Decoding Kotlin - Your guide to solving the mysterious in Kotlin.pptx
1 automobile intro-v5-1
1. Benz tricycle 1896 Stanley Steam
An Introduction
London B type bus - 1910
Jaguar 1955
Pictures taken fr
Ford SLincoln continental 1960s
car 1905 Railton 1935
to Automobiles
Ford Model T 1913
rom Smith (2002)
Czech Tatra 1937
Lotus EclatSierra 1980s
2. AimAim
I d h idIntroduce the wide rang
vehicle design and manu
Briefly set the historical
vehicles and their designg
Introduce the vast range
designdesign.
Demonstrate the interac
th d i d f tthe design and manufact
msms
f kill i d fe of skills required for
ufacture.
l scene and development of
n.
e of possibilities for vehicle
tivity of processes within
t f hi lture of vehicles
3. Steps in AutomSteps in Autom
I i d IInnovations and Invent
Mass productionp
Development of World
S li iStreamlining
Commercial vehicles
mobile Historymobile History
itions
d Motor Industry
4. Inventions an
History
Inventions an
S ISteam power to Interna
Steam engine used till
Petroleum “spirit” use
a useless by-product o
Dr. Gottelib Daimler i
petroleum vapour and
produced tri-wheel car
d Innovations
Construction
d Innovations
l C b i ial Combustion engine
l late 1940s
ed by Dr. OTTO in 1870s was
of naptha used for lamps
improved OTTO engine using
d in parallel Karl Benz also
rriage in 1885
5. Mass pro
History
Mass pro
C d l d fCars were developed fr
Henry Ford -> “mass py p
T,1909
Concept from rifle maConcept from rifle ma
Model T first car with
E i 2898 bEngine 2898 cc was b
independent bodybuil
family carsfamily cars
Hand-built cars to inte
Picture taken from Smith (2002)
oduction
Construction
oduction
f h ifrom horse carriages.
production” of Modelp
anufacture of civil waranufacture of civil war
h design for manufacture
b ilt b f d d ibuilt by ford and various
lders from buses to elegent
erchangeable parts
6. Mass Pro
History
Mass Pro
M i kMoving workers -> m
maufacture , Highland
Picture taken from Smith (2002)
oduction
Construction
oduction
i hi l d imoving vehicle during
d park Detroit, 1913
7. Mass Pro
History
Mass Pro
I 1970 V lk “In 1970s, Volkswagen “
numbers though syle wa
Non rusting car
Mechanically reliaby
Toyota's contribution:
P d ti flProduction was flex
Quality paramount,
Shorter production
oduction
Construction
oduction
“B l ” ld i l“Beetle” was sold in large
as antiquated as it was
ble
iblxible
getting right first time - LEAN
runs, wide variants
8. Developme
History
Motor In
1920 1930 ll1920s -1930s : small coa
large companies
By end of second world
manufacturers remain –
Large conglomerates lik
Corporation (BMC) BrCorporation (BMC) , Br
problem of large stock
A i d JAmericans and Japanese
around the world
Because of export restric
over the world
nt of World
Construction
ndustry
h b ild i i hach builders co-exist with
d war only few specialized
Rolls Roycey
ke British Motor
ritish Leyland (BL) facedritish Leyland (BL) faced
d t f tie moved parts of operations
ctions and to use facilities all
9. Developme
History
Motor In
C i D lConstruction Developmen
Till 1930s wooden fram
used to build coaches
Late 1930s onwards preLate 1930s onwards, pre
Multiple curvature adde
l h d th l dpanels shared the load
Recent cars have shell s
structures
nt of World
Construction
ndustry
nt:
me with fabric or wood skin
essed steel plates for skinessed steel plates for skin
ed more strength and body
tructure with aerodynamicy
10. Developme
History
Motor In
W d / S l h i fWooden / Steel chassis f
replaced by stiff floor “
By 1950s, “unitary” con
followed for mass produp
Composite body for less
free body – started afterfree body started after
Wheels progressed from
k t t l h bspokes to metal hub con
Alloy)
nt of World
Construction
ndustry
f d dframe was done away and
“pan” by spot welding
nstruction was universally
uced cars
ser weight and corrosion
r WWII ( Lotus)r WWII ( Lotus)
m wooden spokes to metal
t ti t t l k (nstruction to metal spokes (
11. History
Sports car with streamlined
composite body , Lotus
Pictures taken from Smith (2002)
Construction
Early car evolved from
carriage , electric powered
Bersley 1897
12. Developme
History
Motor In
S li D lStyling Development:
Powered versions of hor
Engine was placed below
hard maintenencehard maintenence
1890s, Panhard-Levasso
h i i i f thaving engine in front w
‘système Panhard’
Windscreen was invente
speed of vehicle
nt of World
Construction
ndustry
rse carriagesg
w vehicle by Daimler –
or created the concept of
ith l t h d bwith clutch and gear box
ed in 1920s with increasing
13. Developme
History
Motor In
B h 1930 iBy the 1930s, excessive
had become ‘de rigeur’
ti i tisporting aspirations.
