Gender Differences In Nonverbal Communication

Gender Differences In Nonverbal Communication
Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication includes visual cues
known as body language that arise during human interactions. These cues include proximity, body
positions, posture, touch, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact, and can be as important in
communication as the words actually spoken. Within the category of nonverbal communication,
many variances exist between males and females. Matthew Hertenstein, a psychology professor at
DePauw University, and Dacher Keltner found in a study of U.S. undergraduates that "a number of
explanations have been proposed to explain these gender differences, some of which emphasize
power and status some of which emphasize the social roles of the genders" (Hertenstein and Keltner
72). Since many differences exist between males and females in how they display nonverbal
communication, it is important to study these distinctions to eliminate confusion and
misunderstanding between genders. Men and women tend to physically approach conversations and
interactions differently. Typically, women prefer to be approached from the front, rather than from
the side or behind, and researchers believe this is based on protection since one can see the person
coming (Reiman). Men, on the other hand, prefer to be approached from the side or at an angle,
because it is less aggressive. While women stand face–to–face, men tend to sit side–by–side,
because "for men, a face–to–face position indicates challenge or
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Differences In Verbal And Nonverbal Communication Between...
Late Friday evening, a young couple is finishing their Christmas shopping. The woman steadily
converses with her husband while he gazes into the distance. She pauses, and the sudden silence
clearly indicates her disapproval of his lack of attentiveness. He quickly turns and looks her in the
eye. However, she maintains her eerie silence for a few minutes and places her hands on her hips.
As he recognizes her frustration, he insists that he is listening. This happens many times during
conversations between members of the opposite sex, and is even more prevalent between couples.
Men and women communicate remarkably different in body demeanor and communication
intonation. Both sexes use opposing strategies in conversation that often create misunderstanding
due to the differences in verbal and nonverbal communication. Likewise, males and females
decipher words and mannerisms differently causing misinterpretation of the message.
Men find it difficult to interrelate with women due to differences in nonverbal communication,
specifically, physical demeanor. Females utilize body posture to emphasize emotion and meaning.
Women "face each other directly, their eyes anchored on each other's face" while "men sit at angles
to each other and look elsewhere in the room" (Tannen "Sex, Lies" 52). When women face men
directly, men feel threatened and perceive the woman's body posture as being aggressive. A male's
posture tends to be more "expansive." This suggests "a more open posture will

The Communication Differences Between Men And Women Essay
What would the average person say if asked them. "What are the communication differences
between men and women?" Would it be something like women talk about shoes, and men talk about
sports? Or maybe something along the lines of women talk all–the–time and men hardly speak at
all. What if I said that assumption is correct. Well, not entirely of course. As it turns out, men and
women have some fundamental communicative differences. This is also very much a generalization,
and I would not think includes persons who identify as different genders.
From an early age little boys and little girls communicate differently. "Girls tend to play in pairs,
while boys arrange themselves in groups, and group play breeds the competitive spirit,"(Strauss).
Harvard evolutionary biologist Joyce Benenson speculates that the instinct for men to align
themselves in groups goes way back in human history. "Men hunted in groups, and so they had to
learn to get along quickly in a bunch, and this quality was supposedly bred into men through natural
selection, (Strauss)." This might be proven further by another study including, 6–8–month–old
human infants using a preferential looking models. Results showed that relative to females, males
looked more at the group versus the individual stimuli. The results are consistent with an
evolutionary mechanism that produced sex differences in the organization of relationships in human
society, (Abstract). Why is this important? Well, as far as communication is

Cross Cultural Differences Nonverbal Communication Essay
Gestures provide one of the most obvious cases of cross–cultural differences in nonverbal
communication. In South Italy gesture use is prominent and many gestures are conventional. These
include 'pragmatic' gestures that indicate type of speech act or aspects of discourse structure and
'substantive' gestures that express utterance content (Kendon, n.d.). The examples of conventional
'pragmatic' gestures are the Mano a borsa('purse hand') and the Mani giunte ('praying hands') are
well known and have recognition as 'quotable gestures' or 'emblems'. They express the illocutionary
intent of the spoken utterances associated with them. The second two relate to discourse structure:
The Finger Bunch, which is similar to the 'purse hand' in form, marks 'topic' as distinct from
'comment'; the Ring, in which the tips of the index finger and thumb are brought into contact
forming a circle, marks the 'locality' of a unit in relation to the theme. Emblems, in particular, tend
to differ by culture. Emblems are gestures that substitute for language. Examples of emblems
include waving hand to say "hello" or "goodbye", nodding to say "yes", putting your hand out so
that someone stops, and more. Those are the examples of emblems in the United States. In Italy,
handshake is common. It is used with everyone you meet, but women must hold their hand out first.
When meeting for get together, they shake everyone hands, including children, then again when
leaving (Bosrock, 2010). Furthermore,

