ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၁၁)

PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE:
Towards Federal Union of Burma
[Series No. 11]
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Typesetting: Thang Pi
Layout & Design: Sai Mawn (UNLD-LA)

With generous financial support from:
National Reconciliation Program (NRP)

UNLD Press
Chiang Mai, Thailand
2006

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ESihf olowfowfrwrwf jzpf&vmcJonf? ol@a'oolae/ ol@vrsK;d ta&;
S f S
dS
h
l
udk olzefw;D / ol@rif;/ ol@apmfbm;/ ol@apmfu/J ol@apmzsm/ ol@';l 0g;/ ol@awmif
G
ydi/f ol@awmiftyw@kd Eihf ESpaygi;f rsm;pGm aexdivmcJ=h uonf? Tonfrm
k
kf S f
kf
S
c&pfEpf at'D 9§10 &mpkxjd zpfonf?
S

14


Armwd@k onf at'D 9&mpkwif Tjynfaxmifpa'otwGi;f od@k pwif
G
k
a&muf&vma=umif;/ xdrwdiru rGeEiysLwd@k onf +rKd @jyEdiirsm;wnfaxmif
dS
k kfD
f S hf
kfH
+y;D pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_w@kd jzifh xifxif&m;&Sm;wnf&ae+y;D jzpfa=umif;/ Armwd@k
S
dS
tifEitm;ESihf 0ifa&mufvmcsewif ysLEdiionf w±kww@kd .wducuzsuf
S hf
df G
kfH
f
k f kd f
pD;jcif; cHxm;&onfh umvjzpfojzifh tm;enf;ysup;D aea=umif;/ ‚if;ae&m
f
wGif Armwd@k 0ifa&mufae&m&cJ+h yD; wpwpESihf +rdK@jyEdiiwnfaxmifvmcJh
kfH
a=umif; ordi;f pmtkyrsm;wGif trsm;enf;wl usaemfavhvm od&&onf?
k
f
dS
xdkumvrS (11) &mpkOD;ydkif;txdonf tv,fydkif;wGif ArmEdkifiH/
taemufyi;f wGif &cdiEii/H awmifyi;f wGif rGeEii[I xifxif&m;&Sm;
kd
k f kd f
kd
f kd f H l
S
xD;+ydKifeef;+ydKifrsm;jzifh wnf&conf? tjcm;vlrsK;d wd@k onf wdi;f Ediitjzpf
dS hJ
k kfH
rxif&m;aomfvnf; rdrw@kd e,fajrwGif rdrw@kd t}u;D tuJEihf rdrw@kd trsK;d om;
S
d
d
S d
uH=urRmudk rdrw@kd zefw;D cJ=h uonf?
d
(11) &mpkrm yk*wif rif;vkyaeaom Armbk&iftaemf&xmu ppf
S H G
f
tiftm;jzifh Ediiuw;kd csŒJ +y;D / yxrArm tifyg&mEdiiukd wnfaxmifchJ onf?
k f H kd
kfH
(13) &mpktxd wnfwHhcJhonf? (16) &mpkwGif awmifilrS Armbk&if
bk&ifhaemifonf ppftiftm;jzifhyif 'kwd,Armtifyg&mEdkifiHudk wnf
axmifconf? (18) &mpktxd wnfwconf? (18) &mpkwiyif rkq;kd bd&m
hJ
Hh hJ
Gf
kG
om; tavmif;bk&m; OD;atmifaZ,sonf wwd,Armtifyg&mEdiiukd
kfH
wnfaxmifconf? (19) &mpktxd wnfwconf? aemufyi;f wGif t*Fvyf
hJ
hH hJ
kd
d
wd@k 0ifa&mufvmcJ+h yD; &yfa0;wdi;f om;wd@k . udveu|eb0atmuf vlrsK;d
k
k kd D f
tm;vH;k a&muf&c=hJ u&onf?
dS
Armbk&ifrsm;e,fajrcsJ@xGif odrf;,lxm;cJhaom yxr/ 'kwd,
tifyg&macwfumvrsm;wGif ppf±;H_ aome,fajrrsm;udk b¾m/ orD;unm
ESihf vdtyfonftcg ppfom;rsm;ay;yd@k &aom vufatmufcH e,fpm;rsm;
k
h
tjzpfxm;&Sd=ua=umif; avhvmod&Sd&onf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_
wd@k tay: v$r;f rd;k cs,v,f zsuq;D jcif; rjyK=uay? tavmif;bk&m; (ac: )
f S
f
OD;atmifaZ,s. wwd,tifyg&macwfwGifum; ajr=oZm/ &moDOwk/
vrf;yef;qufo,a&;ESihf jyifyurBmESihf qufo,&m wHcg;aygujf zpfaom
G f
G f
e,fajrrsm;udk Armydie,fajrtjzpf xm0&&,lEi&ef pepfwusppOf cJonf?
kf
kd f
D h

15

Edkif[Hom

xd@k a=umifh Ttcsewif owfjzwfarmif;xkw/f 0ifa&mufae&m,l 0g;rsKr_
d f G
d
rsm;jyKcJonf? Tod@k jzifh awmifyi;f od@k Armrsm;a&muf&vr;f rd;k Ediconf?
h
kd
dS $
k f hJ
Tordi;f aemufcjH zpfpOftay: oH;k oyf=unfygu ,ae@jynfaxmifp.
k
h
k
jynfe,fe,ferdwftwGif;&Sd e,fajrrsm;onf rlvtpOftquftm;jzifh
Xmaewdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ydiqiaome,fajrrsm; jzpfonf? a&GŒvsm;
k
k f kd f
ajymif;vJrtcsK@d &caomfvnf; rdrw@kd rvbd;k bGm;ydie,fajrwGif qufvuf
_
dS hJ
d l
kf
&yfwnfv#u&=dS uonf? wdi;f &if;om;rsm;t=um;wGif Armonf tiftm;
f
k
yd}k uD;aom (plygyg0g) vlrsK;d jzpf+yD; tcsutjcme,fajrrsm;pGmudk &&Syiqif
f
d kd f kd
xm;Edic=hJ uonf? od@k aomfe,fajrtm;vH;k udk Armwd@k uom ydiqiconf/
kf
k f kd f hJ
Armwd@k .bd;k bGm;ydiajr jzpfonf/ xd@k a=umifqufvufyiqioifonf[k
kf
h
kd f kd f h
rSw,I r&paumif;yg?
f l

2? vGwvyfa&;t}uKd umvESihf yifvpmcsKyf
f
kH
e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyvufatmuf/ u|eoabmufb0wGif u|eawmfw@kd vrsK;d pk
d f
f
f
l
wd@k . b0b,fyb,fenf; wnf&dS cJ&onfuvnf; tenf;tusO;f wifjyvdyg
kH
h
kd
k
onf? vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiie,fajrudk t*Fvyw@kd 0ifa&mufor;f
kfH
df
d
yduf tajcpducserpI 1948 ckvwvyfa&;&csetxd tm%mydiwpfO;D
k
k f d f S
G f
d f
kf
wnf;.atmufwif jrefrmEdiiawmftaejzifh wpnf;wvH;k wnf; wnf&dS
G
kfH
aexdivmcJ=h ujcif;r[kway? vlrsK;d tvduf a'otvduf oD;jcm;pDaexdif
kf
f
k
k
k
vmcJh=uonfrSm ordkif;wGif txift&Sm;yifjzpfonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;&
vufatmufwif (1) jrefrmjynfr/ (2) awmifwef;a'orsm;/ (3) u&ifee,f
G
D
[lI oH;k rsK;d cGjJ cm;xm;&Sygonf?
d
txufygtajctaeonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom
zqyvtzG@J u bk&ifc. twdiyifctr_aqmiftzG@J (0ef}uD;tzG@J ) wGif 0if
H
kf H
a&muftm%m,lonfh 1947 ckEptxd jzpfonf? txufyg 0ef}uD;tzG@J
S f
onf bk&ifctm;jrefrmjynfrtwGuf t}uHay;Ediaomfvnf; usea'o
H
kf
f
rsm;twGuf vH;k 0ajymqdk ydicir&Scyg? u&ifee,fac: ,cku,m;jynfe,f
k f G hf d hJ
D
onf jrefrmbk&ifrif;wke;f rif;vufxufu jrefrmtpd;k &ud,pm; uif;0ef
k f
rif;}uD;ESihf +Adwo#tpd;k &wd@k csKyfqcaompmcsKyft& vGwvyfaoma'o
d
kd hJ
f
16


wpfck tjzpfowfrw+f yD; rnfonftpd;k &rS 0ifa&mufpuzufjcif; rjyK&ay?
S
h
G f
aemufydkif;wpfjynfvHk;udk t*Fvdyfwdk@odrf;ydkufvdkufaomtcg t*Fvdyf
wd@k uyif oD;jcm;xde;f csKyfuiw,chJ a=umif;od&onf?
kd f G f
'kw,urBmppf}uD;+yD;aemuf +Adwo#tpd;k &u xkwjf yefaom puULjzL
d
d
pmwrf;wGif jynfrjrefrmEdiitm; 'dre,tqifrS vGwvyfa&;ay;&ef jzpf
kfH
kDD H
h
f
aomfvnf; awmifwef;a'orsm;udk +Adwo#tpd;k &vufatmufwif quf
d
G
vufxm;&S&efjzpfonf? Ttaetxm;wGif 1946 ck Zefe0g&v a&$w*kH
d
D
d
apwDtv,fypP,Y usi;f yaom zqyv. yxrt}udrEiiv;kH qdi&m
H
f kd f H
kf
nDvmcHwif tqdtrSwf (6) taeESihf wdi;f &if;om; vlenf;pkta&;acgi;f pOf
G
k
k
jzifh “vGwvyfaomArmjynfopfukd wnfaxmif&mrSm wdi;f &if;om; vlenf;pk/
f
k
vlrsK;d pktm;vH;k oabmwlnwenf;eJ@ vGwvyfpmwnfaxmif&ef usaemf
D hJ
f G
wd@k oabmwlna=umif; uwday;ygonf? rnfonfwi;f &if;om; vlenf;pk
D
h kd
udrqdk rdrw@kd u=H urRmudk rdrw@kd bmomzefw;D cGiay;ygrnf? usaemfw@kd Eihf
k
d
d
hf
S
cGxuvonftcg cGxuci&a=umif;” uwdjyKxm;ygonf? xd@k twl 1946
J G f kd h
J G f G hf dS
ck rwfvwGif usi;f yaom yxryifvtpnf;ta0;wGif zqyvud,pm;
kH
k f
vS,tjzpf ocifE/k OD;b*sr;f ESihf tjcm;aom yk*Kd~ vftcsK@d wufa&muf+yD;
f
awmifwef;om;rsm; ArmjynfrESiy;l aygi;f I vGwvyfa&;&,l&ef wduwe;f
hf
f
k f G
xm;+yD; vGwvyfa&;&+yD;v#if wGvuwGEiI/ cGxuvuvnf; cGxucihf
f
J kd J kd f J G f kd
J G fG
&Srnfjzpfa=umif; xdrrm rnfonfh tm%m&tzG@J tpnf;rqdk usio;kH oGm;
d
klS
hf
&rnfh “rl” jzpfa=umif; xnfoi;f ajymqdxm;onf?
h G
k
&Sr;f jynf jynfo@l vwvyfa&;tzG@J csKyf (&yv) u 1946 ck =o*kwvwGif
G f
f
jynfrESiaygi;f I vGwvyfa&;t&,l+yD;v#if —
hf
f
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

jynfaxmifprt& aygi;f rnf/
k l
tcGita&;ESitqiftwef;wl jzpf&rnf/
hf
hf
h
&Sr;f jynftm; vH;k 0ud,yitycsKyfcihf ay;&rnf/
k f kd f k f G
cGxuvu tcsera&G;cGxucihf ay;&rnf/
J G f kd
d f
J G fG
[k aºuG;a=umfpnf;±H;k cJonf?
h

xdEpf Ed0ifbmv (14) &ufae@wif &Sr;f apmfbm;rsm;u bk&ifcxH
k S k
G
G
H
pma&;ay;yd@k &mY jrefrmjynfrESihf jynfaxmifppepfrt& aygi;f rnfqv#if
k
l
kd
(1) &Sr;f jynftm;ud,yitycsKyfa&; ay;&rnf/
k f kd f k f
17

