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PENDAHULUANPENDAHULUAN
APA BIOLOGI ITU?
SAINS TENTANG KEHIDUPAN, DENGAN
SELURUH ASPEKNYA.
BIOLOGI MENCAKUP ASPEK MOLEKUL,
SEL JARINGAN, ORGAN, SISTEM,
ORGANISME, POPULASI SAMPAI
KOMUNITAS SECARA GLOBAL
(BIOSFER)
ORGANISMEORGANISME
(MOLEKUL  SELL  JARINGAN
 ORGAN  SISTEM ORGAN 
SPESIMEN / INDIVIDU), POPULASI
DST..
PHENOMENA BIOLOGI MEMBAHAS
TENTANG :
 BENDA HIDUP,
 BENDA MATI,
 BENDA TAK HIDUP.
BIDANG BIOLOGI MEMBEDAKAN
BENDA HIDUP DNG BENDA TAK
HIDUP.
CIRI – CIRI HIDUP :
 TERDIRI DARI SEL KOMPLEKS,
 TERSUSUN DARI MATERI & PROSES KOMPLEKS,
 MEMBUTUHKAN ENERGI UNTUK HIDUP,
 MEMILIKI PROSES METABOLISME,
 TUMBUH & BERKEMBANG,
 MENGADAKAN REPRODUKSI /BERBIAK,
 MEMILIKI SIFAT KETURUNAN YANG SPESIFIK,
 RESPON THD. LINGKUNGAN / IRRITABILITAS,
 HOMEOSTATIS - KESEIMBANGAN KONDISI TUBUH
DENGAN LINGKUNGAN,
1. TERDIRI DARI SEL KOMPLEKS:
PEMBELAHAN :
MITOSIS (2N  2N) PADA SAAT TUMBUH DAN
BERKEMBANG.
MEIOSIS (2N  N) PADA SAAT REPRODUKSI
(SEL GAMET)
UNISELULER  TDD SATU SEL (MIKRO-
ORGANISME: BAKTERI, CHLORELLA,
PARAMAECIUM, EUGLENA, PLASMODIUM)
MULTISELULER  TDD BANYAK SEL
{ORGANISME : HEWAN INVERTEBRATA DAN
VERTEBRATA, Tumbuhan HERBA, SEMAK,
POHON}
SEL PADA ORGANISMESEL PADA ORGANISME
SEL TUMBUHAN SEL HEWAN
SEL PD ORGANISMESEL PD ORGANISME
NUCLEOLUS: tempat RIBOSOM RNA
DISYNTESIS.
NUCLEUS, CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE,
DINDING SELL,
VACUOLE, CYTOPLASMA, PARAPLASMA
AMYLOPLAST; CHLOROPLAST
(FOTOSINTESIS), RIBOSOME (SINTESIS
PROTEIN), DAN STROMA (REAKSI GELAP),
SEL PD ORGANISMESEL PD ORGANISME
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM / E.R. (ENZYM)
: ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM HALUS
(TANPA RIBOSOM)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM KASAR (TDPT
RIBOSOM  SYNTH. PROTEIN)
GOLGI APPARATUS (SINTESIS PROTEIN),
LYSOSOME : (SUMBER ENZYM)
PENGHANCUR MATERI & SISA
METABOLISME, (HEWAN)
MITOCHONDRION (PENGHASIL ENERGI
ATP & REAKSI GLUKOSA)
CONTOH SEL & ORGANISMECONTOH SEL & ORGANISME
TUMBUHAN :
SPOROPHYTA : BRYOPHYTA (LUMUT)
& PTERIDOPHYTA (PAKU-PAKUAN)
SPERMATOPHYTA
GYMNOSPERMAE (BIJI TERBUKA) &
ANGIOSPERMAE (BIJI TERTUTUP) 
MONOCOTYLE (BIJI TUNGGAL);
DIKOTYLE (BIJI BERKEPING DUA).
2. MATERI & PROSES YANG KOMPLEK, UNIK :
MOLEKUL SEDERHANA &
MOLEKUL MAJEMUK
MIRKO/TRACE ELEMENT (Zn, I, K, F, Mg);
MAKRO ELEMENT (C, H, O, N, S, P, Ca, Fe,
Cu)
3. KEBUTUHAN ENERGI UNTUK HIDUP:
 REAKSI DASAR
CHY MTH
6 CO2
+ 6 H2
O  C6
H12
O6
+ 6 O2
CHLOROPHIL
 AUTOTROP (PRODUSEN) : MEMBUTUHKAN
CHY. MTH. UNTUK FOTOSINTESIS 
ASIMILASI CO2
+ H2
O MENJADI C6
H12
O6
.