Differences Of Communication
The Merriam–Webster Dictionary defines communication as "a process by w which information is
exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behaviors." Does
this definition men that those with different languages can't communicate with each other. If this
were true how do we even communicate with our pets or other animals. What about the
misunderstandings between people who share the same language. The way we communicate is
different though every individual. So how do we understand each other. We make different cultures
or languages into large groups, but their are also subcultures like males and females. Everyone of
these cultures and subcultures has their own languages, symbols, signs, and behaviors. I recently
studied what people believe is the difference between the way that men and women communicate.
Men and women communicate differently because of society, expected norms, and a learned
behavior. Men and women communicate differently because of society. Men are the more dominant
sex of the human population. Because of their dominance in society it is shown through the way that
they communicate. They show dominance by making their conversations about themselves. They do
things like interrupting and ignoring others comments. My friend Mike proved this statement when I
asked him how men control the flow of a conversation. He said "Men like to talk about themselves".
This explains the theory that men try to control their dominance by talking

Gender Differences in Communication In The Workplace Essay
During spring and summer of 201 I underwent a six month internship in the information services
department of a major company in my country Botswana. The company , Botswana power
corporation is the sole producer and distributor of electricity in Botswana. As a company with
branches all over the country it is easy to understand why communication would be crucial to the
day to day operations of this company as a whole. For the sake of clarity however I'm going to limit
the focus of this paper to the Information servives departmentin which I worked.
My internship position was at the companies head office in Gaborone .As intern it did not take me
long to realize that almost all the departments needed the services of the IS department in one ...
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The only time when the all the staff members got together was during the weekly meeting in the
managers office.The meeting was held with members sitting in around a round table ,so that the
group members could freely themselves verbally and non verbally.The atmosphere was usually
relaxed(except during emergency meetings)with drinks and snacks being served.It was during these
meetings that projectscheduling, recurring problems and internal matters were disciussed.The
meeting as was the office ws run democratic manner.All members of the group was encouraged to
offer their input.When there was disagreement over a certain issue it was often put to the vote. As an
intern these meetings were the highlight of the week because of the many brilliant ideas that were
born from the brainstorming sessions that often went on during them.Group think was to a large part
avoided by the fact that we all knew that the manager door was

Understanding The Cultural Difference Of Business...
In this era of globalization, many companies and organizations often heavily dependent on the
international trade which are the main industry to keep their business running. Indeed, even with
information on how the business can grow internationally, some business frequently fails to keep up
the importance of cultural understating in the business itself. Further, it is often leads to the lack of
understanding and decreasing of performance to achieve its goals. In this essay, the writer will
describe the importance of understanding the cultural difference in business communication.
Further, the writer also emphasizes on the three major issues that is commonly forgotten, such as
Cross cultural communication issues, workplace etiquette issues, ... Show more content on
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Now and again, these topics may convert into changing desires for business organizations and
arrangements. Based on the changing desires and needs and wants, "people 's purchasing behaviour
ultimately, are shaped by their environment and their values. Therefore, when you are creating new
products or services in different countries or regions, it is important to conduct research beforehand
about the target market. Consider characteristics like the role of gender in the culture, their
decision–making process and what they value the most"(Innov8 Education Solutions, 2017). Based
on that, it is clearly stated that the importance of understanding the different culture is just cannot be
ignored, and should be implemented to enter the market also understanding the consumer's
behaviour in the market. Besides, the importance of understanding the cross cultural communication
through the brand that the company wants has to be accepted in the cultural or even in the society.
Workplace etiquette issues happened frequently because of miscommunication and mistreat shown
among the workers and staff who hold a position in a company. Indeed, there are many companies
that have been established and continue to grow, however there is also some company that only last
than 5 years and then goes bankrupt. This is a nature of the business, however, from enormous
associations of privately owned

