1. Discussion:Writing about data
Discussion:Writing about data ON Discussion:Writing about dataI have a project with all
data I just need to write a literature review about it and conclusion. the project file is
attached and the dataset. Add it in the lines that have bullet point. and result part need to
show essential result like z scores of each school. where the conclusion can be
straightforward but need to discuss the limitation of our method. the literature if you can
cite it from article or book that is going to be good. Discussion:Writing about data.Abstract
From diverse datasets, we can easily compare educational institutions in the United states,
understanding the cross-state differences and the increased market-based orientation and
international character of these higher education institutions. Various conceptual and
methodological advances in academic rankings approaches have been utilized in this paper
where a comparative analysis of academic institutions in two states, Montana and
Wyoming, have been conducted. Discussion:Writing about data.This research demonstrates
the merits of the top universities in these two regions based on the criterion mentioned
above. Statistically, these institutions have various qualities that would attract prospective
students from all over the globe,. Introduction Statistical facts collected by the department
of education at the City of Washington, now known as the National Center of Statistics,
showing the condition and progress of education in several States and Territories since
1870 (“Fast Facts”, 2018) state that in the year 1870, 9000 students were awarded college
degrees. In 1990, this number grew to over 1.5 million students. Discussion:Writing about
data.This number has been growing from the recent exploration of the annual statistics. In
the year 2016 69.8 percent of the students in high school enrolled in colleges. With
extrapolations done it is expected that the 2018–19 school year will see colleges and
universities award 1.0 million associate ‘s degrees; 1.9 million bachelor’s degrees; 780,000
master’s degrees; and 182,000 doctor’s degrees It is important to be familiar with the list of
choice colleges before settling to join any for many employers today in the industry look at
the college you attended in order to assess your readiness for employment. Certain familiar
names of institutions predetermine whether the employers will adopt you or not for they
presume that certain competencies are best acquired from particular institutions.
Discussion:Writing about data.Discussion:Writing about data.It is therefore important to
choose a college offering a specific kind of training that is suited with your interest, and
your future career. Literature Review • Needs to be re-done Methods and Materials Data
Collection For the experiment, the website CollegeScoreboard was utilized to collect data on
22 Montana colleges and 9 Wyoming colleges. Data was collected for cost of tuition,
2. graduation rate, salary after graduation, debt after graduation, full time students, retention
rate, type (public or private), student body size, and religious affiliation. Analytical
Procedure Taking the data from the numerical categories (cost of tuition through retention
rate) their means and standard deviations were found from the entire sample of both
Montana and Wyoming colleges. From these data each school was given a standardized Z-
score for each of these seven categories. Taking these Z-scores, an overall score was given
by adding up the Z-scores for each category, with the exception of cost, which was
subtracted from the total score since a higher cost of tuition is considered a negative
attribute. Preliminary Results In comparing the results of the two states it was found that
Wyoming had a lower average annual cost at $9,012 compared to Montana’s $11,421. Both
schools had minimum costs that were comparable around $4,000 and high cost were also
similar at roughly $25,000. Wyoming had a higher graduation rate at 40% to Montana’s
33%. Wyoming had a higher average salary of $35,000 to Montana’s $30,000, and also had a
much higher minimum salary that was almost double the minimum salary of Montana.
Going along with the higher average cost in Montana, the state also had a higher average
debt after graduation by nearly double that of Wyoming’s $10,000. Discussion:Writing
about data.Montana had both a higher maximum and minimum debt after graduation as
well. The schools’ full time students were similar at 3,365 for Montana universities and
2,786 for Wyoming universities. After taking the standardized scores of each school in each
state it was found that average score for Montana universities was -.347 while Wyoming
universities averaged .849. Though the scores are separated by over a point, we cannot
conclude that these are statistically significant differences. The standard deviations of
Montana scores and Wyoming scores are 4.023 and 3.342, respectively. It was found that
the best school was Montana State University with an overall score of 11.605, with the best
school in Wyoming being the University of Wyoming with an overall score of 9.263.