Edkif[Hom

(2) tcGita&;ESihf tqiftwef;wljzpf&rnf
hf
h
(3) cGxuvonftcsewif cGxuciay;&rnf
J G f kd h d f G J G f G hf
[k azmfjyxm;onf?
ucsiw@kd uvnf; vGwvyfa&;&+y;D zG@J pnf;rnfjh ynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiH
f
f
kf
twGi;f ucsijf ynfe,f yg0ifa&;udk atmufyg¹ci;f csuEp&yfjzifh pOf;pm;rnf?
G
fSf
(1) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiitwGi;f ucsijf ynfe,fyga&; ryga&;udk
kfH
ucsijf ynfe,fom;rsm;uom qH;k jzwf&rnf?
(2) cGxuvonftcsewif cGxuciay;&ef [kaz: jyawmif;qdonf?
J G f kd h d f G J G f G hf
k
xdtajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk yifvnvmcHwif qufvufnEi;f aqG;
k
kH D
G
d‡ d_
aEG;=u+yD; 1947 ck azaz:0g&v (12) &ufae@wif yifvpmcsKyf}uD;udk csKyfqkd
D
G
kH
Ediconf? yifvpmcsKyf. tESpom& oabmwlncsuf (Agreement in
k f hJ
kH
f
D
Spirit) rSm —
(1) wef;wlnr#aom jynfaxmifpwpfcz@JG pnf;&efEihf
D
k k
S
(2) cGxuvu cGxucihf ay;&ef jzpfonf?
J G f kd J G f G
yifvpmcsKyfcsKyfq+kd yD;aemuf tusK;d quftm;jzifh atmifqef; —tuf
kH
wvDpmcsKyfwif awmifwef;a'o pHprf;a&;aumfr&Sif jzpfay:vmonf? ‚if;
G
k
tzG@J onf u&ifee,ftygt0if awmifwef;a'orS ud,pm;vS,rsm;udk
D
k f
f
us,jf yef@pm zdwac:awG@qaqG;aEG;+yD;/ tpD&ifcpmwifoi;f Ediconf? xd@k
G
f
kH
H
G k f hJ
a=umifh jynfaxmifpwpfcv;kH t0ef;t0di;f jzifh twlwuGvwvyfa&; &&Sd
k
k
k
G f
vmjcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI awmifwef;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u jynfaxmif
pktoGijf zifh Armwd@k Eihf ryl;aygi;f cJv#if yifvpmcsKyf ay:ayguvmrnf r[kwf
S
h
kH
f
ay? yifvHkpmcsKyfomray:aygufcJhv#if “awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&;aumf
r&Si” vnf;ay:ayguvmrnfr[kw? xdo@kd jzpfcv#if ArmESihf awmifwef;
f
f
f k
hJ
om; wd@k onf ,cktcg oD;jcm;Ediiom;rsm;tjzpf a&muf&ae=uayvdrrnf?
kfH
dS
hf

3? yx0DEiia&;tjrifjzifh avhvmjcif;
kd f H
yx0DEiia&;qdonfrm yuwdwnf&aeaom a&ajrtaetxm; wnf
dk f H
k
S
dS
ae&mESihf vlrsK;d / vlO;D a&/ ud;k uG,onfbmom/ pD;yGm;a&;tajccH/ pdw"mwf
f h
f
18


tajccH ponfw@kd uyg avhvm+y;D xnfwupOf;pm;onfh Ediia&;tjrif jzpf
kd
h G f
kfH
onf? ‚if;tjrift& avhvm=unfygu usaemfw@kd jynfaxmifpEiiwif
h
k kd f H G
1974 ck Ediiawmfz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& zG@J pnf;owfrwxm;+y;D ,ae@
kfH
S f
wdif todtrSwjf yKaeao;aom jynfe,f (7) jynfe,fEihf wdi;f (7) wdi;f
k
S k
k
&Sonf? jynfe,f (7) e,frm emrnfay;xm;onftwdi;f qdi&mvlrsK;d rsm;.
d
S
h k kf
e,fajr[ktodtrSwjf yK+yD; wdi;f (7) wdi;f rSm a,bl,stm;jzifh ArmvlrsK;d
k
k
rsm; aexdionfa'o[k owfrwEionf? T zG@J pnf;wnf&aer_ tay:
kf h
S f kd f
dS
tajccH+yD; avhvm=unfygp@kd ?
h
&cki/f csi;f / ucsi/f &Sr;f / u,m;/ u&if/ rGejf ynfe,frsm;onf jynf
d
axmifp.e,fpyf wpfav#mufwif wnf&ae=u+yD; tdre;D csi;f Ediirsm;ESihf
k
G
dS
f
kfH
qufpyfae=uonf? tqdkyg qufpyfaeonfhwpfzufEdkifiHrsm; twGif;
wGivnf; ‚if;vlrsK;d rsm;&Sae=uonf? ‚if;wd@k onf Ediiom;csi;f rwlujJG ym;
f
d
kfH
aomfvnf; ‚if;wd@k tcsi;f csi;f xdawG@qufqae=uonf? tcsK@d rm vlrsK;d a&;
H
S
t& cHpm;csujf cif;eD;pyf+y;D tjyeftvSef ±di;f yif;ulnrrsm; &S=d uonf? tqdyg
k
D_
k
vlrsK;d rsm;onf qufpyfaeaomEdiirsm;&Sd jynfo@l tpd;k &rsm;ESihf jyem
kfH
}uD;}uD;rm;rm; r&S=uay? aemufwpfcsurm qufpyfaeonfEiirsm;onf
d
fS
h kd f H
rdrw@kd jynfaxmifpxuf at;csr;f onf/ wd;k wufonf/ aecsipzG,vnf;
d
k
f
f
yd&onf? T taetxm;onf jynfe,fwckcu rdrw@kd jynfaxmifprS
k dS
k
d
k
cGxu+f yD; oD;jcm;&yfwnfjcif; od@k r[kwf wzufEiiEihf yl;aygi;f jcif;rsm;
J G
kd f H S
jyKvkyvatmif qGaqmifaeonfh taetxm;&Sa=umif; awG@&onf?
f kd
J
d
jynfe,f&&Sxm;=uaom vlrsK;d (7) rsK;d . taetxm;tay: oH;k oyf
d
=unfygu ordi;f a=umif;t& vnf;aumif;/ vlO;D a&t& vnf;aumif;/
h
k
tajccHp;D yGm;a&;t& vnf;aumif;/ Ediia&;Ed;k =um;wufºuGrt& vnf;
kfH
_
aumif; pHr=D uI jynfe,f&&Sxm;=ujcif; jzpfonf? Ediia&;Ed;k =um; wufºur_
d
kfH
G
t&mwGif pHr±ru — tm%m&jynfaxmifptpd;k & tqufqufuyif
D kH
k
kd
ESpaygi;f rsm;pGm vufeufuiawmfvef ykeuefc=hJ uonf? ,ae@wif OD;
f
kd f
S
f
kd
aqmifEdkifiHa&;ygwD trsKd;om;vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; yDyDjyifjyif
&Sae=uonf? ‚if; Ediia&;ygw/D vufeufuitzJ@G tpnf;rsm;onfvnf;
d
kfH
kd f
tcsi;f csi;f qufpyfr/_ &if;ES;D r_aumif;pGm &S=d uonf?

19

Edkif[Hom

ArmvlrsK;d rsm;onf tv,fyi;f ESihf ajrjyef@yi;f wGif taersm;onf? e,f
kd
kd
pyfEihf qufpyfaeaom ppfui;f wdi;f . taemufajrmufa'orsm;wGif Arm
S
kd k
vlrsK;d enf;+yD; csi;f / em*/ &Sr;f / ucsiponfh wdi;f &if;om;awGu rsm;ygonf?
f
k
xd@k twl weoFm&Dwi;f wGivnf; xm;0,fom;rsm;onf trsm;pkjzpf+yD;
kd
f
u&if/ rGef vlrsK;d rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&S=d uonf? xm;0,fom;rsm;onf Arm
rsK;d EG,p0if[k qdaomfvnf; ArmvlrsK;d tjzpf rcH,vyg? ‚if;wd@k wif “bdwf
fk
k
l kd
G
- xm;0,ftrsK;d om;nD!wa&;wyfO;D ” awmfvea&;tzG@J tpnf; &Sonf?
G f
Sf
d
jrifomonfrm ArmvlrsK;d onf e,fpyfwav#mufwif taeenf;+yD;
S
G
tv,fydkif;wGif pkpnf;aexdkif=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@udk
0ef;&Hxm;onf? vuf&Sdjynfe,f (7) jynfe,f. tus,ft0ef;onf
{&d,mpwk&ef;rdif (143650) &S+d y;D wdi;f (7) wdi;f . tus,t0ef;rSm {&d,m
k
k
k
f
pwk&ef;rdkif (117578) &Sdonf? xdk@a=umifhe,fajrt& jynfe,frsm;u
ydIus,ygonf? vlO;D a&t&=unfv#if wdi;f (7) wdi;f aygi;f onf jynfe,f
k
f
h
k
k
(7) jynfe,faygi;f xuf ydrsm;ygonf? od@k aomf ArmvlrsK;d tm;vH;k aygi;f onf
k
tjcm;wdi;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pk tm;vH;k aygi;f xuf ydIrrsm;yg? ArmvlrsK;d wd@k
k
k
taeESihf tay: pD;&xm;onfrm =um+yDjzpf+yD;/ wdi;f &if;om;rsm;taejzifh
S
k
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_Eihf Ediia&;tm%mrsm; uef@owfzEycae&onftwGuf
S kfH
d dS f H
h
ArmvlrsK;d rsm;tjzpfc,ol ydrsm;aejcif;jzpfonf?
H l k
pdw"mwfa&;&mudk avhvm=unfygu Armtrsm;pkonf Ak'bmomudk
f
h
<
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20


