Understanding Glioma Brain Tumors

Glioma Brain Tumor
On April 14, 2012, my husband was diagnosed with a Glioma Brain Tumor. Even three and a half years after his diagnosis, I still don't really know
much about Gliomas, so I have decided to research this topic. Gliomas are primary brain tumors, which mean they start in the brain. They are a fairly
common type of brain tumor. These types of tumors originate in the glial cells. Glial cells in the brain surround and support neurons. Because
Gliomas often intermix with normal brain tissue, they are called intrinsic brain tumors. Gliomas show up in three different types of cells: astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells. Astrocytomas will be produced by an astrocyte, an oligodendroglioma will be produced by an
oligodendrocyte and epedymomas will be produced by an ependymal cell. If there is a mixture of these cells, then it is called a mixed ... Show more
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Type, size, grade of glioma, location of glioma, age, and overall health of a patient helps to determine a treatment. Surgery to remove the glioma is
commonly the first step in treatment. Sometimes, the tumor is small and surrounded by healthy tissue and can be surgically removed. Other times,
gliomas are not easily separated from healthy tissue and are located in or around areas that cannot be surgically removed. Radiation therapy sometimes
follows surgery. Chemotherapy is another treatment used for gliomas. Chemotherapy is often used with radiation therapy. Chemotherapy is a type of
medication used to kill tumor cells. Targeted drug therapy is also sometimes used as a treatment of gliomas. Some people also like to use alternative
medicine including, hypnosis, acupuncture, meditation and music therapy.
Information about prognosis for people with gliomas is very hard to find because there are so many factors to determine. Prognosis is dependent on
type of tumor, grade of tumor, size and shape of tumor, position in the brain, age at diagnosis, and type of
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What are Brain Tumors?
Brain Tumour Definition Simply defined, brain tumour is a growth of abnormal cells in your brain. There are different types of brain tumours – while
some brain tumours are noncancerous (benign), others are cancerous (malignant). Brain tumours that begin from the brain are called primary brain
tumours; and those that begin from other parts of the body and then spread to the brain are known as secondary or metastatic brain tumours. Symptoms
The symptoms of brain tumours vary, depending on size of tumour, location and rate of growth. However, general symptoms can include: Onset or
change of pattern of headaches More frequent and severe headaches Unexplained seizures, nausea or vomiting Vision issues such as blurred vision or
double vision Loss of sensation in arm or leg Difficulty in maintaining balance Difficulty in speech Behavioural changes Hearing problems Types of
brain tumours Primary brain tumours Primary brain tumours are those that originate in the brain or the tissues that surround it, for example, cranial
nerves, brain–covering membranes, pineal gland or pituitary gland. These tumours are a result of mutation that occurs in the DNA of normal cells.
Because of these mutations, the cells grow and divide at an increased rate. Gradually the healthy cells die while the abnormal cells continue to grow,
thrive and gradually form a tumour. Types of primary brain tumours Acoustic neuroma Astrocytoma Ependymoma Germ cell tumour Medulloblastoma

Pancreatic Tumors: A Case Study
There is another classification of pancreatic tumor help in decision making of management. This classification depends on the possibility of surgical
removal of the tumor: in this way, tumors are judged to be "resectable", "borderline resectable" or "unresectable" (American Cancer Society, 2014).
AJCC stages I and II defines the disease without spread to large blood vessels or distant organs such as the liver or lungs with possibility of surgical
resection of the tumor (Bond–Smith et al., 2012).
The AJCC staging system allows distinction between stage III tumors that are judged to be "borderline resectable" (where surgery is technically
feasible because the celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery are still free) and those that are "unresectable" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Badger et al., in 126 surgically resected pancreatic cancer patients, showed that lymphatic vascular and perineural invasion, together with the grading,
are important predictors of outcome and their presence is associated with a reduced survival (Badger et al ., 2010).
In particular, perineural invasion has a crucial role in the local recurrence of disease after surgery. Perineural space is known to be an important route
of pancreatic cancer invasion. Pancreatic cancer cells invade the neural plexus distributed in pancreatic parenchyma and spread through perineural
space to reach extra–pancreatic nerves, such as the celiac plexus or the supra–mesenteric artery plexus. Cancer cell invasion into the neural plexus often
results in non–curative resection and, therefore, retroperitoneal recurrence (Kenmotsu, 1990, Kameda et al., 1990).
(d) CA19–9, CEA: has also importance in the prognosis of cancer pancreas (Blumenthal et al., 2005). Studies showed that patients who present a
significant increase of CA19–9 at the time of diagnosis or onset of chemotherapy, have a reduced survival compared to those in which the marker is
normal (Maisey et al.,

Brain Tumors In The Brain
Brain tumor is a congregation or growth of abnormal cells in the brain. There are many different types of brain tumors exist. Some brain tumors are
benign and some are malignant (cancer). Brain tumors can start in the brain, or cancer can start in other parts of the body and spread to the brain. Most
benign brain tumors do not contain cancer cells. Usually benign tumors can be removed and less relapse. The boundary of benign is usually clear, and
the cells of benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissue or metastasize to other parts of the body. However, benign tumors can obstruct sensitive
areas of the brain and cause serious health problems. On the other hand, benign tumors in other parts of the body, benign brain tumors can sometimes
be life–threatening. It can become malignant, but very rare. Malignant brain tumors contain cancer cells. It's usually heavy and life threatening. They
grow very fast and invade the surrounding tissue. Very rarely, malignant cells in the braintumor separate and move to other parts of the brain, to the ...
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The stage of tumor is based on the image of the cell observed on the microscope. Late–stage tumors are more abnormal and grow faster than early
tumors. Until now, the exact cause of brain tumor is unknown. It is difficult to explain why some people have a brain tumor but not others.
However, the brain tumor is clearly a disease that does not spread from person to person. Studies have shown that there are several factors risk for the
formation of primary brain tumors such as men tend to have more brain tumors than women, yet meningioma is more common in women; or brain
tumors are more happen in whites than in other races. Not only that, the majority of brain tumors occur in people 70 years and older; however, brain
tumors are the second most common cancer in children after leukemia, especially in children less 8 years

Famous Tumor Markers
Tumor marker are substances that are produced by cancer to make a tumor found in your blood. They are produced in a much higher cancer level. It
could be found in blood, urine, tumor tissues or other tissues if the patient have cancer. Tumor markers are proteins. Most are associated with one
cancer.
There is a bone test. A bone test when they determine if your bones are damaged either fromcancer or some other cause. The scan will detect if you
have cancer in your bones. People don't usually have to prepare for a bone test. You can drink and eat regularly. But you have to tell your doctor what
medicine you're taking.
There is a breast cancer test. A breast cancer MRI can help you detect early breast cancer. The test usually detects the

