Scientific mind (2016 sept.-oct.)

www.scientificmind.com.np Scientific Mind: Sept.-Oct. 2016 1
It is often said that the position of Science in the country tells
the status of that country. Analyzing the global scenario,
we will find this to be true. Developed nations keep science
in their primary priority whereas underdeveloped are not
found doing so. The promotion of science and technology
is something that is absolutely necessary to build a strong
scientific community.
What are the current happenings in science? What is NASA
planning to launch in future? What problems is science
facing? These questions should be answered. Unfortunately
there arevery few sourcesprovidedto us,in Nepal,whichcan
give the solutions. There are more than fifty thousand plus
two and university Science students and there is desperate
needforthetrustablesource.Inourschoolstherearestudents
in number of lakhs who study science and if they are ignited
the curiosity in science. Then, the future generation of Nepal
will be capable and competent. Today’s investment in science
will be best investment for the future.
For the prosperous country, publicizing and popularizing
science plays a crucial role. When the interest will develop
in science then, it will automatically lead to the building of
skillful men. Skillful manpower is the most important asset
to every country. Collaborating with the global community
and utilizing the local resource will be the best method.
Collecting the right information of current happenings in
the other parts of the world will surely help in ourworks. For
the rigorous research in any field, firstly we should know the
basics and that basics can be known through the magazines
and other sources. The problems, solutions, methodology,
beauty and knowledge about otheraspects of the subject can
be gained through these sources.
A great nation has a great science. Science develops
technology and technology upgrades the living standard.
Science plays a decisive role in the economy of the country.
For this we will need to let people in our country know the
value of science, the immense change it can bring.
Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Dr. Rameshwor Adhikari
Prof. Dr. Deepak Prasad Subedi
Dr. Narayan Prasad Chapagain
Dr. Kate Shaw
Dr. Vinaya Kumar Jha
Dr. Arun Sigdel
Dr. Ranjan Kumar Dahal
Editor/Publisher
Mr. Nischal Shrestha
Associate Editor/Director
Mr. Subhash Sharma
Assistant Editor
Mr. Niraj Sah
Mr. Sanjeew Bhujel
Mr. Madhav Belbase
Senior Contributor
Mr. Bijay Puri
Contributor
Mr. Ramesh Bhandari
Mr. Bir Bikram Sah
Legal Advisor
Dr. Laxmi Prasad Mainali
Magazine Layout
Mr. Shreeram Bohara
Mr. Ranjit Shrestha
Web Design/Layout
Mr. Manoj Kumar Mahato
Printing
Devchuli Offset Press
Scientific Mind
Regd. No. 164/072/073, Kathmandu
Sankhamul-10, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu
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Email: articles@scientificmind.com.np
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Promotion and Publicity of S & T
Editor

Scientific Mind: Sept.-Oct. 2016 www.scientificmind.com.np2
I have got number of inquires about science
related fields and I had sent question but I didnot
get my answer. So, how can I get directly connect
with this team.
Rudra B.C.
B.Sc.
Tri-Chandra Campus
Thank you scientific mind team for connecting us
with science and technology.
Nisha Belbase
Nurse
Arghakhanchi
Magazine looks good. I find the magazine for
larger group of audience. Best wishes for future.
Kishor Khatiwada
As like science cracker for SLC appearing
students, if it provides + 2 related cracker then,
+2 students will also be benefited.
Bashant Bhattarai
Liverpool International College
I appreciate the work of this magazine team.
Please continue to publish it regularly we will
always support this pleasant cause. I find this
magazine really effective for science readers.
Bishnu P. Dhakal
Patan Multiple Campus
Please give space for education specalist with
their biography and sucess story so that thousands
of students like me will get motivited.
Sandhya Rayamajhi
NAME
Kathmandu
I saw this magazine for the first time. It is fully
student supporting. And how can we get this
magazine in our school as well.
Roshan Khanal
Illam
I was glad when I saw my essay in this magazine,
it was the happiest moment of my life.
Puja Pant
Class- 10
Ever Young Academy, Kathmandu
Feedback

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Talk with Prof. L. N. Jha
Articles in magazine do not necessarily reflect view of the
magazine.
Contents
Some possible ways of Bringing Back ... 05
Scientific Fun Facts 09
Science Experiment 10
Quotes 11
Do You Know? 11
Science News... 12
Food and Health: Carrot 15
Strong and Weak Force 19
The First Automatic Machine of the World:
Water Frame 27
Medical/Engineering Entrance Questions
and Answers 31
SLC Cracker of Science 34
Thermometer 35
Engineering 36
Mathematical Tricks 38
Web Design Lesson 40
22
24
16
What If You Were Born In Space?
Nature's own drugstore-Neem

Some Possible Ways of Bringing Back The
Migrated Physicist
Every year, a few dozen of
physicists are going abroad
which is under discussion for last
some decades as a ‘Brain Drain”.
In simple, brain drain is defined
as the migration of qualified
and talented persons in search
of the better standard of living
and quality of life, lucrative
salaries, access to advanced
technology and more stable
political conditions in different
places of the world.This article
seeks to identify key issues and
suggest solutions which would
enable immigrant PhD holder
physicists to return to Nepal and
give at least a few decades
and share their knowledge, skills
and innovative capacities and
thereby enhancing the economic
development of Nepal.
The main factors due to which
the master degree holder
physicists seek to go abroad are
unemployment, desire for higher
education and lack of research
and other facilities. Tribhuvan
University which is the backbone
of the education system in
Nepal provides only theoretical
knowledge in most of science
disciplinesandisincompleteunless
its practical aspect is studied.
Migration of graduate physicists
for higher education to some
extent cannot be bane for nation
as they are going to upgrade
their knowledge in developed
countries like USA, Australia or
Europe where education system is
practical oriented with advanced
technology. But, if these
migrated Nepalese physicists
after completion of advanced
studies like PhD or post doctoral
research do not give at least one
or two decades in nation before
their late sixties, then it can be
called real brain drain which is
big loss for nation.
Nepal is still in the developmental
transition. Political instability, bad
governance and poor rule of law
have sapped development. This
has several implications. One
major consequence has been the
steady increase in emigration
for work and study, resulting
in brain drain. In any country
either developed or developing,
status of science and technology
is the backbone of nation’s
development. In technology,
physics education lays the
foundation then, there comes
different disciplines of science
and engineering.
Science and technology together
help in industrialization and
these industrialization create
Dr. Vinaya Kumar Jha

opportunities for jobs for people
inside nation which will gradually
decrease the rate of flow of
people outside the nation as
manpower. Physicists who have
been upgrading themselves with
post doctoral researches for
several reasons are recoverable
assets who can play a key role
in laying the foundations for
research works in their expertise
which is necessary for developing
opportunities at home by
upgrading technologies and
hence industrialization. However,
recovery requires the opening of
diverse and innovative conduits.
The PhD holder Nepalese
physicists can only become
bridge in the beginning stage
of the transformation of science
education into the technology.
Now it’s a time to create suitable
environment to make them return
to Nepal and take the nation
onto the path of development.
Bringing migrated physics
scholars is not very difficult. First
of all nation should take this as
serious problem and planning
should be made at national level
to solve this problem. Nation
can attract migrated bonafide
physicists back into the nation if
nation can provide employment
opportunities, intellectual
freedom, better research
facilities and reasonable salary.
In order to provide employment
opportunities higher level
institutions should be established.
Apart from this, political stability
is also necessary and national
authority should prohibit nepotism
and favourism which is deep
rooted in deploying executive
level staffs in different academic
institutions on the political basis.
We would like to give Best Wishes to all guardians,
students and well wishers on the occasion of
"Bijaya Dashami, Deepawali and
Chhatha Parba."
Ghanshyam Sharma
President
School Management Committee
And
New Life H. S. B. School
Galkot,Baglung
Ram Pd. Sharma
Principal

Illusionary Image
This face and vase picture is a very common
optical illusion. Do you see a white vase or two
identical black faces looking at each other?
Look closely at the sides of this impossible
triangle and you might notice that something is
not quite right.

Scientific Fun Facts
Acronym
• The average person has 100,000 hairs on
his/her head. Each hair grows about 12.7 cm
every year.
• On average, Elephants sleep for about 2
hours per day.
• The human brain is 80% water.
• The lowest temperature on Earth was -128.6°F
(-89.6°C) in Antarctica in 1983.
• The Earth's equatorial circumference (40,075
km) is greater than its polar circumference
(40,008 km).
• A cockroach can live for several weeks without
its head.
• The North Atlantic gets 1 inch wider every
year.
• The thermometer was invented in 1607 by
Galileo
• Sunlight takes about 8 minutes & 20 seconds
to reach the Earth at 299,792 Km/sec.
• The only letter not appearing on the Periodic
Table is the letter “J”.
• The fastest computer in the world is the
CRAY Y-MP C90 supercomputer. It has two
gigabytes of central memory and 16 parallel
central processor units.
• There are no poisonous snakes in Maine.
• The longest cells in the human body are the
motor neurons. They can be up to 4.5 feet
(1.37 meters) long and run from the lower
spinal cord to the big toe.
• In a full grown rye plant, the total length of
roots may reach 380 miles (613 km).
• Just twenty seconds worth of fuel remained
when Apollo 11's lunar module landed on the
moon.
• In your lifetime, you'll shed over 40 pounds of
skin.
• Every minute, 30-40,000 dead skin cells fall
from your body.
• The brain uses more than 25% of the oxygen
used by the human body.
• Healthy nails grow about 2 cm each year.
Fingernails grow four times as fast as toenails.
• The most dangerous animal in the world is
the common housefly. Because of their habits
of visiting animal waste, they transmit more
diseases than any other animal.
• The Universe contains over 100 billion
galaxies.
• A dog’s sense of smell is 1,000 times more
sensitive than a humans.
• The African Elephant gestates for 22 months.
• The largest desert in the world, the Sahara, is
3,500,000 square miles.
CCTV - Closed Circuit Television
CFL - Compact Fluorescent Lamp
CCNA - Cisco Certified Network
Associate
FAX - Facsimile
GMAT - Graduate Management
Admission Test
ISBN - International Standard Book
Number
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MDS - Master of Dental Surgery
OPD - Out Patient Department
RADAR - Radio Detection and Ranging
Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity
WPA - Wi-FI Protected Access
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
NIC - Network Interface Card
GUI - Graphical User Interface
DOS - Disk Operating System
CC - Carbon Copy