Luggage was strapped ingg g pp
became integral in europ
'50s,'60s and '70s to larg
Till '50s “open top” was
horse carriageshorse carriages
nt of World
Construction
ndustry
l l d iely elongated engine covers
for powerful cars with
n rear of vehicle and it
pean cars. It grew in
ger volume
s preferred as inspired from
14. Stream
History
Stream
I 1890 A édé B lléIn 1890s, Amédée Bollé
first torpedo shaped des
Americans did not like t
Czech Tatra of 1937 V8
Pictures taken from Smith (2002)
mlining
Construction
mlining
é h d dée the younger produced
igns with raked windscreen
the air-streamlined design
Chevrolet Air-flow
15. Stream
History
Stream
Aerodynamics was cons
styles due to angles
Box type was more cheayp
Became more popular on
prices went up & fuel ecprices went up & fuel ec
important
Ford Sierra 1980
Picture taken from Smith (2002)
mlining
Construction
mlining
sidered impediment to
aper and easier to producep p
nly after the 70’s when oil
conomy was consideredconomy was considered
16. Commercia
History
Commercia
E d f 19th fiEnd of 19th century, first
steam powered – challen
Threats of world wars le
commerical vehicle sale
IC engine led to the dev
A t b h i 1930 GAutobahns in 1930s Ger
of good road transport a
Buses replaced electric t
in USA, Britain.
al Vehicles
Construction
al Vehicles
l d kt lorry and trucks were
nged by petrol vehicles
ed to increase in roads,
es and haulage in Europeg p
velopment of motor bus.
l d t d l trmany led to development
along with railways.
trams, challeged railways
17. Construction Co
Styl
E i D lEngine Development
Transmission and Systy
Steering
S iSuspension
Brakes
Interior Design
S fSafety
Too much Innovation
onfiguration and
ling
tem Layouty
18. Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
Di l d B iDiamler and Benz inven
in 1895
Diamler developed Vee
Ettore Bugatti 1910 creaEttore Bugatti,1910 crea
Overhead Cam shaft in M
achieving 100 kmph speachieving 100 kmph spe
Side valves were more p
Improvements in materi
developments.
velopment
Construction
velopment
d IC i bilnted IC engine automobiles
twin engines in 1898
ated first engine withated first engine with
Model13, capable of
eed with 1327 cceed with 1327 cc.
preferred till WWII
ials led to other
19. Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
Diesel Engine:Diesel Engine:
Main competitor to petr
combustion unlike petrocombustion unlike petro
It eliminated two weak p
plugs hence more reliab
It had inferior power top
restricted to heavy engin
With turbo charging andWith turbo-charging and
at par with petrol engine
and higher efficiencyand higher efficiency.