Brain Tumors
Brain Tumors– Most common cancer in childhood and occur in 25% of all childhood cancers. Neoplasms can come from any cell, which means
tumors can form in all different areas of the brain. Tumors can be benign or malignant. Clinical manifestations of brain tumors are directed towards the
affected area. Most common symptom is a headache and vomiting. Neurological changes, behavioral changes, cranial nerve neuropathy and vital sign
disturbances may occur depending on the location of the brain tumor. Diagnosis is based on the symptoms the patient presents with. CT and MRI are
most commonly used. Tissue specimens are collected and tested. Results help with the diagnosis. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy and
radiotherapy. Not all have to

Benign Tumors
Benign cell is used to describe both medical conditions tumors an usually refers to a process that's not especially dangerous. For instance uterine fibroid
are common benign tumors. Benign is not cancerous, will not cause death. There are different types of benign tumors the most frequent tumor in
women is perimenopausal. The benign tumor can be deadly if it grows in an enclosed space such as the skull, or in regions of the body where their
presence can damage vital organs they can be dangerous.
Malignant tumors are cancerous cells that can spread to other regions of the body. Depending on what type of cancer cell it is some can be treated with
radiation, chemo therapy, they can grow in size and metastasize to other areas. We can do

Malignant Brain Tumors
Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumors. As already shown in the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States
(CBTRUS) report from 1998 – 2002, gliomas account for approximately 80 % of all malignant brain tumors and at least 30 % of all brain and CNS
neoplasms (Ostrom et al., 2014). A number of putative risk factors that have been associated with brain tumors have been discussed. However, there
is no clear cause for brain and CNS tumors. Less that 1 % are linked to lifestyle or environmental factors (Parkin, Boyd, & Walker, 2011). The only
exposure that has been shown to affect glioma risk is ionizing radiation and has been classified as a cause by the International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) (Cogliano... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
About 22,400 gliomas are diagnosed each year in the U.S. of which approximately 12,075 are glioblastomas. The incidence rate is 3,19 per 100,000
persons per year and rises with increasing age. The median age of diagnosis is 64 years and has been reported to be higher in men compared to women
(Ostrom et al., 2013).
Like others, glioblastomas can develop either de novo as primary GBM or through the progression of lower grade astrocytoma (secondary GBM)
(Peiffer & Kleihues, 1999). With about 90 %, primary GBM account for the vast majority. The two types are hardly distinguishable from a
histological point of view, but show differences concerning their genetic and epigenetic profiles. With regard to this, primary glioblastomas are
characterized by EGFR amplification and PTEN mutations whereas secondary GBM show genetic alterations in TP53 for instance (Ohgaki &
Kleihues, 2007, 2013). In addition, mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 are claimed to be frequent in secondary glioblastoma, thus used to
be a genetic marker for these (Ohgaki & Kleihues, 2013). Furthermore GBM can also be classified into four different subtypes on the basis of gene
expression. These include the classical, mesenchymal, neural and proneural

Essay on Salivary Gland Tumors
INTRODUCTION: Salivary gland tumors are a morphologically diverse group of neoplasms, which may present considerable diagnostic and
management challenges for the pathologist and surgeon. Salivary gland tumors are rare with an overall incidence in the western world of about 2.5
to 3.0 per 100,000 per year. About 80% of all lesions are benign; hence salivary malignancies are particularly rare, comprising less than 0.5% of all
malignancies and about 5% of cancers in the head and neck. (1) Most of the studies on salivary gland tumors are in reference to western population
and to the best of our knowledge this study is the first of its kind in Indian population. In this study, salivary gland neoplasms were retrospectively
studied... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immunohistochemical analysis for smooth muscle actin (SMA) was done and the intensity of staining and staining location were considered.
RESULTS: A total of 1855 biopsy specimens were accessioned at our biopsy services during the study period (2002– 2006). In this period, 37 cases
were salivary gland neoplasms accounting to 1.99% of all biopsy specimens accessioned. Of 37 cases, 11 were benign neoplasms (29.72%) and 26
were malignant (70.27%). The common tumors overall was Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and Muco–epidermoid carcinoma (MEC) (Table 1). Of 37
cases, 9 cases occurred in major salivary glands, with eight occurrences in the parotid region – 1 PA, 1 Adenolymphoma & 6 Acinic cell
adenocarcinoma (AcADCC) and one in submandibular region– 1 Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA). Of 37 cases, 28 cases occurred in
minor salivary glands, with palate being the most commonly affected site by both benign (63.63%) and malignant tumors (58%). Males represented
54% of the affected patients, and certain tumors showed a strong male predilection, like MEC (6/10), PLGA (2/2), Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC)
(5/8), Adenolymphoma (1/1); in contrast, some tumors such as PA (7/10), Acinic cell carcinoma (4/6) showed a female predilection. The mean age for
malignant tumors in females (40.6 years) was lower than

Cerebrum Tumors Research Paper
Cerebrum malignancy: Cancer of the focal data preparing focal point of the body. Tumors in the mind can be dangerous or considerate, and can happen
at any age. Just dangerous tumors are destructive. Essential mind tumors disease at first structures in the cerebrum tissue.
Numerous studies have been conducted on various potential ecological risk factors. Of the numerous components studied, only one (introduction to
ionizing radiation)has been unmistakably shown to expand the danger of creating cerebrum tumors. A few studies have demonstrated that a background
marked by hypersensitivities as a grown–up, a mother eating products of the soil while pregnant, eating foods grown from the ground as a kid, and
having chicken pox as a young child can possibly diminish the danger of creating cerebrum tumors.
It can be hard to precisely quantify natural introduction, which implies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Around 20 out of each 100 individuals (20%) get by for a long time or more after finding. What's more, around 15 out of each 100 individuals
(15%) get by for a long time or more after they are analyzed. More youthful individuals appear to improve. In individuals matured somewhere
around 15 and 39, around 60 out of 100 (60%) make due for a long time or more after determination. Ladies appear to show improvement over men
however we don't know why this is. There are UK measurements for a few sorts of cerebrum tumor in kids matured 1 to 14. Survival rates
dramatically increased between the 1960's and the mid 2000s. In general, 65 out of each 100 youngsters determined to have a brain tumor (65%) make
due for a long time or more after conclusion. Nearly 78,000 new cases of primary brain tumors are expected to be diagnosed this year. This figure
includes nearly 25,000 primary malignant and 53,000 non–malignant brain

Brain Tumors Research Paper
Brain tumors are an extreme problem that people all around the world experience everyday. Luckily there is treatments to improve and sometimes
completely cure brain tumors. To completely understand these treatments, its ideal to completely understand brain tumors first. Brian tumors are a
collection of abnormal cells in the brain. They can be either cancerous(malignant) or non cancerous(benign). Either way they still have to be treated
because brain tumors are painful. The pressure in the brain increases which causes brain damage or death. So its pretty important to treat them as soon
as possible. There are a bunch of symptoms that go along with brain tumors. Like headaches, seizures, sensory to touch and movement loss, deep
venomous thrombosis(DVT, blood clots), hearing and vision loss, fatigue, depression, behavioral and cognitive (thinking) changes, endocrine
dysfunction(hormone/gland changes). All of these can be prevented with the right treatment. To get treatment you need a diagnosis first. MRIs of the
head are used to detect brain tumors. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its basically where and imaging test uses powerful magnets and radio waves to take pictures of the brain and the surrounding brain tissues. An
angiography is a X–Ray that shows the movement of a dye through the artery and the blood vessels in the brain. It indicates where blockages are in
the brain. Brain scans are just like how they sound, the brain is scanned for abnormalities. Dye is generally used because the tumors soak up more dye
then brain tissue and can be seen clearer. A skull X–Ray is a X–Ray used to find wearing of bones of the skull (bony erosion) where the tumor wears
away the bone. Brain biopsy's are when a piece of the tumor or brain tissue is removed then studied under closer examination with a microscope.
These are all the possible tests that can be taken to help diagnose a brain

