Critical Review On Impact Of Municipal Solid Waste On...

Critical Review On Impact Of Municipal Solid Waste On...
CRITICAL REVIEW ON IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Sheriff B.
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering
University of Wolverhampton United Kingdom
Abstract
This paper critically reviewed an existing literature on impact of municipal solid waste on groundwater quality in order to identify the extent of
physio–chemical and biological parameters compared to World Health standard guideline for drinking water quality. To address the aim more than ten
(10) academic articles were reviewed. An existing research showed that, in most of the developing countries, municipal solid waste is generated in very
large volume and dumped in an open landfills without appropriate thought of safety measures and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to (United State Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA, 2000).solid waste incorporates any garbage, refuse, sludge and items that
have lost its original value, thus discarded or preparing to dispose. One of the results of the worldwide urbanization is increasing volumes of solid
waste era. As indicated by assessments around 1.3 billion metric tons of municipal solid waste was generated universally in 1990 (Beede and Bloom,
1995).
1.2 Methods of Determining Groundwater Contamination
Non–intrusive geophysical procedures give extremely helpful data for the evaluation of waste disposal sites. Estimations of little changes in gravity
over a given territory can be utilized to recognize thickness varieties within the fill, the horizontal and vertical extent of fill, and layering within the fill
(Roberts et al., 1990a). By consolidating gravity and magnetic methods, an interpretation may be made on the extent of the landfill material and related
iron content (Hinze et al., 1990; Roberts et al., 1990b). According to (Monier–Williams et al., 1990) geophysical landscape conductivity mapping has
been effectively utilized in Brazil to find water tables and earth stratum in the proximity of landfills. Time–domain electromagnetic sounding is a
demonstrated apparatus in identifying environmental groundwater problems related to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

As Texas Continues To Increase In Urbanization, The Amount
As Texas continues to increase in urbanization, the amount of water needed for municipal and industrial uses will increase significantly. More than half
the water in Texas comes from underground. Aquifers in some areas of the state are being consumed faster than they can be filled again. Having a
sustainable and efficient groundwater management policy is important to ensure that the future water demands will be satisfied.
In Texas, the English rule of capture was adopted more than 100 years ago. This law allows landowners to pump as much water as they desire, without
liability to neighboring landowners.
The groundwater management in both states has evolved over time in different ways based on water demand and supply. Groundwater... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Texas groundwater law was adopted from the English common law rule of "absolute ownership". "Texas court adopted, and legislature has not
modified, the common law rule that a landowner has the right to use or sale all the water that (s)he can capture from below their land (Texas water
law)." The rule of capture in water property rights has a consequence for the development of underground water resources in the state. It encourages
landowners to take as much water as possible from groundwater, which can work against conservation efforts. In 1949, the Texas Legislature decided to
pass the Texas Groundwater Act (Champagne). This act established water districts so they can have the authority to enforce rules for conserving and
protecting the underground water.
Texas is one of the most populous state in the United States. As in April 2010 Texas has a population of 25,145,561 (Population estimates base). From
2010 to 2016, Texas population increased 11 percent (Population, percent change). Texas is among the top agricultural producing states in the United
States. In 2015, Texas ranked number three in producing agriculture is the United States (FAQs). Texas has experienced drought conditions within the
past few years. The High Plains combined with California, Produced agricultural products worth $56 billion in 2007, accounting for a large portion of
the nation's food production. Together the two states accounted for half of all

Groundwater Contamination
Groundwater contamination is nearly always the result of human activity. In areas where population density is high and human use of the land is
intensive,groundwater is especiallyvulnerable. Where chemicals or wastes may be released to the environment, either intentionally or accidentally has
the potential to pollute ground water. When groundwater becomes contaminated, it is difficult and expensive to cleanup. Ground water can be
contaminated by human activities and also natural causes when the effluent from the industries, residential areas and commercial purpose are stored
the contaminants can reach the groundwater through activities like spills, discharge or landfills and leakage of the underground storage such as septic
tanks. Some substances ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of our household waste is buried in landfills. An important factor in how landfills are built is how they contain waste and prevent waste from
contaminating nearby soil and water sources. Leachate is a fluid that has passed through or emerged from the waste in a landfill, picking up a variety of
suspended and dissolved materials along the way. In unlined landfills, the leachate continues to leach into the ground and may contaminate
groundwater. Many old landfills used a simple clay liner for containing leachate. Newer landfills are required to meet federal and state requirements to
prevent environmental contamination. These landfills have sophisticated liner systems often made of heavy–duty, high density polyethylene plastic,
where leachate is collected at the bottom. The leachate is typically treated on–site or is pumped out and sent to a local wastewater treatment plant.
Treated leachate can be disposed of in a number of ways e.g., discharged to surface waters or recirculated back into the

Population Growth in South Florida and Salt Water Intrusion
Introduction
Rapid population growth in South Florida has significantly increased the demand for water and the strain on the fresh groundwater supplies has
triggered more saltwater intrusion to the Biscayne aquifer. Saltwater intrusion has been one the main contaminant that continues to endanger the
Biscayne aquifer. It has occurred as a result of the followings: the over–pumping by wells, the construction of drainage canals, and the lowering of the
water table by drought. Ongoing efforts by South Florida water agencies to protect the aquifer from saltwater intrusion include groundwater
monitoring, water management and conservation.
The Biscayne Aquifer
An aquifer is defined as underground layers of rock saturated with water that can be brought to the surface through natural springs or by pumping.
Named after Biscayne Bay, the Biscayne aquifer is a coastal, unconfined aquifer because its top portion is the water table and it merges with the floor
of Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Underlies an area of approximately 4000 square miles, the Biscayne aquifer's maps out from the southern tip
of the state northwest along a wavy line to south Palm Beach County. The cross–section of the aquifer resembles a wedge and its gets deeper as it gets
closer to the eastern coast. The Biscayne aquifer is the primary source of freshwater to most of South Florida (Dade, Broward and part of Palm Beach
counties). Furthermore, water from the aquifer is pumped through pipeline to the

Chemical Coagulation vs Electrocoagulation for Groundwater...
Arsenic contamination in groundwater has become a major health problem for human being. There are many treatment methods have been developed
for arsenic removal. It is important to develop a treatment method that is economical and accessible for people who live in rural areas and cannot
afford the expensive treatment methods. Due to its several advantages, such as low cost and maintenance, electrocoagulation is one of the promising
methods that can be used for arsenic treatment. In this study, we compare chemical coagulation with electrocoagulation and try to show the advantages
of electrocoagulation over chemical coagulation. Three experimental studies have been reviewed and based on the results of these studies it has been
concluded that by determining optimum parameters such as electrolysis time, initial arsenic concentration, current density, electrode surface area, and
pH value, electrocoagulation can be an effective treatment method for arsenic removal from groundwater due to its low cost, eco–friendly and low
maintenance.
Keywords: arsenic removal, groundwater, electrocoagulation, chemical coagulation
Arsenic Removal from Groundwater by Electrocoagulation
Water is the most essential necessity for human life. Can you imagine life without cleandrinking water supply? Due to increasing the population of the
world, the clean water has become a huge concern. Arsenic has been one of the important components in contamination of drinking water in many
regions