velopment
Construction
velopment
ol engine – spontaneous
ol ignitionol ignition
points carburettor and spark
ble
weight ratio, henceg ,
nes
d refinement performanced refinement, performance
es with cleaner emissions
20. Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
S h i d T bSuper charging and Turbo
When air is compressedp
ratio of engine improved
Compressors combinedCompressors combined
Used from 1930s in raci
Compression with powe
turbine is turbochargingg g
Turbochargers improve
smoother engine runningsmoother engine running
velopment
Construction
velopment
h iocharging:
d at inlet, power to weight, p g
d
to engine shaftto engine shaft
ing cars
er from exhaust using
gg
torque characteristics and
gg
21. Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
T S k d UTwo Strokes and Unconve
Two stroke (2S) has one( )
revolution, theoretically
2S in unsupercharged al2S in unsupercharged al
during scavenging
I t k d t b i dIntake needs to be mixed
resulting in smoky exha
Applications restricted t
cars like three cylinder S
velopment
Construction
velopment
i l l ientional petrol engines:
e firing stroke perg p
y twice efficiency
lways has fuel-charge losslways has fuel-charge loss
d ith l b i ti ild with lubricating oil
aust
to motor-cycles and small
SAAB car.
22. Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
T k di l i illTwo stroke diesel is still
and railway engines
Wankel engine had a sem
reciprocating type of enp g yp
It had a problem with se
two-stroke emissionstwo stroke emissions
Gas turbines had good e
i ht ti b t t ffiweight ratio but not effic
velopment
Construction
velopment
l f d i l il preferred in large marine
mi-rotary than a
gineg
eals of rotor and inherent
efficiency and thrust to
i t i l dcient in low speeds.
23. Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
El i d H b idElectric and Hybrid propu
1899, Jenatzy's “La Jam, y
vehicle to cross 100kmp
Initial cars restricted toInitial cars restricted to
considerably increased i
I t i L d AImprovements in Lead-A
allowed increased range
i U b l tin Urban areas on electr
velopment
Construction
velopment
l iulsion:
mais Contente” was first
ph
short distances but hasshort distances but has
in recent times
A id b tt t h lAcid battery technology
e and even buses to operate
i t dric power to reduce smog.
24. Engine Dev
History
Engine Dev
Li i i i b lLimitations in battery le
present day
Ultracapacitors or fl
Smaller petrol enginp g
Regenerative brakin
*Not same as petrol elec*Not same as petrol-elec
pure electric operation f
velopment
Construction
velopment
d h b id hi l fed to hybrid vehicles of
lywheel used
ne is used
ng
ctric vehicle in past withctric vehicle in past with
for step-less operation
25. Transmissi
History
Develo
S f h d b kSome of the drawbacks
steam engines were
Non-availabilityof f
Noisy operationy p
Non -instant stop – r
Clutches have evolved fClutches have evolved f
dominantly with plate cl
G b l d fGear box evolved from
mesh with moving dog c
ion System
Construction
opment
f l iof petrol engines over
full power at the start
restart
from belts and settled prefrom belts and settled pre-
lutch.
hif ishifting gears to constant
clutches “crash” gear box.
26. Transmissi
History
Develo
F W L h d BF.W. Lanchester and Br
epicyclic gear box with
Epicyclic gears used in f
buses for ease of operatip
In 1940's, “preselector”
with fluid torque converwith fluid torque conver
Variable Transmission s
E li t ti h dEarlier automatics had p
ion System
Construction
opment
i i h D i l dritish Daimler created
bands and planetary rings
ford model T , used in
ion
gearbox was developed
rter becoming a Constantrter becoming a Constant
system (automatic)
ffi ipoor efficiency
29. Model T g
History
Model T g
http://commons.wikimedia.org
ars_and_Motor-Cycles,_1928
gear box
Construction
gear box
g/wiki/File:Model_T_Ford_epicyclic_gearbox_%28Montagu,_C
8%29.jpg
31. Transmissi
History
Develo
F di d h h d fFerdinand porsche had f
electric transmission sys
t d CVTtowards CVT
Semi-stepless was achiep
converters in 1940's
DAF variomatic type CVDAF variomatic type CV
DAF cars (1959-63)
ion System
Construction
opment
fi i 1908 ffirst patent in 1908 for a
stem (890299) first step
eved using fluid-torqueg q
VT were used in dutchVT were used in dutch
33. DAF var
History
DAF var
Double pulleysDouble pulleys
riomatic
Construction
riomatic
http://www.philseed.com/daf-600.html
34. Stee
History
Stee
E li b dEarlier cars borrowed ax
carriages with unstable p
t t t t bili tnot present to stabilize t
Ackerman's arrangemeng
individual axes allowed
speed during turn
Tiller was replaced with
major development cammajor development cam
Four wheel steering is n
to a few modelsto a few models
ering
Construction
ering
l i il hxles similar to horse
pivoting axles as horse is
th hi lthe vehicle
nt of pivoting wheels aboutp g
rotation at varied angles /
h steering and linkages and
me after power steering.me after power steering.