Biography Of Jeffrey Leonard Resected A Brain Tumor
On December 23, 2014, neurosurgeon Jeffrey Leonard resected a brain tumor in a ten year old girl that was previously thought to be inoperable.
Although it took two operations, due to modern technology and education Dr. Leonard was successful. The girl fully recovered from surgery and was
awake and responsive the next morning. Modern surgeons' knowledge of the human brain has evolved immensely through the ages. The first brain
surgeons did not have anywhere near the knowledge that we possess today, but it is because of them that the current treatment of neurological
problems is so advanced. Doctors can now perform advanced procedures such as the resection of tumors and clipping of aneurysms all while a patient
is numbed and unconscious when previously treatment was a painful shot in the dark. Neurosurgery has evolved not only through extensive research of
anatomy and a change in religious perspective, but came hand in hand with the development of anesthetics and the world's major advancements in
radiology and imaging.
Neurosurgery is set apart from every other field because it pertains to the most important part of the body: the brain. If a person's entire body works
perfectly with the exclusion of the brain, that person will still never be able to function normally. There is a wide variety of neurological defects that
can arise in any one of us including aneurysms, tumors, nerve damage, and strokes. (__) The sheer fragility of our minds demands highly skilled
surgeons to fix

Brain Tumors: A Case Study
In this world, there is no telling when a situation will come across a person that will change the way they live forever. Life can be drastically altered
in the blink of an eye with no sign or warning. My uncle can be used as a testament to this very fact. Rick Snyder, my uncle, was diagnosed with a brain
tumor a year after I was born. This 32–year–old father, son, and relative, received information that would change the way he lived for the remainder of
his life. At the time, I was so young and did not quite understand the facts of the situation. I was never educated on brain tumors and what they mean
for the health of a person. I turned to research to develop an understanding on how such a tragic thing could happen to a loved one. A main... Show
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This was not easy for his children, wife, and the rest of the family to experience but for his needs, we needed to be strong, caring, loving, and
supportive. Universally, treatment for brain tumors is a combination of different medications as well as radiation therapy (Kabitha et al. 1169).
With being so weak, his need for transportation to treatment increased as well. It was not easy for his wife because they also had 4 children. As a
result of this, different family members, including my mother, would help get him where he needed to be. It also needs to be remembered that my
uncle still had a life to live. From the article, "Supporting Adults With A Brain Tumor", written by Polly Newton, it states, "a clinical nurse
specialist will work with everyone involved to ensure a person living with a brain tumor has the best supportive care at home" (Newton 24). This
was what our family attempted to provide as much as possible. My uncle still needed love from the people around him. We attempted to care and
provide as much normalcy as humanly possible. This was also meant for his wife and children as well because it had impacted their lives in a negative

Spreading Tumor Cell (CTC)
History of CTC
It has been long accepted that the spread of cancer to multiple organs occurs as a result of cancers cells traveling from the primary site to the distant
sites where they colonize and form a secondary tumor. Logic dictates that the circulatory system holds the greatest potential to provide passage for
these cells to travel to distant sites. Once these cancer cells have gained access into the circulatory system, they are referred to as circulating tumor cell
(CTC).It has been a tough challenge to effectively capture these culprits in the act. Large in part due to the inability of the technology of the past, but
with the present day breakthroughs in the fabrication of both biological and synthetic products, a number of technologies ... Show more content on
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While it seems like this burgeoning field has only recently blossomed, its roots date back as far as 1869, with the first reported description of CTCs
by Thomas Ashworth (Ashworth, 1869). After a sparse trail of publications, early reports on methods for detecting CTCs via filtration (Salgado et al.,
1959) and sedimentation (Alexander and Spriggs, 1960) emerged nearly 100 years later. Perhaps the most commonly used technique for detection
today, immunomagnetic separation, was not reported until 1998 (Racila et al., 1998). In addition to introducing a new detection method, Racila et al.
also demonstrated that CTCs exist early in disease and correlate with disease progression e providing a new perspective on the potential role of CTCs
in modern cancer research and therapy. Today, researchers look to profiling components, including CTCs, in serial blood draws (liquid biopsy) to
transform the current landscape of cancer therapy by i) determining patient prognosis, ii) monitoring tumor recurrence and therapeutic responses in
real–time, iii) identifying new therapeutic targets, iv) elucidating drug resistance mechanisms, and v) improving our current understanding of tumor
progression and metastatic disease. Multiple studies have demonstrated that elevated CTC counts indicate a poor prognosis for metastatic breast,
prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer patients (Cristofanilli et al., 2005; Smerage et al., 2014; de Bono et al., 2008; Cohen et al., 2008; Miller et al.,
2010; Krebs et al.,

Cancerous Tumor Research Papers
TUMOR
A tumor, also known as a neoplasm, is an abnormal mass of tissue which may be solid or fluid–filled. A tumor does not mean cancer– tumors can be
benign (not cancerous), pre–malignant (pre–cancerous), or malignant (cancerous). There are many different types of tumors and a variety of names for
them – their names usually reflect their shape and the kind of tissue they appear in. A tumor is a kind of lump or swelling, it does not necessarily pose a
health threat. Tumor are not necessarily cancerous, Benign tumors cannot spread, fibroids are benign tumors that grow on fibrous or connective tissue,
lipomas consist of adipose tissue, a premalignant tumor is one that is not yet cancerous but is about to be, Cancerous tumors are referred to