4 ? av;eufaomrsK;d csppw"mwf
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21

Edkif[Hom

ocif - - wd@k u vlrsK;d a&;jyemonf vlwef;pm;jyem. vufatmuf
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uGefjrLepfygwDtawmfrsm;rsm; ysufjym;aysmufuG,foGm;=u+yD;/ rsKd;cspf
pdw"mwfum; EdiiwumwGif vnf;aumif;/ jynfwi;f rSm vnf;aumif;
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22


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23

Edkif[Hom

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(tqif;&Jq;kH ) Ediipm&if;0if jzpfae&onf?
kfH
24


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vlOD;a&odef;ausmf a&muf&Sdae&onf? tvkyf&SmazGa&;twGufvnf;
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hf
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oenf;? ta=umif;&Smaomf jynfwi;f ppfa=umifh jzpfvm&onf? jynfwi;f
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k S
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wifjyvdygonf?
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vlom;wd@k twGuf t"duar#mre;f csuonf aumif;rGeaom b0uda&muf&dS
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25

Edkif[Hom

em;vnf&efjzpfonf? xd@k twl Ediie,ferdwtwGi;f &Sd e,fajronf Armwd@k .
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f
bd;k ab;bDbif ydiajrtm;vH;k r[kwa=umif; odygvrrnf? q,fpEpumv
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kf
usiw@kd ukd ydI tav;xm;avhvm&ef vdvrrnf? xdo@kd avhvm+yD; 1947
f
k
k d hf
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26


tenf;tusO;f om xm;&S+d y;D / trsK;d om;wdi;f ppfynmoifapI vufeufwyf
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G kd
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27

Edkif[Hom

csuonf tm%m&tpd;k &ESihf wyfrawmfbufu oabmxm;}uD;rm;r_
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1969 ckavmufwif 0ef}u;D csKya[mif;OD;Ekonf vufeufuiawmfvef
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kd f
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df
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D D kd
D
kfH
xd;k azmuf&ef }udK;pm;cJonf? od@k aomf bmr#tvkyrjzpfc? 1970 ckwif
h
f
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a'ocH wdi;f &if;om; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t±H;k
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(KNU)/ rGefjynfopfygwD (NMSP) ESifh yl;aygif;+yD; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
aygi;f pHn!wa&; ESihf vGwajrmufa&;wyfaygi;f pk (wnv) udk wnfaxmif
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28


zG@J pnf;cJonf? aemufyi;f wGif csi;f 'Drua&pDygwEihf *sir,ef; OD;aqmifaom
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DS G
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avmufwif tpdypytr$mr$muGum wdrjf rKyfaysmufu,f oGm;cJ&onf?
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29

Edkif[Hom

(Auy) . Toabmxm;a=umifh awmfvea&;tvm;tvm wd;k wuf
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aumif;rGevmatmif zefw;D ,lEiaom tcGita&;aumif;wpf&yf vuf
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rausreyf jzpfvm=uonf? Tod@k jzifh 1989 ckEpwif (Auy) . ajcvuf
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cE<mozG,jf zpfaom wdi;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;cGxu=f uukeojzifh OD;acgi;f
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30


tpd;k &ESihf tvkyorm;xkt=um; yÉdyuQt}udr}f udrjf zpfay: cJonf? 1988
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kd
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pGm jzpfay:cJonf? 1990 ckEpwif taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG u;D usi;f ycJaomf
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Sf G
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vnf; jyemudrajz&Si;f EkibJ jyemopfrsm;om xyfw;kd vmcJonf?
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Ediia&;OD;wnfcsursm;ESihf ausmaxmufaemufctiftm;pkrsm; &Sae=u
kfH
f
H
d
onf? rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufudk toufESifhvJ+yD; &yfwnfum
uG,om;&ef cdirmaom ,H=k unfcsursm; &Sae=uonf? ESpaygi;f rsm;pGm
f G
kf
f
d
f
toufaygi;f rsm;pGm &if;+yD;umuG,c/hJ taumiftxnfazmfc=hJ u+yD;vnf;
f
jzpfonf? rnfonfbufrS rdrw@dk .&yfwnfcsuukd aygaygwefwefEihf vuf
h
d
f
h h
S
v$wtavsmay;+yD; tjcm;bufukd tm%mukevtyfay;Ediaom tajc
f
h
f J$
kf
taer&S? ‚if;wd@k . Ediia&;&yfwnfronf ‚if;wd@k .b0ESihf qufpyfaeonf?
d
kfH
_
xd@k a=umifh Tjyemudk vG,v,Eihf ajz&Si;f Ediaom tajctae
f G f S
kf
rsK;d r&Syg? Tjyemudk tcsK@d u 'Drua&pDta&;[k vG,v,Eihf trnf
d
kd
f G f S
ay;=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ppftm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif
31

Edkif[Hom

'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; aysmufqHk;ae&aoma=umifh 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;
onfom t"duvdtyfcsu[k ±_jrifaoma=umifjh zpfonf? od@k aomf ppf
k
f
tm%m&Sipepftb,fa=umifh jzpfay:cdi+f rJae&onfukd xnfrwGurI
f
k
h
f d
xdo@kd jrifygvrrnf?
k
d hf
Oyrmtm;jzifh vlemwpfa,muftzsm;wuf+yD; csr;f wkeaeonfukd
f
awG@&ojzifh apmif+cHKay;&rnf (od@k ) rD;yHay;&rnf[k wGuq=uovdyif?
k
f
k
tb,fa=umifh csr;f wHvm&onfukd xnfrwGubJ apmif+cHK (0g) rD;yHay;yg
k
h
f
k
u c%oufomaumif;oufomrnf (od@k ) twGi;f a&mtjyifygy+l yD; vlem
tajctaeydq;kd oGm;Edionf? t&if;cHa&m*g aysmufuif;Edif rnfr[kwyg?
k
kf
k
f
xd@k a=umifh tay:,Huausm+f yD; av;av;eufeuf±j_ rifoifonf? wpf
kd
h
cseu u|Eyw@dk Eiiwif 'Drua&pD tawmftwef &Sconf? od@k aomf wdi;f
df
fk f kd f H G kd
d hJ
k
&if;om;rsm;. wef;wltcGifhta&;awmif;qdkr_udk ray;vdkI wyfudk
tm;arG;+y;D ppftiftm;jzifh zdapcJonf? wdi;f &if;om;rsm;bufuvnf; rcHEif
h
k
kd
I vufeufuiawmfveonf? ‚if;udtEdi,acsre;f &ef wyfuyrtm;jznfh
kd f
Sf
k kf l _
kd kd kd
jyifqif+yD; wducuapcJonf? Tod@k jzifh ppfwyfukd ydrtm;jznftm%m
k f kd f h
k kd
h
ay;&if; csKyuirvwxuom;onfuwpfa=umif;/ ppfwyfonf rdrwm0ef
f kd f _ G f G f G
d
udk ydrjkd refqefxa&mufpm xrf;aqmifEi&eftvd@k im xde;f csKyfrukd jzwf
k
d
G
kd f
S
_
awmuf+y;D tm;oGecepuf vkyr&mu ppftm%m&Sipepf jzpfom;cJ&onf?
f G f kd
fd
f
G h
wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;bufuvnf; rdrw@kd . arG;&mygtcGita&;
k
d
hf
twGuf toufay;ckcumuG,=f uaomtcg jynfwi;f ppfr;D w[ke;f [ke;f
H
G
awmufavmifvm&awmhonf? t&if;ppfaomf jyem.t&if;tjrpf
onf Armr[kwaomwdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;tay: ‚if;wd@k &&Scpm;xduaom
f
k
dH
k f
vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d . tajccHtcGita&;rsm;/ wenf;tm;jzifh trsK;d om;qdi&m
hf
kf
wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk ray;vdkIcsKyfcs,fxm;aoma=umifh
jzpfa=umif; awG@&&ayrnf?
dS
TtajccHta=umif;w&m;rsm;udk tajrmftjrif&aom Ediia&;acgi;f
dS
kfH
aqmifrsm;/ Armjynfta&;udk u|r;f usiol EdiijH cm;rS Ediia&;ynm&Sirsm;/
f kf
kfH
f
EdiiwpfcsK@d . acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf ukvor*~tzG@J }uD;wd@k u wdi;f &if;om;
kfH
k
vlrsK;d pkrsm;ta&;udk tav;xm;ajz&Si;f ay;&efva=umif; ±_jrifawmif;qdk
kd
vm=uonf?
32