Discussion:Writing about data.The top three schools in Montana were Montana State
University, University of Montana, and Carroll College with overall scores of 11.605, 7.439,
and 4.138, respectively. The top three schools in Wyoming were University of Wyoming,
Wyotech-Laramie, and Western Wyoming Community College with overall scores of 9.263,
1.903, and .631, respectively. University Characteristics Cost (continuous) Graduation
Rate(continuous) Salary(continuous) Debt(continuous) Full Time Students(continuous)
Retention Rate(continuous Type (dichotomous between public and private) Student Body
Size(continuous) Religious Affiliation(dichotomous yes or no) Table 1: Study Variables
Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the numerical data sorted by state. Table 3: Histogram
displaying the frequency of overall scores by each state. Conclusion • • Conclude the best
school option for each of the states Relate the importance of picking one of these schools
back to the introduction References 1. Fast Facts. (2018). Retrieved from
https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372 2.
https://www.ijltet.org/journal/151728819812%202051.pdf. (2018). International Journal
Of Latest Trends In Engineering And Technology, 9(3). doi: 10.21172/1.93.12 3. Pforte, L.
(2016). Extensions of simple modules for SL3(2f) and SU3(2f). Communications In Algebra,
45(10), 4210-4221. doi: 10.1080/00927872.2016.1261149 Abstract From diverse datasets,
we can easily compare educational institutions in the United states, understanding the
3. cross-state differences and the increased market-based orientation and international
character of these higher education institutions. Discussion:Writing about data.Various
conceptual and methodological advances in academic rankings approaches have been
utilized in this paper where a comparative analysis of academic institutions in two states,
Montana and Wyoming, have been conducted. This research demonstrates the merits of the
top universities in these two regions based on the criterion mentioned above. Statistically,
these institutions have various qualities that would attract prospective students from all
over the globe,. Introduction Statistical facts collected by the department of education at the
City of Washington, now known as the National Center of Statistics, showing the condition
and progress of education in several States and Territories since 1870 (“Fast Facts”, 2018)
state that in the year 1870, 9000 students were awarded college degrees. In 1990, this
number grew to over 1.5 million students. This number has been growing from the recent
exploration of the annual statistics. In the year 2016 69.8 percent of the students in high
school enrolled in colleges. With extrapolations done it is expected that the 2018–19 school
year will see colleges and universities award 1.0 million associate ‘s degrees; 1.9 million
bachelor’s degrees; 780,000 master’s degrees; and 182,000 doctor’s degrees It is important
to be familiar with the list of choice colleges before settling to join any for many employers
today in the industry look at the college you attended in order to assess your readiness for
employment. Certain familiar names of institutions predetermine whether the employers
will adopt you or not for they presume that certain competencies are best acquired from
particular institutions. It is therefore important to choose a college offering a specific kind
of training that is suited with your interest, and your future career. Literature Review.
Discussion:Writing about data.• Needs to be re-done Methods and Materials Data Collection
For the experiment, the website CollegeScoreboard was utilized to collect data on 22
Montana colleges and 9 Wyoming colleges. Data was collected for cost of tuition, graduation
rate, salary after graduation, debt after graduation, full time students, retention rate, type
(public or private), student body size, and religious affiliation. Analytical Procedure Taking
the data from the numerical categories (cost of tuition through retention rate) their means
and standard deviations were found from the entire sample of both Montana and Wyoming
colleges. From these data each school was given a standardized Z-score for each of these
seven categories. Taking these Z-scores, an overall score was given by adding up the Z-
scores for each category, with the exception of cost, which was subtracted from the total
score since a higher cost of tuition is considered a negative attribute. Preliminary Results In
comparing the results of the two states it was found that Wyoming had a lower average
annual cost at $9,012 compared to Montana’s $11,421. Both schools had minimum costs
that were comparable around $4,000 and high cost were also similar at roughly $25,000.