Circulating Tumor Cells Case Study
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), represent tumor cells that contain a heterogeneous population of cells, including apoptotic tumor and viable tumor
cells that have cast off into the circulation or lymphatic vessels from a primary or metastatic tumor and are transported around the body by undergoing
phenotypic changes that are accompanied by a process called as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) [69–73]. Evidence now suggests that the
tumors has ability to make their own blood vessels when they reach the size of 1–2 mm3 by inducing angiogenesis or through vasculogenic mimicry,
the blood vessels composed of endothelial cells and tumor cells. However, vasculogenic mimicry forms blood vessels without endothelial cells. In fact,
they are a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it is not necessarily always associated with metastasis, as only 0.01% of CTCs takes part in metastasis [97, 99, 100]. Moreover, highly
sensitive, single cell investigation showed marked heterogeneity of individual CTCs for protein expression and localization, and the CTCs reflected
the character of both the primary biopsy and the transformations seen in the metastatic sites [101, 102], which corresponds with the evidence of "seed
and soil" hypothesis [103–105].
Amassing proof has demonstrated that CTCs can be utilized as a biomarker to non–invasively supervise cancer progression and provide direction to
monitor the treatment [106–108]. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) approved CTCs as a tumor marker for breast cancer in 2007
[109, 110].
Nevertheless, CTCs detection, identification, enumeration and molecular characterization are very challenging. Since, CTCs are uncommon in
peripheral blood of patients (that is, 1–100 CTCs among billions of normal cells) with a half–life between 1 to 2.4 hours and due to its fragile nature it
tends to degrade when collected in standard blood collecting tubes [111–116].
CTCs being a heterogeneous population of cells, CTCs can be positively or negatively enriched on the basis of: 1. Physical characteristics and 2.
Immunologic or biological characteristics. Physical features include; cell diameter >15 Ојm, nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio >0.8,

Brain Tumors Research Paper
Brain tumors: 6 things you should know
An abnormal growth of tissue in the brain or central spine disrupts the proper functioning of the brain, is called a brain tumor.
Generally the cells in our body grow, age, die and are replaced by new cells. This cycle is disrupted by the formation of tumors andcancer. In case of a
tumor, more cells are added to the mass since the tumor continues to grow but old and damaged cells do not die.
Types of brain tumors
While some brain tumors are benign, others can be cancerous. Brain tumors that emerge from various cells that make up the brain and central nervous
system are the primary brain tumors. Gliomas and astrocytic are the most common type of adult brain tumors and these tumors build from astrocytes ...
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Women taking oral contraceptives might also have a higher risk of meningioma but more research is required to confirm this. vi. Radio frequency
energy emitted by mobile phones are absorbed by tissues and can triggers the risk of brain cancer.
Symptoms
The symptoms of brain tumors depend on their type, location and size. Headaches, numbness extremities in the arms or legs, memory problems,
seizures, muscle jerking, mood and personality swings, balance and walking difficulty, nausea and vomiting tendency, facial paralysis, changes in
speech, hearing or vision are some of the symptoms of brain tumors.
People who gets brain tumors
People from any age group can be diagnosed with brain tumors. However, generally adults who are more than 40 years are more likely to be diagnosed
with brain

Career Path For Certified Tumor Registrars
With a great passion for healthcare and helping others, I started my healthcare career by enrolling in the Paramedic Certification Program through
Johnston Community College after I graduated high school. After six years of working as a Paramedic with the Johnston County Emergency Medical
Response System, I decided to go back to school to further my education in healthcare and work toward obtaining a Master's Degree as a healthcare
professional. I now occupy a position in Patient Services Administration with Johnston UNC Healthcare as the Cancer Accreditation Analyst where I
oversee all aspects of the cancer accreditation processes and procedures and work closely with all oncology staff and physicians to insure compliance
with the Commission on Cancer (CoC) Standards. With healthcare being so broad, even within the Oncology setting, I have researched the Cancer
Registrar profession to get a better understanding of what a cancer registrar does. I work closely with Johnston Health's cancer registrar but I still do
not know what all is involved in her chosen career path. Certified Tumor Registrars (CTR's) are data information specialists that apprehend a complete
history, diagnosis, treatment, and health status for every diagnosed cancer patient in the United States, as well as some other countries. These
professionals work closely with all oncology–related staff and hospitals to compile the data needed to provide indispensable information to researchers,
healthcare

3d Hydrogel Scaffold For Characterization Of Ovarian...
3D Hydrogel Scaffold for Characterization of Ovarian Cancer Tumor Cell Growth
Courtney Dreyer | A09795311
Jenny Pan | A97020570
Julia Wong | A09901322
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is of significant concern to women because it is both hard to diagnose and aggressive. As of current, there is a lack of viable in vitro
models that accurately model ovarian cancer tumor metastasis and growth. The purpose of this research is to develop a viable 3D hydrogel that
enables the ovarian cancer cell environment to be effectively modeled in vitro. The goal is to develop a 3D hydrogel scaffold that properly models
the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of the in vivo environment. These properties include but are not limited to: vascularization, cell
migration, cytokine signaling, metastasis, and chemosensitivity of cancer cells. By adequately modeling ovarian cancer metastasis in vitro, the
proposed scaffold will allow for more precise screening of drug efficacy prior to usage in in vivo studies. To quantify whether or not the model is
accurate, mechanical, cytokine signaling, and drug efficacy tests will be carried out and evaluated to determine if the proposed 3D hydrogel scaffold
is suitable as a viable in vitro representation of ovarian cancer cell environment. Thus, in the long–term, this 3D hydrogel scaffold can be used in
personalized medicine and can determine the drug efficacy on a patient's own cancer cells as a precursor to chemotherapy treatment.
Objectives and Aims

Personal Narrative: My Brain Tumor
Recently I discovered that I have brain tumor. My surgery is scheduled in two weeks, unfortunately this requires an incision in my frontal lobe.
This will cause loss of intelligence, personality, and behavior. I have Fourteen days left with a fully functioning brain, wanting to spend this time
doing what I love made me decide what to do. In this two week period I will focus on family, friends, and some of my favorite activities. The first
five days are going to be spent with my family at Smith Mountain Lake. Following the time at the lake I will rent a beach house and pack it full of my
longtime friends. Lastly in the final days leading up to my surgery I will be in the mountains doing what I personally enjoy most. Overall I will be
relaxing, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I plan on setting out on a four day fishing, backpacking trip combination, If possible I would like to go with my dad and my brothers like in years
past. Our morning's would be spent trout fishing along the Elk River as the day progressed we would hike to the next fishing hole. Fresh trout
cooked over an open fire is my favorite meal, and will be dinner while camping. As the day until surgery grows near it will be hard not to become
overwhelmed with anxiety. For this reason I decided to be isolated in the woods it gives me a chance to be at peace, think, and admire the natural
beauty that we're separated from in everyday

Types Of Tumor Affects The Brain
Abstract:
Brain is one of the vital organ in human body, it has an extensive capillary network which is highly vascularized. The brain capillary endothelial cells
(BCECs), astrocytes, pericytes and neuron forms the blood brain barrier (BBB) [1]. There are several types of tumor affects the brain, one such type
of tumor is Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is the most frequent and aggressive form of primary tumor found in central nervous system, the
world health organization (WHO) defined GBM as grade IV astrocytoma [2]. Therefore, this urge us to propose a novel technique to treat GBM.
Carrier– Graphene oxide xxxxxxxxxxx, silica nanocapsules, xxxxxxxxxxx, drugs– Doxorubicin XXXXXXXXXXXXXX, tetrandrine
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, targeting ligands – chlorotoxin, xxxxxxxx transferrin xxxxxxxxxxxx (Zeng please fill this)
And then test for characterization, invitro and invivo for synthesized nanocomplex.
Aim:
The overall aim of this proposal is to synthesis a biocompatible nanocomplex which as an ability to pass through the BBB and specifically to treat
GBM by sustained drug release. Then, to study the synergistic reinforced effect of two drugs and their resistance against fast clearance. Herein, we
hypothesis, that our synthesized nanocomplex will have increased bioavailability of drugs, increased specificity for BBB and GBM, reduced drug side
effects and finally, has targeted and sustained drug release.
As illustrated in figure 1 the synthesized nanocomplex