Science Experiment:
Colourful Flowers Experiment
What you need
1. White flowers
2. Water
3. Food colouring
4. Small vases
Activity
Cut a single flower with a fairly short stem. A shorter stem will get you a quicker result as the colour has
to travel all the way up the stem to get to the petals. Cut the stem on an angle to give a greater surface
area for the coloured water to enter by.
Now place the flower in a small, short vase or glass (a shot glass works well) and add a generous amount
of food colouring.
Keep an eye on it, in about 30 minutes some colour will start to show in the petals. If you want to see the
changes happening quickly.
How does it work?
Flowers suck water up through their stems to feed their petals and make them grow. This process is called,
‘capillary action’. Because the water is coloured, the petals end up coloured too!

Quotes
Do You Know?
1. August has the highest percentage of births.
2. Average person falls asleep in 7 minutes.
3. An ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain.
4. 11% of people are left handed.
5. Lemons contain more sugar than strawberries.
6. Unless food is mixed with saliva you can't taste it.
7. Longest recorded flight of a chicken was 13 seconds.
8. Most commonly used letter in the alphabet is E.
9. Your stomach manufactures a new lining every three days to avoid digesting itself.
10. By the age of eighteen your brain stops growing.
11. Around 85% of all oranges produced are used for juice.
12. There are now over 600 varieties of oranges worldwide.
1. Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we
may fear less.
-Marie Curie
2. It is strange that only extraordinary men make the discoveries, which later appear so easy and simple.
- Georg C. Lichtenberg
3. Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.
- Albert Einstein
4. Dream, Dream, Dream. Dreams transform into thoughts and thoughts result in action.
-A.P.J Abdul Kalam
5. It is the lone worker who makes the first advance in a subject: the details may be worked out by a team, but
the prime idea is due to the enterprise, thought, and perception of an individual.
- Sir Alexander Fleming
6. In physics, you don't have to go around making trouble for yourself - nature does it for you.
-Frank Wilczek
7. An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.
-Benjamin Franklin
8. I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding
a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered
before me. – Isaac Newton
9. Falsity in intellectual action is intellectual immorality.
- Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin

Science News
China launches its second space lab into Earth’s orbit
Black Holes are sending quantum messages in the Universe
China’s ambitious space program just got a massive
boost after the nation launched its second space
lab. The spacecraft carrying the space station is
expected to eventually settle into an orbit about
380 kilometers above Earth and perform a series of
initial tests and checkouts. The space station, called
Tiangong-2 (Heavenly Palace 2), will operate for
two years during which it will serve as a research
lab for international space experiments.
Other upgrades include larger living quarters and
more functional life-support infrastructure which
will allow the crew to stay longer on the station.
The first Chinese astronauts destined for the space
station will arrive in October for a 30-day stay,
ferried by the Shenzhou spacecraft. In April 2017,
if all goes well, the Tianzhou-class cargo spacecraft
is expected to dock with Tiangong-2, marking the
first time the spacecraft will launch.
This is a guest post by the research paper’s author, Ovidiu Racoreanu.
Spinning black holes are capable of complex quantum information processes encoded in the X-ray
photons emitted by the accretion disk.
The black holes sparked the public imagination for almost 100 years now. One of the features of massive
black holes is; there is X-ray radiation coming from the center of the galaxies. Due to this reason, their
debated presence in the universe has been proven without a doubt. Black holes emit X-ray radiation, light
What a Chinese space station ought to look like once it’s fully deployed. Credit: China Space Daily

Four Seismic Sensors Installed to Detect Earthquake
The National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST) has installed four seismic sensors which
work as earthquake early warning sensors in four
different places in the Kathmandu Valley, on the
first anniversary of the April 25, 2015 earthquake.
Before a major earthquake, the sensor would alert
people as much as 10-20 seconds.
The sirens installed were provided by Institute
of Care Life in China. NAST has chosen to install
one seismic siren in its premises, whereas another
in Central Department of Geology at Tribhuwan
University in Kirtipur.
Among the sirens installed, one is at Bhrikuti
with high energy, due to the extreme gravity in their vicinity. The detection of the X-ray radiation emitted
by the stellar material accreting around black holes helps to collect evidence to prove this information.
X-ray photons emitted near rotating black holes not only exposed the existence of these phantom-like
astrophysical bodies but also seem to carry hidden quantum messages.
Source: arxiv.org
Artistic depiction of a black hole with a corona.Image by; NASA/JPL.
Image: http/sojho.com
Hotel in Godawari and other at Sourya School in
Singamangal. NAST, following the 7.6-magnitude
Gorkha Earthquake in April 25, 2015, had agreed
to install 120 early warning sensors, covering one-
third of the country.

Earth Quiz !
Let’s test our knowledge on the Earth we live in. After attempting the questions below, check your answers
in page 42.
The average human body carries ten times more
bacterial cells than human cells
1. What do you call molten rock before it has erupted?
2. Name the three time periods of the dinosaurs.
3. What are the two main metals in the earth's core?
4. Which is hotter, the center of the earth or surface of the sun?
5. Outside of Antarctica, what is the largest desert in the world?
6. 'Cascade', 'horsetail', 'plunge' and 'tiered' are types of what?
7. What is the second most common gas found in the air we breathe?
8. What is the name of the highest mountain on earth?
9. What is the name of the layer of earth’s atmosphere that absorbs the majority of the potentially
damaging ultraviolet light from the sun?
10. What do you call a person who studies rocks?
11. What is the name of the deepest location in the world’s oceans?
12. The mass of the earth is made up mostly of which two elements?
13. Someone who studies earthquakes is known as a what?
14. What is the name of the largest ocean on earth?
15. The gemstone ruby is typically what color?
16 What do you call it after it has erupted?
It’s funny how we compulsively wash our hands, spray our countertops and grimace when someone
sneezes near us-in fact, we do everything we can to avoid unnecessary encounters with the germ world.
The truth of the matter is that each and every one of us is a walking petri dish! All the bacteria living
inside you would fill a half-gallon jug or 10 times more bacterial cells in your body than human cells,
according to Carolyn Bohach, a microbiologist at the University of Idaho. Don’t worry, though. Most of
these bacteria are helpful; in fact, we couldn’t survive without them.
For one thing, bacteria produce chemicals that help us harness energy and nutrients from our food.
Germ-free rodents have to consume nearly a third more calories than normal rodents to maintain their
body weight, and when the same animals were later given a dose of bacteria, their body fat levels
spiked, even if they didn’t eat any more than they had before. The gut bacteria is also very important
to maintaining immunity.

Carrot is one of the most widely eaten
vegetable in the world. They grow relatively
easily, and are very versatile in a number of
dishes and cultural cuisines. It is categorized as a
root vegetable. This root vegetable is also a good
source of antioxidant agent. Furthermore, carrot is
rich in vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin K, vitamin B8,
pantothenic acid, folate, potassium, iron, copper,
and manganese.
Here are some reasons why you should include
carrot in your daily diet.
Lung Cancer
A study found that current smokers who did
not consume carrots had three times the risk of
developing lung cancer compared with those who
ate carrots more than once a week.
Prostate Cancer
Among younger men, diets rich in beta-carotene
may play a protective role against prostate cancer,
according to a study conducted by the Harvard
School of Public Health's Department of Nutrition.
Source:organicfacts.net
Protects teeth and gums
Carrots clean your teeth and mouth. They scrape
off plaque and food particles just like toothbrushes
or toothpaste. Carrots stimulate gums and trigger
a lot of saliva, which, being alkaline, balances
out the acid-forming, cavity-forming bacteria. The
minerals in carrots prevent tooth damage.
Prevents heart diseases
Studies show that diets high in carotenoids are
associated with a lower risk of heart disease.
Carrots have not only beta-carotene but also
alpha-carotene and lutein.
The regular consumption of carrots also reduces
cholesterol levels because the soluble fibers in
carrots bind with bile acids.
Food and Health: Carrot
Promotes healthier skin
Vitamin A and antioxidants protect the skin from sun
damage. Deficiencies of vitamin A cause dryness to
the skin, hair and nails. Vitamin A prevents, acne,
dry skin, pigmentation, blemishes and uneven skin
tone.
Vision
According to Duke Ophthalmologist Jill Koury, MD,
vitamin A deficiency causes the outer segments of
the eye's photoreceptors to deteriorate, damaging
normal vision. Correcting vitamin A deficiencies
with foods high in beta-carotene will restore vision.
Studies have shown that it is unlikely that most
people will experience any significant positive
changes in their vision from eating carrots unless
they have an existing vitamin A deficiency, which is
common in developing countries.
Cleanses the body
Vitamin A assists the liver in flushing out the toxins
from the body. It reduces the bile and fat in the
liver. The fiber present in carrots helps clean out the
colon and hasten waste movement.
Prevents stroke
From all the above benefits it’s no surprise that in
a Harvard University study, people who ate five
or more carrots a week were less likely to suffer a
stroke than those who ate only one carrot a month
or less.