xd@k a=umifh ppftm%m&Sipepfukd ±kyor;f +yD; 'Drua&pDvy[ef ESihf vl@
f
f d
kd
kf
tcGita&;rsm;jzifh tpm;xd;k xnf±Eir+y;D wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. w&m;
hf
h kH S hf
k
aomcHpm;cGirsm;udyg jznfpr;f ay;&ef tajctaeu awmif;qdaeyg onf?
hf
k
hG
k
xdo@kd aom tajctaea=umifh ArmvlrsK;d rsm;tygt0if vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk jynfol
k
rsm; vdvm;awmif;qdaeaom 'Drua&pDtcGita&;ESihf Armr[kwaom
k
k
kd
hf
f
wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. vlrsK;d a&;qdi&m tcGita&;rsm;udyg jznfqnf;ay;
k
kf
hf
k
h
Edi&ef rSeuefaomenf;vrf;rsm; vdtyfaeygonf?
kf
f
k
T yuwdtajctaeu awmif;qdaeaomvdtyfrrsm;udk jznfqnf;
k
k _
h
kd
ay;Edi&ef ppftpd;k &.ud,pm;vS,rsm;/ (NLD) ESihf 'Drua&pDtiftm;
kf
k f
f
pkrsm;. ud,pm;vS,rsm;ESihf wdi;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;. ud,pm;vS,f
k f
f
k
k f
rsm;yg0ifaom ud,pm;vS,o;kH zG@J w@kd onf rSeuefaomapwem/ w&m;r#w
k f
f
f
aomyHpjH zifh vGwvyfyivif;pGm awG@qaqG;aEG; ajz&Si;f =uygu ydwq@kd ae
k
f
G hf
kH
f
aom jyem}uD;rsm;udk xGi;f azmufajz&Si;f ay; Ediygvrrnf?
k f d hf
tiftm;pko;kH ckpvH;k onf rdrw@kd EiiEihf jynfovxaumif;pm;a&;/
d kd f H S
l l k
rdru,pm;jyKaom vl@tzJ@G tpnf; tusK;d udk umuG,Eia&;wd@k twGuf
d kd f
f kd f
rdrwnf&aeaombufrS jrifawG@&onfh oabmxm;tjriftay: &yfwnf
d
dS
+y;D taumiftxnfazmfae=ujcif;jzpfonf? tusK;d &Srnf[jk rifygu awG@qkH
d
n‡Ei;f ajz&Si;f a&;udk jiif;y,fvaom oabmxm;tjrifvnf;r&Syg? od@k aomf
d d_
kd
d
rdrw@dk bufrS ydrtm;aumif;aom tompD; taetxm;&SrS rSeuefpmESihf
d
k kd
d f
G
vG,upmajz&Si;f Edirnf[aom tjrif&aewwfygonf? xd@k a=umifh xktae
f lG
kf
l
dS
d
txm;rsK;d &&Satmif pDrjH yifqifapmifar#mae=uonf? awG@qaqG;aEG;ajz
d
h f
kH
&Si;f jcif;onf rdrtjrif/ rdrtcuftcJukd wzufvem;vnfatmif &Si;f jy+yD;
d
d
l
buftm;vH;k vufcEi/f &yfwnfEiaom taetxm;udk &SmazGaejcif;jzpf
H kd
kd f
a=umif; ,H=k unfvufcvmygu a&Smifz,ftcseqae=urnfr[kwyg? buf
H
d f JG
f
toD;oD;yg0ifaom awG@qaqG;aEG;yGwif wifjyaqG;aEG;&mY rdrw@kd trSm;udk
kH
J G
d
jrifv#if 0efcH/ tm;vHk;twGuf tEœ&m,fr&Sdatmif vGwf+idrf;csrf;om
cGia=ujim/ bmawGqufvy&rnfukd n‡Ei;f csrw+f yD; =um;jzwfumvwGif
hf
k f
d d_ S
yl;wGwm0ef,jl cif;jzifh ydwq@kd aeonftcuftcJukd ausmjf zwfom;Ediygonf?
J
f
h
G kf

33

Edkif[Hom

9? yuwdtaetxm;ESihf a&SŒtvm;tvm
,cktcg urBm}uD;wGif 'Drua&pDta&;ESihf vl@tcGita&;udk tav;ay;
kd
hf
wnfaqmufae=uonf? u|Eyw@kd jynfotrsm;pk}uD;uvnf; vdvm;
fk f
l
k
awmif;qdk ae=uonf? xd@k twlEiiwum&SEiiacgi;f aqmif trsK;d om;acgi;f
kd f H
d kd f hH
aqmif}u;D rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .EdiiEihf vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk at;csr;f om,mvm
kfHS
atmif zefw;D +yD; ynma&;udjk r‡iwifum pD;yGm;a&;udw;kd wufaumif;rGef
hf
k
atmif vkyaqmifae=uonf? Tonfrm acwfumv. urBma&pD;a=umif;
f
S
h
jzpfonf? u|Eyw@kd onf Ediiacgi;f aqmif/ trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif/ tzJ@G
kf f
k f hH
tpnf;acgi;f aqmifrsm; jzpf=uygu Tacwfa&;pD;a=umif;/ acwfumv
awmif;qdcsursm;udk [ef@wm;jcif;/ vspvsL±_jcif; jyKvkyaeI r&yg? ordi;f
k f
f
f
k
w&m;cH od@k r[kwf vrf;ab;ajrmif;xJusom;ygvrrnf?
G
d hf
u|Eyw@kd Eii/H u|Eyw@kd v@l tzG@J tpnf;udk trsm;ESi&ifabmifwef; vduf
fk f kd f
fk f
hf
k
rDEiatmif }udK;yrf;=u&rnf? xdo@kd }udK;yrf;&mwGif tao;tzGjJ yem&yf
kd f
k
rsm;jzpfaom vlrsK;d a&;/ bmoma&;/ b0wlvwpfpaumif;pm;a&; ponf
l
k
wd@k a=umifh tcseuetiftm;qH;k ±_;H r_rjzpfay:ap&ef owdxm;a&Smif=uOf
d f k f
=u&ef vdtyfygvrrnf? ,ae@u|Eyw@kd Eiiwif jzpfay:aeaom jyem
k
d hf
fk f kd f H G
trsm;pkonf txufazmfjyyg vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&;/ b0wl vlwpfpk
aumif;pm;a&;abmiftwGi;f rSmyif &SaeonfuowdjyKv#if jrif&yg vdrrnf?
d
kd
hf
u|Eyw@kd Eiiwif vlrsK;d a&;t& jyemjzpf&aeygonf? t"dutm;
fk f kd f H G
dS
jzifh r[mpdw&aom ArmESihf tjcm;wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;t=um;wGif jzpf&dS
f dS
k
aeygonf? yuwdtaetxm;t& ArmvlrsK;d onf tjcm;wdi;f &if;om;
k
vlrsKd ;rsm;xuf ESpaygi;f (200) ausmf tay: pD;&a&SŒa&mufaeonf? vuf&dS
f
wGif vlOD;a&t&/ e,fajrt&/ bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_t&/
ynma&; pD;yGm;a&;t&/ tkycsKyfa&;/ pDrcef@ca&;/ todynm tppt&m&m
f
H JG
wGif r,SOomatmif tompD;wGi&aeonf? rnfonfvrsK;d r# ArmvlrsK;d udk
f
f dS
h l
,SOEiaom tvm;tvmr&S? vlrsK;d pko;kH av;ig;ckaygi;f v#ivnf; Arm
f kd f
d
f
vlrsK;d udk ,SOEiaom tvm;tvm r&S? ,SOvnf;r,SO=f uyg? ol@vrsK;d
f kd f
d
f
l
aysmufuG,froGm;atmif cHppftaetxm;rSm ±kef;uefae=ujcif;om
&Sonf? Tod@k jzpfaeygv#uf tb,fa=umifh wdi;f &if;om;. vlrsK;d a&;qdi&m
d
k
kf
tcGita&;udk [ef@wm;ae&oenf;?
hf
34


bmoma&;wGivnf; Ak'bmomonf jynfotrsm;pk}u;D u ud;k uG,f
f
<
l
aom bmomjzpfonf? rnfonfh bmomwpfccu Ak'bmomud,O+f yKd iI
kk
<
k S f
ausmwufom;Ediaom tvm;tvmr&Syg? +ydKifvnf; r+ydKif=uyg? ‚if;wd@k
f
G kf
d
,H=k unfaombmomw&m;udk vGwvyfpm ud;k uG,,=kH unfci&&efom
f
G
f
G hf dS
awmif;qkae=u jcif;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh Ak'bmomudk ydtm;ay;+y;D tjcm;
d
<
k
bmomudk ESrcsz@kd rvdtyfyg?
d hf
k
b0wlvlwpfpkaumif;pm;a&;pdwf"mwfonf omrefvlom;yDyD
tcsK@d vpwif xm;&Swwf=uonf? wenf;tm;jzifh acwftqufqufu
l k G
d
jrifawG@cz;l aom vlwef;pm;tjrifrsK;d jzpfonf? od@k aomf tm;ay;arG;jrLxm;
hJ
tyfaom pdw"mwfr[kw? arG;jrLxm;ygu wH@k jyefqef@usirj_ yif;xefvm+y;D
f
f
f
tusK;d qkw,wrrsm;ESifh &ifqi&ayvdrrnf? xd@k a=umifh &Scv#if t&Snukd
f k f_
kd f
hf
d hJ
f
=unf+h yD; y,fazsmuf&vdrrnf?
hf
vl@avmutzG@J tpnf;wGif rdrEir,SO+f yKd iEiaomolrsm;udk tEdi,I
d S hf
f kd f
kf l
zdEyjf cif;rjyKbJ pnf;±H;k wGac: ulnjD cif;jzifh rdronfacgi;f aqmifae&mudk
dS
J
d
tvdva&muf&om;rnfjzpfonf? acgi;f aqmiftqifh a&muf&aeolrsm;/
k kd
dS G
dS
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf acgif;aqmif.wm0ef0wW&m;ESifh acgif;aqmif.
vkyief;udk yDjyifatmif xrf;aqmifae&efomjzpfonf? xdo@kd oabmxm;
f
k
jynf0aeygu aemufvui,fom;rsm;onf acgi;f aqmifudk qef@usiae
h
kd f
f
awmhrnfr[kwawmhbJ aemufvuw@kd .oabmxm;udk arG;jrL+y;D aemuf
f
kd f
vduw@kd . wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk xrf;aqmifom;ygvrrnf?
k f
G
d hf
vl@avmuwGif }u;D olu±ao/ &G,wuav;pm;/ i,fouoem;jcif;
kd kd
f l kd
l kd
jzifh pkpnf;nD!wrukd wnfaqmuf=u+rJ jzpfonf? wpfzufwif vlwef;pm;
G f_
G
uGm[r_ukd usO;f ajrmif;apjcif;jzifh jyemtzHzray:atmif xde;f odr;f =u
k kH
&onf? Ediia&;onf vlra&;yifjzpfaoma=umifh Tod@k oabmxm;Ediv#if
kfH
_
kf
jzpfay:aeaom tcuftcJaygi;f pHukd r=umrD ausmvm;vGeajrmufEirnf
k
f $
f
kd f
jzpfyga=umif; oabmxm;tjrif wifjyjcif;udk ed*;kH csKyftyfygonf?