Communication: What Cause The Difference?
1. Identify a time in which you and another listener understood a message very differently. What
caused the difference? Explain. During communication, messages are interpreted differently in
many occasions. Due to the various forms of communication in the world, there are many ways
mistakes can occur. For example, a student sitting next to you in class, hardly paying attention, may
have not listened to the professor as well as you had and may have not interpreted a message that
the professor sent regarding a test. This could cause problems due to the fact that the student that
was not paying attention to the professor may lose points on the next test. The most common form
of miscommunication that I have encountered is via texting. There ... Show more content on
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I think that conflicts that are resolved with equal effort and commitment tend to help relationships
grow stronger and last longer. For example, if my boyfriend and I got into an argument and equally
communicated with one another and resolved the issue as soon as possible, this would result in a
growth in our relationship. Now if my boyfriend and I got into an argument and refused to talk
about and work out the problem, this would result in bigger problems and larger decisions need to
be made regarding the relationship itself. Conflicts are not always classified as bad conflicts. If
conflicts are constantly occurring throughout a relationship and there is not equal effort being put in
on both sides of the relationship to resolve these issues, then this is no longer improving or building
a relationship. This is when I believe that the two need to figure out if their relationship is worth
their while. Bad conflicts are those that are not dealt with equally between the two involved and
their intentions are not to overcome and build a stronger relationship. Good conflicts are those that
are worked out equally and help build the relationship as time moves on. The chapter provides ways
to approach a conflict and how to handle it. There are five ways people generally handle conflicts:
avoidance, accommodation, competition, reactivity, or

Cross Cultural Communication And Cultural Differences
When people think of business, rarely do we associate culture with the concept. This leads to an
issue in cross–cultural communication. By analyzing cross–cultural communication, and its
miscommunication in cultural differences, it is clear that employees should know more of a
country's defining culture. Only recently have we seen an emphasis in understanding other country's
cultures. In doing so, some businesses have prospered, while others have suffered after a terrible
miscommunication. When dealing with culture, there are three segments that an employee should
consider. What can be done before, during and after contact is made with the culture. In effectively
preparing for one, a business may successfully send the message they wish to their client.
Before even beginning communications, an individual should research the culture. When
researching the culture, individuals should identify and understand normal business patterns in that
location. This may include doing work before communication is started. For instance, in other
cultures it is customary for a friendship to develop before communications may begin. In attempting
to be on a friendly basis, clients may be more forgiving if a cultural mistake is made. While in other
cultures, giving a gift before a negotiation takes place is normal. Lastly if possible the individual
should be aware of the current state of affairs in the opposing nation to avoid sensitive subjects. This
all depends on the culture though that is

The Difference Between Self-Concept And Ethical Communication
"We develop selves by internalizing two kinds of perspectives that are communicated to us: the
perspectives of particular others and the perspective of the generalized other" (Mead). The book
explains that self–concept begins from outside – the particular others' views of and communication
with us. How does self–concept differ from self–esteem? Your self–concept or self–image is the
sum total of all knowledge and information you have about yourself (Bleeker). The image or idea of
yourself that comes from what others think about you and what you know about yourself. Self–
concept is the knowledge gained from reflection on 'Who am I?'. On the other hand, self–esteem is
your attitude toward yourself in general. Whether you think these ideas about yourself are rated as
good, bad, or indifferent in your mind. The key difference between self–concept and self–esteem is
that the addition of feelings. Self–concept is the informational side of things, where you know facts
about what you are like. Self–esteem is how you feel about those things you know, like whether you
enjoy the fact that you are talkative at parties (high self–esteem) or you think that you are annoying
and need to learn to shut up sometimes (low self–esteem).
Self–concepts play a role in ethical communications. Self–concept determines how you can
compare yourself to others, which determine how one interacts with them. Communication also
depends on the environment and the people around us. Self–concept

