Harvard Referencing Guide

1. HARVARD REFERENCING

2. WHY SHOULD I
REFERENCE?
Referencing allows you to:
• Demonstrate that you have researched the subject.
• Give credibility to your argument
• Give others access to the materials that you have
used in your research (enabling them to form their
opinion on how the original source was interpreted).
• Achieve better grades
• Avoid plagiarism!!

3. WHAT SHOULD I
REFERENCE?
• Every assignment that has a written/research component should be
referenced in the Harvard Referencing Style.
• You should always reference all the sources that you use for your
assignments.
• There is no need to reference facts that are ‘common knowledge’,
meaning, that they are widely known either by the general public, or by
somebody researching a particular subject area.

4. HOW DO I REFERENCE?
• The Harvard referencing style is comprised of two elements:
• 1 In-text citation
The in-text citation is included in the main text whenever
somebody’s else’s work is referenced (usually in the format:
Author, year of publication , page number)
• 2 Reference list
The reference list is a detailed list of the sources that have been
used in the assignment . The list should be alphabetized and
added at the end of your assignment.

5. HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK
IN-TEXT CITATION
In-text citation format: (Author, year, page)
Marketing research is a tool that companies can use
to increase customer satisfaction, not a substitute
for management decision-making. (Domegan and
Fleming, 2007, p. 13)
Or
According to Domegan and Fleming (2007, p.13)
marketing research is a tool that companies can use
to increase customer satisfaction, not a substitute
for management decision-making.

6. HOW TO REFERENCE A PRINT
BOOK
Format
Author(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title
of book: subtitle if any. Edition. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Reference
Domegan, C. and Fleming, D. (2007) Marketing research
in
Ireland: theory and practice. 3rd ed. Dublin: Gill &
Macmillan.

7. HOW TO REFERENCE AN E-
BOOK
Format
Author(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title
of book: subtitle if any. Edition.Place of publication(if any)
Publisher. Available at: (URL) (Accessed:Day Month Year).
Reference
Domegan, C. and Fleming, D. (2007) Marketing research
in Ireland: theory and practice. 3rd ed. Gill &Macmillan.
Available at:
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c
at07932a&AN=cct.1648&site=eds-live(Accessed: 16
November 2021).

8. EXERCISE
Format
Author(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book: subtitle if any. Edition.
Place of publication: Publisher.
Reference:
Authors : Alistair Brandon-Jones and Robert
Johnston
Title: Operations Management
Year of publication: 2016
Edition: 8th ed.
Publisher: Pearson Education
Place of Publication: Harlow

9. HOW TO REFERENCE AN
ARTICLE FROM A PRINTED
JOURNAL IN-TEXT CITATION
In-text citation format: (Author, year, page)
According to Chandy et al. (2021, p.3) marketing scholars
should not concentrate only on those who have the word
marketing in their titles, but also on the marketing activities
of others, such as managers,CEOs, strategists and
product developers.

10. HOW TO REFERENCE AN
ARTICLE FROM A PRINTED
JOURNAL FULL REFERENCE
Format
Author(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication).
Title of article. Title of journal, volume
number(issue/number, or date/month of publication if
volume and issue are absent), page number(s).
Reference
Chandy, R. K. et al. (2021) ‘Better Marketing for a Better
World’, Journal of Marketing, 85(3), pp. 1–9.

11. HOW TO REFERENCE AN
ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE
JOURNAL FULL REFERENCE
Format
Author(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of
journal [online], volume number(issue/number, or date/month of publication if
volume and issue are absent), page numbers (if any). DOI. or Available at:
[URL] (Accessed: [Access Date]).
Reference
Chandy, R. K. et al. (2021) ‘Better Marketing for a Better World’, Journal of
Marketing, 85(3), pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1177/00222429211003690.
*The DOI is an unique identifier. In most scholarly journal articles, the
DOI will be printed with the article itself. The ’Cite’ function on Ebsco
will also include the DOI .

12. EXERCISE
Format
Author(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of
journal [online], volume number(issue/number, or date/month of publication if volume
and issue are absent), page numbers (if any). DOI.*
Xie, H. and Yang, Z. (2021) ‘The Risk Management Mode of
Construction Project Management in the Multimedia Environment
of Internet of Things’, Mobile Information Systems, pp. 1–8. doi:
10.1155/2021/1311474.
Reference
pp.1-8

13. HOW TO REFERENCE A
WEBPAGE
IN-TEXT CITATION
In-text citation format: (Author, year)
If the page has no individual author, you can consider the
organization the author.
‘If you’re under the age required to manage your own Google
Account, you must have your parent or legal guardian’s
permission to use a Google Account. Please have your parent
or legal guardian read these terms with you’. (Google, 2020)
If the year of publication of the page is not available, then type
in n.d. (no date)in place of the date.

14. HOW TO REFERENCE A
WEBPAGE
FULL REFERENCE
Format:
Author (person or organization). Year of publication (or
most recent date page created or revised) .Title of the
page or document. Available at: (URL) (Accessed: Day
Month Year).
Reference
Google (2021) Google terms of service. Available at:
https://www.gstatic.com/policies/terms/pdf/20200331/b
a461e2f/google_terms_of_service_en_eu.pdf
(Accessed: 16 November 2021).

15. EXERCISE
Format
Author (person or organization). Year of publication (or
most recent date page created or revised) .Title of the
page or document. Available at: (URL) Date
accessed:(Day Month Year).
Address:
https://careers.mic
rosoft.com/us/en/l
egalpolicies
No date available
Reference

16. SECONDARY REFERENCING
'Secondary referencing' means referencing a source that
was quoted in somebody else’s work. Ideally, You should
always try to find the original work but, whenever this is not
possible, secondary referencing is acceptable.
Format:
(Author whose idea you are referencing, year of publication,
cited in, author of the source you are using, year of
publication, page number).

17. EXAMPLE OF SECONDARY
REFERENCING
For example, on page 984 of ‘Information Technology Identity: A Key
Determinant of It Feature and Exploratory Usage’, the authors cite a
work by Jasperson et al. published in 2005.
Using secondary referencing the in-text citation would look as
follows:
‘As people become more experienced with IT, they develop “habits
of use” that allow them to interact with technology efficiently but
lead to fewer autonomous attempts at exploration’ (Jasperson et
al.,2005, cited in, Carter et al.,2020,p.984)
Since you have only read the article by Carter et al, and not the
original work by Jasperson, the full reference will only list the source
that you have accessed.
Reference
Carter, M. et al. (2020) ‘Information Technology Identity: A Key
Determinant of It Feature and Exploratory Usage’, MIS Quarterly,
44(3), pp. 983–1021. Available at:
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsh&AN
=145446036&site=eds-live (Accessed: 16 November 2021).

18. WHERE CAN I FIND MORE
INFORMATION ON
REFERENCING?
The referencing style used in CCT is
based on this book, available for loan
in the library:
Pears, R. and Shields, G.J. (2016) Cite
them right: the essential referencing
guide. 10th revised and expanded
edition. London: Palgrave (Palgrave
study skills).

19. ZOTERO
• Zotero is an open-source reference
management software to manage
bibliographic data and related research
materials. You can download it for free
at https://www.zotero.org/