The Groundwater Of California Is A Serious Policy Matter
The groundwater of California is a serious policy matter in legislation. If there is drought, such as years like this, then management is necessary
because it may encourage more pumping to supplant the water not gathered from other resources. Groundwater can account for as much as 35% of all
the water used by California (cite). Unfortunately, there are not many laws established to regulate groundwater. The basins can replenish if they are
pumped on a limited basis during normal or peak years. Luckily, proposals have been brought forth to help regulate ground water basins to insure their
use is efficient and does not harm the environment.
Groundwater basins are able to store massive amounts of waters and are great to have during droughts, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are some proposals that are favorites to be pushed through legislation that can help start the process of managing our groundwater usage.
The local agriculture groups do not want the state to manage the groundwater based on their management of the surface water (cite). So far, all the
proposed plans have the local entities being in charge of their groundwater. Governor Brown has proposed his "Water Action Plan", which is a series of
actions that the local entities should perform. Another significant proposal is bill SB–1168, which is making its rounds in legislation and is authored
by Senator Pavley. Each plan has its own merits that will be explored.
Governor Brown's "Water Action Plan" is very clear and concise plan for the local governments to follow when managing the groundwater. The plan
has a clear definition of the challenges that are present for the use water. There is a brief overview of the challenges and how the plan will address the
issues. The first proposed a plan is for the administration to increase the funding and expand the California Statewide Groundwater Elevation
Monitoring Program, "which provides essential data to characterize the state 's groundwater basins, including identifying basins in decline" (cite). This
will open lines of communication between counties, and share valuable information for development the pumping plans. Next, there is the plan for
Brown's administration to work closely together with Legislation to fund the

The Study Of Groundwater Flow Systems In Central Main...
4. Review of previous work
A number of studies have been carried out in central main Ethiopia rift valley. Most of the studies have been carried out so far around and in the study
area which directly or indirectly are related to this thesis.
Among those Some of the works are briefly described as follows:
In the rift the localization of groundwater is strongly controlled by the rift faults. They have contrasting role in the movement and occurrence of
groundwater. Most of the faults acts as conduit for groundwater flow. In contrast to the high hydraulic conductivity of the rift fractured volcanics, some
faults act as barriers of groundwater flow. This is a common case in areas of structures where the faults deep against the topographic ... Show more
1. Extensive and moderately productive or locally developed and highly productive porous aquifers. п‚§The aquifers consist of Quaternary sediments
and alluvial, fluvial and colluvial sediments, and scoria.
п‚§The porous aquifer is a very good source of groundwater depending on the thickness, sorting and recharge conditions. Lacustrine sediments and
re–sedimented pyroclastics are mainly recharged by direct infiltration by percolating rain water.
п‚§Drilled wells in this aquifer on the Shashemene sub–sheet were observed groundwater at a depth of 10–80 m with discharge of 2.7 to 8.3 l/s for the
wells. There are also some shallow wells and dug wells taping the shallow groundwater.
2. Local and moderately productive fissured aquifers. The aquifers consist of basalts, ignimbrite, and rhyolite.
п‚§Fissured aquifers developed in coherent volcanic rocks. The porosity of lava flows may be high but the permeability is largely a function of
primary (pores) and secondary structures (joints and fissures) within the rock. In addition, the permeability of lava flows tends to decrease with
geological time.
п‚§Wells developing groundwater from fissured aquifers located on the Shashemene sub–sheet have a yield ranging from 0.3 to 18.3 l/s, documenting
the moderate productivity of the aquifers.
п‚§The groundwater level is about 20 to 60m in the

Decline in Water Supply in India
Introduction
The available water in India has declined drastically over the past several decades due to the rise in demand for water sources across almost every
industry. This shortage has greatly affected all activity in India, including the agricultural industry and the available drinking water for domestic life.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, or the FOA, believes that India will literally run out of water if certain steps are not
taken to replenish India's aquifers. To fully grasp the matter, an explanation of the problem is below.
The main cause for concern is that India's flourishing agricultural industry uses the 91% of water throughout the country leaving aquifers at lower
levels every year. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of depletion has experts exhausting resources to halt the progression of groundwater extraction and to move to better innovations of irrigation
enforcement.
Lack of Social–Economic Stability from Overuse – The overuse of water has raised concerns across India and in some cases farmers have taken their
lives from the poverty caused by the lack of necessary water for their crops to prosper. (http://www.sigmaxi.org/programs/issues/Tancig_Jawitz.pdf)
Fluorosis Epidemic in India – Fluoride is a geologic material that lies underneath most of India. As water tables decrease, farmers are forced to drill
deeper into aquifers to unsafe zones containing dangerous levels of fluoride. In India, the Fluorosis and Rural Development Foundation have estimated
that over 60 million people suffer from diseases caused by the overexposure of fluoride in drinking water from underground aquifers.
Split in Surface–Groundwater Hydrologic Connections – With the continued overuse of aquifers, sigmaxi.com states that "In the Maheshwaram
watershed of Andhra Pradesh chronic depletion of groundwater has lowered the water table 15 m below the ground surface". This causes the streams
and springs once fed by groundwater to disappear. Basically, natural tanks that once held water have no way to collect water anymore because the
pathways

Groundwater Contamination Research
Groundwater contamination has many far reaching environmental, political, societal and economic effects. Groundwater contamination, while
obviously potentially detrimental to human wellbeing, can have a large impact on localities in any region of the world. When toxic agents are
introduced into a groundwater system it puts all local wildlife in immediate danger. This includes the health of both flora and fauna near or in the flow
from the source of contamination. Human health can also be impacted by this type of contamination. Toxic agents, in my example specifically
tetrachloroethene (PCE), have many harmful effects on human health including affecting the central nervous system, causing cancers and causing
pulmonary edema (Tetrachloroethylene Toxicity, 2017).
This issue also effects the economy adversely. The cost to clean up groundwater contamination can vary wildly depending on the scope and severity of
the contamination, but regardless of the cost it usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Creating environmentally safe structures has the obvious advantage of protection from potential health risks, but this also usually costs more to build
and maintain. ISCO is very efficient at cleaning up contaminants, but it can also potentially be expensive and maybe invasive, if the contamination has
gone on long enough. The creation of new wells to pump the oxidant through may be essential to maximize the cleanup. This will make the project
more expensive and would also use more land and possibly create issues with access to current wells. If no action is taken to cleanup, contain, or
prevent water contamination it could have catastrophic consequences. Humans rely heavily on clean, usable water. Not just for drinking and bathing,
but for agriculture as well. Taking no actions to cleanup or contain contamination could have detrimental effects not only on human health, but also on
local wildlife and

Groundwater Contamination In Lake Texoma
Since I live in the Texoma area the majority of our drinking water comes from Lake Texoma. I think the three sources of groundwater contamination
that might affect groundwater in my area would be human–made materials that are littered into the lake, agricultural activities, and human/animal
wastes. There are a lot of people in the area who like to go fishing near the lake and drinking alcoholic beverages. These people throw their beer cans
and all of their trash into the lake. They also urinate and defecate into the lake as well. There are many nearby farms and ranches to the lake and with
all of the flooding water has run–off from these areas back into the lake. I think that the three sources of groundwater contamination that are most
prominent