INTERVIEW
Cover Story
How do you view the current status of
science and technology in Nepal?
Ä National Scientists have raised somehow the
quality, interest in Science and Technology
academically among the young students by
expanding science subjects and research
through different applied fields. Whatever
scientific research one observes within the
country, most of those are the results of
individual’s effort with negligible inadequate
and casual support from the government
organizations. This existing scenario may be
because of almost non-existent national plan
for science. How many expert human resources
in particular field of science will be required
in coming specified years in the country? How
many jobs can the government afford to
create? What types of S & T institutions are
going to be established in near future? How
Professor Lok Narayan Jha is one of several known figures engaged in promotion of Science in Nepal. He has
contributed quite a lot for the development of national science education policy in general and physics in particular
at the levels of University and higher secondary school education. Professor Jha is still active for the development of
national science even after of three years of his retirement from Tribhuvan University. He has also maintained his
formal academic connections with other universities, HSEB (Presently, the National Examination Board, Ministry
of Education) and the Ministry of Science and Technology etc. Beginning with his teaching career as a Lecturer
of Physics in 1970 A. D. he also served as the Head, Central Department of Physics and Assistant Dean, Institute
of Science and Technology of Tribhuvan University for several years. Professor Jha completed his Master’s from
Tribhuvan University and PhD from Delhi University on a research topic at the interface of Plasma and Nuclear
Physics. He has successfully supervised there PhD thesis and the fourth one is in the process of submission for
evaluation.Heisoftenattributedasthelivinglegendof thescientificbackgroundof thecountry.Hereisthetalkwith
the Professor by Scientific Mind’s Editor Nischal Shrestha and Associate Editor Subhash Sharma:

many past –graduates (MSc) and/or PhD’S will
be needed subject wise? These are but only
a few such questions without any answer on
the part of national plan. We wish to see one
government agency to address such questions.
It is an established fact that the economic status
of a country cannot improve or take off without
developing science. Science creates technology.
National S & T is to be connected with planned
academics and industries accordingly.
You are a Physicist. Why do you think
people should study Physics?
Ä See, Physics is the basic of all sciences also
called the science of measurements. It is
instrumental for the development of technology.
Measuring instruments and tools to be used in
every area of science are designed based on
the principle of physics that teaches the skills
of measurements. Physics not only deals with
objects around us but also at infinitely large
distance. Characteristic features of extremely
tiny to huge sized objects with infinity varied
structures, speeds, mass, states etc. as also
their interactions creating natural phenomena
make this field of science open to very large
number of useful research areas. I am of the
opinion that one can achieve everything he
wishes by doing physics to lead a good life
style. People may be very small in number,
know me only because of my involvement in
Physics. I began my Physics teaching career
with materialistically zero physical facility
and have achieved almost every necessary
requirement of life at present. Parents of
boys and girls on occasions seek advice for
the choice of prospective subjects for their
children’s further study from a wrong person
like me who is committed and probably biased
towards physics study. My advice on the subject
remains one and only one i.e. Physics aided by
Mathematics, the language of Physics.
What kind of support is government
providing to the science?
Ä There are few government S & T institutions
like Ministry of S & T Environment, National
Academy of S & T in addition to science
program in universities in Nepal. Quite some
ministries exist within the country where good
scientists are working on applied science. So I
cannot say that government does not sanction
budget for the promotion of science. But
scientists at all those institutions as well as in the
universities work in isolation and results of their
research remain scattered. There is a lack of
definite government plan to create conditions
of collaborative works so that results are
observable to the society. Budget for scientific
research must be increased with priority. On one
hand the nation has to compete academically
with global institutions and on the other hand
S & T applications are to be utilized in the
economic development of the society. PhD
programs in all the science departments of TU
are going on with insufficient research materials
and funds. Job opportunities for young scientists
are deteriorating. In Panchayat era, some
of the government institutions used to create
jobs for physicists in different types of jobs in
Radio Nepal, Survey Department, Hospitals,
Metrology and Hydrology, Department of

quality control, Weights and Measurements
etc. Such opportunities have declined to almost
nil in the past two decades. There is a need
to increase such opportunities with a definite
plan.
You are not just an expert in Physics. You
have good experience in the administration
and you are analyzing the current scenario
of brain-drain in the country. How is brain-
drain affecting the county?
Ä The word Brain- Drain is often used by
different sections of Nepalese society. They
interpret it in terms national investment in
preparing graduates who go abroad and
never return and do not contribute to required
national need of development. My view on
the subject in the context of physicists is a
physicists get frustrated. This situation forces
them to go abroad for further study and PhD
research. Hundreds of Nepalese experts with
PhD degrees are working in different sub-
fields of physics in USA, several of them wishes
to return back to Nepal but “What will they be
doing op return?” is a big question. This has
been the scenario of brain-drain in the context
of physicists. Nation has created this situation.
It is nation’s responsibility to create opportunity
with proper incentive and jobs urgently to
attract our Nepalese experts for their home
coming. So that their expertise be utilized in
different sub-fields of research.
What should be done to develop nation
through science and technology?
Ä The first thing required is a national plan on the
part of the government. As per the objectives
of the plan, academics should be directed to
prepare and produce the expert manpower in
required numbers. Industries should fund and
give employment to the graduates. The skilled
manpower abroad will return slowly, and work
if conditions are right.
We would like to talk about your PhD work.
What were the most pleasant, exciting and
frustrating moments during your Ph.D.
research?
Ä My work has been theoretical in nature
involved with complex mathematics. When
theoretical works or mathematical expressions
get simplified or solved, a researcher gets
excited otherwise, frustrated. It is so a simple
answer. The most pleasant moment has been
an opportunity of my first visit to Europe,
Switzerland in 1984 A.D. when one of my
research papers was selected for presentation
in a big international conference on plasma
physics (ICPP) before the completion of my
PhD. It was really a great pleasant moment.
little bit different. Hundreds of good potential
young post-graduates are produced every
year in the country. They struggle for any
job opportunity to work. Privately run X+II
teaching institutions provide them some work
where a minor difference of opinion between
the teachers and the management brings
an unwanted situation of joblessness. Such
jobs are mostly of daily wages type. Young

TherearefourknownfundamentalforcesinNature:-
gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and
weak nuclear. These forces affect everything in
the universe. Each force has a particular property
associated with it, such as electric charge for the
electromagnetic force, space-time curvature for
gravity, color charge for strong nuclear force and
weak hypercharge for weak nuclear force.
Strong Force
Quarks and particles made of quarks attract each
other through the strong force. The strong force
holds the quarks in protons and neutrons together,
and it holds protons and neutrons together in the
nuclei of atoms. If electromagnetism were the only
force between quarks, the two up quarks in a
proton would repel each other because they are
both positively charged. The up quarks are also
attracted to the negatively charged down quark
in the proton, but this attraction is not as great as
the repulsion between the up quarks. However, the
strong force is stronger than the electromagnetic
force, so it glues the quarks inside the proton
together.
A property of particles called color charge
determines how the strong force affects them. The
term ‘color charge’ has nothing to do with color in the
usual sense; it is just a convenient way for scientists
to describe this property of particles. Color charge
is similar to electric charge, which determines a
particle’s electromagnetic interactions. Quarks
can have a color charge of red, blue, or green.
Antiquarks can have a color charge of antired
(also called cyan), antiblue (also called yellow), or
antigreen (also called magenta). Quark types and
colors are not linked-up quarks, for example, may
be red, green, or blue.
All observed objects carry a color charge of zero,
so quarks which compose matter must combine to
form hadrons that are colorless, or color neutral.
The color charges of the quarks in hadrons cancel
one another. Mesons contain a quark of one color
and an antiquark of the quark’s anticolor. The color
charges cancel each other out and make the meson
white, or colorless. Baryons contain three quarks,
each with a different color. As with light, the colors
red, blue, and green combine to produce white, so
the baryon is white, or colorless.
The bosons that carry the strong force between
particles are called Gluons. Gluons have no mass
or electric charge and, like photons, they are their
own antiparticle. Unlike photons, however, gluons
do have color charge. They carry a color and an
anticolor. Possible gluon color combinations include
red-antiblue, green-antired, and blue-antigreen.
Colors and anticolors attract each other, so gluons
that carry one color will attract gluons that carry
the associated anticolor. Because gluons carry
Strong Force and Weak Force
Anand Deo
MBBS Final Year