now available but restricted
37. Suspe
History
Suspe
Elli i i d dElliptic springs adopted
during braking and start
Springing developed by
pneumatic variable heigp g
Independent wheel susp
Si l il iSimple coil springs were
alone and then used in r
Active suspensions have
jacks controlled electron
ension
Construction
ension
f blfrom carts – problems
ting -need to be restricted
y torsion bars and further by
ght suspensionsg p
pensions developed
d f f t ie used for front suspension
ear also
e vehicle lifted by power
nically
38. Elliptic S
History
Elliptic S
Axle guidance interferes with stee
Springs
Construction
Springs
Mounting to reduce Squat
Mounting to function as
anti-roll bar
ering
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
40. Pneumatic S
History
Pneumatic S
Flat, non-driven air-suspended
Mercedes-B
Pict
Suspension
Construction
Suspension
semi-trailing-arm rear axle of the
Benz V class
ture taken from Reimpell et al., (2001)
41. Suspe
History
Suspe
I d d l iIndependently moving
Independent suspensiop p
Jaguar 3.4 was with
independent suspension
in '55
Pictures tak
ension
Construction
ension
h l i d d iwheels improved road-grip
ons became popular by 90s.p p y
ken from Smith (2002)
42. Suspe
History
Suspe
Wh l d TiWheels and Tires:
Wooden spoked wheel wp
unsuitable for higher spe
1895 Michelin brothers1895, Michelin brothers
peugeot cars for racing a
P ti ti h d bPneumatic tires had prob
Large tires were good fog g
roads improving size is
ension
Construction
ension
with metal outer was
eed
s fitted Dunlop tires ons fitted Dunlop tires on
and it started
bl f tblems of puncture
or poth-rudded roads, withp
reached to standard size.
43. Suspe
History
Suspe
S ll i i dSmaller tires improved r
dynamics
Wider tires had better ro
Tubeless tires were introTubeless tires were intro
Radial ply was introduc
“Low profile” tires – rat
diameter increased
ension
Construction
ension
id d iride and suspension
oad grip
oduced after WWIIoduced after WWII
ed
tio of outer to inner
44. Tubeles
History
Tubeles
I d d i 1947 b•Introduced in 1947 by
Goodridge
•An air-tight layer to inner
layer of carcass
•Soft inner layer of highly
viscous material to fill in
puncturespunctures
•Retain air-pressure longer
than others vehicles can bethan others vehicles can be
controlled longer
ss tires
Construction
ss tires
http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/tlt_const.htm
46. Radial
History
Radial
Si h i l•Since there is no cross ply,
lesser heat generated hence
more lifemore life
•4 to 6 “bracing plies” of
metal /rayon provides bettermetal /rayon provides better
contact grip and stability
against deformation in higherg g
speeds
•Stiffer in resisting lateralg
loading hence reduces
under/over steer.
l Tires
Construction
l Tires
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
47. Low prof
History
Low prof
Wid i f di•Wider tires for same diameter
•Improvement of radial tires
•Larger chamber allows
operation in lower pressure
hence smooth ride or increase
in comfort
•Increased traction as more
area in contact
Pictu
file Tires
Construction
file Tires
ures taken from 65 series off road tire manual of Goodyear
48. Bra
History
Bra
H iHorse carriages were es
Drum brakes with pair op
dominant
Until 1920s brakes onlyUntil 1920s brakes only
With drum brake proble
h t d di boverheat, emerged disc b
Disc brakes were used in
rear brakes as they requi
drum brakes
kes
Construction
kes
i ll d b hsentially stopped by horses
of internal shoes emerged asg
y in rear wheelsy in rear wheels
em of fading due to
b k i 1952brakes in 1952.