Tumors And Tumors
Tumors and tumor–like lesions usually been discussed in a large category, because their appearances sometimes are similar and make differential
diagnosis extremely difficult. But tumors are non–neoplastic lesions, while tumor–like lesions are not, therefore, treatment and prognosis of these two
groups of disorders are usually different. The incidences of tumors and tumor–like lesions have big differences in literature, this may due to the
classification of benign, malignant and non–neoplastic conditions usually overlap (Casadei et al., 2013; Pluot, 2009). In addition, some cases are
asymptomatic may give the possibility of ignorance, delayed or incorrect diagnose of these conditions (Casadei et al., 2013) also make the real
incidence of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Imaging appearance of patellar GCTs is usually similar to the lesions occur in other sites(Singh et al., 2009), and they are characterized in radiographs
and CT as eccentric soap bubble–like lytic bone lesions, without sclerotic margins or mineralization, transition zone to normal bone is narrow(Pluot,
2009). Pathologic fracture and septations are frequently reported, and the septations are usually thin and may extend throughout the tumor(Singh et al.,
2009). MRI provides more details of the extraosseous extension cortical penetration and associated soft–tissue mass than X–ray and CT (Singh et al.,
2009). GCTs is typically demonstrated as low to intermediate intensity on T1–weighted images and intermediate to high signal intensity on
T2–weighted MRI(Pluot, 2009). Fluid to fluid level indicates blood–filled cavities of secondary ABC formation, and areas of low signal intensity
suggest haemosiderin depositions(Pluot, 2009). Completely resection the tumor and patellectomy are the main treatment of GCT in the patella.
Postoperative follow–up is necessary to detect local recurrence and remote metastasize (Malhotra, Sharma, Kumar, & Nataraj, 2010). Chondroblastoma
Chondroblastoma is a cartilage neoplasm that typically occurs in the second or third decade of life(Mirra, Gold, & Picci, 1989; P.MOSER, 1988).
Chondroblastoma representing 16% of all tumors involvement of this site and is the second common tumor of

Brain Tumor Essay
This year it is estimated that roughly 24,000 adults in the United States alone will be diagnosed with primary cancerous tumors of the brain or spinal
cord (Brain Tumor: Statistics) . Brain related cancers are the 2nd leading cause of death for men up to age 39 and women up to age 20 (Brain Tumor
Primer) . There are two types of tumors, benign and malignant. Each tumor has a different possible treatment method. Malignant tumors may require
surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, while benign tumors may only require surgery. There are also various clinical trials for malignant
tumors, one of which involves combining the chemotherapy medication temozolomide with radiation therapy to treat the tumor, or at the very least
slow the growth... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Chemoirradiation for Glioblastoma Multiforme: The National Cancer Institute Experience." PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, journals.plos.org
/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0070745. Accessed 14 Mar. 2017.
Holland, Eric C. "Glioblastoma multiforme: The terminator." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of theUnited States of America,
National Academy of Sciences, 6 June 2000, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33993/. Accessed 14 Mar. 2017.
Stupp, Roger, Warren P. Mason, Martin J. Van Den Bent, Michael Weller "Radiotherapy plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide for
Glioblastoma." New England Journal of Medicine352.10 (2005): 987–96. Web.
National Cancer Institute. What You Need To Know About: Brain Tumors. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. 14 Mar. 2017..
National brain Tumor Society. "Understanding Brain Tumors." Frankly Speaking About Cancer: Brain Tumors. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. 14 Mar.
2017.
American Brain Tumor Association. Glioblastoma and Malignant Astrocytoma. N.p.: American Brain Tumor Association, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2017. .
American Brain Tumor Association. Brain Tumor Primer: A Comprehensive Introduction to Brain Tumors. 9th ed. N.p.: n.p., n.d.

Radiotherapy: The Cause Of Brain Tumors
"I beg you, ... Don't search for the answers, which could not be given to you now, because you would not be able to live them. And the point is to live
everything. Live the questions now. Perhaps then, someday far in the future, you will gradually, without even noticing it, live your way into the
answer." Wrote by Rainer Maria Rilke, a Bohemian–Austrian poet and novelist. Widely known by most people, brain tumors affect lives everyday. The
average person does not know the types of tumors, factors contributing to the location of the tumor, and the symptoms a person may have when they
have a tumor.
Primary and secondary brain tumors make up the two basic groups of tumors (1 "Brain"). Primary brain tumors originate in the central nervous system,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United Kingdom has 9,400 cases of primary brain tumors. Four hundred of those cases consist of children under the age of 15, and 300 cases
consist of teens and young adults between the ages of 15 and 24. (2 "Brain" 4) In 2001, doctors diagnosed 35,519 people with a primary malignant or
benign brain tumor (Wrensch 278). Brain tumors are the second most common killer in children under 15 and forth most common in teens and young
adults between 15 and 24 (2 "Brain" 3). Children with brain tumors account for seven percent of the patients with these kinds of tumors. Thirty percent
of brain tumors are glioma. Malignant brain tumors kill 13,000 Americans per year. (Bradley

Pineal Gland Cell Tumors
tumors are treated but if surgery is not a viable treatment radiation can also be used.Schwannomas are most commonly non–cancerous and begin in the
hearing nerve. The hearing nerve can also be called the acoustic nerve, 8th cranial nerve, or the vestibulocochlear nerve. For the most part, this type of
tumor is found in between the cerebellum and the pons at an angle. This type of tumor exhibits slow growth as these tumors slowly grow they move
nerve fibers which can cause complications. Furthermore, they can form in any nerve that is peripheral as long as Schwann cells are present. If the
Schwannomas form in the spinal canal they can form in a dumbbell shape which can then move in or out of the spinal canal using the nerve root. The
main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, Pineal Region tumors don't have to involve the pineal gland The different types of tumors that truly come from pineal gland cells are
mixed pineal tumors, pineoblastoma, and pineocytoma. The types of tumors that can occur in the pineal region but don't necessarily have pineal gland
cells are germinoma, non– germinoma, dermoid cysts, meningiomas, astrocytomas, and gangliogliomas. The pineal gland cells come from the pineal
gland which is located at the back of the third ventricle. A ventricle in the brain is a cavity filled with fluid. The pineal gland tumors are all different
like the Pineocytoma is only a grade II tumor that slowly grows while the Pineoblastoma can be a grade IV aggressive tumor or a grade III
intermediate. There is also the mixed pineal tumors that have unique combinations of different cell types. Symptoms associated with this type of tumor
are mainly due to the cerebrospinal fluid flow being blocked as well as eye movement being compromised. The main symptoms are vomiting, double
vision, and headaches. Pineal Region tumors are thought to have a connection to chromosomal abnormalities and the main treatment is radiation
therapy and possibly surgery. Additionlly, to help with the diagnosis of this type of tumor many patient will have to have MRI and CT scans to see the
size are

Tumor Heterogeneity
Genetic and phenotypic variation is observed between tumors of different tissue and cell types which mainly due to tumor heterogeneity. Heterogeneity
is therefore as an important feature of malignant tumor in diverse genetic backgrounds, pathological patterns, differentiation stages, genetic mutation
spectrum, transcriptomics and proteomics gene expression profile, et al. It indicates the high complexity and diversity in cancer progression. Tumor
heterogeneity and drug resistance are great challenges for precision oncology and are taken account for the process of research and development of new
diagnostic methods and further antitumor agents. Tumor heterogeneity is an important prognostic factor which could be manifested with medical
imaging.

Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are devastating depending on their malignancy and also their propensity to cause neurological deficits which may cause permanent
disability. Malignant brain tumors can occur at all ages [1–2] and are associated with poor prognosis. Surgery forms the mainstay of treatment for brain
tumors [2–5]. It is well known that significant tumor decompression is associated with a relatively favourable prognosis [6–10]. An important challenge
in brain tumor surgery is the accurate recognition of the tumor existence and positioning [11]. The tumor positioning has an unique importance in brain
tumor surgery. Tumors in the brain are surrounded by normal brain tissue. The lesions which are sited within the substance of the brain are called
intra–axial tumors. Those in close proximity of the brain, but displace brain tissue are called extra–axial tumors. Even extra–axial tumors may invade
brain tissue. In both cases, the functioning brain tissue surrounds the tumor.
Various preoperative and intraoperative techniques have been utilized in neurosurgery for detection and marking of the brain tumor position. The
tumor boundary is defined by the operating surgeon in the context of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In recent years the FBG sensors have been in great use for diverse applications in the bio–medical, biosensing and biomechanical fields [20–22] owing
to its numerous advantages such as small size, chemical inertness, high sensitivity, ultra–fast response, electrically passive operation, insensitivity to
radio frequency and immunity to electromagnetic interference. The developed Fiber Bragg Grating Thermal Sensor (FBGTS) is an explicit
temperature sensitive device. The basic idea behind the study is to perform thermography on the surface of the brain soft tissue containing a tumor
beneath it using

Inoperable Brain Tumors Research Paper
Is There Treatment for Inoperable Brain Tumors? A person has a 0.55
–0.7% chance of developing any type of brain tumor in their lifetime
(Mohammadi and Schroeder 1). A brain tumor is a mass of abnormal cells located somewhere in the brain. Brain tumors can be caused by many
different disorders including Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). Some tumors caused by this disorder are inoperable. Inoperablebrain tumors can
now be treated using new advanced technology. Technological advances provide new hope for patients who have inoperable brain tumors and
TSC. TSC is a rare genetic disorder that is the source of benign (noncancerous) tumors located in the brain, heart, kidneys, and other organs (Mayo
Clinic Staff). In most cases TSC is diagnosed early in infancy, but in other cases it is not diagnosed for several years. In certain cases, patients have
such mild signs that the disorder will go undiagnosed. One in six thousand people have been diagnosed with TSC. Although this is a rare disease,
awareness is building and multiple TSC clinics have been built across the country to assists those with the disorder. TSC is caused by a genetic
mutation in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. The mutations in these genes cause several lesions in the body to appear. This is caused by the excessive... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A SEGA is a non cancerous tumor that occurs in the brain (TS Alliance). Treatment of this type of tumor is difficult, but possible. Barnes Jewish
Hospital located in St. Louis Missouri offers treatment for patients with otherwise inoperable brain tumors. The treatment is provided by new
technology that include the ablation of the tumor. Dr. Eric Leuthardt performs this surgery with a system known as the NeuroBlate. This system has
been FDA approved for neurosurgery (Barnes Jewish Hospital). By taking a part in a clinical trial using the NeuroBlate technology, many patients are
given a normal life

Compare And Contrast Benign And Malignant Tumors
Tumors are one of the most feared diseases of our time. Many people upon hearing the word "tumor" immediately resonate to the conclusion of it being
cancer, which is not necessarily true. Tumors fall into to two main types, benign and malignant. Although they are considerably different in tissue
invasion, their nature that makes them distinct and symptoms, they are also quite similar in the way they recur in the same location, growth size and
their health risks.
The first difference in malignant and benign tumors is how they invade cell tissue. Malignant tumors in general, have a tendency to penetrate tissues,
whereas benign tumors don't though they can add pressure to organs resulting in organ damage1. A simplified... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The first similarity is that just like malignant tumors, benign tumors can also be quite large. A common mistake patients often make is confuse benign
tumors with malignant tumors because of the size. Although malignant tumors are usually larger than benign tumors, that alone does not make the
difference. In fact, a benign tumors weighing over a hundred pounds have been removed. An example of a large benign tumor is a 32–year–old man
from Vietnam who survived a 12–hour operation in which a massive 198–pound benign tumor from his right leg was removed at France–Vietnam
Hospital (FV) on January 5, 2012.2 The second similarity is that both malignant and benign tumors recur locally, to be more specific, the location where
the recurrence of the tumor most likely happens. To elaborate further, both benign and malignant tumors have the ability to reappear near or in the
same area where the previous tumor was located. For instance, recurrent breast tumors are tumors that have come back in the same breast or chest wall
after the treatment for a period of time when the tumor couldn't be detected.3 The third and final similarity is the danger both malignant and benign
tumors pose to the health of the patient. Similar

Protein Based Ligands For Tumor Targeting
In addition to peptides, protein–based ligands such as Affibody proteins have been utilized for tumor targeting. Anti–epidermal growth factor receptor
(EGFR) Affibody protein (e.g., Ac–Cys–ZEGFR:1907, amino acid sequence:
Ac–CVDNKFNKEMWAAWEEIRNLPNLNGWQMTAFIASLVDDPSQSANLLAEAKKLNDAQAPK
–NH2) is used to target EGFR that is
overexpressed in a wide variety of human tumors. Cheng and co–workers used anti–EGFR Affibody protein as tumor–targeting ligand on 64Cu–Au–IO
nanoparticles (PET component: 64Cu, MRI component: iron oxide, specific for EGFR) surface.[63] In their work, A431 tumor cells were
subcutaneously implanted in the right shoulders of nude mice; and 64Cu–NOTA–Au–IONP–Affibody nanoparticles were administered via tail vain
injection. Rather low resolution PET image showed that these nanoparticles were taken by EGFR positive A431 (human epithelial carcinoma cell
line) cells reaching 4.6% ID/g at 24 h after injection, significantly higher than that obtained from the blocking experiment (1.9% ID/g) indicating the
specificity of the probe. This difference in % ID/g values corroborated with 44% drop in MRI signal intensity that was observed for the tumor. In this
study, the use of an Affibody protein as ligand for EGFR–expressing tumor in small animals was demonstrated to be successful; however, the benefit of
multimodality was not demonstrated. The unique chemistry of this dumbbell–shaped Au–IO nanoprobe could pave the way for targeted drug delivery
into EGFR–expressing tumors