Essay about Differences in Communication between Men and...
It is a well–known fact that men and women have vastly different styles of nearly everything,
communication not excluded. Women tend to be more talkative and emotional whereas men are
usually reserved and not quite as open with their emotions. Many differences indeed exist between
the spoken language of males and females. What about body language? Nonverbal cues are often
difficult to notice and even harder to understand. Some people may not even realize when they are
communicating in this sense. Like the spoken word, nonverbal communication usually varies
between males and females, depending on relationships, environments, and circumstances. Learning
why different genders communicate in this manner, the various ways in which they do this, ... Show
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Men, on the other hand, are more likely than women to associate touching with sexual intentions
and therefore are much less likely to use touch during a conversation with another male. (Carnes) At
the core, the reasons why men and women have different body language tendencies lies in
accordance with each respective gender's interpretations of signals he or she gives or receives. It is
clear that they ways that men and women use nonverbal communication significantly differ from
one another.
It is important to be aware of the differences between men and women in the art of nonverbal
communication. Knowing these differences can be helpful in understanding why a person is doing a
particular action and what it means. As was previously noted, women are more openly emotional
and intimate so the body language they use and the reason they use it will be different from the man,
who tends to be more reserved with emotional manners. Females are usually more expressive than
men and are more likely to return a smile. They do not use as many gestures as men unless they are
trying to gain approval from someone, but will usually opt for playing with their hair or clothing or
placing their hands in their lap in social situations. Men, on the other hand, do not smile as much as
women. They do use more gestures than females, such as sweeping arm and hand motions, in
conversation. (West Virginia Department of Education) Males and females also use different body
language in the realm of

Difference Between Communication And Nonverbal Communication
Every society has a different definition of normal as you look into the language they speak,
nonverbal communication and body language of a specific culture. People who may have a disorder
also have a different normal in the way they relate to others, and how they are viewed in society.
What is then normal in one culture may mean something totally different in another, and the
interpretation of body language, verbal and nonverbal communication can affect the way someone is
looked upon or treated in the community the live, work and play.
Differences, Dialects and Disorders
Difference Versus Disorder
Are you Normal? We all wonder at some point in our lives if we are. Normal is defined as
conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected. We see there is a different standard of normal
in every culture including language which is an exchange via code which includes the words,
sentences, and texts that are used to convey ideas and feelings. The Cultural community also set's a
standard for normal as defined by: A social group of any size whose members share government and
have a common culture and historical heritage (Studylecturenotes.com, 2004). When we look at
normal communication we can see that it is a standard that's set in a culture and it varies by social
group and standard. A person from a different language community or cultural community may not
fit into the "normal" range of another culture. I think this statement is true, and that someone

Differences In Verbal And Nonverbal Communication In Men...
Late Friday evening, a young couple was finishing their Christmas shopping. The woman was
steadily conversing with her husband while he gazed into the distance. He insisted that he listens to
her and is attentive while she is talking. However, she utters in disapproval, there is no, way he
listens when he does not look at her. This happens many times between couples or while speaking to
the opposite sex. Men and women communicate remarkably different in body demeanor and
communication intonation. Men and women use opposite strategies in conversation that cause
misunderstanding. Likewise, both males and females decipher the others' message differently causes
misunderstandings. Men struggle communicating with women due to the differences in verbal and
nonverbal communication.
Men find it difficult to connect with women through the difference in physical demeanor in
nonverbal communication. Females function and contain a different body posture than men, which
contributes to the misinterpretation of women's communication. Women, "face each other directly,
their eyes anchored on each other's face" while "men sit at angles to each other and look elsewhere
in the room" (Tannen "Sex, Lies"). A male's posture tends to be more "expansive" and exposed. Men
have this manner because "a more open posture will actually make you feel more powerful and
confident" (Riggio). The difference in males and females' posture provides room for confrontation
and can bring the conversation to a halt.