n front wheels and not in
ired mounting of parking
49. Bra
History
Bra
B k d bBrakes operated by mec
required skilled adjustm
1930s hydraulic power a
1960s Dual hydraulic c1960s, Dual hydraulic c
overcome leaks
H hi l i dHeavy vehicles required
Vacuum assist
Anti Lock Braking intro
British Jensen FF,1960 w
have it.
kes
Construction
kes
h i l d d blchanical rods and cables
ment or cars would “swing”
assisted brakes introduced
circuit introduced tocircuit introduced to
d td servo arrangement -
oduced from aircrafts.
was first passenger car to
50. Dual hydrau
History
Dual hydrau
D l li d•Dual master cylinder
•Both actuating different
circuits
•Failure of one is not affecting
another
•At least one circuit
operational
ulic braking
Construction
ulic braking
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
51. Vacuum Ass
History
Vacuum Ass
Bendix HydrovacBendix Hydrovac
sist braking
Construction
sist braking
Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)
53. Interior
History
Interior
M d f ilModern family cars not
performance cars of 193
Essential dynamic analy
quietenessq
Direct belt between en
by intermediate electry
Vibration isolation
Mathematical analysisMathematical analysis
Air conditioning, power
demisting addeddemisting added.
Design
Construction
Design
i hi hsuperior to high
30s.
ysis and design to improve
ngine and cooling fan replaced
rical
s of the designs of the design
r windows, windows
54. Safety
History
Safety
I i fInvention of motor cars
any other invention.
No. of civilian deaths
WWII greater than de
1930s “unitary” Chevro
construction was more r
another car.
No significant work tillNo significant work till
a selling point
Design
Construction
Design
d d d h hproduced more deaths than
per month in USA during
eaths due to war
let airflow body
resistant to impact with
1950s and 60s as it was not1950s and 60s as it was not
55. Safety
History
Safety
P h d iPre-war cars had steerin
the heart of drivers in ca
Collapsible steering intr
Seat belts appeared arouSeat belts appeared arou
occupants and slowly sp
Ai b l tAirbags came later
Vehicle is now designedg
front, rear and sides.
Design
Construction
Design
l likng columns like spears to
ase of frontal impact
roduced by 1960s
und 1950s for front seatund 1950s for front seat
pread to rear
d with energy absorbers ingy
56. ?? Too much
History
?? Too much
I i lInnovation not always a
Alec Issigonis’s revol
suspension was famou
elastic systems
Wankel engine
Important to choose winp
Disc brakes
Power SteeringPower Steering
Innovation ??
Construction
Innovation ??
k fi i la key to financial sucess
lutionary Mini with rubber bush
us but not with advanced hydro-
nners at right timeg
57. Further R
J li H i S ith (2002)
Further R
Julian-Happian Smith (2002),
Vehicle Design,Butterworth-H
N t K St d W d GNewton, K., Steeds, W. and G
Vehicle (10th edn). Butterwor
cover) and 0-408-01157-2 (so) (
Jörnsen Reimpell et al (2001)
(Second edition), Butterworth
Reading
A I t d ti t M d
Reading
, An Introduction to Modern
Heinmann (ISBN 0-7506-5044-3)
G tt T K (1983) Th M tGarrett, T.K. (1983), The Motor
rths (ISBN 0-408-01118-1 (hard
oft cover)).))
), The Automotive chassis
h Heinman (ISBN 0-7506-5054-0)
61. Side Valv
History
Side Valv
“Biefield” Diesel eng
http://shopswarf.orconh
Biefield Diesel eng
ve Engine
Construction
ve Engine
ine of 1930s
hosting.net.nz/svdiesel.html
ine of 1930s
65. Gear box Co
History
Gear box – Co
Pictures taken from Stee
onstant mesh
Construction
onstant mesh
eds and Garrett (1983)
66. Gearbox Sy
History
Gearbox - Sy
Pictures taken from S
ynchromesh
Construction
ynchromesh
S h hSynchromesh
have
“synchronizers”synchronizers
for smoother
gear shifting
Steeds and Garrett (1983)