How Does Nitrate Contamination Of Groundwater
Nitrate Contamination of Ground Water
The Earth's surface is covered by massive amounts of water, but only a small measure of it is safe for consumption. With a very limited supply, we
need to focus our energies on preserving its quality and quantity. Nitrates pose a great threat to our preciousgroundwater. There are many ways that
groundwater can be contaminated, but most aren't nearly as detrimental as an increase in the amount of nitrates within our groundwater.
How do nitrates get into the water? We can help you with this answer. Nitrates get into the groundwater from a variety of sources: some involve
pastoral farming, market gardening, application of nitrogenous fertilizers, and industrial and sewage waste disposal. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We know that the results of these practices as well as many others accumulate underground rather quickly and damage the quality of the water supply.
Contamination of groundwater is also affected by weather, soil types, and the depth of the aquifer. If it is less than 100 feet to the water table, the
vulnerability of contamination is increased. In the Midwest, with a sandy to loamy soil, the groundwater will become more susceptible toward nitrate
contamination. In areas where the soil composition is more of a clay compound, no matter if there is an over–use of fertilizer, the vulnerability of the
groundwater is greatly reduced. This is the type of situation that occurs in places like southern Indiana where the soils drain very poorly. Through the
many factors that are involved, we, as a society, have gained a great amount of knowledge on how to reduce the amount of nitrates in the water source.
A couple of the most widely recognized concerns of high nitrates in water is its cause of methemoglobinemia, more commonly referred to as "blue
baby" syndrome, and other blood disorders. If we don't start fixing the problem now, the critical effects of dangerous nitrate levels in the water supply
will be around for decades, and become increasingly difficult to manage.
There are a variety of approaches to avoiding the utilization of inadequate techniques. Individuals can test soils before applying fertilizers, improve
storage of fertilizers, test well

Groundwater Analysis : Groundwater Governance
This paper reviews the available groundwater governance literature with the specific aim of highlighting and critically examining the role of knowledge
in supporting "good governance" of groundwater resources including how knowledge co–generation/co–production may contribute to enhancing
cooperation/reducing conflict over managing shared resources. While reviews of global literature do exist, they have thus far only been used to make
generic recommendations on the importance of knowledge for groundwater governance, and have not been specifically examined the role of knowledge
in conflict management between different actors.
Governance is essentially a set of enabling framework and guiding principles through which institutions or set of institutions would exercise an
authority. In short it shows how the decision making of this entity is taking place and how these decisions are implemented (Rogers et. al, 2006). The
"good" groundwater governance could be described by the transparency of the decision–making process and its further effective implementation in
meeting the sustainable and equitable management of these resources. Although groundwater governance builds onto overall water governance, the
peculiarities of groundwater and the way in which it is formed, developed and exploited by different stakeholders requires specific governance
principles and analysis (Paul, 2015).
Often environmental issues need interdisciplinary approaches and analysis which may not be possible

Essay On Groundwater Vulnerability
To meet the objectives of this study, the 12–digit hydrologic unit boundary was selected as the basic analysis unit to assess the groundwater
vulnerability. It is the finest resolution of the hydrologic unit hierarchy (Figure 2), which is georeferenced to the 1: 24,000–scale topographic base map
and meets the National Standards for the Spatial Data Accuracy and the Watershed Boundary Dataset standards [32]. There are a total of 656
watersheds within the CV with an average size of 80 km2. Nitrate concentration data in wells and other potential contributing explanatory variables
were processed to the basic watershed unit for further analysis. Watershed was used as the basic unit because watershed characteristics can directly
influence... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cropland, fertilizer and manure were considered as the source variables since they directly contribute to the addition of nitrate fertilizer in CV for
agricultural purpose. Rainfall, elevation, slope, permeability, recharge rate, clay content were used as the aquifer susceptibility variables as these
variables play key role in the determining the rate of contamination in groundwater by either decreasing or increasing the rate of contamination.
Dissolved oxygen, iron and manganese concentration were used as indicators of the geochemical condition of the CV as their concentration could
affect the concentration of nitrate in the well samples.
The above explanatory variables are discretized into 3–5 different classes (zones) based on natural break classification. GED method is suitable for
both categorical and continuous variables, but the continuous variables need to be discretized first. Discretization of continuous variables directly
impacts the Power of Determinant (PD) value calculated, therefore background knowledge of explanatory variables is crucial in discretizing the
variables so that the interpretation in relation to the response variable is meaningful. In this study, natural break classification method was applied as
the optimal method that reduces the variance within the discretized zones and maximize the variance between the zones so that the PWN>5 are
compared in the zones that are

Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle Essay
Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle
Introduction
Water is the lifeblood of every living creature on earth. Approximately 70 percent of the earth's surface is covered with water. Thought the wonders of
nature, water can take on many different forms, form the water we drink, to the ice we use to chill a glass of lemonade, to the water vapor used to
steam clean equipment equipment. It is easy to understand the significance water plays in our lives, but it may be much more difficult ot understand
the water that exists below the earth's surface, called groundwater.
From the time the earth was formed, water have been endlessly circulating. This circulation is known as the hydrologic cycle. Groundwater is part of
this continuous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unsaturated zones are soil and geologic materials located between the land surface and the saturated zone. The voids are filled with a
combination of air and water. Water in this zone is often refereed to as soil moisture. Below the unsaturated zone is the water table. The water table is
the level in the geologic formation below which all voids or cracks are saturated. The water table also can be thought of as the upper surface of the
groundwater and top of the saturated zone for an unconfined aquifer. The entire region below the water table is called the saturated zone. In the
saturated zones, all voids are filled with water and no air is present. The water in the saturated zone is call groundwater. The distance water has to
travel to reach groundwater can range from a few feet to hundreds of feet. Water movement toward groundwater may take hours or years, depending on
the depth to the aquifer and the characteristics of the unsaturated zone.
Once in the groundwater, water may move into surface waters such as lakes or streams. Groundwater moves slowly within the groundwater aquifer,
often remaining in storage for long periods of time.
Groundwater
Groundwater is an important natural resource, especially in those parts of the country that don't have ample surface water sources, such as the arid
West. Groundwater provides about 38 percent of the water delivered by water department for use in our homes, businesses, and industries and

What Are The Best Preventative Measures And Most Effective...
The encroachment of toxic chemicals such as heavy metals and radioactive wastes in to underground aquifers is of grave concern and lads to dire
consequences for people, plants and animals. What are the best preventative measures and most effective treatments? Consider specific cases.
Treatment and Prevention of Underground Water Pollution
Ground water forms a large percent of all the used water on the earth. And as it cannot be seen, it is usually overlooked or ignore when considering all
the water on the earth. Since aquifer is valuable source, protecting it form pollution and managing its use carefully will guarantee its future as an
important part of eco–system and human activity. Recently, industrial applications of toxic heavy metals have caused dangerous environmental
problems. This essay will show the effect of aquifer polluted by some contaminants such as Cr (III), Fe(III), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) or radioactive
materials on people, plants and animals. In addition, it will demonstrate the best treatment and preventative methods. Furthermore, it will argue that the
pretreatment of industrial wastes is the best way to prevent the pollution in ground water.
Toxic chemicals including heavy metals and radioactive wastes from different sources cause a serious pollution for underground water over the years.
The main reason for underground water toxic chemical pollution is human activities such as chemical industries and mining. A given example for this
case was

