitral,Gilg
it,Hazara
,Sawat,Dir
& kurram
11000 to
1400 feet
June to
July
October
of 2nd
year
End of
spring
Juniperus
tarkestan
ica
Chitral 12,000
feet
spring Berries
ripen in
July to
August
Spring
after
melting of
snow
Abies
pindrow
Western
Himalaya,
Afghanist
an to
Nepal.
Kashmir,
Muree
Hills,Haza
ra,Chitral
7,000 to
11,000 feet
May or
early June

68. Name In World In West
Pakistan
Altitude Flower
season
Fruit
season
Seed
season
Pinus
gerardia
na
Afghanist
an,inner
arid
valleys of
Himalayas
,Gharwal
Balochista
n,Wazirist
an,Chitral
,Gilgit,Ha
zara
,Sawat &
kurram
6,500 to
8,500 feet
spring spring
Pinus
roxburgh
ii
Outer
range
Himalayas
,Bhutan to
Afghanist
an
Kashmir,
Muree
hills,Haza
ra & Sawat
3,500 to
5,500 feet
In June
Pinus
wallichia
na
Western
Himalaya,
from
Bhutan to
Afghanist
an
Outer
ranges of
Western
Himalayas
5,000 to
12,000
feet
March or
early April
June next
year after
first heavy
shower

72. Name In World In West
Pakistan
Altitude Flower
season
Fruit
season
Seed
season
Pinus
insularis
Upper
Burma &
Philipines
Nanga
hills
Taxus
baccata
Western
Himalayas
,Afghanist
an,Alheria
,Euorpe
Kashmir,
Muree
hills,Haza
ra,Sawat,
Dir,Chitra
l
6000 to
10,000
feet
April to
May
Septembe
r to
November
Long time
to
germinate

75. Name In
Pakistan
Local
Name
height Flower
season
uses
Cycas
revoluta
All
Pakistan
Kanghi
palm,cycad,
Sago Palm
6-15 feet may Ornamenta
l palm
Cycadales