color charge, they themselves are affected by
strong force; they can attract each other and form
an unstable collection of gluons called glueball or
gluon ball or gluonium. Recently, such gluoniums
were believed to be observed during experiments
in particle accelerators.
Gluons carry the strong force by moving between
quarks and antiquarks and changing the colours of
these particles. Quarks and antiquarks in hadrons
constantly exchange gluons, changing colours as
they emit and absorb gluons. Baryons and mesons
are all colourless, so each time a quark or antiquark
changes colour, other quarks or antiquarks in the
particle must change colour as well to preserve
the balance. The constant exchange of gluons and
colour charge inside mesons and baryons creates a
colour force field that holds the particles together.
The strong force is the strongest of the four forces
in atoms. Quarks are bound so tightly to each other
that they cannot be isolated. Separating a quark
from an antiquark requires more energy than
creating a quark and antiquark does. Attempting
to pull apart a meson, then, just creates another
meson: The quark in the original meson combines
with a newly created antiquark, and the antiquark
in the original meson combines with a newly
created quark.
In addition to holding quarks together in mesons
and baryons, gluons and the strong force also
attract mesons and baryons to one another. The
nuclei of atoms contain two kinds of baryons:
protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are
colourless, so the strong force does not attract
them to each other directly. Instead, the individual
quarks in one neutron or proton attract the quarks
of its neighbours. The pull of quarks toward each
other, even though they occur in separate baryons,
provides enough energy to create a quark-
antiquark pair. This pair of particles forms a type
of meson called a pion. The exchange of pions
between neutrons and protons holds the baryons
in the nucleus together. The strong force between
baryons in the nucleus is called the residual strong
force.
The fact that quark and gluons have colour charge
and that stable particle can’t have a color charge
prevents one from observing isolated quark or
gluon. Also, the fact that energy required to
separate quarks is enough to create a meson
prevents a quark from being identifies individually
during experiments and this in turnmake the whole
notion of quark and gluon metaphysical. However,
there is another property of strong nuclear force
that makes the concept of quarks and gluons well-
defined. At normal energies, the strong nuclear
force is indeed strong, and it binds the quarks
tightly together. However experiments with large
particles accelerators indicate that at high energies
the strong nuclear force becomes much weaker,
and the quarks and the gluons behave almost like
free particles.
Weak Force
While the strong force holds the nucleus of an atom
together, the weak force can make the nucleus
decay, changing some of its particles into other
particles. The weak force is so named because it
is far weaker than the electromagnetic or strong
forces. For example, an interaction involving the
weak force is 10 quintillion (10 billion billion) times
less likely to occur than an interaction involving
the electromagnetic force. Three particles, called
Vector bosons, carry the weak force. The weak
force has a peculiar property called ‘weak
hypercharge’ or the ‘flavor’. Weak hypercharge
determines whether the weak force will affect a
particle. All fermions possess weak hypercharge,
as do the vector bosons that carry the weak force.
All elementary particles, except the force carriers
of the other forces and the Higgs boson, interact
by means of the weak force. But the effects of the
weak force are usually masked by the other forces
stronger than it- the strong and the electromagnetic
force. The weak force becomes significant when
an interaction does not involve the strong force or
the electromagnetic force. For example, neutrinos
have neither electric charge nor color charge, so
any interaction involving a neutrino must be due
to either the weak force or the gravitational force.
The gravitational force is even weaker than the
weak force on the scale of elementary particles, so
the weak force dominates in neutrino interactions.
One example of a weak interaction is beta decay
involving the decay of a neutron. When a neutron
decays, it turns into a proton and emits an electron
and an electron antineutrino. The neutron and
antineutrino are electrically neutral, ruling out the
electromagnetic force as a cause. The antineutrino
and electron are colorless, so the strong force is
not at work. Beta decay is due solely to the weak
force.
The weak force is carried by three Vector bosons.
These bosons are designated the W+
, the W-
, and

the Z0
. The W bosons are electrically charged (+1
and –1), so they can feel the electromagnetic force.
These two bosons are each other’s antiparticle
counterparts, while the Z0
is its own antiparticle.
All three vector bosons are colorless. A distinctive
feature of the vector bosons is their mass (around
100GeV). The weak force is the only force carried
by particles that have mass. These massive force
carriers cannot travel as far as the massless
force carriers of the three long-range forces, so
the weak force acts over shorter distances than
the other three forces. Moreover according to
the Weinberg-Salam theory these vector bosons
exhibit the property of spontaneous symmetry
breaking according to which at low energies, all
these three different particles are merely different
forms of same particle. At high energies of order
much higher than 100GeV, all these W+
, the W-
,
and the Z0
(and the photon too) would behave in
same manner.
When the weak force affects a particle, the
particle emits one of the three weak vector
bosons-W+
, W-
, or Z0
-and changes into a different
particle. The weak vector boson then decays to
produce other particles. In interactions that involve
the W+
and W-
, a particle changes into a particle
with a different electric charge. For example, in
beta decay, one of the down quarks in a neutron
changes into an up quark and the neutron releases
a W boson. This change in quark type converts the
neutron (two down quarks and an up quark) to a
proton (one down quark and two up quarks). The
W boson released by the neutron could then decay
into an electron and an electron antineutrino. In Z0
interactions, a particle changes into a particle with
the same electric charge.
A quark or lepton can change into a different
quark or lepton from another generation only by
the weak interaction. Thus the weak force is the
reason that all stable matter contains only first
generationleptonsandquarks.Thesecondandthird
generation leptons and quarks are heavier than
their first generation counterparts, so they quickly
decay into the lighter first generation leptons and
quarks by exchanging W and Z bosons. The first
generation particles have no lighter counterparts
into which they can decay, so they are stable.
The Fifth Force?
Physicists in Hungarian Academy of Science last
year reported that they have found a reasonable
candidate for the fifth force. They detected a
brand new super-light boson that was only 17MeV,
34 times heavier than an electron. You might be
wondering what does this super-light boson has
to do with fifth force. Well, this isn’t the first time
researchers have claimed to have detected fifth
force. Over the past decade, the search for new
forces has ramped up because of the inability of
the standard model of particle physics to explain
dark matter - an invisible substance thought to
make up more than 70% of the Universe’s mass.
Theorists have proposed various exotic-matter
particles and force-carriers, including “dark
photons”, by analogy to conventional photons that
carry the electromagnetic force.

NATURE’S OWN DRUGSTORE – NEEM
The Neem tree is an evergreen
tree found in the southern regions
of Nepal. Scientifically named
Azadirachta Indica. Being hardy
in nature, it survives in almost all
climatic conditions ranging from
hot, tropical, semi- temperate
and even above freezing, by
shedding its leaves in tough
conditions but rebounding quickly
even with the least moisture.
It is a fast growing tree that
requires less water for growth;
hence it is considered a
Dr. Jagjit Kour
Tri-Chandra College
renewable medicinal resource.
Every part of the neem tree has
medicinal application and value;
its roots, seeds, leaves and bark
have been consistently used in
Nepali Ayurveda for more than
2000 years.
In fact, it was also known as the
‘Village Dispensary”, for Nepali
medicine men made poultices of
neem leaves to cure a variety of
conditions like : eczema, ulcers,
ringworm infections, fungal
infections, athlete’s foot, lesions in
the mouth and vagina, small and
chicken pox, herpes, etc. Having
over a 130 different bio-active
compounds, neem is known to
treat over a hundred diseases.
Neem oil is dark and bitter,
containing many steroids like –
β-sitosterol, linoleic and oleic
acids. Being rich in omega 3, 6
and 9, it is widely used for skin
and hair healthcare, for keeping
vibrant, lustrous, and cleansed
and odour-free. Because of its
anti-microbial and anti-bacterial
properties, it is a very important
component in organic cosmetics
like soaps, shampoos, creams
and lotions for the body.
Neem contains chemicals which
decrease gastric acid secretions,
reduce blood sugar, are anti-
biotic and anti-virus, heal ulcers,
bolster immunity and keep the
gastro-intestinal tract healthy.
The twigs of the neem tree are
used as tooth brushes and neem
leaf extracts are used as tooth
paste for it prevents gingivitis
and gum diseases.
Daily consumption of the
neem herb is also seen to
ensure proper water and fat
metabolism, healthy respiration,
and to clear and lubricate the
skin. Daily consumption of neem
also keeps cancer cells in the
body in safe limits, so that they
do not get organized to create
malignant tumors or cancers. It
is also used as an organic bio-
pesticide and insect-repellant
against Japanese beetles, meal
worms, etc.
But what may not be widely
known about it is its’ anti-fertility
potential. In fact, Neem is a
Miracle Herbal Contraceptive.
As far back as the 1st century BC,
Charaka- the Indian physician
prescribed the use of neem
typically as herbal birth control.
Cotton soaked in neem oil was
kept inside the vagina for fifteen
minutes before intercourse,
and this was a 100% effective
lubricating spermicidal.
Today, synthetic contraceptives
like the patch, ring, pill or implant