Rain Water Reveal Analysis
Back then, people used to think that we had an unlimited amount of groundwater in our aquifers, and we used to pump groundwater at insane rates. We
were unaware of the unintended consequences we were causing by draining this much water. In the 1930s farmers noticed the ground had begun
sinking. But by the late 1970's the ground had sunk by 30 feet. Now we know how pumping groundwater can cause environmental changes. We realize
our aquifers are running out of water. Now we are doing everything we can to save and replenish our aquifers. Environmentalists have come up with
ways to decrease groundwater depletion and restore groundwater. Farmers could use rain gardens to restore groundwater and water institutions could
recycle stormwater to also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pumping too much groundwater can lead to serious property and environmental damages and changes.The extreme amount of pumping
groundwater can cause the ground to sink up to 30ft in Central Valley according to Joseph Poland of the U.S. Geological Survey. It made
California pay more than 1 billion dollars to fix all the damage. It caused sinking bridges, cracked canals, and buckling highways according to the
Water Foundation. And California spends 5% of their energy on groundwater pumping and that's a 40% increase over the years according to a
Reveal Analysis. That's a lot of energy on just pumping groundwater and it could be used on something that's more energy affordable. Pumping
excessive amounts of groundwater could make the next drought worse says Joseph Poland, a legendary hydrologist from the U.S. Geological
Survey. This is because there is less water underground and the aquifers got smaller. They had collapsed during the last drought. With even less
groundwater in the aquifers, the same amount of water being pumped made the water tables fall extremely fast. Draining extremely deep for
groundwater can cause saltwater pollution and could cause people to pay more for water bottles or tap water.Pumping too deep for groundwater can
cause saltwater to mix in with the groundwater which causes salt pollution. Going down further for pumping and having to filter the saltwater will
make the bottles cost more. People may think that these problems may not happen again because they are a couple years old, but these problems were
caused by high pumping rates of groundwater, and if we start pumping like our lives depend on it, we may have these problems upon

Water Resource Is Ground Water
One of earth's most usable water resource is ground water. On earth the total amount of water that is present is estimated around 326 million cubic
miles. Out of this amount of water present 97% is sea water, while the other 2% is found frozen in ice caps and glaciers. This remaining 1% is found
in ground water. Surface water, water found in the atmosphere, and water found in unsaturated soils and rocks only account for about one–fifth of the
total amount found in the world water supply that is any given moment. Not counting ice, ground water accounts for 97% of the water that is not in the
ocean.
Figure 1
In Kansas, ground water is the only available source of water in larger amounts. Kansans uses ground water for 85% of their water ... Show more
Background:
A study recently published showed that "if current trends continue irrigation, then store nearly 70% of the water will be exhausted in the Kansas High
Plains aquifer in 50 years" (Kansas Water Resources Board). Groundwater is available to help support agricultural production and is a reliable
guarantee, but with continual depletion of the aquifers there would be a threat to the future of sustainable water resources. The High Plains aquifer
provides the United States with 30 percent of irrigated groundwater, where the high plains of Kansas's aquifers occupy an important share.
Kansas State University, Department of Civil Engineering of David Steward and his colleagues, used observation wells groundwater level measured
historical data to develop a model to predict groundwater in western Kansas reduced circumstances. With their observation they also evaluated the
reduction of groundwater exploitation, possible effects on maize production and livestock industry. The researchers estimated that "in 1960, the
aquifer only used 3% of the water and by 2010, 30% of the water has been exhausted, then in 2060 another 39% is expected to disappear" (David
Steward, 1987).
The Steward Study Group report said that once the water runs out, the aquifers may require an average of 500 to 1300 years to fully charge again.
Although groundwater exploitation in western Kansas, will inevitably begin to reduce in the next 15 to 20 years, but due to the continuous
improvement of

Classification Diagram Classification Of Groundwater Samples
The USSL diagram classification of groundwater samples has been shown in figure 8. The samples are classified as C2–S1, C3–S1, and C4–S1
categories. 23 samples (47 percent) were placed in C2–S1 class. The C2–S1 class points to medium saline water and low sodium amount which poses
no hazard of sodium exchange for agricultural usage in every type of soils. 45 percent of groundwater samples (22 samples) were in the C3–S1 class,
meaning that water is highly saline, sodium is low and there is little hazard of sodium exchange. The remaining 4 samples (8 percent) were classified
in the C4–S1 class.
Fig 9, shows the spatial USSL Classification diagram of groundwater samples in Sarab plain. The C2–S1 was found in the east part of the study area.
In this part of the study area, the aquifer is recharged from streams. Therefore, groundwater quality there has good quality. In the middle part of study
area, the groundwater quality is deteriorated due to dissolution of gypsum and salts minerals in Miocene formations, cation exchange and urban
wastewater. The C4–S1 was found in the west and north part of the study area and salinity and SAR has increased in the west part of study area due to
Talkheh Rud river saline water (Asadollahfardi et al., 2011).
Due to insufficiency of absolute concentration of anions and cations for water quality determination in agricultural usages, SAR, PI, KR, MAR, RSC,
SSP and EC indices were used as key parameters in this domain. Kelley 's Ratio in the study

Description And Description Of The Byron Barrel And Drum Site
1, Site Description and History
NPL site location and physical characteristics
The Byron Barrel and Drum site is located in Byron Township, Genesee County, New York. To the west of it is Transit Road while a creek lies to
the northwest of the Byron site. This Oak Orchard Creek, which is 1.5 miles away, is the closest body of water nearby. A small storm water drainage
ditch flows from the northern border of the site to the creek, i.e. flows to the northwest, which is in accordance with the topography factor. The
surrounding areas are either farmland occupied with vegetables or wooded fully. Actually, the site is directly adjacent to an active vegetable farm. The
Byron Barrel and Drum site was used to be a salvage yard for heavy construction equipment. There are three buildings in the property, which is a large,
metal maintenance building, the owner's former residence, and a metal building located in the southwest.
Land and Resource Use
The water table beneath the site varies from 11 to 18 feet in thickness. To meet farming demands, the site is artificially drained.Groundwater flows to
the Oak Orchard Creek in the northwest, away from the esker, which is highland in southern part of the property. The site is adjacent to wooded areas
and farms, and the soils are extremely highly organic in fact, which has been classified as prime agricultural land by the state. When it comes to
resource use, groundwater is employed as an alternative water supply for life consumption as