Circulating Tumor Cells ( Ctcs )
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), represent tumor cells that contain a heterogeneous populace of cells, including apoptotic tumor and viable tumor cells
that have shed into the vasculature or lymphatics from a primary or metastatic tumor and are carried around the body in the circulation by undergoing
phenotypic changes that are accompanied by a process called as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) 64–68. Evidence now suggests that the
tumors has ability to make their own blood vessels when they reach the size of 1–2 mm3 by inducing angiogenesis or through vasculogenic mimicry,
the blood vessels composed of endothelial cells and tumor cells, however, vasculogenic mimicry form blood vessels without ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, it is not necessarily always associated with metastasis, as only 0.01% of CTCs takes part in metastasis92, 94, 95. Moreover, highly
sensitive, single cell investigation showed marked heterogeneity of individual CTCs for protein expression and localization, and the CTCs reflected the
character of both the primary biopsy and the transformations seen in the metastatic sites96, 97, which corresponds with the evidence of "seed and soil"
hypothesis98–100.
Amassing proof has demonstrated that CTCs can be utilized as a biomarker to non–invasively supervise cancer progression and provide direction to
monitor the treatment101–103. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) approved CTCs as a tumor marker for breast cancer in 2007104,
105.
Nevertheless, CTCs detection, identification, enumeration and molecular characterization are very challenging, since CTCs are uncommon in
peripheral blood of patients (that is, 1–100 CTCs among billions of normal cells) with a half–life between 1 to 2.4 hours and due to its fragile nature it
tends to degrade when collected in standard blood collecting tubes106–109, 110, 111.
CTCs being heterogeneous population of cells, CTCs can be positively or negatively enriched on the basis of: 1. Physical characteristics (that is, cell
diameter >15 Ојm, nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio >0.8, electric charges, deformability, the hyperchromatic nuclei, sunken

Detection Of Brain Tumor Detection Essay
Abstract–A tumor is the growth in the abnormal tissue of the brain which causes damage to the other cells necessary for functioning. Detection of
brain tumor is a difficult task, as there are various techniques involved in it. The active imaging resource used for brain tumor detection is Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI). It is necessary to use technique which can give the accurate location and size of the tumor. There are various algorithms
proposed for brain tumor detection, this paper presents a survey on the various brain tumor detection algorithms. It gives the existing techniques and
what are the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques.
Keywords–Brain tumor, MR Imaging (MRI),segmentation,K–means
I.INTRODUCTION A tumor is a mass of cell that is formed by accumulation of abnormal cells. The complex brain tumors can be categorized on the
basis of their origin, growth pattern and malignancy. It can be detected as benign or malignant, benign being the non–cancerous and malignant the
cancerous.
The diagnosis of brain tumor is difficult because of the diversity in shape, size and location in the brain. Medical imaging helps in the detection of
tumor, there are various techniques like MRI, CT scan, Ultrasound and X–ray. We are taking Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) into consideration.
MRI gives high quality images of the body parts and is often used while treating tumors. To detect the tumor area in the human brain, separation of cells
from the nuclei is

Mind Tumor Detection Paper
K.Bhime et al. [KBH16] proposed demonstrates the advanced accuracy for mind tumor detection in as compared to the presented methodologies. also
the principal identified bottleneck of the latest studies effects are restrained to detection of brain tumor and the overall analyses of internal structure
of the brain is often neglected being one of the maximum crucial issue for sickness detection. Has proposed also explores the possibilities of
identifying the brain regions with potential problems. Pavel Dvorak et al. [PAV13] presents the algorithm expects a 2D T2
–weighted magnetic
resonance image of brain containing a tumor. The detection is based on locating the area that breaks the left–right symmetry of the brain. The created
algorithm was tested on 73 images... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[MEE12] emphasised that MRI are useful for studying mind images due to its highaccuracy rate. Detection of the mind tumor has become a
challenging task. Most of the existing techniques use machine learning techniques to detect brain tumor, but still they suffered due to wrong diagnosis.
The proposed technique combines the clustering and classification algorithm to minimize the error rate. Segmentation task is performed using
orthonormal operators and classification using BPN. Images having tumors are processed using K–means clustering and significant accuracy rate of
75% is obtained Padole et al. [PAD12] proposed an efficient technique for brain tumor detection. One of the maximum essential steps in tumor detection
is segmentation. Combination of general algorithms, suggest shift and normalized cut is executed to hit upon the brain tumor surface area in MRI.
Pre–processing step is first done by way of the use of the imply shift set of rules as a way to shape segmented regions. Inside the next step location
nodes clustering are processed by way of n–cut approach. Inside the final step, the mind tumor is detected through element

Brain Cancer : The Formation Of A Tumor Or Intracranial...
Asa Frankowski
BR200 Section 01
Brain Cancer Treatment
Abstract:
Brain cancer is the formation of a tumor or intracranial neoplasm abnormalities in the brain. The two main types of tumors are malignant or cancerous
tumors and benign tumors. The spreading of cancer to other parts of the body is called metastasis. Detection of brain cancer is typically done using
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and confirmed by biopsy. The class of the tumor falls into different categories and treatment is determined by the
severity of the tumor. Although the cause of brain cancer is still mostly a mystery there are several risk factors that increase your chance of developing
brain cancer: a hereditary condition known as neurofibromatosis, chemical exposure, Epstein–Barr virus and ionizing radiation. Although not proven it
is believed that talking on the phone may increase the chances of brain cancer. Brain tumors are treated based on their size, location, type and severity
of the tumor. Typically the tumor is removed in surgery and then the patient goes through radiation treatment. Early detection of a tumor greatly
increases the odds that a patient will recover. The radiation kills cancerous cells at the same time it kills healthy cells. Because the healthy cells are
also dying the effects off therapy are dangerous. The patients experience many side effects. A new treatment is being tested where nanoparticles are
filled with genes for an enzyme that turns a compound into a potent killer