(TEPUNG/PATI, SELULOSA, LEMAK, PROTEIN,
VITAMIN, ENSIM, HORMON DSB.)
 HETEROTROP (KONSUMER) :
MEMANFAATKAN HASIL ASIMILASI UNTUK
HIDUP & BERKEMBANG.
ADA : RANTAI & JEJARING MAKANAN
4.PROSES METABOLISME :
KATABOLISME  PEMBONGKARAN SUATU
MATERI MOLEKUL BESAR  KECIL;
MOLEKUL MAJEMUK  SEDERHANA.
ANABOLISME  PENYUSUNAN DARI
MATERI MOLEKUL SEDERHANA  MOLEKUL
MAJEMUK (ASIMILASI / FOTOSINTESIS);
KEDUA PROSES TSB. MELIBATKAN ENZIM
(KATALISATOR) DAN HORMON (PEMICU /
TRIGER SUATU MATERI / ORGAN).
*5. TUMBUH DAN BERKEMBANG :
TUMBUH  MENJADI BESAR,
BERKEMBANG  MENJADI BANYAK,
6. REPRODUKSI: USAHA ORGANISME
MEMPERBANYAK DIRI/INDIVIDU
ASEKSUAL : TANPA MEMBENTUK ORGAN
REPRODUKSI; MEMBELAH DIRI, MEMBENTUK
TUNAS, KONJUGASI, STEK, OKULASI)
SEKSUAL : MEMBENTUK ORGAN SEKSUAL PADA
TUMBUHAN MEMBENTUK  BUNGA, BUAH &
BIJI, SPORA
HEWAN MEMBENTUK OVARIUM & TESTIS 
AMPHIGONI & PARTENOGENESIS.
MONOSEUS, HERMAPRODIT (PROTOGINI,
PROTANDRI & SINKRONI) & DIOSEUS
*7. KETURUNAN (HEREDITAS) :
KROMOSOME : DENGAN SEDERETAN GEN
(PEMBAWA SIFAT KETURUNAN),
BERPASANGAN PADA TIAP INDIVIDU.
DIKENDALIKAN OLEH DNA & RNA PADA
INTISEL (NUCLEUS).
GENOTIP : SIFAT YANG TIDAK DAPAT DILIHAT
LANGSUNG (RESESIF & DOMINAN).
FENOTIP : SIFAT YANG TERLIHAT PADA
BENTUK LUAR
*8. RESPON THD. LINGKUNGAN :
IRITABILITAS  MANIFESTASI GERAK
ORGANISME THD LINGKUNGAN
HEWAN : PINDAH TEMPAT / MOBILITAS
TUMBUHAN : FOTOTHROP POSITIF
(TUMBUH KE ARAH CAHAYA
MATAHARI) : BATANG, DAUN, BUNGA.
DAN, FOTOTHROP NEGATIF ( TUMBUH
MENJAUHI CAHAYA MATAHARI) : AKAR,
UMBI, BUAH POLONG.
*9. HOMEOSTATIS :
KESEIMBANGAN KIMIAWI & CAIRAN PADA
TUBUH ORGANISME  PROSES
FISIOLOGIS / FAAL ;
DIFFUSI, OSMOSIS, EVAPORASI,
RESPIRASI, EKSPIRASI, GUTASI,
OSMOREGULASI.
ORGAN : KULIT, GINJAL, DAN INSANG
BIDANG – BIDANG BIOLOGIBIDANG – BIDANG BIOLOGI
PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK :
- OBSERVASI
- KAJIAN FENOMENA ALAM
- HYPOTESIS  DIUJI
- EKSPLORASI, INVENSI & PENYELIDIKAN
- ANALISA & KESIMPULAN
- PENGUJIAN LANJUT
METODE ILMIAH :METODE ILMIAH :
1. INFORMASI,
OBSERVASI
6. SESUAI
HIPOTESIS
2. MASALAH
4. RANCANGAN
PERCOBAAN
3. HIPOTESIS
5. EKSPERIMEN
7. HASIL
SAMPINGAN
9.PELAPORAN
8.KESIMPULAN
10.EKSPERIMEN
LAIN
11.EKSPERIMEN
LANJUTAN

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biologi dasar "pendahuluan biologi"

  • 1. PENDAHULUANPENDAHULUAN APA BIOLOGI ITU? SAINS TENTANG KEHIDUPAN, DENGAN SELURUH ASPEKNYA. BIOLOGI MENCAKUP ASPEK MOLEKUL, SEL JARINGAN, ORGAN, SISTEM, ORGANISME, POPULASI SAMPAI KOMUNITAS SECARA GLOBAL (BIOSFER)
  • 2. ORGANISMEORGANISME (MOLEKUL  SELL  JARINGAN  ORGAN  SISTEM ORGAN  SPESIMEN / INDIVIDU), POPULASI DST..