The Distribution And Mobilization Of A Groundwater Aquifer
Geochemistry plays an important role the distribution and mobilization of As in groundwater aquifer. To find the influence of geochemical processes of
As mobilization in groundwater of the study area, the correlation matrix among As and various physio–chemical parameter are given in Table 4.
Pearson correlation matrices show that various physio–chemical parameters pairs of groundwater samples have a significant positive correlations such
as TDS–EC (r = 1.000), TDS–Na (r = 0.587), TDS–Ca (r = 0.624), EC– Na (r = 0.617), EC–Ca (r = 0.618), Na–Ca (r = 0.564), and K–Mn (r = 0.566)
respectively. Similarly some pairs have also shown significant negative correlation such as Mg2+–HCO3– (r = 0.590), well depth–Mn (r = 0.518). The
concentration of As in groundwater has insignificantly negative correlated to Fe (r=–0.260), Cl– (r=–0.081) and SO42– (r=–0.062), while As has
insignificantly positive correlated to Mn (r=0.185), NO3–( r=0.111), HCO3– (r=1777), pH (r=0.226), Na+ (r=0.223), K+ (r=0.227), Ca2+ (r=0.262)
and Mg2+ (r=0.199). In this study, an insignificant positive correlation between As and Mn has observed, while an insignificant negative correlation
between As and Fe has existed in groundwater aquifer (Table 4). This finding is in good agreement with the earlier correlation matrix analysis of
arsenic by Ohno et al. (2005) and Reza and Jean (2012) in the fine–grained core sediment samples in northwestern Nawabganj district, Bangladesh
where they reported no

Groundwater Pollution
Groundwater is water that is contained underground in the soil, or in the pores of a rock. For some places, groundwater is vital. In others, it's just an
additional water source. Pollution is a harmful substance that is introduced to an environment. Groundwater isn't exactly polluted in the sense that toxic
waste seeps into it, but that it is mixed in with other types of water that is exposed to the surface. As for the overexploitation of groundwater, this paper
will introduce ways to prevent it. Considering groundwater is used, but contained underground, there is a process of filtering it can go through to
become cleaner, this is where an aquifer comes in. An aquifer is a porous rock that filters, and transmits groundwater. Not only does the aquifer
transmit the water, but it also contains it. Aquifers can be a layer of sand, limestone, or some igneous, possibly metamorphic rock. Regions that have a
high population, and use groundwater extensively typically have larger aquifers. Groundwater is often used in regions that suffer with water stress,
meaning there is little surface water available. A lot of times, these regions are incredibly populated, or extremely dry. For example, places like Sahel,
which is in between Sudanian Savanna, and the Sahara, where it has little to no surface water. They need immense aquifers due to how water–thirsty
the region is. There are some areas like this in different places like Australia, Central U.S., India, Pakistan, and et cetera. Sometimes in areas where
there is a decent amount of surface water, groundwater is used as an additional source. Pollution is not only a national problem, but a worldwide issue.
A global problem. From air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution, to radioactive pollution, and so on.
It's almost as if anything has the capability to be polluted. It's scary how the inhabitants of Earth can so terribly damage the Earth. Not only can surface
water become polluted, but so can groundwater!
Unsurprisingly, groundwater can be polluted. It's a bit different, for litter, or garbage isn't exactly the problem. It's more so things like salt water, toxic
waste, gasoline, oil, and just anything harmful that can seep beneath the ground's

Groundwater Chemistry In Groundwater Pollution
Introduction The groundwater chemistry is controlled by rock–water interaction, dissolution of mineral species and anthropogenic activities (Faure,
1998; Subba Rao,2001; Umar and Absar 2003). The potability of water is also affected by over–exploitation of groundwater which ultimately gives
rise to severe problem. Anthropogenic influences like domestic sewages, industrial effluents and chemical fertilizers also deteriorate groundwater
quality (Vasanthavigar et al. 2012). Variations in water quality and its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes have also been examined by
Alam (2013); Kumar et al (2009); Jalali (2007) and Umar et al (2007).
Fluoride, an essential component for human health, is obtained mostly by drinking water but it becomes toxic when its concentration exceeds the
permissible limit (Handa 1975; USPHS 1987; WHO 1984). A concentration of fluoride less than 0.6 mg/l may results in dental carries, while
greater than 1.2 mg/l results in fluorosis (ISI 1983). Problem of excessive fluoride in groundwater was first highlighted by Short et al. (1937) in
Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh and today more than 65 million people, including 6 million children, are affected by endemic fluorosis in 20 states
of India as a result of consuming high fluoride water (Gupta et al. 2006) and Uttar Pradesh is one of those states (Jha et al. 2010).
High groundwater fluoride concentration in Uttar Pradesh, particularly Unnao district, and incidences of fluorosis as a

Contaminated Groundwater
Did you know that, drinking contaminated water can cause diseases such as hepatitis? Poising may be caused by toxins that have leached into well
water supplies. Materials from the lands surface can move through soil and end up in the groundwater. Wildlife can also be harmed by contaminated
groundwater. Over 50% of the United States population depends on groundwater for drinking water. It can be related towaste disposal, land disposal of
solid waste and brine disposal from the petroleum industry.
To begin waste disposal, is removing and destroying or storing damaged unwanted domestic. Disposal includes burning, burial at landfill sites, and
recycling. Trash cans, can affect groundwater quality, especially if you dispose of it improperly. Roadside dumps as well... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Brine requires proper disposal which many times require permits or other regulatory compliance actions. Brine
disposal has many methods such as sewer discharge, deicing agent, evaporation pond, and surface water discharge. The cost on disposal is depending
on three factors, volume discharged, concentration of biological oxygen demand, and concentration of total suspended solids. Brine underflow slows
down along the bay bottoms, limiting oxygen transport to the sediments.
To sum up, groundwater contamination can be related to waste disposal, land disposal of solid waste, and brine disposal from the petroleum industry.
Over 50% of the United States population depends on ground water for drinking water. Water management needs to be in place to regulate what is
going in water and where waste can be put to prevent contamination. Contamination of groundwater and population of surface water with waste are big
problems affecting water supply. The problem associated with waterpollution has the ability to disrupt life on our planet to a great

The Production Of The Sinclair Refinery Site
1.Site Description and History
The Sinclair Refinery Site is a 100–acre refinery, adjacent to the west bank of the Genesee River, and about one–quarter mile south of downtown
Wellsville, New York. The refinery was built in the late 1800 's and operated by the Wellsville Refining Company until 1919 when the Sinclair
Refining Company (now the Atlantic Richfield Company, or ARCO) purchased the property and operated the refinery until a fire ended the
operations in 1958. The refinery was finally closed in 1963. After the closure, a majority of the property was transferred to the Village of Wellsville,
which subsequently conveyed land parcels to various entities. Now approximately 6,000 people live within a mile of the landfill; several businesses and
the State University of New York at Alfred 's Wellsville Campus are located on the refinery portion of the Sinclair property; and approximately 500
people use the buildings located on this part of the site.
Throughout the operation and dismantling of the refinery, various types of wastes including cloth filters, fuller 's earth, oil sludge, contaminated soil,
pesticides, heavy metals, and fly ash were generated and disposed of in two on–site landfills adjacent to the Genesee River over a 30–year period. The
landfill area of the site consisted of a 9–acre Central Elevated Landfill Area, a 2–acre South Landfill Area, and a 1–acre sand and gravel area between
the two landfills. The landfill area was located at the very southern end of