Wyoming had a higher graduation rate at 40% to Montana’s 33%. Wyoming had a higher
average salary of $35,000 to Montana’s $30,000, and also had a much higher minimum
salary that was almost double the minimum salary of Montana. Going along with the higher
average cost in Montana, the state also had a higher average debt after graduation by nearly
double that of Wyoming’s $10,000. Montana had both a higher maximum and minimum
debt after graduation as well. The schools’ full time students were similar at 3,365 for
Montana universities and 2,786 for Wyoming universities. After taking the standardized
4. scores of each school in each state it was found that average score for Montana universities
was -.347 while Wyoming universities averaged .849. Though the scores are separated by
over a point, we cannot conclude that these are statistically significant differences. The
standard deviations of Montana scores and Wyoming scores are 4.023 and 3.342,
respectively. It was found that the best school was Montana State University with an overall
score of 11.605, with the best school in Wyoming being the University of Wyoming with an
overall score of 9.263. Discussion:Writing about data.The top three schools in Montana
were Montana State University, University of Montana, and Carroll College with overall
scores of 11.605, 7.439, and 4.138, respectively. The top three schools in Wyoming were
University of Wyoming, Wyotech-Laramie, and Western Wyoming Community College with
overall scores of 9.263, 1.903, and .631, respectively. University Characteristics Cost
(continuous) Graduation Rate(continuous) Salary(continuous) Debt(continuous) Full Time
Students(continuous) Retention Rate(continuous Type (dichotomous between public and
private) Student Body Size(continuous) Religious Affiliation(dichotomous yes or no) Table
1: Study Variables Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the numerical data sorted by state. Table
3: Histogram displaying the frequency of overall scores by each state. Conclusion • •
Conclude the best school option for each of the states Relate the importance of picking one
of these schools back to the introduction References 1. Fast Facts. (2018). Retrieved from
https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372 2.
https://www.ijltet.org/journal/151728819812%202051.pdf. (2018). International Journal
Of Latest Trends In Engineering And Technology, 9(3). doi: 10.21172/1.93.12 3. Pforte, L.
(2016). Extensions of simple modules for SL3(2f) and SU3(2f). Communications In Algebra,
45(10), 4210-4221. doi: 10.1080/00927872.2016.1261149 Montana Colleges Cost
Graduation Rate Salary Carroll College $24.702 65% $45.900,00 Montana State University
$17.050,00 53% $43.200,00 Highlands College of $9.828,00 Montana Tech 19% $41.700,00
Montana Tech of$12.875,00 the University of Montana 42% $41.700,00 Rocky Mountain
College $19.014,00 46% $38.800,00 Montana State University-Northern $12.590,00 26%
$37.100,00 Helena College University $11.568,00 of Montana 26% $36.900,00 Miles
Community College $7.670,00 41% $36.600,00 Universtiy of Montana $13.978,00 45%
$35.500,00 Montana State Universtiy-Billings $13.827,00 25% $34.600,00 University of
Providence $20.479,00 35% $32.500,00 Great Falls College$9.680,00 Montana State
University 17% $31.100,00 University of Montana-Western $9.963,00 42% $30.400,00
Dawson Community $9.281,00 Collge 40% $29.600,00 Flathead Valley Community