[cspf=unfa&;*sme,f trSwfpOf 1/ 2/ 3 2003 -2004]
35

tcsi;f csi;f em;vnfrj_ zifh jyemudk
ajz&Si;f =uygp@kd


tcsi;f csi;f em;vnfrj_ zifh jyemudk
ajz&Si;f =uygp@kd
vlom;wd@k onf wpfO;D wpfa,mufwnf; od@k r[kwf rdom;pkwpfpwnf; woD;
k
wjcm;aexdiI &aumif;onfr[kw? tEœ&m,ftoG,o,ukd umuG,&ef
kf
f
f G f
f
ESihf ydrjkd ynfpaom okcbHu&&S&ef tpkEitzG@J Eihf aexdi=f u&onf? tpktzG@J
k
h kH
k kd d
S hf
S
k
}u;D av tm;&Sav/ ydr}kd u;D rm;aom tusKd ;aus;Zl;udk &&Savyif? xd@k a=umifh
d
k
d
&yfuu/f aus;&Gm/ +rdK@/ Edii/H a'owl Ediirsm;tzG@J (tmqD,/H Oa&myor*~
G
kf
kfH
ponf)/ urBmEiirsm;tm;vH;k udk ud,pm;jyKonftzG@J (urBmuvor*~)
h kd f H
k f
h
h k
ponfjzifh pkpnf;=uonf?
“pnf;vH;k jcif;onf tiftm;” qd±;kd pum;udk u|Eyw@kd tm;vH;k =um;ae
k
fk f
=uodae=u+yD; jzpfonf? u|Eyw@kd u,wivnf; rdom;pk/ toif;tzG@J /
fk f
kd f kd f
&yfuu/f +rdK@&m/ Ediit0ef;t0di;f tvduf pnf;vH;k nD!w=f u&ef aqmf=ocJ/h
G
G kfH
k
k
G
}uKd ;yrf;cJ=h ubl;onf? touft&G,}f u;D vmav/ wm0ef}u;D vmav/ pnf;vH;k
nD!wjf cif;. wefz;kd udem;vnfav/ ‚if;twGuf aqmf=o}udK;yrf;cJb;l
G
k
h
avyif?
“nD!wrS +ir;f csr;f rnf/ +ir;f csr;f rS wd;k wufrnf” qdonfh qd±;kd pum;udk
G f d
d
k
k
vnf; vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; =um;odae=u+y;D jzpfonf? ta=umif;ESitusK;d
fh
pyf[yfr&aom pum;wpfce;f jzpfonf? a'o/ wdi;f / jynfe,f/ Ediiw@kd jzifh
_ dS
G
k
kfH
pkz@JG xm;aom t0ef;t0di;f atmuf&dS jynforsm;twGi;f ta=umif;a=umif;
k
l
aom yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh pnf;vH;k nD!wa&; ysujf ym;vmaomtcg xdk
G f
t0ef;t0di;f &Sd vlom;tm;vH;k +ir;f csr;f om,mr_r&SEi=f uawmhyg? tEœ&m,f
k
d
d kd
trsK;d rsK;d udk pd;k &drxwvef@ae&ojzifh ylyifaomujzpf=u&onf? yÉdyuQ
f d f
jrifrm;onfh twdi;f twmtay:rlwnfI +idr;f csr;f r_uif;a0;+yD; tEœ&m,f
h
k
xlajymI wd;k wufruif;um qkw,wysujf ym;a&;udk jzpfay:aponf?
_
f k f
,cku|Eyw@kd aexdi&yfwnfaeaom Ediiwif vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfcEihf
fk f
kf
kfH G
kS
wpfct=um; omrefxufveuaom yÉdyuQrsm; jzpf&aeaoma=umif/h
k
G f J
dS
vufeufudkiftzGJ@wpfckESifh wpfckt=um;/ vufeufudkiftzGJ@wpfckckESifh
vufeufrudiaom tzG@J tcsK@d t=um;/ vufeufuitzG@J wpfccEihf tajccH
kf
kd f
kkS
39

Edkif[Hom

jynforsm;t=um; owfjzwfni;f qJ/ tEdiusirrsm; a'otrsm;tjym;wGif
l
‡
k f hf _
t}udraygi;f rsm;pGm jzpfym;cJh jzpfym;aeonf? txl;ojzifh tm%m&tpd;k &
f
G
G
tqufqufEihf Armr[kwaom trsK;d om;tiftm;pkrsm;t=um; yÉdyuQ
S
f
onf tESpf (50) ausmf ajz&Si;f cJ+h yDjzpfaomfvnf; ,ae@txdajyvnfp&m
vrf;pudk rcsO;f uyfEiao;yg? xd@k a=umifh jrefrmEdii[ac:qdaeonfh u|Eyf
kd f
kfH k
k
fk
wd@k Eiionf obm0o,HZmwESihf pD;yGm;a&;tajccHaumif;rsm; ydrjkd ynfpkH
kd f H
k
h
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40


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41

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42


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43

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aumif;jzpfEi&efrm jynforsm;twGuf vGwvyfcirsm; ay;tyf&ef vdtyf
kd f S
l
f G hf
k
ovdk uGjJ ym;aeaom trsK;d om;rsm;udppnf;&ef trsK;d om;a&;qdi&m tcGihf
kk
kf
ta&;rsm; r#wrSeuefpm ay;tyfz@kd va=umif; ±d;k om;pGm wifjyvduygonf?
f G
kd
k f
[cspf=unfa&;*sme,f/ trSwfpOf (3) 2004]
45


jyemaygi;f pH.xGuayguf
k
f
u|Ekfyfwdk@jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif vufawG@tm;jzifh wnf&Sdaeaom
tm%m&ppfwyftyp/k 'Drua&pD &&Sa&;twGuf OD;pm;ay;zG@J pnf;xm;aom
k f kd
d
Ediia&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tkypEihf Armr[kwaom wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk tzG@J
kfH
fkS
f
k
tpnf;rsm;tkyp/k Ttkypo;kH pkw@kd . ud,pm;vS,rsm; Ediia&;t& awG@qkH
f
fk
k f
f
kfH
aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifom ,ae@rsuarSmufjyemaygi;f pHukd ajyvnfatmif
h
f
k
udiw,ajz&Si;f Edivrrnfjzpfonf? T aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:vma&; twGuf
kf G f
k f d hf
urBmuvor*~tzG@J }uD;tygt0if urBmEiirsm;/ jrefrmjynfta&; udk
h k
h kd f H
em;vnfaom Ediiwum&Sd Ediia&;ynm&Si}f uD;rsm;/ jrefrmjynf&dS 0g&ifh
kfH
kfH
Ediia&;acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ Ediia&;ygwrsm;ESihf wdi;f &if;om;ygwtzG@J tpnf;
kfH
kfH
D
k
D
toD;oD;wd@k u awmif;qkae=uonf? Tod@k awmif;qdae=u&jcif;onf T
d
k
enf;jzifh awG@qaqG;aEG;ajz&Si;f jcif;jzifh jyem}u;D rsm;udk t&if;tjrpfuae
kH
ajz&Si;f Edirnf[k ,H=k unfae=uaoma=umifjh zpfonf?
kf
tb,fa=umifh xdo@kd wnpm ±_jrifae=uoenf;? cdivaom ta=umif;
k l DG
k f kH
&if;cHrsm;&Saeygonf? od@k aomf tcsK@d aomolw@kd u Ttjrifukd jiif;y,f
d
ae=uonf? ‚if;wd@k onf ppfwyfuvuf&tm%mudk csKyfuixm;olrsm;
dS
kd f
jzpf+yD;/ 1990 ckEpa&G;aumufywif trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD)
S f
JG G
kd
u tEdkif&xm;onf? xdk@a=umifh TESpfzGJ@aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;v#if jynfhpHkvHk
avmufonf[k qd=k uonf? T t,ltqudk qkyuixm;=uolrsm;rSm
f kd f
pifppftm;jzifh wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pktay: ArmvlrsK;d wd@k wav#mufv;kH v$r;f rd;k
k
cs,fvS,fcGifh &vmaeonfudk vufrvGwfvdkaom t&if;cHqENa=umifh
jzpfonf?
‚if;qENukd ±d;k om;yGivif;pGm razmfxw0=Hh uay? tb,fa=umifqaomf
hf
k f
h kd
rw&m;rSe;f odae=u+yD; ud,usK;d qENuvnf; jznfqnf;vdaejcif;a=umifh
k f
kd
h
k
tjcm;aompum;vH;k rsm;jzifh jiif;y,fae=ujcif; jzpfonf? tu,fI a&G;
aumufytEdi& trwfO;D a&tay: tajccHwucsuv#ivnf; wdi;f &if;
JG k f
G f f f
k
om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzifh pkaygif;xm;aom “jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;
f kd
vlrsK;d rsm; 'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf” (UNLD) ESihf r[mrdwwi;f &if;om; tzG@J w@kd
kd
49

Edkif[Hom

u 'kwd,trwfOD;a&trsm;qHk;tEkdif&xm;onf? xdk@a=umifh jiif;y,f
csexm;jcif;jzifh w&m;r#wrnfr[kway?
f
f
Ediia&;t& awG@qaqG;aEG;ajz&Si;f jcif;onf jzpf&aeaom Ediia&;
kfH
kH
dS
kfH
jyemrsm;udk ajyvnfapvdIjzpfonf? Ediia&;jyemtydi;f rS csO;f uyf
k
kfH
k
=unfv#if jynfwi;f ppftESpig;q,fausmukd jyefvnfo;kH oyf&efvvrrnf?
h
G
f
f
kd d hf
1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&aomESpfwGifyif jynfwGif;ppfpcJhonf? xdkpOf
uwnf;u tpd;k &udk vufeufuiqef@usiwuy0ifcaom wdi;f &if;om;
kd f
f kd f JG hJ
k
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ twef;tpm;ta&;tay: tajccH
onfh tzG@J tpnf;wd@k xuf ta&twGursm;cJonf? 1948 ckEprS ,ae@
f h
S f
txd (53) ESpausmf vlrsK;d pktzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf jzpfym;aeaom wduyrS
f
G
k f JG
aoewforsm;udk wpfywf/ wpfv rjcm; =um;ae&onf? ,cktcsewif wdi;f
H
df G k
&if;om;vlrsK;d pktzG@J tpnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ESihf typftcwf&yfpxm;
J
aomfvnf; wdi;f &if;om;e,fajrtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif aoewforsm;=um;
k
H
ae&qJ jzpfonf? typftcwf&yfpa&;oufoufonf jzpf&aeaom jyem
J
dS
rsm;udk ajyvnfapEdirnfr[kwa=umif; trsm;od+yD;vnf; jzpfygonf?
kf
f
1958 ckEpwe;f u 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifaom yxp tpd;k &onf
Sf k
rGef/ &cdkif/ ytdk@0fvlrsKd;pktzGJ@rsm;ESihf oabmwlnDr_&+yD; ‚if;tzGJ@rsm;
vufeufpGef@cJh=uaomfvnf; r=umao;rDtcsdefuav;rSmyif ‚if;wdk@.
awmfvSefaomaoewfoHrsm; jyefvnfay:xGufvmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh
wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;ESifh tm%m&tpd;k &tqufquft=um; jyem
k
onf ao;r$m;aom jyemr[kway?
f
tcsK@d aomolw@kd onf vlrsK;d a&;jyemudk tav;teufrxm;=u?
vlrsK;d a&;jyemonf vlwef;pm;jyem. vufatmufcjH zpfonf [k
qdonf? vltcsK@d w@kd uvnf; vlrsK;d a&;jyemonf 'Drua&pDa&; jyem
k
kd
. vufatmufcjH zpfonf[k qd=k ujyefonf? xdow@kd u vlwef;pm;jyem/
k l
'Drua&pDa&;jyemwd@k ukd ajyvnfatmifajz&Si;f Ediygu vlrsK;a&;jyem
kd
kf
d
onf tvdvajyvnfom;rnf[k xifjrifajymqdae=uonf? ‚if;wd@k onf
k kd
G
k
vlrsK;d a&;jyem. twdrteufukd wu,frjrifIvm; od@k wnf;r[kwf
f
ta&;ray;vdIvm; qdonfukd ‚if;wd@k u,wiom od=uayvdrrnf?
k
k
dk f kd f
hf