Should Groundwater Be Regulated Essay
Groundwater: Should It Be Regulated? Imagine not having water. What's life without having water? There's no more taking showers or washing the
dishes or anything that involves water. Life would be pretty horrendous. According to Source two, Financial Times,"... At least 1,300 people have lost
their water in and around East Porterville...". The legislature should make an act that limits the amount of water individuals take out of the ground.
"Scientist are already sounding alarm bells about pumping too much groundwater. State water managers estimate that water tables in some parts of
the Valley have dropped 100 feet below historical lows." (Source three). California should make a law about pumping water because in the near
future there will be no more water. Another reason is, "As water levels sink, the land can sink..." (Source three). What this means is that if people just
cluelessly poke holes into the ground to pump out water, the area that has holes will sink. According to Source 2, "... California is the only state that
doesn't really monitor or regulate how much groundwater farmers and residents are using." This is an agonizing problem because if the state does not
watch our moves towards pumping water, people might take too much and we will not have any ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Even though California was the only state in the West without groundwaterlegislation, officials with the Kern County Farm Bureau said they're not
happy with the state's bill." (Source one). Apparently, farmers are not so happy about them making a bill. If there is a legislative law about
monitoring groundwater, then how will the farmers grow their crops? Some farmers are worried, too, according to source three. "In Merced County,
farm leaders are trying to stop two private landowners from selling as much as 7 billion gallons of well water to farmers in another county." (Source

Groundwater In The United States
Groundwater introduction
Is water that is under the ground. It is the most common source for water in the US. Wells are a form of groundwater. Many things are caused by the
use of groundwater. It is used by a lot of people. Many people use wells which use water from underground. If groundwater was not available it would
leave many people without water. Many people use this water for drinking and other stuff. All the things caused bygroundwater Groundwater pollution
occurs when pollutants get into the water under the ground.You should not drink if it is polluted. Animals should also not consume it. Some of the
pollution comes from the air. A lot of the pollutants comes from chemicals and nuclear waste... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Humans should not use it if it has chemicals. Animals should also not drink it if it has chemicals in it. It is caused when companies put their waste into
the water. If sewage gets into the water that is also a cause for contamination.
Groundwater overuse Is when the soil collapses, compacts,and drops.Don't use use it too much it could affect stuff. It could lead to saltwater becoming
contaminated.It can cause some major stuff to happen. Don't let it affect the oceans. If the saltwater got contaminated it would affect the animals and
the plants under the water. The wildlife under the water would be dead because of someone using groundwater . Groundwater depletion Is long term
water levels declines caused by sustained groundwater plumbing. If you do groundwater plumbing make sure this doesn't happen. If this does happen
wells might start drying up. If the wells dry up most people would not have a source of water. Groundwater flow is part of steamflow that has
infiltrated the ground, has entered the phreatic zone into a stream of water,spring,and seepage water. Don't disturb the flow of the groundwater. If you
disturb the flow it could affect the environment of plants and

Groundwater Groundwater Pollution
Groundwater Pollution with Chlorinated Ethenes Groundwater is water that is located underground between soil particles and in holes, or pores, in the
bedrock ("Groundwater," 2011). Because earth has 80 times more groundwater than all the freshwater stored in lakes and streams combined
("Groundwater," 2011), its health has a large influence on the environment. Groundwater also has a large impact on humans; groundwater accounts for
about 20% of water used in the US and almost half of water used in households, including drinking water ("Groundwater," 2011).
Chlorinated ethenes, also referred to as organochlorides, CVOCs, and chloroethenes, are common groundwater contaminants throughout the world
(Zinder & Gossett, 1995; Dugat–Bony, et al., 2012; Rouzeau–Szynalski, Maillard, & Holliger, 2010; Ni et al., & Rijnaarts, 2014). They are often found
in various environmental media near industrial facilities (DobrzyВґnska, PoВґsniak, SzewczyВґnska, & Buszewski, 2010). Chloroethenes tend to be
persistent in the contaminated groundwater; they remain present indefinitely and are usually not degraded through natural means by any indigenous
population (Zaan, et al., 2009; Tas, 2010).
Chloroethenes tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are the most common type of groundwater pollutant in urban and industrial areas
and pose a threat to human health (Lee & Lee, 2016). Both PCE and TCE concentrations are regulated by the 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking
Water Actdue to

The Production Of The Livestock Production Industry
Introduction
The livestock production industry has experienced a significant transformation within the past few decades. Production systems have shifted from
small, family–owned farms to larger farms that may only raise a single species. While this industry shift has allowed us to become more efficient, it has
also threatened the health of the environment.
Environmental health is the art and science of the protection of health, promotion of aesthetic values, prevention of disease and injury through
enhancement of environmental hazards and reduction of hazards. Important environmental considerations of livestock production include mature and
waste management, water and air pollution, and threats to human workers. This paper will discuss these topics, as well as introduce relevant laws,
regulations, and possible alternatives that exist.
Overview of Livestock Production Systems
Livestock production systems in modern day America are based on an industrial model, where animals are housed together in feedlots or
climate–controlled buildings. These systems are referred to as confined animal feeding operations, or CAFOs. The size of each CAFO may range from
less than one hundred animals to hundreds of thousands of animals. Types of CAFOs include hog barns, cattle feedlots, industrial dairies, and poultry
operations
Due to the large population of animals housed within a CAFO, there is much concern about the impact of these operations on the environment as well
as public health.

Casper
CasperOn a very rainy day, the winds move harshly and the clouds roar. The rain showers on the plants of Toronto and slowly digs into the soil
beneath the plants. In the numerous droplets descending towards earth, one small, but important droplet was amongst them, named, Casper. The plant
slowly sips Casper, who was lying in the soil surrounding the plant's roots. After Carper spreads into the plant, he went through a process of
"transpiration". As the bright rays of the sun shine onto the leaves of the plant, the moist water below the leaves, slowly evaporate.
Casper transforms from a liquid substance into a gaseous form. Following the procedure of evaporation, Casper and his other droplet buddies compact
together, a conversion known as, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cloud changes to a grey colour, indicating that it is packed. Casper hears the cloud roar and before he realizes, the precipitation commences.
Casper dips into the Atlantic ocean again and merges into the waves as the flow towards the west.
He is carried by the rough drift of the waves, slapping rapidly onto the shore of the coasts.
The sun shined over Casper and the molecules inside of him steadily separate away, transforming Casper into a gas cloud. Casper meets new gas
clouds who hadn't been with before and they all evaporate up into the sky. As Casper reaches the world of clouds, he condenses and becomes part of a
vast group of water droplets which precipitate.
The wind didn't seem to be calm this time and they drifted Casper in abrupt motions. He finally came to the end of his dread and immersed into the
pacific ocean, far from his recent visit to the oceans.
Mr. Sun's ray gleam over the Pacific, changing Casper, once again into a gaseous