may be doing their jobs, but
they have also caused hormonal
imbalances and disruptions,
along with inducing multiple
risks in women such as – breast
and cervical cancers, heart
strokes, low bone density, blood
clots, insulin resistance, ectopic
pregnancy, etc. Using a herbal
alternative like neem is very
workable, for it comes with the
fringe benefits of having no side
effects, preventing vaginal and
sexually transmitted diseases,
being both anti- bacterial and
anti-biotic in nature.
Recent research has concluded
the viability of neem as a very
reliable male contraceptive.
When neem capsules were
consumed on a regular basis by
male subjects, it was seen that
temporary sterility was induced.
By decreasing the motility of
the sperms, fertilization and
therefore unwanted pregnancy
was prevented.
But this is a reversible action,
without any side effects on the
sperm production/count and
sexual drive. After 6 weeks
of disuse, the reproductive
capacity in males was restored
again. This temporary sterility
allows reproductive freedom
for couples. During in vitro
experiments, it was seen that
neem extracts containing sodium
nimbidinate at 1000 mg was
able to kill all sperm in 5 minutes.
At 250 mg level, it required 30
minutes.
Because of its’ heat generating
ability, it is an effective birth
control and abortifacient for
women. Because of its’ excess
heat, one might lose the fetus,
and those who are planning to
conceive, are advised not to
have neem for it might treat the
fetus like a foreign body and
eliminate it. The usage of hexane
extracted neem oil is most
effective when injected internally
for contraceptive purposes.
In women, this oil can induce one
year long full stop to unwanted
pregnancy by injecting the oil
in the junction of the uterus and
fallopian tubes, without any
alterations or effects on their
normal menstrual and ovarian
cycles. It produces antigens
in the uterus which makes it
unsuitable environment for fetus
implantation. In men, the oil is
injected into the vas deferens-
the tubes that carry sperms
in the penis. This is a surgical
alternative to vasectomy. (In
invitro experiments, the sperms
were killed within 30 seconds of
introducing the oil.)
Neem oil can be used by both
the males and females in gel
and cream forms and can be
applied on either genital for
effective anti-fertility, even for
after 5 hours after application.
When ingesting neem as powder
or capsule, it is highly advisable
to drink a lot of water because
it brings down blood sugar and
bloodpressurelevelssignificantly.
Always consult a medical doctor
before commencing use. Because
of its multifarious medicinal value,
it is truly nature’s own drugstore.
Sources:
herbwisdom.com;
webmd.com;
banyanbotanicals.com;
sadhguru.org;naturalnews.
com;
olwomen.com;
productsosdeneem.com;
naturalhealingroom.net;
naturescontraceptives.com

What If You Were Born In Space?
Krishan Kumar
Rajasthan University, India
Imagine someone asked you which is your
birthplace? And you are like I’m born in space.
Doesn’t this sound interesting?
First let us look at how many people are already
there in space. The first person who went to outer
space 52 years ago, after that more than 500
people have left the earth and have gone as far
as the moon. So from the past few years there
has been a continuous uninterrupted presence of
humans living in space. But all these people who
have gone out or are present on earth are born on
this planet earth.
But, what if someone is born in space? How suited
is our biology for the outer space? But where do
we consider this outer space to be? Outer space
is about one hundred thousand meters above your
head.
We all believe that the people who are in space
are floating around because there is no gravity. But
this is a very big misconception as there is plenty
of gravity as it is on earth. They are not floating;
rather they are just falling due to the orbital
speed. An orbital speed is a speed which is so fast
that even while falling you don’t fall, because the
earth literally curves away from you as fast as you
fall towards it. So we cannot say that there is no
gravity in space but we can say that it is a zero g
environment where g is acceleration.
If the gravity is pretty much the same as earth
how would a human look like if they were born in
space? To understand how humans would look, it
would require us to understand first what effect
weightlessness has on human body. Even mere
hugging each other in space is difficult but a
recent invention called the ‘2-suit’ might make it
easier. This invention provides effortless intimacy
in weightless environment.
A baby inside mothers needs the development
of vestibular system. Canals in the inner ear that
uses the flow of fluid to determine movement and
balance. In a zero g environment i.e. space the

fluid required would just float around and this
can lead to motion sickness, visual illusions and
disorientation. This was experimented with the
help of pregnant rats. Pregnant rats taken to
space when gave birth to babies struggled with
directions. Vestibular fluid is not the only fluid
that would affect the babies born in space, but
there are other fluids as well which would get
affected by a zero-g environment. So this zero-g
environment gives the babies a puffy face due to
the floating fluids and all of those fluid pressure on
your face can also affect the vision.
These are not the only side effects of space. Even
astronauts who had long flights and returned back
to earth were tested. Almost everyone had visual
problems. An astronaut can even lose about 22%
of their total blood volume while in space. Also the
radiation from the sun and the rest of the universe
can be dangerous for the human body and we
are still not sure how to safe guard ourselves from
these radiations.
As for the shape of the human body, full grown
astronauts in orbit, no longer pressed down by
earth typical gravitational force experience spinal
expansion as much as 3 percent before they come
back to earth. Even a person as tall as 6 feet can
go to space and return as tall as 6 feet 2 inches.
In a weightless environment you don’t need much
of muscle strength to move around, so your muscles
strength in space to weaken. All of these reasons
sound scary to live in space.
We all understood that these problems affect
the adults in space and pretty much the same
way it would affect a developing baby in space.
So a baby born in space would might look like
this because of the active forces required for
developing health bone structure would just not be
there.
Many studies have been done on this topic and
some are even planned for future as we don’t even
know that a healthy fetus can develop in space or
even conception can even occur in space. So let’s
wait and see if all this can happen in future.

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Richard Arkwright
The First Automatic Machine of the World:
Water Frame
Madhu Lamichhane
Mechanical Engineering Final Year
The world was not always
this industrial. Besides, the
concept of products and
consumers was not this
wide, as there were no
companies and factories.
And, Europe, the pioneer
land of industries, used to
import textile from Asia
and Africa back in 15th
century.It was only until
mid-17th century that
people worked on their houses, made things and
sold them. By early 17th century, just few machines
were made that were used to spin threads used in
making textiles. Then in 1759, Richard Arkwright
invented Water-Frame, the first fully automatic
machine of the world that used water jet to spin
the machine that rolled threads in a yarn, thus
beginning the concept of factories.
Richard Arkwright, born in Preston, England in
1732 was a son of a tailor, and as a tailor himself,
he worked well with sewing machines and threads
and as a barber too. He made a lots of money
travelling all over England, and making and selling
wigs. But, having it in mind that wigs was a fashion
industry that could go down anytime, he used to
explore new inventions in textile industry.
The few machines in textile industry were spinning
machines were being invented, but they were too
large and could only spin few threads per minute.
Spinning Jenny was one of the machines invented
and it collected popularity for few years; but, it
was too large and used to be driven by hand.
Then, with a colleague, Arkwright made a spinning
machine that was horse-driven, and could spin
threads in a yarn in a very fast rate. He then moved
to Cromford, England and made a mill in which his
spinning machine was powered by water. It was the
time, the first in history, that a factory was made.
Water frame was the fastest machine that could
spin more than 100 threads at a time and was as
efficient as 50 workers. Water frame, as its name
suggests, used the flow of water to power the shaft
of the machine. The shafts consisted of wheels and
belts that transmitted the power and the rotary
motion to the rollers and thus to the spindles and
the reels. Cotton from the top reel was drawn out
by the action of the machine which spun the cotton
threads tight and gathered the yarn in the bottom
Image: The First Model of Water Frame

reels. It spun the thread around the reel just like a
hand would do, yet faster.
After the invention of water frame, clothes could
be manufactured wholly of cotton. Since strong
threads of warp was possible from water frame, its
use increased rapidly throughout Europe. With the
abundant supply of raw cotton, a fair amount of
clothes could be produced, quickly and efficiently.
Resourceful mass production was possible and
it reduced a large time spent in manufacturing
threads.
The industrial revolution was ignited with the
establishment of many other water-powered mills.
Industries became the new source of economy.
Women and men used to work on industries all day
long, and the number of jobs increased making the
lifestyles of people stronger. Urbanisation became
one of the prominent consequences since people
Image: Replica of Water Frame
from villages migrated to urban areas in pursuit of
better employments.
By the end of the century, water frame was started
to be used all across the Europe. More advanced
machines like steam powered mills were invented
and used in industries. Since the world was now an
industry-empowered world, the needs of humans
were gradually increasing accordingly. The
invention of other machines that could make things
easier was a need of the time then, and engineers
and scientists worked on the tools that could save
time and effort.
So, along the way of industrialisation, people have
come up to a modern world, a world that always
longs for advancements. It has also given people
the concept of standard and entertainment, and
the main purpose of today’s world – comfort in
every aspect. And all this, just from a simple
thread-spinning machine.

Mathematically, "dimension"
refers to the number of
coordinates needed to describe
a point, or equivalently the
degrees of freedom of motion in
a space. A line is one-dimensional
because a point in the line
needs only one coordinates for
its description. You could say
"dang, there are a hundred
people in front of me," which
describes very well your sorry
position in line. As another
example, the volume of sound
is a one-dimensional concept. A
particular volume needs only one
number to describe it, possibly
from the scientific decibel scale
or maybe on the stereo knob
"turn it up to 10" scale.
A two-dimensional space needs
two numbers for each point. The
flat, infinite plane from high-
school geometry is the prime
example, with each point given
an x and a y coordinate. The
surface of a sphere is also two-
dimensional; for example, points
on the Earth are described by
longitude and latitude. Though
we spend most of our days
wandering the two-dimensional
surface of the Earth, our space
is in fact three-dimensional,
which means we can move on
three axes, North-South, East-
West, and Up- D o w n .
D e s c r i b i n g
points in space requires three
coordinates: to spot an airplane,
you need longitude and latitude,
plus elevation.
The next step is the fourth
dimension. Mathematically,
it's no problem to define
four-dimensional space, or
"hyperspace." It's just an
abstract space that needs four
coordinates to describe each
of its points, which works very
well for computations, but is not
much help in visualization. Trying
to think in four dimensions is a
serious challenge, and requires a
complicated collection of mental
crutches to make any progress.
The tesseract, or "hypercube,"
is the most accessible four-
dimensional object, so it's worth
trying to understand. We work
by inductive reasoning, starting
with a point, and dragging it to
trace out a segment. Then, drag
the segment to trace a square,
and drag the square to trace a
cube. The next step is to drag
the cube in a fourth direction,
perpendicular to all edges of
the cube, resulting in a tesseract
or "hypercube." The last step,
as usual, is difficult to imagine
because it requires the fourth
dimension. We get the flavor with
some drawings:
In mathematical physics,
Minkowski space or Minkowski
space time is a combination of
Euclidean space and time into a
four-dimensional manifold where
the space time interval between
any two events is independent of
the inertial frame of reference
in which they are recorded.
Fourth Dimension
Sujan Dhakal
M.Sc. Physics 3rd Semester