  • 3. PHENOMENA BIOLOGI MEMBAHAS TENTANG :  BENDA HIDUP,  BENDA MATI,  BENDA TAK HIDUP. BIDANG BIOLOGI MEMBEDAKAN BENDA HIDUP DNG BENDA TAK HIDUP.
  • 4. CIRI – CIRI HIDUP :  TERDIRI DARI SEL KOMPLEKS,  TERSUSUN DARI MATERI & PROSES KOMPLEKS,  MEMBUTUHKAN ENERGI UNTUK HIDUP,  MEMILIKI PROSES METABOLISME,  TUMBUH & BERKEMBANG,  MENGADAKAN REPRODUKSI /BERBIAK,  MEMILIKI SIFAT KETURUNAN YANG SPESIFIK,  RESPON THD. LINGKUNGAN / IRRITABILITAS,  HOMEOSTATIS - KESEIMBANGAN KONDISI TUBUH DENGAN LINGKUNGAN,
  • 5. 1. TERDIRI DARI SEL KOMPLEKS: PEMBELAHAN : MITOSIS (2N  2N) PADA SAAT TUMBUH DAN BERKEMBANG. MEIOSIS (2N  N) PADA SAAT REPRODUKSI (SEL GAMET) UNISELULER  TDD SATU SEL (MIKRO- ORGANISME: BAKTERI, CHLORELLA, PARAMAECIUM, EUGLENA, PLASMODIUM) MULTISELULER  TDD BANYAK SEL {ORGANISME : HEWAN INVERTEBRATA DAN VERTEBRATA, Tumbuhan HERBA, SEMAK, POHON}
  • 6. SEL PADA ORGANISMESEL PADA ORGANISME SEL TUMBUHAN SEL HEWAN
  • 7. SEL PD ORGANISMESEL PD ORGANISME NUCLEOLUS: tempat RIBOSOM RNA DISYNTESIS. NUCLEUS, CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE, DINDING SELL, VACUOLE, CYTOPLASMA, PARAPLASMA AMYLOPLAST; CHLOROPLAST (FOTOSINTESIS), RIBOSOME (SINTESIS PROTEIN), DAN STROMA (REAKSI GELAP),
  • 8. SEL PD ORGANISMESEL PD ORGANISME ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM / E.R. (ENZYM) : ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM HALUS (TANPA RIBOSOM) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM KASAR (TDPT RIBOSOM  SYNTH. PROTEIN) GOLGI APPARATUS (SINTESIS PROTEIN), LYSOSOME : (SUMBER ENZYM) PENGHANCUR MATERI & SISA METABOLISME, (HEWAN) MITOCHONDRION (PENGHASIL ENERGI ATP & REAKSI GLUKOSA)
  • 9. CONTOH SEL & ORGANISMECONTOH SEL & ORGANISME
  • 10. TUMBUHAN : SPOROPHYTA : BRYOPHYTA (LUMUT) & PTERIDOPHYTA (PAKU-PAKUAN) SPERMATOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE (BIJI TERBUKA) & ANGIOSPERMAE (BIJI TERTUTUP)  MONOCOTYLE (BIJI TUNGGAL); DIKOTYLE (BIJI BERKEPING DUA).