California Groundwater Depletion : An Ever Increasing Issue
Jeffrey Dotson
McCarthy
Period 6
12 April 2017
Main Claim: The state of California must prevent groundwater overuse by regulating groundwater use, making regulation telling farmers when and
how to water crops, and improving aquifer water levels with new innovative technologies.
California Groundwater Depletion: An Ever Increasing Issue The state of California may run out of groundwater in as little as ten years. California is
dependent on groundwater, and without it, it would be thrown into a statewide water crisis. So far, people do not know about this problem or do not
care or believe in it. The state of California must prevent groundwater overuse by regulating groundwater use, making regulations telling farmers when
and how to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people say that if California were to stop using groundwater water prices would go up, and people do not want to pay for higher water prices.
Unfortunately, water prices would go up, but this is the price we have to pay for not regulating groundwater use for the last fifty years. Most likely,
when we would put new laws into effect, we would not totally discard groundwater, but groundwater would be a lesser percentage of the total plan.
Also, this plan would help make us more conscientious about our groundwater use. Maybe it would cost a little more money, but is that more important
than our aquifers having water for later generations? Groundwater depletion is becoming a growing risk, and if the Californian government does not do
anything about it, it could become a disaster.
With our water aquifers running out of water fast and our farmer pumping out water as quickly as they can, our aquifers will not be able to replenish
themselves fast enough to survive the constant water use, and if the Californian government were to just implement a law regulating how much water
these farmers use, the state of California may be one step closer to solving the problem of groundwater depletion. Currently, when a farmer digs a well
in California, they have no limitations on how much water they use nor do they have to tell anybody how much groundwater they use (Pool). In
California, farmers use eighty percent of the state 's groundwater, and without the

Raichur Essay
High Resolution Groundwater Prospect Mapping of Raichur, Karnataka Using Remote Sensing & GIS
Joseph T. Koottiyaniyil1, Pankaj Dhote2 & Dr. S. K. Srivastav3
1P. G. Diploma, Water Resource Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
2Scientist'SC', Indian Institute of Remote Sensing,3Scientist'G', Indian Institute of remote sensing, Dehradun.
Abstract: Occurrence of groundwater in the basement complex of Raichur, Karnataka is controlled by secondary porosity developed through
weathering and cracking of bed rocks. Raichur is a semi arid region that is characterized by erratic rainfall. Surface water from rivers is inadequate and
the only option to supply both human and animal population is groundwater. To avoid the ever common incident of borehole failing to yield water or
drying up soon after commissioning, groundwater mapping is paramount. In this study, remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System
(GIS) techniques have been used to identify and map groundwater potential zones using geomorphology, lithology, lineament density, recharge, depth to
groundwater, slope, rainfall and drainage density. These thematic layers were selected for groundwater mapping based on literature and geophysical
investigation and data appropriately weighted using AHP. Geomorphology and lineament layers were derived from LISS 4 images. The final
groundwater potential zones of the area are characterized into; Very high, high, moderate and low. .
Introduction
Groundwater is one

The Link Between Human Health And Groundwater Essay
Introduction The initial article that I have chosen is an overview of the connection between human health and groundwater. Written by Stephen Foster
and Gillian Tyson (2016), the key messages of this article are how many of us rely on groundwater, which makes us more susceptible to pollution, and
the effects of pesticides and chemicals. Published by the International Association of Hydrogeologists, this article directly relates to two of the United
Nation's Sustainability Goals, which are Clean Water and Sanitation, and Good Health and Well
–Being, as well as being indirectly related to many
others.
Firstly, Goal #6 on the United Nations list is Clean Water and Sanitation which directly states that, "unsafe management of fecal waste and wastewater
continues to present a major risk to public health" (Sustainability Goal #6 Target). This is imbedded in the article, as it is speaking to the health
implications of contaminated water and the larger question, of what and how is our water is getting like this. Additionally, the other aspect that is
worth looking at is Sustainability Goal #3, Good Health and Well–Being, and in this case how it relates to groundwater. Healthy living and well–being
for all ages, is the main statement for this goal and health is discussed many times in this article, the poor health affects it may have as well
preventative measures for us to stay healthy. More on the health aspects of water contamination and another Sustainable Development Goal will

Groundwater Pollution and Drinking Water Scarcity Essay...
"We have the ability to provide clean water for every man, woman and child on the Earth. What has been lacking is the collective will to accomplish
this. This is the commitment we need to make to the world."
Jean–Michel Cousteau
The Issue:
Recently, the issue of drinking water quality has become a matter of great importance. Hydrogeologists and water resource managers have realized that
the increased demand for drinking water, due to population growth, has placed a huge burden on our nation's groundwater resources. Groundwater
resources make up a minute 0.31% of the world's water supply. Groundwater quality can be defined in terms of the concentration of its chemical
constituents relative to a variety of potential uses. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these phenomena occur naturally. The chemical alterations that occur in the soil and atmosphere during the hydrologic cycle are pivotal in
maintaining the natural equilibrium. However, due mostly to human intervention, the water is becoming poisoned as it seeps into the Earth.
The Science Behind the Issue:
The four main types of groundwater pollution are industrial, domestic, agricultural and salt–water intrusion. Industrial pollution reaches aquifers
through used waters as I have already briefly explained. Used waters can contain chemical compounds and trace elements like metals at high
temperatures. Radioactive pollution from nuclear power plants is also carried by used water, as is rain that infiltrates through waste disposal sites.
Pipeline breakage as well as other unforseeable accidents also add to industrial pollution. Irrigation and water carry away fertilizers, minerals, salts,
herbicides and pesticides. This activity is known as agricultural pollution, and it causes nitrate levels to rise excessively. Environmental pollution is due
in large part to seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers (Fried 1975). Man–made pollution reaches the aquifer by rain and the rain subsequently infiltrates
sanitary landfills.
Road–runoff and domestic wastewater are non–point sources that also add to groundwater pollution. Household productes, many of which contain

The Need for Groundwater Extraction Regulation
Groundwater is used primarily for irrigating farmland; and secondarily, for consumption and industrial use. Aquifers, unconsolidated subterranean
layers which hold water, are rapidly dwindling, and groundwater depletion is quickly growing to become a major problem for farmers and the public at
large. Reserves close to ground level are rapidly drying up and due to technological roadblocks, extracting water from deeper reserves is not yet
financially feasible. The problem is especially severe in California, which represents around 20% of all groundwater withdrawal in the United States
(Famiglietti, LA Times). A lack of water for agriculture would directly lead to diminished food production and indirectly lead to requiring food imports
from outside the state. Groundwater resources are an unregulated public resource and despite any innovative breakthrough in extraction techniques, the
only sustainable, long–term solution is to enforce limits on extraction. Regulation of how much groundwater can be extracted from an aquifer in a set
period of time; along with incentives to obtain water from alternative sources is the ideal solution to address the perennially growing challenge of
groundwater depletion in California.
This regulatory effort must begin in politics but it needs to spread to society as well – only when people realize the consequences of over–extraction
will they even consider ceasing doing so. This solution is not based primarily in science and technology, and is