Although initially developed
by mathematician Hermann
Minkowski for Maxwell's
equations of electromagnetism,
the mathematical structure of
Minkowski space time was shown
to be an immediate consequence
of the postulates of special
relativity.
Four-dimensional Minkowski
spacetime is often pictured in
the form of a two-dimensional
lightcone diagram, with the
horizontal axes representing
"space" (x) and the vertical axis
"time" (ct). The walls of the cone
are defined by the evolution of
a flash of light passing from the
past (lower cone) to the future
(upper cone) through the present
(origin). All of physical reality is
contained within this cone; the
region outside ("elsewhere") is
inaccessible because one would
have to travel faster than light
to reach it. The trajectories
of all real objects lie along
"worldlines" inside the cone (like
the one shown here in red). The
apparently static nature of this
picture, in which history does not
seem to "happen" but is rather
"already there", has given writers
and philosophers a new way to
think about old issues involving
determinism and free will.
Modern string theories suggest
a whole bunch of dimensions on
the sub-atomic scale. But none of
this precludes another direction,
perpendicular to space, in which
we could move if we only knew
how.
Image: Lightcone diagram showing the worldline of a moving observer

Medical/Engineering Entrance Questions and Answers
Zoology
1. Ischium and pubish are separated by
a. Acetabulum
b Acromian process
c. Cotyloid bone
d. Coracoid process
2. Which vertebrae do not possess Ligament ?
a. Sacral b. Cervical
c. Thoracic d. Lumber
3. Which of the following is a mixed gland ?
a. Pancrease b. Adrenal gland
c. Thyroid gland d. All
4. Mollusca differs from echinodermata in
a. Circulatory system b. Excretory system
c. Both d. None
5. Migration in bird is initiated by
a. Gonadotropic hormone
b. Thyroid hormone
c. Parathyroid hormone
d. Insulin hormone
Chemistry
6. Chemical name of of Fe2
(PO4
)2
a. Iron (II) Phosphate
b. Iron (III )Phosphite
c. Iron (III) Phosphide
d. Iron phosphate
7. Radioactive decay is
a. First order b. Second order
c. Third order d. Zero order
8. In chemical reaction , a catalyst changes the
a. Potential energy of the products
b. Potential energy of the reactants
c. Heat of reaction
d. Activation energy
9. Which combination of atom can form polar
covalent bond ?
a. H – H b. N – N
c. H – Br d. Na – Cl
10. Vinegar is an example of
a. Strong acid b. Weak acid
c. Strong base d. Weak base
Botany
11. The term ecology was given by
a. Reiter b. Haeckel
c. Odum d. None
12. Gemma cup is present in
a. Pteridophyta b. Gymnosperm
c. Mosses d. Marchantia
13. Mature virus particle is
a. Viriod b. Virion
c. Capsid d. Peplomer
14. Phyllodeis the modification of
a. Stem b. Root
c. Petiole d. Branches
15. Root hairs are present in
a. Hypodermis b. Epidermis
c. Cortex d. Hypodermis
Physics
16. Which is true about conservative force
a. only K.E is conserved
b. only P.E is conserved
c. Total mechanical enery get conserved
d. work done in a closed path is infinity
17. The wavelength of the light should
a. increase
b. The wavelength of light should decrease
c. Both a & b d. None
18. e /m of electron was determine by
a. William Crooke b. Goldstrain
c. JJ Thomson d. Millikan
19. A couple produce
a. No motion b. Purely linear
c. Purely rotational motion
d. Linear and rotational motion
20. If the power of heater is 1 W. 1 A of current
is passed through is . Then find the resistence
a. 4.2 Ω b. 4200 Ω
c. 1 Ω d. 0.1 Ω

Answer
1. a
* Pelvic glirdle is formed by illum , ischium
and pubis .
The pelvic bone has acetabolar notch or
acetabulum for the articulation of head of
femur to form hip joint .
2. a
Cervical , thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are
not fused with each other .
. Each vertebral bone is connected with
each other by ligament .
3. a
Pancrease is a mixed gland i.e both endocrine
and exocrine .
4. c
In mollusca circulatory system is mainly of
closed type . It consists of heart with one or
two auricles and one ventricle and blood
vessel .
• In Echinodermata circulatory system is open
type heart is absent , lack definite wall in
blood vessel called Haemal .
5. a
Gonadal stimulation : In general , migration
is a part of sexual cycle. Birds begains to
migrate as their gonads develop and begain
swell i.e release of gonadotropin hormone
• Environmental conditional
• Metabolic stimulus
• Antpituitary hormone
6. a
7. a
All radioactive decays are the example of
first order .
• The total no. of concentration variable which
determine the rate of reaction is called order
of reaction .
8. d
A catalyst is the substance which alters the
activation energy of the reaction .
• A positive catalyst increase the rate of reaction
by lowering its Activation energy
9. c
Covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of
electron between combining atoms of same or
different elemrnt
10. b
Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid i.e
3 to 4 % solution of acetic acid
11. a
Term ecosystem was coined by A.G Tansley
Haeckel give Recapitulation theory
12. d
Marchant reproduced by vegetative and
sexual method
13. a
Virion : is the fully assembled mature particle
of virus capable of causing infection .
Viroid : simplest infection agents consist of
only RNA genome without protein coat .
Prions : infection agents discovered by Staney
Prusiner , which consist of RNA and DNA
Caspid : is a proteinous coat made up of
small units which surrounds the nucleoid
(either DNA or RNA ) in virus .
14. c
Pitcher in pitcher plant and Nepenthes are
modified leaf
Phylloclodeare modified stem .
15. b
The epidermis or outer most layer of the root
is commonly known as Rhizodermisepiblema
16. a
If there is no charge in kinetic energy of a
body during a comlete round trip the force
is said to be conservative , gravitational
force electrostatic force , elastic force are
conservation force .
17. a
The wavelength of the light should increase .
Fringe width (b) = D l ∕ d b ∞ l for constant
D & d so in order to increase fringe width ,
wavelength of light should be increased
18. c
The charge of an electron was determined by
Millikan's oil drop experiment .
The e/m of cathode rays or electron was
determined by J.J Thomson by using cross
electric and magnetic field
19. c
20. c P = IV = I2
R
Or , R = P / I2
= 1 / 1 = 1 Ω

Reader'sQuestions
1. Can we boil water with boiling water?
Ans: There's an important point to understand
about the boiling point. It's the temperature
at which liquid water and water vapor can
exist together (because one is turning into the
other). That means that, as water is boiling,
it stays at a constant temperature of 100
degrees centigrade. Incidentally, that's why
100 degrees was defined as that point.
But, you may note, when water is boiling, it
still needs to be receiving heat. How can you
keep adding heat into a pot of water, but the
temperature doesn't rise? That's because of
what we call "latent heat". It takes energy to
turn anything from a liquid into a vapor. Even
though the liquid and vapor are at the same
temperature, you have to add more heat to
turn it from one state to the other.
Hence, if you heat water to 100 centigrade,
but add no more heat, it will get to the boiling
point, but won't actually boil. In the example
given, the vessel and the water around it are
all at 100 centigrade, which means that no
heat is being transferred, so it can't get the
extra energy it needs to turn into vapor.
Bindu Poudel
Class-10,
New Life H. S. B. School, Baglung
2. Does the electrical energy (electromagnetic
energy) flow at the speed of light?
Ans: Yes, and no... and both are true at the same
time! It depends on where you're taking the
energy flow measurement.
Yes - the energy always flows at the speed
of light
The flow of electromagnetic energy is
determined by the Poynting vector and in a
vacuum it can be shown that the flow of energy
is exactly c (c = the relativistic invariant with a
value in MKS units of 299,792,458 m/s and
the speed of light in a vacuum).
NOTE: For a current carrying wire, the flow of energy
is NOT through the wire, but comes in radially
from the space surrounding the wire and flows
inward into the wire's surface.
No - the energy never flows at the speed of
light
While the speed of the energy flow through
space is equal to that of light, what people
typically mean when talking about wires is the
energy flow along the wire. When a switch in
a circuit is closed, the electromagnetic energy
begins pouring into the wire in a wave that
spreads out and away from the switch. The
speed of the energy along the wire is given
by the speed of the leading edge of the wave.
This speed depends upon the details of the
materials and construction of the wire. For a
copper bar, it's nearly light speed.
Krishna Mohan Yadav
Shree Janata H. S. School, Golbazar, Siraha
3. What does it mean that pH is negative?
Ans: pH can be viewed as an abbreviation for
power of Hydrogen. pH lies between 0 and
14. pH is a measure of the molar concentration
of hydrogen ions in the solution. Generally we
can say that it is a measure of the acidity or
basicity of the solution. Yes, PH is negative.
Means that a solution in which the hydrogen
ion concentration exceeds one then it has a
negative pH. Strong acids and bases can
have negative pH and pOH values. PH can
be represented as follows, pH = -log10[H+].
pH is the negative log of the hydronium acid
concentration of a solution, such as pH =
-log[H+].
Anish Upreti
Class-10
Gulmi