  • 11. 2. MATERI & PROSES YANG KOMPLEK, UNIK : MOLEKUL SEDERHANA & MOLEKUL MAJEMUK MIRKO/TRACE ELEMENT (Zn, I, K, F, Mg); MAKRO ELEMENT (C, H, O, N, S, P, Ca, Fe, Cu)
  • 12. 3. KEBUTUHAN ENERGI UNTUK HIDUP:  REAKSI DASAR CHY MTH 6 CO2 + 6 H2 O  C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 CHLOROPHIL  AUTOTROP (PRODUSEN) : MEMBUTUHKAN CHY. MTH. UNTUK FOTOSINTESIS  ASIMILASI CO2 + H2 O MENJADI C6 H12 O6 . (TEPUNG/PATI, SELULOSA, LEMAK, PROTEIN, VITAMIN, ENSIM, HORMON DSB.)  HETEROTROP (KONSUMER) : MEMANFAATKAN HASIL ASIMILASI UNTUK HIDUP & BERKEMBANG. ADA : RANTAI & JEJARING MAKANAN
  • 13. 4.PROSES METABOLISME : KATABOLISME  PEMBONGKARAN SUATU MATERI MOLEKUL BESAR  KECIL; MOLEKUL MAJEMUK  SEDERHANA. ANABOLISME  PENYUSUNAN DARI MATERI MOLEKUL SEDERHANA  MOLEKUL MAJEMUK (ASIMILASI / FOTOSINTESIS); KEDUA PROSES TSB. MELIBATKAN ENZIM (KATALISATOR) DAN HORMON (PEMICU / TRIGER SUATU MATERI / ORGAN).
  • 14. *5. TUMBUH DAN BERKEMBANG : TUMBUH  MENJADI BESAR, BERKEMBANG  MENJADI BANYAK,
  • 15. 6. REPRODUKSI: USAHA ORGANISME MEMPERBANYAK DIRI/INDIVIDU ASEKSUAL : TANPA MEMBENTUK ORGAN REPRODUKSI; MEMBELAH DIRI, MEMBENTUK TUNAS, KONJUGASI, STEK, OKULASI) SEKSUAL : MEMBENTUK ORGAN SEKSUAL PADA TUMBUHAN MEMBENTUK  BUNGA, BUAH & BIJI, SPORA HEWAN MEMBENTUK OVARIUM & TESTIS  AMPHIGONI & PARTENOGENESIS. MONOSEUS, HERMAPRODIT (PROTOGINI, PROTANDRI & SINKRONI) & DIOSEUS
  • 16. *7. KETURUNAN (HEREDITAS) : KROMOSOME : DENGAN SEDERETAN GEN (PEMBAWA SIFAT KETURUNAN), BERPASANGAN PADA TIAP INDIVIDU. DIKENDALIKAN OLEH DNA & RNA PADA INTISEL (NUCLEUS). GENOTIP : SIFAT YANG TIDAK DAPAT DILIHAT LANGSUNG (RESESIF & DOMINAN). FENOTIP : SIFAT YANG TERLIHAT PADA BENTUK LUAR
  • 17. *8. RESPON THD. LINGKUNGAN : IRITABILITAS  MANIFESTASI GERAK ORGANISME THD LINGKUNGAN HEWAN : PINDAH TEMPAT / MOBILITAS TUMBUHAN : FOTOTHROP POSITIF (TUMBUH KE ARAH CAHAYA MATAHARI) : BATANG, DAUN, BUNGA. DAN, FOTOTHROP NEGATIF ( TUMBUH MENJAUHI CAHAYA MATAHARI) : AKAR, UMBI, BUAH POLONG.
  • 18. *9. HOMEOSTATIS : KESEIMBANGAN KIMIAWI & CAIRAN PADA TUBUH ORGANISME  PROSES FISIOLOGIS / FAAL ; DIFFUSI, OSMOSIS, EVAPORASI, RESPIRASI, EKSPIRASI, GUTASI, OSMOREGULASI. ORGAN : KULIT, GINJAL, DAN INSANG
  • 19. BIDANG – BIDANG BIOLOGIBIDANG – BIDANG BIOLOGI PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK : - OBSERVASI - KAJIAN FENOMENA ALAM - HYPOTESIS  DIUJI - EKSPLORASI, INVENSI & PENYELIDIKAN - ANALISA & KESIMPULAN - PENGUJIAN LANJUT
  • 20. METODE ILMIAH :METODE ILMIAH : 1. INFORMASI, OBSERVASI 6. SESUAI HIPOTESIS 2. MASALAH 4. RANCANGAN PERCOBAAN 3. HIPOTESIS 5. EKSPERIMEN 7. HASIL SAMPINGAN 9.PELAPORAN 8.KESIMPULAN 10.EKSPERIMEN LAIN 11.EKSPERIMEN LANJUTAN