Chapter 1 planning in sports

1ROCKWODD HIGH SCHOOL UDAIPUR 9829037221, 7014734358

CONTENTS
 Meaning & Objectives of Planning
 Various Committees & their Responsibilities(Pre;
During & Post)
 Tournament – Knockout, League or Round Robin
& Combination
 Procedure to Draw Fixture-Knock out (Bye &
Seeding) & League (Staircase & cyclic)
 Intramural & Extramural – Meaning, Objectives
& its Significance
 Specific Sports Programmes- (Sports Day,
Health Run, Run for Fun, Run for Specific Cause
& Run for Unity)

Meaning of Planning
Planning : A basic management function
involving the making of one or more plans to
achieve needs or demands with the available
resources.
In simple words, it means deciding in advance
what is to be done, when is to be done, how it
is to be done and by whom it is to be done.
("it" refers to the task or goal or target or
demand or need)

Objectives of Planning
 To keep good control over all the activities.
 To facilitate proper coordination.
 To reduce the chances of mistakes.
 To increase the efficiency.
 To increase the creativity.
 To enhance the performance.
 To reduce the unnecessary pressure of
immediacy.

Various committees and their
responsibility
1. Committee for publicity.
2. Transport committee.
3. Boarding and lodging committee.
4. Decoration and ceremony committee.
5. Grounds and equipment committee.
6. Refreshments and entertainment committee.
7. Reception committee.
8. Committee on entries and programmes.
9 Committee for officials.
10 Announcement committee.
11 First aid committee.

Tournaments- It is that series of sports in which a
team finally wins and rest of the teams lose the
matches.
Importance of Tournaments
1. Development of sports skills.
2. Propaganda of sports.
3. Helpful in selection of players.
4. Development of national & international
integration.
5. Development of social qualities.
6. Source of recreation.

Types of Tournaments
Knock out tournament
League or Round Robin Tournament
Combination Tournament
Seeding tournament

Types of Tournaments
Knock out tournament: This is the most common types of
tournament in which teams play against each other,
winner moves to next round whereas loser is
eliminated from the tournament.
Advantages: Less time, less money, less officials,
enhances standard of sports
Disadvantages
 Chances of elimination of good teams in Ist & IInd
round
 Maximum chances of weak teams to enter in to final
rounds
 Spectators may not have enough interest in the final
match

 League or Round Robin Tournament: . In this type of
tournament, all teams are made to compete with
each other for once.
Types of league tournament
Single league tournament – Every team plays with every other
team once.
Double league tournament - Every team plays with every other
team twice.
Method of preparing fixture
1. Cyclic method
2. Staircase method
3.Tabular method (Not in Syllabus)

Combination Tournament
1. Knock-out cum Knock-out
2. League cum League
3. Knock-out cum League
4. League cum Knock-out

 Combination Tournament
1. Knock-out cum Knock-out
Example – ZonalTournament on Knock out basis.
1 1
2 2
Zone A 3 Zone B 3
4 4
1 1
2 2
Zone C 3 Zone D 3
4 4
Inter ZonalTournament on Knock out basis
Winner A
Winner B
Winner C
Winner D
Winner A Winner B
Winner DWinner C
Winner

Example – Group of ZonalTournament on League basis.
1 - 2 1 - 2
Zone A 1 – 3 2 – 3 Zone B 1 – 3 2 – 3
1 – 4 2 – 4 3 – 4 1 – 4 2 – 4 3 – 4
1 - 2 1 - 2
Zone C 1 – 3 2 – 3 Zone D 1 – 3 2 – 3
1 – 4 2 – 4 3 – 4 1 – 4 2 – 4 3 – 4
Inter Group or ZonalTournament on League basis.
A – B
A –C B – C WINNER
A – D B – D C – D
Winner A Winner B
Winner C Winner D

3. Knock-out cum LeagueTournament
Example – Group or ZonalTournament on Knock out basis.
1 1
2 2
Zone A 3 Zone B 3
4 4
1 1
2 2
Zone C 3 Zone D 3
4 4
Inter Group or ZonalTournament on League basis.
A – B
A –C B – C WINNER
A – D B – D C – D
Winner A Winner B
Winner DWinner C

