For All Medical & Non Medical Students

1. INTEGRATION
OF
METABOLISM
By
N. Santhosh Kumar
Asst. Professor
Department Of Biochemistry
SIMS & RH
Tumkur

2. ETC & OP

3. Hormonal Regulation
of
Metabolism

4. Increases the rate of glucose
uptake by the tissues
Inhibits gluconeogenesis, (glucose production by
the liver )
It stimulates protein
synthesis
Suppresses breakdown of
proteins into amino acids
Suppresses breakdown of TG in
adipose tissues into FFAs.
Activates Glycogenesis
(Glycogen synthesis)
Enhances synthesis of fatty
acids & TG
Insulin
Inactivates Glycogenolysis
(glycogen phosphorylase)

5. G
L
U
C
A
G
O
N
Stimulates glycogenolysis & Gluconeogenesis
(release of glucose by liver )
Inhibits Glycolysis & glycogen
synthesis
Enhances synthesis of glucose from
amino acids or fatty acids
Activates lipase - mobilizes fatty acids and glycerol.

6. Promotes
Gluconeogenesis
Cortisol
Increases the Breakdown
of protein & fats

7. Increased lipolysis
Increased mobilization of
fatty acids from adipose tissues
Increased glucagon & decreased
insulin actions
Epinephrine
Decreased Glycogenesis
Decreased Glucose utilization
Increased gluconeogenesis
(liver)

8. ACTH
(Secreted by Anterior
pituitary)
Enhances release of FAs
from adipose tissue.
Enhances release of
cortisol

9. Growth
hormone
.
Antagonizes Insulin
Stimulates
Gluconeogenesis &
lipolysis
THYROXINE
Enhances release of
glucose from glycogen
Increases
the rate of intestinal
absorption of glucose

10. Metabolic changes
in
Different states

11. FED STATE

13. Transportation of fat
(Chylomicron metabolism)

14. Transportation of fat
(VLDL metabolism)

15. Fasting State

18. severe deficiency in caloric energy intake & most
extreme form of malnutrition
In humans, prolonged starvation can cause permanent
organ damage and eventually, death.
After 4 to 5 days of fasting, the body enters starvation
state
Starvation

19. Metabolic changes
in Starvation
Liver glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
(for Glucose syn)
Initial stage
below 2 to 3 days
80-90% energy derived
from Fats
(Adipose tissues)
2nd stage
Longer period
usually over 2 weeks
Energy obtained from
tissue’s proteins
Last for less than
1 week

20. 1
5
6
6
2
3
4
7
8
2

21. Clinical Assessment
 Loss of weight
 Dry skin
 Hair loss
 Muscle wasting
 Loss of subcutaneous fat
 Edema with out hypoalbuminemia
 Distended abdomen with diarrhea

22. SUCCESS IS NOT AN ACCIDENT
It is hard work, perseverance,
learning, studying, sacrifice &
most of all,
love of what you are doing
Thank you