Difference Between Business And Intercultural Communication
Business and Intercultural Communication
Ordinarily, individuals in a workplace spend over three fourths of their day in relational
circumstances. With this being said, it is no big surprise that a substantial number of authoritative
issues come from poor communication. So as to emerge in the job, it is important that we keep on
working on enhancing our communication aptitudes in the business world. Truth be told, the present
business world has gone worldwide implying that the workforce has turned out to be more various.
This implies communication inside the present market has turned out to be not quite the same as the
past and we should know about various societies and ethnic foundations. Diversity is key. What may
not sound awful to you could really irritate others or they may not see the need in an assignment the
way that you do.
Communication includes composing, talking, and tuning in as well as having the capacity to impart
in different business settings. Keep in mind that most just have a couple of moments to establish a
decent connection, so how you introduce yourself as well as how you convey can leave an
everlasting impression. When conveying your message make sure that it is concise, verifiable,
compact, clear, and influential. You need to give useful and sensible data, yet you additionally need
it to be accurate. Consolidate your data, don't give anybody mind harm by over–burdening them
with pointless data. Make certain that you state exact obligations and get

Differences Between Police Culture And Deaf Communication
Imagine driving down a highway one afternoon and you are startled by the familiar blue and red
lights flashing around you. You find the nearest shoulder, pull over, turn off the car, and place your
hands on the wheel. The officer walks to the window, you motion to where your papers and
information are then hand them over. He asks you a question, but you can't understand him. You try
to sign that you need a pen and paper to communicate, but he doesn't understand either. This is the
prime example of a communication barrier meaning that both parties do not have an understanding
of language between one another. This scenario is far too realistic for many deaf and hard of hearing
individuals (Herman & Matlin, 2014). Many departments, organizations, and companies are
working together to minimize this barrier by educating both parties how to handle this scary and
potentially dangerous situation (Herman & Matlin, 2014). Deaf/hard of hearing individuals may
have a limited understanding of law enforcement operations which may make them feel threatened
by the inability to effectively communicate due to the differences between spoken English and
American Sign Language (ASL) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One issue Matlin covers, is how to make sure officers do not feel threatened by the large amount of
hand gestures which are used by someone who is deaf or hard of hearing (Herman & Matlin, 2014).
She recommends having a sign above the visor in the car that states the type of hearing challenges
the person has and their preferred means of communication so the officer understands how to ensure
that proper communication takes place (Herman & Matlin, 2014). Matlin discusses in a step by step
progression of what rights a deaf/hard of hearing individual has while working through the court
system (Herman & Matlin,

Differences Between Genders And Communication Essay
When you think of gender differences you probably automatically consider anatomical and
biological differences. Perhaps you contemplate about differences in appearance or maybe
occupation. Gender differences are relevant in politics, the workplace, domestic commitments, etc.
One large gender difference that appears to be prevalent is that of communication. I believe that
gender communication holds many advantages and disadvantages within discussions as well as in
distinctive settings. When looking at the differences between men and women when it comes to
communication, the disparities are abundant. But why are there so many differences between
genders and communication? Is there a culture difference that separates the two? Is there a
biological reasoning to focus on? Researchers across the globe have made this their main area of
focus, to find out exactly what these immense differences are and why they subsist. Differences in
gender communication deal with technology, negotiations, the workplace and persuasion.
Researchers believes that the main difference in gender communication is due to the fact the men
and women view the purpose of interactions in a different way. Women tend to see conversations as
connections while men use them as competition and power gaining tactics (Merchant, 2012).
Personally I can reflect on experiences when this objective seems to be true. During dating, women
tend to be seen as more emotional and strive for relationship while in some

Difference Between Communication And Nonverbal Communication
Communication can be verbal or nonverbal, verbal communication is often misconstrued and
nonverbal communication is often more direct. Men and women converse differently whether they
are comparable to their partner or not; here are some differences in the way genders communicate
from their body language. There is a difference in the approach, gesture, and body language. Which
varies from person to person.
Men believe communication should have a clear purpose, while women on the other hand often use
communication to discover feelings and what the person they are talking to wants to say. Women
hope to meet a man who is self–assured enough and interested when they approach them. They like
to be approached from the front, rather than the back because they like to see what is coming their
way to be to be assured that they would like to build a conversation with them or not, researchers
think it is about "protection" (Science of People, 2017). Men prefer to be approached from the side
or at an angle because it is less aggressive. The front approach is often interpreted as a charge at
someone (Science of People, 2017). In the work environment, it is an easy way to meet a woman or
a man who has the same interest in each other, whether in friendships or relationships. When
approaching a woman at work, start a normal conversation, it is more likely for a woman to have
their guard up when it comes to a man approaching them, do not talk about anything that will throw
her off, but make her feel comfortable so she can maybe put her guard down. Some men may be
intimated, or feel like their manhood is at risk when a woman decides to approach them. Although
there is a difference between their interpretation of their approach between a man and a woman, it is
evident that both parties take pleasure of their confidence of each other. When a man approaches a
woman, they look at a man's appearance, meaning the way they are dressed, their hygiene and the
way they are groomed. Women initially judge a man based on his looks, but for the majority of
women, a man's looks are not the important thing about him. However, when a woman approaches a
man, they also look at a woman's appearance, but men look at different things such as their