50


u|Ey.tjrifum; ‚if;wd@k Eihf vH;k 0jcm;em;ygonf? vlrsK;d a&;qdi&m
fk f
S
kf
jyemonf av;eufonf/ cdi+f ronf? rnfonfjh yem. vufatmufcH
k J
r[kway? woD;wjcm;rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfaeonf? bmoma&;jy
f
emonf urBmwcGi&dS bmomwlrsm;. pmemaxmufcrukd &&SEiojzifh
f
H _
d kd f
t&Se=f oZmaumif;wwfonf? tdre;D csi;f EdiiwpfcsK@d wif a&muf&aeaom
d
f
kfH
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vlrsK;d wlrsm;. pmemr_ukd &&SEiaomfvnf; bmoma&;/ vlwef;pm;a&;wd@k
d kd f
ESipmv#if jyifypmemaxmufyrenf;ayonf? ud,tm;ud,u;kd ajz&Si;f =u
hf
hH _
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k f
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kd kd f
vlrsK;d [lonfum; ESpaygi;f &m/ axmifcs+D yD; eD;uyfpm twlaexdif
f
G
k
ayguzm;vmaom b0wlu=H urRmwl vl@tzG@J tpnf;jzpfonf? ordi;f rwifrD
fG
k
tcseronf ,ae@txd jzpfay:cJaom vltzG@J tpnf;tcsi;f csi;f t=um;
d f S
h
yÉdyuQrsm;wGif tjcm;ta=umif;tcsursm; yg0ifaeaomfvnf; vlrsK;d a&;
f
tajccHrS uif;vGwjf cif;enf;yg; ygonf? e,fajrvk,ufr/_ aps;uGuv,ufr_
f k
wd@k onf vlrsK;d a&;tay: tajccHrwpf0ufausmf yg0ifonf? acwfa[mif;
_
udveD e,fcsŒJ ppfyrsm;wGif vlrsK;d a&;tay: tajccHrrsm;pGm yg0ifaeouJo@kd
k kd
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Gf
tay: tajccHryg&onf? urBmay:&Sv@l tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk txif&m;qk;H
_ dS
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kfH
=uonf? vlrsKd;wlEdkifiHuGJ[lI tvGefenf;yg; ygonf? bmoma&;t&
rnfo@kd yifwnapumrl vlrsK;d rwlu Ediiwpfctjzpf ryl;aygi;f =u? twef;
l D
kfH k
tpm;wlrsm; t=um;wGivnf; xd@k twlyifjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh vlrsK;d a&;
f
tpGonf bmoma&;twef;tpm;a&;xuf av;eufonf[k qd&ygrnf?
J
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urBmv$r;f ywf,uE,r_ acwfumvwGif t"dutm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Of
S f G f
aus;r_w@kd Y qufpyfvr;f +cHKr_rnfo@kd &ap/ rdrvrsK;d udk v$r;f rd;k oGm;jcif; r&Sd
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atmif umuG,fae=uonf? EdkifiHwpfckwGif tm%m&vlrsKd;pkjzpfaom
vlrsK;d u tjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;tay: vlrsK;d a&;t& v$r;f rd;k 0g;rsKd vd=k uonf? od@k
aomfurBmv$r;f ywf,uE,rt& tjcm;vlrsK;d }uD;wd@k . 0g;rsKrukd &ifqif
S f G f _
d _
kd
vm& aomtcg rdrw@kdvrsK;d udk umuG,xe;f odr;f &ef }uKd ;yrf;vmae=uonf?
d l
f d
51

Edkif[Hom

u|Eyw@kd Eiiwif ppfwyftpd;k &onf qd/k u/ a&;/ wD; +ydKifyrsm;udk wdi;f ESihf
fk f kd f H G
JG
k
jynfe,ftvduac:,l+yD; aiGuea=u;usrsm;pGmcHum usi;f yae=uonf?
k f
k f
Tonfvnf; vlrsK;d a&; tajccHpw"mwf.av;eufr_ yifjzpfonf?
d f
u|Eyw@kd Eiiwif u|Eyw@kd u,wiyg0if+yD; jyemrsm;udk enf;aygi;f
fk f kd f H G
fk f kd f kd f
pHkjzifh ajz&Sif;cJh=uonf? jyemajz&Sif;a&; enf;aygif;rsm;pGmteuf
vufeufuiajz&Si;f enf;onf tqiftjrifq;kH ESifh t&Sn=f umqH;k jzpfonf?
kd f
h
h
ESpaygi;f (50) ausmajz&Si;f cJ+h yD;jzpfaomfvnf; ,ae@txd ajyvnfp&m
f
f
tvm;tvm rjrifawG@&ao;ay? 1958 ckEpwif OD;Ek. (yxp) tpd;k &onf
Sf G
'Drua&pDukd ydrus,jf yef@atmifvrf;zGiay;+y;D Ediia&;t& ajz&Si;f &ef }uKd ;yrf;
kd
k kd
hf
kfH
cJonf? vufeufuiyÉdyuQrsm; t&Seavsmusvm+y;D Ediia&;t&v_y&m;r_
h
kd f
df
h
kfH
fS
t&Seaumif;vmonf? Tod@k t&Set[ketm;aumif;vmonfukd ppfwyf
df
df
f
urvdvm;ojzifh tm%modr;f cJonf? ppfa&;t& t&Sejf r‡i+hf yD; ajz&Si;f cJh
k
h
d
onf? &vm'fum;ESpzufpvH;k tiftm;ydr}kd uD;rm;vm+yD; wduyrsm;ae&m
f
k
k f JG
tES@us,jf yef@vmum ppfy.tedXm±Hrsm;udk jynforsm;cg;oD;pGm cHpm;vm
H
JG
k
l
cJ&onf?
h
1970 ckwGif ay:aygufcJhaom OD;Ek. ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwDonf
EdiijH cm;t&if;&Sirsm;. tm;ay;ulnrukd tawmftwef&&Sconf? vlrsK;d pk
kf
f
D_
d hJ
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkum; rnfonfhEkdfifiHurS ay;urf;jcif;r&Sd? Auy ESifh
yl;aygi;f v#if Auy ay;urf;or#uom&&S+d y;D vH;k yg;yg;aysmufu,om;onf?
kd
G f G
awmfvea&;umvwpfav#mufv;kH rSm acgi;f axmifcaom Auy onfvnf;
Sf
hJ
1990 ckEpaESmif;ydi;f wGif OD;usK;d I ajrv#K;d cJ&onf? wdi;f &if;om;vufeuf
Sf
k
h
k
uditzG@J tpnf;rsm;rSmum; rdrvrsK;d ESihf rdrjd ynforsm;. axmufyay;r_jzifh
kf
d l
l
Hh
cufcpm±ke;f uefc&aomfvnf; yef;yef+rJyif? Tonfrmvnf; vlrsK;d a&;
J G
hJ
S
tcef;. av;eufrom"uwpf&yf yifjzpfonf?
_
,ckacwf,cktcgonf 'Drdkua&pDacwfumvjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD
onfum; ysKdwdkif;}udKufonfhESif;qDcdkif? 'Drdkua&pDysKd;yifudk usaemfwdk@
jynfaxmifpkrSm pdkufysKd;cJhbl;ygonf? odk@aomf=um&Snfr&SifoefEdkifcJhyg?
tb,fa=umifhenf;? Tenf;ESifh T&moDrsKd;wGif 'Drdkua&pDysKd;yifrsm;
ayguym;}u;D jyif;Edi&ef vdtyfaeonfh aea&mifumyif (t&dyyif) od@k r[kwf
fG
kf
k
f
wG,wuf&eftyifjzpfaom wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;twGuf vlrsK;d a&;t&
f
k
52


wef;wla&;ESihf ud,yijf yXmef;cGityifrsm;udk ayguciray;/ ckwxiz,f&i;f
k f kd
hf
f G hf
f Gf S
xm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? 1962 ckEpf rwfv (2) &ufae@ ppfwyfrS tm%m
S
odrf;jcif;onf t"dutm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. wef;wla&;ESifh
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk &SifoefcGifhray;vdkIjzpfonf? xdktcGifhta&;udk
zsuq;D &if; 'Drua&pDtcGita&;rsm;vnf; ysujf ym;cJ&+yD;jzpfonf?
f
kd
hf
h
u|Eyw@kd Eiiwif ppfreaom jynfaxmifpwnfaqmufjcif;udk xnfh
kf f kd f H G
S f
k
wGujf cif;rjyKbJ 'Drua&pDa&; oufoufjzifh jyemrsm;ukd rajz&Si;f Edi?
kd
kf
jynfwi;f ppfukd r&yfwef@Eiyg? jzpf&aeaom Ediia&;jyemrsm;ESihf vuf
G
kd f
dS
kfH
eufuiyÉdyuQrsm;udk rajz&Si;f Ekiygu +ir;f csr;f a&;/ zG@H +zKd ;a&;/ vlrvwvyfcihf
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kd
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f
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onf EdiivO;D a&. xuf0ufausm&aejcif;/ xdvrsK;d pkrsm; aexdiaom
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rsm;teuf ordi;f a=umif;t& vGwvyfxif&m;pGm aexdivmcJ=h uonfu
k
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rsm;+y;D ,ae@txd trsK;d om;ud,yijf yXmef;cGiukd vdvm;awmif;qdaeonfh
k f kd
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vlrsK;d rsm;jzpfaejcif;wd@k onf xl;jcm;r_jzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh Tae&mrsK;d TtajctaersK;d wGif wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;.
k
ta&;udk aemufcsef (od@k r[kw) ab;z,fxm;+yD; Ediia&;jyemrsm;udk
f
kfH
ajz&Si;f aeygu tcseue/f vlyef;/ oHo,rsm;udk ydI wk;d yGm;ap±Homjzpfrnf?
df k
k
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xk@d a=umifh jyemrsm;udk trSewu,fajz&Si;f vdaomqEN&ygu “oH;k yGihf
f
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qdiawG@qaqG;aEG;jcif;” onfom ajyvnfruay;aqmifEiaom xGuf
kf
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aygujf zpfa=umif; tdyaysma,mifaqmifaeolrsm;udk xyfrvyE;d_ wifjy
f f
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ygonf?
[wdk;wufaomrGefvli,f*sme,f - 2002]