SLC Cracker of Science Part - 3
Classification of element
Periodic table
Periodic table is a chart in which the various
elements are arranged such that similar
elements are grouped together and dissimilar
element are separated from each other.
The vertical column of elements in a periodic
table is called group . The horizontal row of
element in a periodic table is called period
There are 18 groups and 7 periods in the
periodic table .
Advantage
• It makes study of chemistry easier and systemic.
• It helps to know the nature of the elements
• It helps to predict the formulae of the
compounds and the type of bonding exists
between them .
Mendeleev's periodic table
• The physical and chemical properties of the
elements are the periodic function of their
atomic weight
Characteristic
• In this table element were arranged in
increasing order of their atomic weight .
• This table consists of seven horizontal rows
called periods and eight vertical columns
called groups .
• In this table , he had not included noble or
inert gases , as they were still not discovered
at that time
Morden periodic table
• The physical and chemical properties of the
elements are the periodic function of their
atomic number .
Characteristic
• In this table element were arranged in the
increasing order of their of their atomic
number .
• Metal are kept in left side and non metals are
kept in right side of the table.
• Inert gases like He , Ne , Ar , Kr , Xe , and Rn
are keept in right of morden periodic of the
table .
Q. List out any four advantage of morden periodic
table over Mendeleev’s periodic table.
Q. Why did Mendeleev ‘s leaves gaps in the
periodic table ?
Q. Give three reasons for placing hydrogen along
with alkali metals ( IA group )
1. Hydrogen and alkali metals have 1 electron in
the valence shell .
2. Each of Hydrogen and akali metals loses 1
electron to form univalent cation
3. Hydrogen and alkali metal are collected at
cathode during electrolysis
Q. Give three reason for placing hydrogen along
with halogens ( VII A )
1. Hydrogen and halogen forms univalent anion .
2. Hydrogen and halogen are diatomic element
i. e they have two atoms in one molecules ( H2
, F2
,Cl2
, Br2
, etc )
3. Hydrogen and halogens have electrons less in
the valence shell than the nearest noble gas .
• Name shortest period -1st
period (2 element )
• Name short period - 2nd
and 3rd
period
(each has 18 elements )
• Long period - 4th
and 5th
period ( each
has 18 elements )
• Longest period - 6th
period ( 32 elements )
• Incomplete period - 7th
period ( 23 element
at present )
- Every shell is divided into sub - shells : s, p , d ,
and f . They can accommodate 2 , 6 , 10 and
14 electron respectively .
• Reactivity increase down the group for metal
and decrease down the group for non metals
• In Modern periodic table , group IA are
alkali metals, IIA alkaline earth metals, VIIA
are halogen, Zero are inert gases and IB are
coinage metal.
Q. Which one is more ractive between Na and K
? Why ?
Ans: The electronic configuration of Na is 2,8, 1
while that of K is 2,8,8,1. So the atomic radius
of K is more than Na .there is less attraction
force between valence electron of K and its
nucleus .Hence , it is easier for K to loss electron.
Hence, it is more reactive than Na.

Thermometer
The name thermometer is made up of two
smaller words: "Thermo" means heat and
"meter" means to measure. So it is a device
that measures the temperature. You can use a
thermometer to measure the temperature outside
or inside your house, even the temperature of your
body.
There is usually a bulb at the base of the
thermometer with a long glass tube stretching
out the top. Early thermometers used water,
but because water freezes there was no way to
measure temperatures less than the freezing point
of water. So, alcohol, which freezes at temperature
below the point where water freezes, was used.
The red colored or silver line in the middle of
the thermometer moves up and down depending
on the temperature. Temperature is measured in
a scale called Fahrenheit (by most people in the
United States) and in Celsius or Centigrade (used
by scientists and by people in many other countries).
The point where water freezes is 32 degrees
Fahrenheit (F for short) and 0 degrees Celsius (C).
The point where water boils is 212 degrees F and
100 degrees C.
Fahrenheit is named after the German physicist
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit who developed his scale
in 1714. He arbitrarily decided that the difference
between the freezing point and boiling point of
water should be 180 degrees.
The Celsius scale is named after Anders Celsius. The
Celsius scale used to be called the "centigrade"
scale. Centigrade means "divided into 100
degrees." Anders Celsius developed his scale in
1742. He started with the freezing point of water
and said that was 0 degrees Celsius. At the point
where water boils, he marked that at 100 degrees
C. This scale is much more scientific because the
measurement is broken down into an even 100
degrees. This is similar to the scientific system of
measuring distance and weight called the metric
system.
Kelvin is named after Lord Kelvin, whose full name
is Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs, Lord
Kelvin of Scotland. His scale starts at 0 degrees
Kelvin, which is called absolute temperature.
How A Thermometer Works
When you look at a regular outside bulb
thermometer, you'll see a thin red or silver line that
grows longer when it is hotter. The line goes down
in cold weather.
This liquid is sometimes colored alcohol but can
also be metallic liquid called mercury. Both
mercury and alcohol grow bigger when heated
and smaller when cooled. Inside the glass tube of
a thermometer, the liquid has no place to go but
up when the temperature is hot and down when the
temperature is cold.
Bulb thermometer
Note reservoir at bottom
Image: wind and weather.

Engineering
Civil Engineering
Design and construction of buildings, roads, bridges
and dams belongs to the civil engineering. It is one
of the oldest forms of engineering and involves
further specialist areas such as transportation,
surveying and construction, water resources etc.
In Nepal, colleges under Tribhuvan University,
Kathmandu University and Pokhara University run
this program.
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineering deals with the application
of mechanical power and the design of mechanical
systems, machines and tools. Mechanical engineers
require an understanding of a number of important
principles including those related to heat transfer,
energy, fluid mechanics and kinematics.
Aerospace Engineering
Aerospace engineering involves the design
and construction of planes and space shuttles.
Aeronautical engineering covers craft that stay
inside the Earth’s atmosphere (such as commercial
planes) while aerospace or astronautical
engineering covers craft that leave the Earth’s
atmosphere (such as space shuttles).
Software Engineering
Software engineering involves research, design
and modification in order to implement fast, high
quality software in a range of areas. Software
engineers apply a variety of principles and
techniques to computers and other products that
use software.
Electrical Engineering
Electrical engineering includes the study of
electricity and the design of electrical systems
like circuits and computer chips. Some of the
areas electrical engineers might work in include
telecommunications, electronics, signal processing
and control systems.
Chemical Engineering
Chemical engineering uses science to process raw
materials and chemicals into useful forms. Work by
chemical engineers can lead to the discovery of
important new materials and processes.
Environmental Engineering
Environmental engineering applies various scientific
principles and ideas to help provide clean water,
minimize pollution and improve the environment.
Environmental engineers work in a number of areas
that can relate to air pollution, waste disposal,
recycling, global warming, water pollution and
other environmental issues.
Computer Engineering
Computer engineering deals with electronic
Suraj Subedi
B.E. Third Semester

engineering and computer science in order to
design computer technology from the very small,
such as microprocessors, to the very big, such as
supercomputers.
Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical engineering uses specialized
engineering techniques in the medical field. It is a
relatively new discipline that involves applications
such as diagnostic equipment, therapeutic
devices, pharmaceutical drugs and artificial limbs
(prosthetics).
Nuclear Engineering
Nuclear engineering involves the application of
Image: www.emaze.com
physics in nuclear power plants, nuclear reactors
and nuclear weapons as well as the study of
nuclear fusion, radiation hazards, nuclear fuel and
other nuclear related technologies.
Structural Engineering
Usually regarded as part of civil engineering,
structural engineering involves the design of
buildings, large structures and other things that rely
on the importance of structural integrity. Structural
engineers must pay particular attention to safety
because of the huge loads involved.
Image: cenews.com

Multiplication of Three Digit Numbers
Example1: 208 × 206
Step 1: Deduct the last digit from the respective
numerals.
208 - 8 = 200
206 - 6 = 200
Step 2: Pick any one number and add it with the
unit digit of another number.
208 + 6 = 214
Step 3: Now, multiply the result obtained in step 1
and step 2.
214 × 200 = 42800
Step 4: Then, multiply the unit digits of the given
numbers.
8 × 6 = 48
Step 5: Add the values obtained in step 4 and
step 5.
42800 + 48 = 42848
Result: 208 x 206 = 42848
Example 2: 625 x 512
Step 1: Deduct the last digit from the respective
numerals.
625 - 125 = 500
512 - 12 = 500
Step 2: Pick any one number and add it with the
unit digit of another number.
625 + 12 = 637
Step 3: Now, multiply the result obtained in step 1
and step 2.
637 × 500 = 318500
Step 4: Then, multiply the unit digits of the given
numbers.
125 × 12 = 1500
Step 5: Add the values obtained in step 4 and
step 5.
318500 + 1500 = 320000
Result: 625 x 512 = 320000.
For you:
i. > 360 × 326
ii. > 405 × 209
Mathematical Tricks
1. 40 is a unique number because when
written as "forty" it is the only number
whose letters are in alphabetical
order.
2. 139 and 149 are the first consecutive
primes differing by 10.
3. One pound of iron contains an
estimated 4,891,500,000,000,000,
000,000,000 atoms.
4. There are some 318,979,564,000
possible ways of playing the first
four moves on each side in a game
of chess.
5. The earth travels over one and a
half million miles every day.
6. There are 2,500,000 rivets in the
Eiffel Tower.
7. Thousand is the first number which
have 'a' in its spelling. Numbers from
0 to 999 do not have 'a' in their
spelling.
8. Zero is the only number that can’t be
represented in Roman numerals in all
the numberical system in the present
day.
9. The most popular favourite number
is 7.
10. Plus (+) and Minus (-) sign symbols
were used as early as 1489 A.D
11. If you add up the numbers 1-100
consecutively (1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ ...)
the total is 5050.
Math Fun Facts