$10.061,00College 26% $28.200,00 Salish Kootenai College $8.686,00 48% $25.400,00
Aaniih Nakoda College $8.227,00 32% $20.300,00 Little Big Horn College $6.957,00 21%
$18.900,00 Chief Dull Knife College $6.098,00 24% $17.600,00 Fort Peck Community
$3.449,00 College 8% $16.500,00 Stone Child College$7.665,00 21% $16.100,00 Blackfeet
Community $7.604,00 College 22% $15.300,00 Debt Full Time Students Retention Rate
$27.000,00 1315 79% $24.000,00 12168,14 76% $20.000,00 402,05 49% $20.000,00
1677,72 74% $26.000,00 858,45 70% $15.341,00 888,42 59% $16.738,00 537,08 56%
$12.000,00 287,62 60% $23.183,00 8701,08 71% $17.500,00 2475,2 56% $25.000,00
482,35 57% N/A 642,88 53% $20.929,00 1227,24 68% $8.750,00 165,64 59% $10.500,00
969,06 57% $12.473,00 679,15 39% N/A 113,97 54% N/A 157,6 42% N/A 89,49 52% N/A
5. 206,98 47% N/A 140,4 39% N/A 357 67% Wyoming Colleges Cost Debt Graduation Rate
Salary Full Time Students Retention Rate University of Wyoming 12,578$ 55% $47.300
18,500$ 8.082,48 76% Wyotech-Laramie 78% $45.600 10,701$ 518 80% Casper
College6,285$ 32% $35.500 9,000$ 1703 62% Sheridan College 8,374$ 35% $35.400
7,867$ 1314 59% Laramie County6,452$ Community College 23% $34.600 1718 57%
25.569 10.278 Western Wyoming Community 6.307 College 38% $31.800 7,591$ 919 71%
Northwest College 5,846$ 33% $30.000 11,166$ 982 62% Eastern Wyoming College 5.800
39% $28.500 447 67% Central Wyoming College 3.901 27% $28.400 7,243$ 607 55% 7.573
Standardized Cost Standardized Grad Standardized Rate Salary Standardized Debt
Standardized FTS Standardized Retention Standardized Rate Student Body 2,4949 2,02309
1,53318 1,75793 -0,11666 1,67139 -0,23564 1,12936 1,21473 1,23606 1,30373 3,78179
1,40153 3,79617 -0,15943 -1,07565 1,07099 0,69812 -0,44459 -1,02721 -0,50922 0,38432
0,47372 1,07099 0,69812 0,01363 1,22162 -0,0902 1,47985 0,74318 0,75186 1,60653 -
0,28065 0,86181 -0,37951 0,33346 -0,6041 0,56478 -0,00725 -0,26989 -0,12768 -0,29955
0,15108 -0,6041 0,54277 0,20426 -0,39609 -0,39754 -0,36661 -0,54454 0,40636 0,50976 -
0,51308 -0,48569 -0,03772 -0,53409 0,58115 0,67581 0,38871 1,18003 2,53642 0,95176
2,28727 0,5542 -0,67147 0,28967 0,31962 0,30009 -0,39754 0,45506 1,74128 0,00217
0,05857 1,45513 -0,41575 -0,30758 -0,38203 -0,18585 -1,21038 -0,09549 0 -0,35808 -
0,6674 -0,24509 -0,13534 0,47372 -0,17252 0,83878 -0,14818 0,6819 -0,19818 -0,25705
0,33899 -0,26056 -1,00513 -0,52951 -0,12768 -0,59453 -0,11785 -0,6041 -0,41462 -
0,74018 -0,24092 -0,30758 -0,16607 -0,36323 0,87791 -0,72275 -0,44146 -0,34506 -
1,92674 -0,40659 -0,44514 -0,19992 -1,28398 0 -0,54807 -0,57744 -0,61688 -0,67178 -
0,94092 -1,43805 0 -0,5324 -1,65688 -0,5961 -0,82507 -0,73883 -1,58111 0 -0,55686 -
0,75735 -0,6087 -1,2978 -1,81666 -1,70216 0 -0,51466 -1,20712 -0,57564 -0,54543 -
0,94092 -1,74617 0 -0,53858 -1,92674 -0,5599 -0,55632 -0,87356 -1,83421 0 -0,46077
0,59195 -0,52433 0,33132 1,34945 1,68725 0,47102 2,31422 1,40153 2,37101 2,64962
2,89883 1,50017 -0,70974 -0,40294 1,76134 -0,49505 -0,7917 -0,19992 0,38871 -0,96728
0,02271 0,14218 0,11915 -0,41891 0,00217 0,3777 -1,13881 -0,11702 -0,12768 -0,02157 -
0,7619 -0,8062 0,28967 -0,77379 0,0281 -0,30758 0,27467 -0,78777 0,20427 -0,01846 -
1,1806 -0,2589 0,95176 0,1456 -0,87004 -0,13256 -0,21654 -0,63934 -0,23627 0,14218 -
0,27185 -0,87825 0,27163 -0,38161 -1,18332 -0,42844 0,59195 -0,4431 -1,21713 -0,53674
-0,39261 -1,23329 -0,37097 -0,48749 -0,32851 Regression Analysis S-value Score vs. Cost R
Squared Value 3,321 27,03% Score vs Graduation Rate 2,874 45,37% Score vs Retention