How To Classify Tumors
When it comes to systematic classification of tumors, there is more than one adopted scheme. Some classification schemes are based on the site of
origin of the tumor i.e. the cell or tissue from which a tumor arises, some on their microscopic appearance while others on the genetic defects found in
their cells. However, none of these adopted schemes are followed with rigid logic or consistency and there are present a number of exceptions to them.
These classification schemes help categorize tumors keeping in mind their characteristic clinical behaviour, such as prognosis, and their response to
therapy.
The classification scheme based on site and tissue type aids in this way that it identifies tumor and determines the course of treatment to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A prefix indicates the predominant cell type in the tumor which is usually followed by the site of origin. For instance, adenocarcinoma of the lung
designates a malignant epithilial tumor arising from the lung. Here, the site of origin not only plays a crucial role in the classification but also
determines the manner in which a tumor will grow, how fast it will give rise to clinical symptoms and how early it may be diagnosed. In case of
malignant tumors of the blood–forming tissue, the suffix–emia (which is Greek for blood) is used. Therefore, a cancerous proliferation of the white
blood cells is referred to as leukemia. The suffix–oma, which more properly designates the benign tumors, is also used to denote malignant tumors in
some cases such as that of lymphoma in which the cancerous tumors arise in the lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph glands, thymus) and seminoma in
which the malignant tumor arises from the germ cells of the testis. Polypoid cancer refers to a malignant tumor which gives rise to a mass that projects
into the lumen. In some cases, a tumor may even be named after the physician who first described it. The naming of the malignant lymphoma as
Hodgkin disease after the English physician Thomas Hodgkin, Burkitt lymphoma after the British surgeon Denis Parsons Burkitt, Ewing sarcoma of
bone after James Ewing are some such

Primary Brain Tumors Essay
According to PubMedШЊ brain tumors are expressed by a collection of neoplasms which are arising from different cells, both from within the brain
parenchyma and from systemic tumors that have metastasized and spread to the brain. Throughout history, malignant brain tumors constitute such a
small percentage of overall cancer incidence; therefore, little training has been provided for these tumors. Most these tumors are responsible for the
majority of deaths from primary brain cancers. To date, "primary brain tumors, whether malignant or nonmalignant, have devastating consequences"(1).
Primary brain tumors (Gliomas) are thought to derive from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells. Gliomas originate from neuroglial stem or progenitor
cells. An ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"when it was reported that hordes of children died from cancer In 1979, resided more often in homes thought of being exposed to higher EMF than
what healthy control children did"(4); cancer was associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) for a long time. The risks were recorded
as high as 2.2 for all cancers, 2.4 for brain cancer and 3.0 for leukemia. The third source of radiation is using cellular telephones and radio–frequency
(RF) have denoted as a large effect of this type of radiation. "Early studies have shown that there is a relationship between using cellular telephones and
the growth of brain tumors. Moreover, unfortunately even under laboratory conditions direct exposures to high energy of RF is difficult to
quantify"(5). Doctors use the words nonmalignant or malignant, when they describe tumors. In case, anyone should have been done with medical
examinations periodically and even if a patient have been detected with nonmalignant tumors, he or she most knows that benign tumors may produce a
substantial morbidity and can be occasionally fatal rabidly. Currently, "there is recent findings conclude that patients with brain cancer could present
for care with a diversity of indications and

The Effects of a Tumor on the Family Members Essay
The Effects of a Tumor on the Family Members
A tumor that is specifically in the frontal cortex can cause many changes physically and emotionally which can affect the way you interact with your
family. Some of the functions of the frontal lobe are attention, abstract thought, problem solving, intelligence, creative thought, initiative inhibition,
judgment, mood, major body movements, bowel and bladder control, memory and reasoning (retrieved from www.ect.org. What this means is that you
will not only experience these symptoms internally but externally as well. Family members may start to see the decline in your health and become
concerned.
When diagnosed with a brain tumor it is important to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Denial involves the rejection of even the possibility that this could be happening. Anger involves feeling upset at the world, the patient, the Doctor etc.
Acceptance is the emotion that includes excepting the situation and remaining hopeful towards the future. If some family members are having an
especially hard time coping with the news, it might be wise to seek family therapy.
Someone in the family might volunteer to help during the difficult time. The effects of care giving can be rewarding and stressful. It is important to
remember that one person cannot handle everything. Other family members and friends can assist with even the smallest situations. Attempting to
take on all the responsibilities can lead to burnout or even anger towards the person with the illness. As the caregiver, venting can be a form of
distressing yourself. Discussing ones feelings is imperative, you do not even have to speak to a professional, you can just speak to good friend
(retrieved from www.abta.org ). It might be helpful to let them know that they do not have to make everything better but they just have to listen.
Discussing the Tumor with Children
Many people might believe that hiding the illness from children is the best approach to take. However, children will notice the differences even if they
are very young. Talking to a

Cancerous Brain Tumors
Tumors are an area of swelling in a part of the both that does not always create inflammation. These tumors are usually created by an irregular growth of
the tissue. There are two individual kinds of tumors, one called malignant, which is cancerous and the other benign, which is noncancerous. There
aren't any environmental factors that can usually cause either one of these tumors. Genetic disease although, can cause certain tumors that can
overpower the genes that stop the formation of tumors. A genetic disease such as neurofibromatosis type 2 can be a prominent cause of a cancerous
brain tumor.
Malignant tumors are harmful to the body and need immediate action. They have an absence of a border and metastasize by growing in different parts
of the body once they have traveled throughout the vascular system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, even benign tumors have a risk of causing damage to the brain through either compression or infiltration.
A tumor in the brain is dangerous if it starts to compress parts of the brain causing neurological symptoms. This action can destroy the brain tissue it
surrounds or it can block fluid in the brain from flowing. Although it is not cancerous it can also compress parts of the spinal cord depending where it
is in the brain and can also stop the flow of blood in veins surrounding it.
Some symptoms of brain tumors can be someone experiencing a seizure for the first, usually occurring in older patients. Because the all areas of the
brain are what control the functions of the body, certain areas where the brain tumor is located may cause gradual speech impairments, or physical
impairments such as difficulty walking. A lesser symptom of brain tumors would be headaches that can be caused by compression of the tissue which
can occur in any age of a patient with this type of

Devil Facial Tumor Disease Analysis
Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD) can be recognized by lumps around the face and neck.
(Evolution.berkeley.edu, 2008),which causes starvation in 12–18 months due to feeding difficulties and therefore death (Deakin and Belov, 2012) .
This fatal disease affects only Tasmanian devils, marsupial carnivores of Tasmania. Scientists reported that devils may be responding to DFTD by
breeding earlier before the disease kills them, which could help the species survive longer (Hamede, McCallum and Jones, 2012).
DFTD spreads due to biting between animals during mating or feeding. The cancer cells themselves are the infective agent, as opposed to a
transmissible virus that leads to Tumor formation. in the case of the devils (Pearse et al., 2012), the genes that could differentiate between own and
foreign cells are so similar between the cancer and host, that the devil's immune system does not identify the cancer, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
FLPTer have been used to quantify the marker gene movement and evolution in strain 1 to strain 4
The aim of the practical is to investigate the nature of the chromosomal changes or rearrangements in this cancer using FLPTer.
Females used to breed at two years of age began breeding at two years of age and that many devil females now begin to reproduce at just one year. It
could be that DFTD has selected for younger–breeding females (Deakin et al., 2012). Females with genes for early–breeding would be advantageous
over standard breeding times females , and due to this reproduction difference, the population may have undergone evolution(McCallum et al., 2009).
Alternatively, it could be that the population genetic makeup have not undergone any changes,but with more food access due to a reduced devil
populations(Evolution.berkeley.edu, 2008), younger females are now able to

Understanding Glioma Brain Tumors

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