use electricity for various domestic purposes. for
example : refrigerator , fax , oven , heater , iron
, TV , and so on . Industries require machinery and
other heavy tools to produce many types of goods.
Electricity is a must to run these machinery and
heavy tools. Similarly means of communication
cannot develop without electricity. We cannot even
think of computer or television without electricity.
At present the whole world is suffering from global
pollution. If electricity is used to operate the
vehicle, the air pollution will be controlled .
Problems of Electricity in Nepal
a. Lack of capital to install electricity generators.
b. Leakage and stealing.
c. Lack of technical manpower.
d. Lack of utilization for better purpose.
e. Unable to supply electricity to remote areas.
Solutions
a. To make the people aware of the use and
saving of electricity.
b. To stop electricity leakages and stealing.
c. To generate more technical manpower.
Hydroelectricity In Nepal
Alina Rayamajhi,
Class: 8
Emile Academy, Kathmandu
For the next issue, we request our readers
to send an essay in the topic
‘Ecosystem’
in not more than 500 words before
31st
October 2016 A.D.
The essay can be send in the email address
articles.scimind@gmail.com
The best essay will be published in the
November-December 2016 issue and next three
issues of the magazine will be provided.
Hydroelectricity is electricity that is made by the
movement of water. It is usually made with dams
to collect water. When water is ‘let go ‘the huge
pressure behind the dam forces the water down
pipes that lead to a turbine. This causes the turbine
to turn, which turns a generator which help to
induce the electricity. Water has proven to be a
valuable asset in the production of electricity.
Hydroelectricity is used worldwide where there
is a means and a need for energy. Hydroelectric
dams are very high-tech but simple machines. The
electricity is carried through cables to wherever
it is needed. Oroville Dam is the tallest and one
of the largest earthen dams in the United States;
located in Northern California. The dam releases
an average of 2.8 million-acre feet of its total
capacity of 3.5 (MAF). Oroville Dam provides
water and electricity throughout California, playing
an important part.
Nepal has a huge hydropower potential. The
current estimates that Nepal has approximately
40,000MW of economically feasible hydropower
potential. However, the present situation is that
Nepal has developed only approximately 600
MW of hydropower. If we are able to produce
our estimated hydropower development for
Nepal, then it increases its energy dependency
on electricity with hydropower development. The
development of hydropower will help to achieve
the millennium development, goals with protecting
environment, increasing literacy, improving health
of children and women with better energy. There
is shortage of power during winter and spill
during wet season. To check this problem need of
storage projects and hence, co-operation between
the two neighboring countries is essential for the
best use of the hydro resource for mutual benefit.
Electricity plays a vital role in the modern world.
The development of science and technology has
made live easy and comfortable. This would
not have been possible without electricity. We

Web Design Lesson
Get some great hints and tips on how to use the
basics of Dreamweaver, creating web pages as
part of your own website.
Web design is fun to learn about and will allow
you to express your own web ideas, using images,
text, links and other resources to create a site you
want!
Introduction
• Working by yourself or in a team of Two,
your mission is to create your own web page.
We will use Dreamweaver to create the web
pages but you can use other programs such as
Photoshop & Paint to draw pictures or make
fancy graphics.
• Important things to think about include the
structure of a website; How are websites
viewed on the Internet? Why is it important
to make your website easy for others to use?
What kind of things can you remember to do
to make sure this happens?
Thing you might want to include on your
web page or website include:
• Photos from a camera.
• Pictures & images from your computer.
• Anything you want to write about.
• Graphics you have created yourself.
• Links to friend's pages or other websites you
recommend.
• Anything else you can think of or learn about
along the way.
Website making instructions
• The following is a general guide for making
your web page or a source of tips if you get a
little stuck along the way.
• You can see how your web page will look on
the internet at any stage by pressing the F12
button while in Dreamweaver, this will open
your page in Internet Explorer.
• Remember to frequently save your work by
pressing ctrl-s, you can also undo mistakes you
make or things you don’t like by pressing ctrl-z.
Getting started
• Open Dreamweaver.
• Create new HTML.
• Save as example.html (any name is fine but
Image:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/

save as index.html if the page will be your
website homepage).
• Take note of the ‘Layout’ menu at the top of
the screen, there are 2 options, standard &
layout. Layout is good for making tables and
designing the layout of your page, standard is
used when doing anything else.
• Take note of the ‘Properties’ menu at the
bottom of the page, this has all the usual word
processing options such as text size, colour, font,
alignment as well as ‘link’, useful for making
links to other pages/sites.
• Drag tables where you would like to place
images, text, links etc. This will be your page
layout. Clicking on the green table icon allows
you to draw tables while clicking on the blue
icon allows you to draw cells inside the tables.
• You can now start adding things like text and
images to your page!
Images
• When making a website it is important to allow
the pages to load on someone’s computer
screen as fast as possible, so rather than using
huge images it’s a good idea to resize them
beforehand.
• Once you have done this you can use the images
by going through the insert > image menu in
Dreamweaver. Put the images wherever you
want on your page & remember that you can
align them to the left, right or centre.
• Extra: Try using rollover images, insert > image
object > rollover image. When your mouse
moves over the original image it will change
to a new one, try to make the 2 images the
same size. One idea is to use a question mark
image & have it change to something funny or
unexpected.
Linking
• You can link your page to a friends or even
another website if you want.
1. Write some descriptive text (eg Ralph’s
awesome page!).
2. Highlight it.
3. Find the ‘link’ section in the properties menu (at
bottom of page) and type in the full address of
the page or website you’d like to link to (make
sure it’s exactly correct otherwise it won’t work
properly).
Final Words
• Try to make your page as original as possible,
adding colour is a great idea and you might
even like to give your page a theme (eg
animals, spooky, sports, funky etc).
• Good luck and have fun!
Image:clients.hostslim.eu

Maths Test
Earth quiz answers
1. Magma
2. Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous
3. Iron and nickel
4. The center of the earth
5. The Sahara Desert in Africa
6. Waterfall
7. Oxygen (21%)
8. Mount Everest
9. The Ozone layer
10. A geologist
11. Mariana Trench
12. Iron (32%) and Oxygen (30%)
13. Seismologist
14. The Pacific Ocean
15. Red
16. Lava
Ig
Answer:1.62.9 3. 224.80 5.176. 4
2. Which number replaces the question mark?
4
2
1
12
3 7
5
30 49
32
8 4
3
6 21
?
?
4
7
6
19
5
5
2
1
4
3
8
1
2
6
5
2
1
2
4
4
?
4
1. What number comes inside the circle?
4
3
2
2
9
5
1
7
6 1
3
5
8
8
?
2
1
3
4
3
1
3
3
5. Find the missing number?
4. If 1 + 1 = 5
2 + 2 = 20
3 + 3 = 45
Then,
4 + 4 = ?
7
5
3
8
4
6
2
4
2
5
11
1
9
6
6
?

SolutionofPreviousIssue
CrossPuzzle-Science
Across
3 Ability to do work
4 It is the natural science of matter
and energy and the relationships
between them
8 It is the unit of power
9 The process of adding solvent to a
solution to lower its concentration
10 Emission and propogation of energy
in the form of waves, rays and all
particles
11 The distance between identical
points of two successive waves
Down
1 Tabular display of the chemical
elements organized by selected
properties of their atomic structures
2 An elements with properties
between those of a metal and
non-metal
5 The change in the state of matter
from the gas phase to the liquid
phase
6 Adding oxygen to form an oxide
7 ItistheSIderivedunitunitforelectric
potential and electromagnetic force
8 H2
O
Winners:
1. Anmol Shrestha
Class : 6
Rato Bangala School,
Lalitpur
2. Rakesh Poudel
B.Sc.
Tri-Chandra Campus
3. Yasuda Poudel
NAME
Kathmandu

Ten Questions For You
Send answers of "Puzzle" and "Ten Questions For You"
of this issue in the address: articles.scimind@gmail.
com.Three luckywinnerswill get free subscription of the
magazine for next three issues. Please send the answers
within 31st
of October, 2016.
1. The chemical element uranium was named
after which planet?
2. Metals expand when heated and gets ..... when
cooled?
3. Earth is located in which galaxy?
4. A person who studies physics is known as?
5. What does the abbreviation WWW stand for?
6. Did the Apple iPhone first become available in
2005, 2006 or 2007?
7. What is the third most common gas found in
the air we breathe?
8. At room temperature, which is the only metal
that is in liquid form?
9. True or false? The Atlantic Ocean is the
biggest ocean on Earth.
10. The molten rock that comes from a volcano
after it has erupted is known as?
Name……………..............….................................................
School……....…….……............… Class….............………........
Address ..………….....…….........……......................................
Answers From July-August Issue
Winners:
1. Manjil Gautam
Galkot E. B. School
Class : 8
Baglung
2. Promod Chaudhary
Rupandehi
3. Govinda Giri
Amrit Science Campus
Kathmandu
1. An acid (hydrochloric acid) 2. The sun
3. False (it is the cheetah) 4. 7
5. Prides 6. Convex
7. Edwin Hubble 8. True
9. Chromosome 10. Female
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Scientific mind (2016 sept.-oct.)

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