Rate 2,419 61,27% Score vs Salary 29,72% 3,161 One Way ANOVA Score vs StateState N
Mean StDev Montana 22 -0,347 Wyoming 9 0,85 Score vs TypeType N Mean 4,024 (-2.025,
1.33) 3,34 (-1.77, 3.47) StDev public 25 -0,056 private 6 0,23 95% CI 95% CI 4,079 (-1.645,
1.534) 2,78 (-3.01, 3.48) Two Sample T-test and CI Score by StateN Mean StDev SE Mean
Difference in Mean 95% CI for Difference Montana 22 -0,35 4,02 0,86 Wyoming 9 0,85 3,34
1,1 Score by School N Type (private/public) Mean StDev SE Mean Difference in Mean 95%
CI for Difference public 25 -0,06 4,08 0,82 private 6 0,23 2,78 1,1 Graduation Rate N by
State Mean StDev SE Mean 22 0,329 0,138 0,029 Wyoming 9 0,4 0,168 0,056 Mean StDev SE
Mean 22 0,584 0,115 0,025 Wyoming 9 0,6544 0,0868 0,029 Mean StDev SE Mean 22 11421
5118 1091 Wyoming 9 9012 6662 2221 Mean StDev SE Mean 22 18628 5885 1519
6. Wyoming 9 9991 3518 1173 Mean StDev SE Mean 22 30632 9654 2058 Wyoming 9 35233
6935 2312 StDev SE Mean 21 0,99 3,84 0,84 religious affiliation 10 -2,09 2,95 0,93 StDev SE
Mean no 21 0,6319 0,0868 0,019 yes 10 0,546 0,138 0,043 Graduation Rate N by State Mean
StDev SE Mean -4602 (-11058, 1855) Difference in Mean 95% CI for Difference no religious
affiliation Retention RateNby Religious Mean Affiliation 8637 (4645, 12628) Difference in
Mean 95% CI for Difference Montana Score by Religious N AffiliationMean 2408 (-2983,
7799) Difference in Mean 95% CI for Difference Montana Salary by StateN 0,0708 (-.1502,
.0086) Difference in Mean 95% CI for Difference Montana Debt by State N 0,0709 (-.2091,
.0673) Difference in Mean 95% CI for Difference Montana Cost by State N -0,29 (-3.4, 2.83)
Difference in Mean 95% CI for Difference Montana Retention RateNby State -1,2 (4.16, 1.77)
3,08 (.048, 5.69) Difference in Mean 95% CI for Difference 0,0859 (-.0174, .1893) Difference
in Mean 95% CI for Difference Graduation Rate N by State Mean StDev SE Mean Difference
in Mean 95% CI for Difference Public/Private Student non-profit/private Body Size
Religious affiliation(yes/no) private for profit 1342 yes public 14149 no public 473 no
public 1804 no private for profit 885 yes public 1139 no public 926 no public 394 no public
9356 no public 3536 no private for pofit 877 yes public 1312 no public 1461 no public 202
no public 1563 no private for profit 799 yes public 131 yes public 197 yes pubic 157 yes
public 262 yes public 312 yes private for profit 425 yes Public/Private Student non-
profit/private Body Size Religious affiliation(yes/no) public 9.622 no private for profit 518
no public 2.469 no public 2.022 no public 2.963 no public 2.553 no public 1.227 no public
683 no public 1047 no Score 4,13839 Carroll College 11,60465 Montana State University -
1,12813 Highlands College of Montana Tech 3,00356 Montana Tech of the University of
Montana 1,82337 Rocky Mountain College -1,07715 Montana State University-Northern -
1,16839 Helena College University of Montana -0,10992 Miles Community College 7,43885
Universtiy of Montana -0,25877 Montana State Universtiy-Billings -1,33077 University of
Providence -2,39059 Great Falls College Montana State University 1,61086 University of
Montana-Western -1,92137 Dawson Community Collge -2,35562 Flathead Valley
Community College -2,60146 Salish Kootenai College -2,78115 Aaniih Nakoda College -
4,49257 Little Big Horn College -3,41778 Chief Dull Knife College -4,51844 …Purchase
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