4. League cum Knock outTournament
Example – Group of ZonalTournament on League basis.
1 - 2 1 - 2
Zone A 1 – 3 2 – 3 Zone B 1 – 3 2 – 3
1 – 4 2 – 4 3 – 4 1 – 4 2 – 4 3 – 4
1 - 2 1 - 2
Zone C 1 – 3 2 – 3 Zone D 1 – 3 2 – 3
1 – 4 2 – 4 3 – 4 1 – 4 2 – 4 3 – 4
Inter ZonalTournament on Knock out basis
Winner A
Winner B
Winner C
Winner D
Winner A Winner B
Winner C Winner D
Winner

Procedure to Draw Fixture
 Knock out –
1. Bye
2. Seeding
3. Special Seeding
 League or Round Robin –
1. Staircase
2. Cyclic Method
 CombinationTournament-
1. Knockout cum Knockout
2. Knockout cum League
4. League cum Knockout

Important Points to Remember
for Knockout Tournament
1. Total No of Teams (N).
2. Total No. of Matches (N-1).
3. Method of determining the number of
teams in Upper half or Lower Half or
quarters.
4. Next Power of Two.
5. Total number of Byes.
6. Number of Byes to be given in each half or
quarter.
7. Total Number of rounds.

Method of Preparing Fixtures
in Knock-out Tournament
 Total Number of matches= N-1 ( N is the No. of Teams)
 Divide the Number of teams into two halves
 If the number of teams is not exact power of 2 (4, 8, 16, 32, 64
and so on) and is an odd number
 Upper half = (N+1)/2
 Byes are given in the first round
 Lower half= (N-1)/2
 Number of byes = 𝟐^x - N (where 𝟐^𝒙 >N) Note : 2^x : 2 to the power “x”)
 Number of rounds = 𝒙
 If Number of teams even then
 Upper half= Lower half= N/2
 Number of byes = 𝟐 𝒙 - N (where 𝟐 𝒙 >N) Note : 2^x : 2 to the power “x”)
 Number of rounds = 𝒙

How to Place Byes in Fixtures
 The First Bye is given to the lower half
bottom team.
 The Second bye is given to the upper half top
team.
 TheThird bye is given to the lower half top
team.
 The Fourth bye is given to the upper half
bottom team.
 And So on

Fixture of 12 Teams

Fixture of 13 Teams
N=13

Double Knock out Tournament(Consolation)
 “One additional chance is given to defeated teams”
 Winner is declared from the defeated teams
 Type I
 The teams defeated in round first are allowed to participate
 New fixture is prepared
 The teams who did not get Bye earlier are given Bye now
 Type II
 The teams defeated in all the rounds are given additional
chance

Fixture of Double Knockout Tournament
N=9

Seeding Tournament
 Seeding-The sorting of teams and fitting them
in the fixture so that the stronger teams do not
meet each other in the early rounds is known as
seeding.The criteria for sorting the teams are
their performance.The reason why seeding is
used in tournaments is that if stronger teams
lose the matches in initial rounds ,then there
would be no interest left in the matches for
spectators and since spectators are the main
source of funding ,seeding is done.

Example of Special Seeding
N=20

Important points in Seeding Tournament

Example of Seeding
N=13

League Tournament- Staircase
 In Staircase Method of the league
tournament, fixtures are made just like a
staircase.This method is the easiest method
because no bye is given to any team and
there is no problem of the even number of
teams or an odd number of teams.
 It includes fixing matches of one team with
all other teams and the winner is decided on
the basis of points .

Example of Stair Case
N= 07
=N(N-1)/2
= 7(7-1)/2
= 7(6)/2
= 42/2
21 Ans.