53


jyemrsm;.a&aomufjrpf
,ae@ u|Eyw@kd Eiiwif jynforsm;awG@}uKH &ifqiae&aom pm;0wfaea&;
kf f kd f H G
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kfH
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jzpfI rnfo@kd uiw,ajz&Si;f &rnfenf;? T jyem}uD;rsm;teuf rnf
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onfjh yemu t"duus+y;D ‚if;udajz&Si;f Ediygu tjcm;jyem}u;D rsm;udk
k
kf
vnf; vG,fulpGmajz&Sif;Edkifygrnfenf;? Todk@ jyem}uD;rsm;. a&
aomufjrpfukd ±_jrif&mwGif tjrifrwl tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm; &Saeygao;onf?
d
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vG,upm ajz&Si;f Edif ygvrrnf?
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tcsKd@u pm;0wfaea&;jyemonf t&if;cHtusqHk;jyemjzpf
onf? vlom;wd@k &yfwnf&ioefEia&;twGuf ta&;t}u;D qH;k vdtyfcsuf
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rsm;udk tepfemcH&ef vdtyfygu tepfemcH=u&rnf[k tjrif&=dS uonf? T
k
tjrifrsK;d udk uGejf rLepf/ qd&,vpf vuf0Eiia&;tjrif&orsm;ESihf tm%m&
kS f
J kd f H
dS l
tkyp;kd oltcsK@d w@kd u ydr,=kH unfvufc=H ua=umif; avhvmod&&onf?
f
k kd
dS
tcsK@d u 'Drua&pDtcGita&;rsm;qH;k ±_;H ae&jcif;onf ta&;t}u;D qH;k
kd
hf
jyem jzpfonf? 'Drua&pDtcGita&; tjynft0&&Sygu udpwckukd
kd
hf
h
d
P
'Drdkua&pDabmiftwGif; vGwfvyfpGmwifjyawmif;qdkEdkif=u+yD; jynfol
trsm;pkw@kd vufcaomtcg jzpfay:aeaomjyemrsm; ajyvnfom;Edif
H
G k
rnf[k ±_jrif=uonf? vGwvyfpmajymqdk a&;om;pnf;±H;k qENjycGihf rsm;&S+d y;D
f
G
jzpfI jynforsm;.tcGita&;/ wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;. tcGita&;
l
hf
k
hf
rsm;udk awmif;qd&mwGif vufeufuioyex&efrvdtyfawmh/ xd@k a=umifh
k
kd f l k f
k
jynfwi;f ppfr&Sd at;csr;f rnf? 'Drua&pDpepfwif aps;uGup;D yGm;a&;pepfukd
G
kd
G
f
umuG,usio;kH rnf? vGwvyfpmpD;yGm; &SmazGci&rnf? xd@k a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;
f hf
f G
G hf dS
57

Edkif[Hom

wd;k wufvmrnf[k ±_jrif=uonf? T±_axmift& 'Drua&pDtcGita&;
h
kd
hf
jyemonf tajccHtusq;kH jyemjzpfonf[k xifjrif,=kH unf ae=u
onf? Tt,ltqudk ArmvlrsK;d trsm;pkEihf 'Drua&pDEiia&;tiftm;pk
S kd
kd f H
rsm;u vufc,=kH unfxm;=uonf?
H
tcsK@d u wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;wef;wla&;ESihf vGwvyfcihf (ud,yijf y
k
f G k f kd
Xmef;cGi) jyemonf tajccHtusq;kH jzpfonf? vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHEihf zJ@G pnf;
hf
k S
xm;aom Ediiwpfcwif vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHcsp=f unfn!wa&;onf r&Srjzpfvkd
kfH k G
k
D G f
d
tyfonf? vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk csp=f unfnD !Gwa&;udk vlrsK;d a&;t& wef;wla&;ESihf
f
vGwvyfcihf (ud,yijf yXmef;cGi) jzifom wnfaqmmuf&rnf? ‚if;tcGihf
f
G
k f kd
hf h
ta&;rsm; qH;k ±H;_ ae&I vufeufuiawmfvechJ =uonf? tm%m&tkyp;kd
kd f
Sf
f
olwdk@uvnf; vHk+cHKa&;udkta=umif;jy+yD; ppfwyfudkwkd;csJ@zGJ@pnf;um
ppfqifwucuonf? ESpzufaomppfwyftwGuf vufeufypPn;f 0,f,l
kd f dk f
f
pkaqmif;&ef b¾maiGrsm;pGmudk oH;k pGc&onf? wyftiftm;twGuf vltif
J hJ
tm;rsm;pGmudk ac:,lpaqmif;cJ&onf? xd@k a=umifh b¾maiGtiftm;/ vl
k
h
tiftm;rsm;pGmudk pD;yGm;a&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;twGuf toH;k jyKcGir&ojzifh wdi;f
hf
k
jynfepfem cJ&onf?
h
vH+k cHKa&; r&Sojzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; aumif;pGmrvkyEi/f jynfwi;f
d
f
f kd
G
jynfy&Sd t&if;&Sirsm;rS t&if;tES;D rsm; rpduxw0ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;wGif
f
k f k f hH
edrusc&onf? ppftEdi&a&;ESihf vH+k cHKa&;twGuf jynforsm;. vGwvyf
hf hJ
kf
l
f
cGirsm;udk uef@owfywyif cJ&onf? jynfo@l tiftm;udk qG,toH;k cs cJ&
hf
d f h
J l
h
onf? jynfow@kd .b¾mESihf &dumudk &,ljcif;/ zsuq;D jcif;rsm;vkyc&onf?
l
Q
f
f hJ
vlrsK;d a&;t& trke;f yGm;r_ &efjyKr_rsm; }uD;rm;&Sn=f umcJ&onf? pD;yGm;a&;
h
t&a&m/ vlrsK;d a&;t&yg 'kuaygi;f pHEihf &ifqic&onf? aemufq;kH wdi;f jynf
Q
kS
kd f hJ
k
+yKd uGysuq;D a&;od@k yif a&S@±vmonf? xd@k a=umifh wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;.
J f
_
k
wef;wla&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhjyemonf tajccHusonfh jyemjzpf
onf[k ±_jrif=uonf? T t,ltqudk Armr[kwaomvlrsK;d pkrsm;ESihf
f
EdiijH cm;rS jrefrmjynfta&;udk avhvmae=uonfh Ediia&;okawoDtcsKd @u
kf
kfH
vufc,=kH unfxm;=ua=umif; avhvmod&&onf?
H
dS
tcsK@d u jynfwi;f qlytºkH uGrj_ yemonf ta&;t}uD;qH;k jyem
G
l
jzpfonf? qlytºkH uGrrsm;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyief;rsm;/ td;k tdrtaqmuf
l
_
f
f
58


tOD;rsm; ysup;D rnf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;topfrsm; vkyaqmif&ef r0Hr&J&rnf?
f
f
f
h dS
t&if;tES;D &Sorsm; r&if;ES;D 0H=h u? jynforsm; xdwvef@acsmufcsm;aomu
d l
l
f
rsm;rnf? vk,uftEdiusirrsm; ay:ayguvm+yD; ±d;k om;aomjynforsm;
k f hf _
f
l
'kua&muf=urnf? xdo@kd aom tHºk urukd rxde;f odr;f Ediygu wdi;f jynfysup;D
Q
k
G_
kf
k
f
a&;od@k OD;wnfom;vdrrnf? xd@k a=umifh Tjyemonf t"dutusq;kH
G
hf
jyemjzpfonf[k ,lq=uonf? Tt,ltqudk tm%modr;f ppftpd;k &
rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .t0ef;t0di;f wd@k u vufc,=kH unfxm;=ua=umif; avhvm
k
H
awG@&&onf?
dS
txufygjyem}uD;av;&yftay: xyfrpppfo;kH oyf=unf=h uygp@kd ?
H D
xdjk yemwd@k onf rnfonftcseumv rnfonftajctaewGif ay:
h d f
h
ayguwwfygoenf;? wckEiwck rnfo@kd qufpyfcsyquf aeygoenf;? ‚if;
f
S hf
df
udo&rom tajccHEit"dujyemwd@k ukd a&G;cs,o&Eiygvrrnf?
k d dS S
S hf
f d dS kd f d hf
qlytºkH uGjcif;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmuftOD;rsm; ysup;D rnf? 'kuQ
l
f
rsK;d pHEihf }uHKawG@&rnf? wdi;f jynfysup;D a&;od@k OD;wnfom;Edionf — qdk
k S
k
f
G kf
onfw@kd rm trSeyifjzpfayonf? od@k aomfqytºkH uGronf tb,fa=umifh
S
f
ll
_
jzpfay:vm&oenf;? qlytºkH uGjcif;onf ayguurwpfrsK;d jzpfonf? xdo@kd
l
f JG _
k
aygufuGJEdkif&ef ,rf;ESifhwlaom pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_/ wif;=uyfaom
xde;f csKyfuef@owf ydwyifxm;r_rsm;tay: rauseyfrrsm; cdicirmrm&S&ef
f
_
k f kd f
d
vdonf? xd@k tjyif peufwEiwaom tm%mydiw@kd . rSm;,Gi;f aom vkyf
k
H S hf l
kf
aqmifjyr_wck&&ef vdtyfygonf? TESpcr&Sygu }uD;rm;aomqlytºkH uGr_
dS
k
fk d
l
qdonfh ayguurrsK;d rjzpfay:Edi? jzpfvmyguvnf; umvwdtcseyi;f r#
k
f JG _
kf
k d f kd
om=umwwf+yD; +yD;qH;k oGm;ygvrrnf? Tjyemonf jzpfay:vmonfh
d hf
tcg rSeuefEieif;pGm xde;f odr;f &efvtyfaom ta&;ygonfjh yemjzpf
f
kd f
kd
onf? od@k aomftajccHusaom jyemr[kw?
f
txufygjyemwGif ,rf;tm;jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_Eihf xde;f
S
csKyfuef@owfywyifrrsm;onf tb,fa=umifjh zpfay:vm&oenf;? 'Dru
d f _
kd
a&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; qdwfokOf;aer_ESifh jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh jzpfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;a&;udpPudk EdkifiHwpfcktaejzifh ‚if;wpfckwnf;udk
vky,I&aomudpr[kw? t"dutm;jzifh vufeufuiwucuae=u
f l
P
f
kd f kd f kd f
aom jynfwi;f ppfr&Sd at;csr;f aom tajctae&S&rnf? wnf+ir+f y;D jynfol
G
d
d
59