Analysis On The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
The integrated geophysical, remote sensing, isotopic and geochronologic and modelling studies on the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System have come
up with the following findings and recommendations:
1–Geophysical studies:
Based on the integration of gravity, magnetic, and borehole data the structural trends, uplifts and sedimentary cover affecting theaquifer behavior have
been conducted. The area of the NSAS is affected by several structural trends in different directions; the most prominent directions are NE–SW, N–S,
E–W, and NW–SE. The dominant NE–SW trend is associated with the Pelusium and Qattara mega shears.
The sedimentary cover shows a northward increase from less than 0.5 km in northern Sudan and southern Egypt to more than 6 km at the Mediterranean
coast. The sediments thickness shows a shallowing of the basement rocks along the east–west trending Uweinat–Aswan basement uplift which may
impede the south to north groundwater flow and replenishment from the recharge areas in the south.
The NE–SW trending Pelusium mega shear cuts the Precambrian rocks and continues upward in the sedimentary cover; it formed deep structural
controlled basins along its zone, which were filled by high thick sediments of relatively high hydraulic conductivities extending from the Kufra Basin
in Libya and Chad to the northern part of Dakhla Basin in Egypt. This zone could provide a preferred groundwater flow pathway from the Kufra to the
Dakhla Basin.
2–Climatically (GRACE & CLM4.5):

Groundwater Samples Were Collected And Reported By Sultan...
Groundwater samples were collected and reported by Sultan et al. (2011) from Sinai for isotopic analyses of H and O from open and productive wells
tapping three types of aquifers: (1) fractured basement, (2) Nubian Sandstone unconfined aquifer cropping out at the foothills of the basement outcrops,
and (3) alluvial. They believed that the unconfined and alluvial aquifers fed by a fractured basement aquifer through discharging into the overlying
sediments. The ОґD and Оґ18O isotopic compositions of the groundwater samples from the unconfined Nubian Sandstone aquifers in the recharge
areas cropping out at the foothills of the basement outcrops are somewhat depleted (ОґD: –22.7 to –32.8вЂ°; Оґ18O: –4.47 to –5.22вЂ°) compared to
those from fractured basement outcrops (ОґD: –19.9 to –23.2вЂ°; Оґ18O: –3.77 to –5.05вЂ°) and those from alluvial aquifers (ОґD: –22.7 to
–23.4вЂ°; Оґ18O: –4.53 to –5.01вЂ°), but they are less depleted than those reported from the Gulf of Suez (Sturchio et al., 1996). The isotopic
compositions of the samples from the fractured basement and alluvial aquifers are similar to those of average modern precipitation from Al Arish and
Rafah (Fig. 3). The unconfined aquifer shows a mixing between fossil waters of the Western Desert, formed in pluvial period, and modern precipitation
deposited in dry and warm climatic conditions (Sultan et al., 1997, 2011).
6.3.6. EASTERN DESERT
Hydrogen and oxygen show a wide range of isotopic ratios for Eastern Desert groundwater samples, which

Groundwater Regulations
Groundwater regulations California is sinking!,groundwater bill regulations are making it through the state legislature.This bill will require local
agencies to track or even restrict groundwater pumping.Farmers are against this regulations,they fell is a violation of their land
rights(source3).although california does need and should have regulations for groundwater. We really need regulations for groundwater in
california,we are sinking,california is sinking! Aquifers had dropped 100 feet down the ground,as water sinks land sinks too (source3). while land
sinks it affects our world roads are cracking,bridges are falling apart .to repair this damages we would need a lot of money that we can use for other
things, but instead we need... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Farmers need water to grow their crops,although farmers need water we still have to have groundwater regulations.Not only farmers need water
we do too but if farmers take all the groundwater were are going to get our water? If it does not rain and we do not have groundwater what are
going to do? How are we going to get water to shower,to drink.to cook? That is why we need groundwater regulations so we all have a fair amount
of water,farmers to grow food a nd us to do our basic things we do everyday. California needs and should have groundwater regulations.we have a lot
of reasons why we should have regulations.we need the bill so we can track groundwater pumping. If we do not put regulations we are going to have
serious problems with roads cracking bridges falling off and people not having enough water.we need to do something we need groundwater

The Importance Of Protecting The Groundwater?
The Importance of to Protect the Groundwater Introduction: Water is one of the major responsible to allow the development of a region, without
available sources of water is practically impossible the development and maintenance of a society. Water is necessary for animals and humans to keep
their body functions working, in the industry to manufacturing products, and in agriculture for plants growth. The quantity of water present in the Earth
is enough to cover all of these demands. However, factors like unequal distribution of the hydric resources on the planet, increase of population,
economic growth, contamination of water bodies, and climate changes, are contributing for that many places around the world suffer from the shortage
of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Groundwater presents rates of percolation that are variable with the climate of the region "for temperate, humid climates, about 50% of the
precipitation ends up in the groundwater. For Mediterranean type climates, it is more like 10 В± 20%, and for dry climates, it can be as little as 1%
or even less (Bouwer, 1989; Tyler et al., 1996 cited by Bower, 2000 gw 11). Bower (2000. Gw 11) points that these natural recharge rates give an idea
of the sustainable quantities of water that can be pumped from the aquifers without causing the depletion of the groundwater resources. In addition,
groundwater is the natural responsible to feed springs and wells. Besides perform this natural cycle, groundwater has another important function,
according DEMД°ROДћLU (2014 gw 3), subsurface water is the major source of drinking water in the planet. In the recent years is common that
countries that suffer from chronic water shortage are increasingly the use of groundwater to cover its demand (Struckemeir et al, 2005 gw 3). However,
the increasing on the water demand and consequently raise of water pumping from aquifers, in conjunction with the mismanagement of the hydric
resources are contributing to the depletion of groundwater sources, mainly in arid and semi–arid regions where the groundwater is the main water
source (Bower, 2000 gw 11;Sheng, 2004 gw 9). In

Chowchilla Subbasin Case Study
Based on the results from both cases, an excel tool was used to review results and generate head level maps in layer 6th only for 21 critical subbasins
in color ranges (see figure 4 and figure 5). Based on the results of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity data in layer 6th, I manipulated the
range and average of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities for both cases. With assuming the thickness of layer 6th approximately 100 feet, I
also calculated the transmissivity for Chowchilla subbasin (see the results above). The hydraulic conductivity is greater than the vertical conductivity
for this subbasin. This indicates that the groundwater movement in this subbasin flows in horizontal direction greater than vertical direction.
In layer 6th for this subbasin, both the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities are in large ranges with large values of standard deviations
indicating the geologic information of layer 6th in Chowchilla subbasin is not uniform. This shows that are more different soil types in this layer. From
the results, the hydraulic conductivities (K1) are in the range from 690 to 0.05 (m/day). According to the third edition of the "Groundwater Hydrology" ,
David Todd and Larry Mays, page 93, Table 3.2.1, soil types in layer... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, any changes of the amount of nounrouted delivery to Chowchilla farm, it doesn't impact the precipitation. However, in both cases, there is
significant difference between the precipitation and the total final surface water. This significant difference is caused by impacts of evaporation,
infiltration, overland flow, stream flow, and ground water flow in Chowchilla farm. Based on the results, the amount of precipitation in 1969 is about
300,000 ac–ft, and the amount of the final surface water is about 5,000 ac–ft, therefore the loss in this subbasin is about 295,000

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