Cyclic Tournament
 In Cyclic Method league tournament one team will be fixed
in a particular position and all other teams will move in a
particular direction.
 If a number of teams are odd , then one bye will be kept in
the match and its place will be fixed in the first position of
the right side of the fixture. A number of matches played
will be equal to the number of teams.This is so because the
bye is also counted as a team .
 Number of matches = Number of teams (OnlyWhen
number of teams are odd)
 If the number of teams is even, then team number 1 will be
fixed in the first position, right side and all other teams will
go on changing their places.
 Number of matches = Number of teams - 1(only when
number of teams are even)

Examples of Cyclic Method
Cyclic MethodWith EvenTeams
Cyclic Method with OddTeams

Methods to deciding Winner in League
Winner of the match= 2 points
 Loser of the match= 0 points
 Draw = 1 point
 Take away :
 Team having the maximum point is declared winner
 If there is a tie between two teams, then both teams
will get equal points.

Method of Deciding the Winner in League
Tournament

Intramurals & its Objectives
 Intramural Sports are those recreational sports which are
played within a particular school/college/institute.
 Objectives of intramural
 To provide recreation.
 To develop cooperation among children.
 To provide the opportunity to children to do participate in
sports.
 To find out the talented sports person.
 Develop leadership.
 Development of personality.
 Enables students to learn sports skills.

Advantages/Significance of Intramural
 These activities are necessary to low down the fighting instinct of
students.
 Intramural activities refresh the children and make them agile.
 These are helpful in physical , mental, social, emotional
development of children.
 It lays stress on moral and ethical values of students.
 Provide a good source of recreation.
 Develops awareness for health among children.
 Provides good opportunities to students to participate in-game
sand sports.
 Help to develop leadership qualities in students.
 The talent search is possible through intramural.
 It serves as a great source to develop interpersonal relations.
 Helpful in developing a personality.

Extramural & its Objectives
 Extramural Sports are those recreational sports
which are played between different
players/teams of different school/institution or
an organization.
 Objectives of Extramural
 To provide the experience of sports competition
to students.
 To check improvement in performance.
 Psychological development.
 To have a sense of competition.

Advantages/Significance of Extramural
 These competitions provide an opportunity to
schools and teams to show their sports capabilities
which enhance the image of the school.
 These programs are essential for making and
implementing the program of physical education
more efficiently and effectively.
 It provides the opportunity to take part in the
competition for other students also who are not a
part of organization or school.
 These activities are essential to provide appropriate
knowledge of new techniques of sports.
 The standard of sports can be enhanced by such
activities.

Specific Sports Programs
 SPORTS DAY
 Sports day is a day which is meant to organize various
competition among various houses.
 The duration of such games is only one day.
 For all-round development of children
 Physical and recreational activities are included
 Ample opportunities are provided for every child
 Lay stress on the maximum participation of children
 Develop leadership qualities
 Enhanced interest towards sports
 Develop social qualities like honesty, brotherhood,
friendship, cooperation, tolerance, unity etc.

Health Run
 Organized by the health department, sports
department or social organization.
 There is no participation restriction, no competition
 These runs are introduced to increase awareness
among people about health.
 Purpose is to increase the standard of health in a
country along with raising funds for charity
 It required a pair of shoes and a light clothes
 Registration of participation is required in advance
 No age limit
 The distance course of running is also fixed

Run For Fun
 Objective to spread message of remaining healthy and
fitness.
 Enjoyment in such is always available in abundance.
 motivate people to exercise regularly and stay healthy
 Same as health runs
 Having fun and frolic during running
 It is a friendly race
 It involves road running or cross country running
 Organized for raising funds.

Run for Specific Cause
 Run which related to a good or noble cause such as increasing
awareness about various diseases like Aids, Cancer &
sometimes health also.
 These are generally organized by NGOs.
 Organized for various categories of participants
 Distance of run may vary for different categories
 Prizes for position holders
 Main purpose is to raise funds for specific cause
 Noble causes like helping the patients of mentally and
physically challenged people.

Run for Unity
 Purpose may be national and international integration and
brotherhood.
 These runs are organized for specific purpose of bringing
peace, unity and solidarity among people of country or
world.
 These runs sometimes are conducted to raise funds for
charitable trust organizations.
 These runs organized to include people of all religions to
remove social and economical barriers so that all can come
together and run for the solidarity of the nation.
 In some countries, run for unity is organized to celebrate
their independence.
 It may be in form of relay race of long distance.
 Usually organized in different cities.
 cash prize is given to the first three position holders.

Chapter 1 planning in sports

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