Edkif[Hom

awGukd OD;aqmifEiaom tpd;k &wpf&yfvnf;&S&rnf? t&if;tES;D / twwf
kd f
d
ynmESihf tjcm;aom tajccHaumif;rsm;vnf;&S&ef vdtyfayrnf? jynfwi;f
d
k
G
ppfa=umifh qif;&JrjJG ymusaeaom tajctaewGif t&if;tES;D vnf;r&SEi/f
d kd
twwfynm&Si/f todynm&SiawGuvnf; vHvavmufavmuf rarG;xkwf
f
kd
k kH
Edi? vrf;yrf;qufo,a&;cufcaeaom tajctaewGif pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wuf
kf
G f
J
&efrm “0”r&SbJ “0d”vkyIr&aom tajctaejzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jy
S
d
f
em}uD;av;ckteuf qlyltHkºuGr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;ESifhqdkifonfh pm;0wfae
a&; =uyfwnf;r_jyemwd@k onf tajccHrusaom tudi;f tcufjyem
k
rsm;jzpfa=umif; xif&m;ayonf?
S
usef jyemESp&yfwif 'Drua&pDtcGita&;onf jyemawmf
f
G
kd
hf
awmfrsm;rsm;udk at;csr;f pGmajz&Si;f ay; Edionf? vGwvyfpmpD;yGm;a&;
kf
f
G
&SmazGEiciEihf aps;uGup;D yGm;a&;pepfukd azmfaqmifay;aoma=umifh pD;yGm;
kd f G hf S
f
a&;t& wd;k wufvmaprnfjzpfonf? od@k aomf 'Drua&pDonf jynfol
kd
trsm;pk.qENudkom azmfaqmifay;+yD; vlenf;pktay:vspfvsL±_r_rsm;
&Sonf? t&m&mudtrsm;pk.qENjzifh tqH;k tjzwfay;jcif;onf vlenf;pk
d
k
rsm;udk epfemaponf? xd@k a=umifvrsK;d wl/ bmomwlaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;
h l
rsm;wGif jyemr&Saomfvnf; vlrsK;d aygi;f pH/k bmomaygi;f pHEihf pkpnf;
d
k S
xm;aom u|Eyw@kd EiitwGuf 'Drua&pDtcGita&;wckwnf;ESihf rvHk
fk f kd f H
kd
hf
avmufyg? 'Drua&pDEii}H uD;rsm;jzpfaom t*FvefEihf tdE,Ediiw@kd wif
kd
kd f
S
dN k f H
G
vnf; TjyemrsK;d &Sconf?
d hJ
kd f
t*Fvefac: (United Kingdom) wGif ajrmufti,mvefjynfe,f
om; tdkif;&pfvlrsKd;rsm;u vufeufudkifawmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhonfrSm
vlorsm;aom udpjP zpfonf? tdE,Ediiwivnf; vlrsK;d pkwi;f &if;om;
d
Nd k f H G f
kd
jzpfaom em*ESihf r%dyw@kd vufeufui+f yD; tdE,tpd;k &udk wducuc=hJ u
l
kd
Nd
k f kd f
onf? Ediia&;t& aqG;aEG;n‡Ei;f +y;D vlrsK;d a&;qdi&m tcGita&;rsm;pGmudk
kfH
d d_
kf
hf
vduavsmay;cJ&+yD; jzpfonf?
k f
h
vlrsK;d pkjynfe,frsm;ESihf 0ef;&Hvsu&aom u|Eyw@kd jynfaxmifpwif
f dS
kf f
k G
vlrsK;d pkrsm;. tcGita&;rsm;udk zdEycsKyfcs,xm;or# rat;csr;f rwd;k
hf
dS f
f
wufEia=umif; ESpaygi;f (50) ausmf jynfwi;f ppfordi;f u oufaojycJ+h yD;
kd f
f
G
k
jzpfonf? vlrsm;pkjzpfaom ArmvlrsK;d rsm;onfyifv#if rnfo@kd aomtajc
60


tae a&muf&c&onfuvnf; txl;ajymp&mvdrnfr[kwyg? u|Eyw@kd EiiH
dS hJ
kd
k
f
kf f kd f
. tajctaeESihf udunonfh vlrsK;d a&;t& wef;wlnr#r&+dS yD;/ ud,yif
k f D
D _
k f kd
jyXmef;cGi&aom jynfe,frsm;jzifh pkaygi;f zG@J pnf;xm;onfh zuf'&,fjynf
hf dS
axmifpwif 'Drua&pDenf;pepfjzifh tkycsKyom;jcif;onfomv#if at;csr;f
k G kd
f f G
om,mwd;k wufrukd azmfaqmifay;Ediygvrrnf? Tonfum; t"duESihf
_
k f d hf
tajccHusaomjyem jzpfonf?
[rGefjynfopf*sme,f - 2000]

61


jynfaxmifpzpnf;a&;jyem
k @JG
u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHtwGif; jzpf&Sdaeaom ESpfig;q,fausmfjynfwGif; ppf}uD;.
t"duaomhcsujf yemonf jynfaxmifpz@JG pnf;a&; jyemjzpfonf?
k
bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_/ aemufcordi;f / pkpnf;aexdi&me,fajr
H k
kf
a'ocsi;f rwlnaom vlrsK;d rsm;pkaygi;f aexdionfh EdiiwpfctwGi;f vlrsK;d
D
kf
kfH k
pkrsm; twlaexdia&;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpz@JG pnf;a&;jyemonf
kf
k
t"dujyem}u;D jzpfonf? ‚if;jyemudk yuwdtaetxm;ESihf udunD
k f
rSeuefpmrajz&Si;f bJ tm%m&olw@kd u rdrw@kd qENt&vd&mqGypcs trnf
f
G
d
k J kH H
cHjynfaxmifpukd zG@J pnf;cJojzifh nDtpfuvrsK;d tcsi;f csi;f jyif;xefpm ppfcif;
k
h
kd l
G
&aom vufeufuiyÉdyuQ jzpfay:vmcJ&onf? ,if; ppfya=umifppfwyf
kd f
h
JG
h
onfta&;yg t&Set0g&vm+y;D aemufq;kH tm%m odr;f onftxd jzpfay:
df
vmonf? od@k Eihf wpfygwtm%m&Sitpd;k &. pk;d rd;k zdEyrukd jynfowpf&yfv;kH
S
D
f
dS f _
l
ESpaygi;f &Sn=f umpGm cHc&onf? pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; r}uHKbl;atmif qif;&J
f
hJ
iwfrwvm&onf? xd@k a=umifh Tpkpnf;aexdia&; od@k r[kwf jynfaxmifpk
G f
kf
zG@J pnf;a&;jyemudk tjrefq;kH ajz&Si;f &ef vdtyfaeayonf?
k
jyemw&yfukd ajz&Si;f &mwGif jyemjzpfay:vm&jcif; tajccHukd
avhvm&ef vdtyfayonf? ordi;f udjk yef=unfv#if u|Eyw@kd Eiiwif vlrsK;d
k
k
h
fk f kd f H G
tcsK@d w@kd onf oD;jcm;Ediirsm;jzifh ESpaygi;f &Sn=f umpGm aexdivmcJh =uonf?
kfH
f
kf
tcsK@d vrsK;d wd@k rm vlO;D a&/ "etiftm;/ ppftiftm; enf;yg;ojzihf vuf
l
S
atmufcb0ESihf aexdivmcJ&onf? od@k aomf {u&mZf ya'o&mZfpepfwif
H
kf h
G
b¾mqufo&efomt"dujzpf+y;D rdrw@kd t}u;D tuJEihf rdrw@kd vrsK;d a'oudk
d
S d l
tkyfcsKyfaexdkifvmcJh=uonf? wcsdefcsdefwGif ppftiftm;}uD;rm;aom
bk&ifwyg;yg;u eD;pyf&m {u&mZfb&ife,fajrrsm;udk wducuor;f yduf
k h
k f kd f d k
Edicojzifh us,jf yef@aom EkiitoGia&mufconf? od@k aomf tiftm;
k f hJ
dfH
f
hJ
enf;yg;vmonfEihf xdtifyg&mEdiionfvnf; +ydKuGysup;D &jyefonf?
S
k
kfH
J f
ppftiftm;aumif;aom tavmif;bk&m;ESihf bd;k awmfb&m;wd@k u rGeEihf
k
f S
&cdijf ynfuor;f +y;D uke;f abmifrif;quf tifyg&mEdiiawmfukd wnfaqmuf
k
dk d
kfH
tkycsKyfEiconf? TtajccHu,+l yD; twkta,mifjynfaxmifpukd vSnhf
f kd f hJ
kd
k
pm;yHazmfcojzifh ,ae@txdjyem ay:ae&jcif;jzpfonf?
k
hJ
65

Edkif[Hom

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;
tajccHukd awmifwef;a'ovlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf n‡Ei;f +y;D csrwf oGm;cJh
d d_
S
onf? od@k aomf ‚if;vky}f uc&+y;D aemuf ‚if;ESifh vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm; csKyqkd
HH
f
cJaom pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;onfvnf; ‚if;enf;wl ajrjrK‡ yo+*KF [cH cJ&onf?
h
f
f d f h
OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;onf toGiftm;jzifh
jynfaxmifpk (Federal State) vufawG@tm;jzifh wpfjynfaxmifpepf
(Unitary State) jzpfaom trnfcjH ynfaxmifpz@JG pnf;yHukd OD;csexe;tm;
k
k
f Gf
a&;qGapcJonf? yifvpmcsKyfcsKyfq&mwGif ryg0ifcaom wenf;tm;jzifh
J h
kH
kd
hJ
t*Fvyw@kd pnf;±H;k zJxwrukd rpd;k &dr&aom u&if/ rGe/f &cdif vlrsK;d rsm;udrl
d f
h k f _
f
k
k
vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;. t*F g&yfrsm;ESihf rnfr#jynhfpHkaeapumrl rnfonfhtcGifh
ta&;r# ray;cJyg? txyfxyftcgcg qENjywduy0ifawmif;qdaomtcgrS
h
k f JG
k
rajymyavmufaom tcGita&;wpfcsK@d ukd ay;cJonf? u&ifvrsK;d wd@k rm
hf
h
l
S
t*Fvyw@kd vufxufu zG@J pnf;cJaom ppfwyft&Set0ga=umifh rGeEihf &cdif
df
h
df
fS k
wd@k xuf apmvsipm jynfe,f&cJonf?
fG
h
wdi;f &if;om;nDtpfukd tcsi;f csi;f &if;ES;D csp=f unfat;csr;f pGm jyem
k
udk rajz&Si;f bJ ‚if;wd@k a&;qGxm;aom Oya'udk bk&m;a'oemuJo@kd rw,+l y;D
J
h S f
taoqkyuixm;um ppfom;ESifh ykvyuo;kH I zDqeforsm;udk usnqef
f kd f
d f kd
l
f
ESihf axmif'%frsm;ay;cJonf? xd@k a=umihf vufeufuiawmfvea&;jzpf
h
kd f
S f
ay:vmcJ&onf?
h
urBmod jrefrmod opPmuwdjzifh csKyfqcaom yifvpmcsKyfyg oabm
kd hJ
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66

ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၁၁)

ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၁၁)

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ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၁၁)