INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1. UNIT-V
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
MENINGITIS, TYPHOID, LEPROSY, TB, UTI

8. TYPHOID
 Typhoid is a bacterial infection that can lead to a
high fever.
 It is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi.

9. ETILOGY
 Typhoid is caused by the bacteria S. typhi and
spread through food, drinks, and drinking water that
are contaminated with infected fecal matter.
 Washing fruit and vegetables can spread it, if
contaminated water is used.

10. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
 Symptoms normally begin between 6 and 30 days
after exposure to the bacteria.
 The two major symptoms of typhoid are fever and
rash.
 Typhoid fever is particularly high, gradually
increasing over several days up to 104 degrees
Fahrenheit.
 Other symptoms can include:
 weakness
 abdominal pain
 constipation
 headaches

11. PATHOPHSILOGY

12. COMPLICATION
 The 2 most common complications in untreated
typhoid fever are:
 internal bleeding in the digestive system.
 splitting (perforation) of a section of the digestive
system or bowel, which spreads the infection to
nearby tissue.

13. LEPROSY
 Also called: Hansen's disease
 Leprosy is an infectious disease that causes severe,
disfiguring skin sores and nerve damage in the arms,
legs, and skin areas around the body.

14. ETILOGY
 Leprosy is caused by a slow-growing type of bacteria
called Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae).

15. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
 What Are the Symptoms of Leprosy?
 Leprosy primarily affects the skin and the nerves
outside the brain and spinal cord, called the
peripheral nerves. It may also strike the eyes and the
thin tissue lining the inside of the nose.
 The main symptom of leprosy is disfiguring skin
sores, lumps, or bumps that do not go away after
several weeks or months. The skin sores are pale-
colored.
 Nerve damage can lead to:
 Loss of feeling in the arms and legs
 Muscle weakness

16. PATHOPHYSILOGY

17. COMPLICATION
 Complications of leprosy can include:
 Blindness or glaucoma
 Disfiguration of the face (including permanent swelling,
bumps, and lumps)
 Erectile dysfunction and infertility in men
 Kidney failure
 Muscle weakness that leads to claw-like hands or an
inability to flex the feet
 Permanent damage to the inside of the nose, which can
lead to nosebleeds and a chronic, stuffy nose
 Permanent damage to the nerves outside the brain and
spinal cord, including those in the arms, legs, and feet

18. TUBERCULOSIS
 Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria
called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria
usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage
other parts of the body.

19. ETILOGY
 Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spread from
person to person through microscopic droplets
released into the air. This can happen when
someone with the untreated, active form
of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits,
laughs or sings.

20. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

21. URINARY TRACT INFECTION
 A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any
part of your urinary system — your kidneys, ureters,
bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the
lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.
 Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than
are men.

22. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
 A strong, persistent urge to urinate
 A burning sensation when urinating
 Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
 Urine that appears cloudy
 Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored —
a sign of blood in the urine
 Strong-smelling urine
 Pelvic pain, in women

23. ETILOGY
 Urinary tract infections typically occur when bacteria
enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to
multiply in the bladder
 Female anatomy. A woman has a shorter urethra than a
man does, which shortens the distance that bacteria
must travel to reach the bladder.
 Sexual activity.
 Certain types of birth control
 Menopause
 Urinary tract abnormalities
 Blockages in the urinary tract.
 A suppressed immune system

24. COMPLICATION
 Permanent kidney damage from an acute or chronic
kidney infection due to an untreated UTI.
 Increased risk in pregnant women of delivering low
birth weight or premature infants.