Communication Differences : Symbolic Interactionism And...
The two communication theories I will feature are Symbolic Interactionism and Relational
Dialectics. As defined in our text book, Symbolic Interactionism refers to how "humans act toward
people, things and events on the basis of the meanings they assign to them." (Cite your textbook)
while Relational Dialectics states "social life is a dynamic knot of contradictions, a ceaseless
interplay between contradictory or opposing tendencies such as integration–separation, stability–
change, and expression–nonexpression" (Cite your book) Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery
coined the phrase "opposites attract" to make it simple in understanding Relational Dialectics. This
theory is rooted in phenomenological tradition, and even to the yin and ... Show more content on
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3. 3. Expression–nonexpression: Internally, the struggle between openness and closedness;
externally, the struggle between revelation and concealment. (Cite Relational Dialectics Therory
(talkabouttalk.weebly.com) The Relational Dialectics theory is common within marital studies.
Baxter and Montgomery created four subcategories within couples pertaining to their romantic
relationship which were: 1. Openness with – individual's self–disclosure of information to another.
2. Openness to – being attentive or responsive 3. Closedness with – superficial "small talk" 4.
Closedness to – not wanting to listen to other people's problems Other research applications Baxter
and Montgomery apply include: 1. Autonomy–connection – wanting independence but wanting
dependence of the partner 2. Comfort – balance found within the couple – giving each other space 3.
Time Segmentation – time spent alone and time spent together 4. Activity Segmentation – allowing
for needs alone – i.e. girls/guys night out 5. Exclusive Selection – dependence on one's spouse 6.
Reframing – evaluation of the relationship for flaw and correction Several other researchers used the
Relational Dialectics principles in their research. E. Sahlstein examined uncertainty and certainty to
long distance relationships. S.E. Wilder focused on second marriages. William Rawlins studied
friendships. K. J. Conger applied the theory to sibling relationships. L.A. Baxter

Cultural Differences In Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication held great prominence in daily human interactions, as it was a path to
building a relationship and exchanging ideas and feelings. Although achieving a more effective
communication would be the goal, there was no single answer to this pursue. A certain style of
communication could be evaluated differently under various circumstances or in distinct cultures.
Therefore, examining and reflecting on how one's culture impacted each area that contribute to
interpersonal communication was essential to gain a better understanding with cognitive complexity.
Emotions and its expression had different values depending on the environment and culture; it
influenced the tone and atmosphere of the conversation and extended to affecting the presenting and
perceived self. Effectively managing one's emotions affected how others would respond to your
feelings through emotional contagion. In Asian cultures, people were discouraged from displaying
their emotions explicitly since it was perceived as being arrogant and having low self–discipline,
especially negative emotions like sadness and jealousy. Nevertheless, people who showed their
emotions with honesty and positivity were trustworthy and straightforward in western cultures. This
difference was very apparent in an interview setting, where the interviewees from an Asian
background appeared more modest and quiet while the interviewees who grew up in western culture
were more eager to present and market themselves.

The Great Cultural Difference In International Business...
Firstly culture communication makes a difference between east and west business, To Known and
understand the different cultures is becoming more and more crucial for international trade. The
Great Cultural Divide in International Business Communication is High and Low Context
Communication. Many international business situations decline because of cultural
misunderstandings caused by differences in high and low context styles of culture (Hinner, 2012).
Cultures have different ways of communicating. The culture communication meaning is implanted
in codes such as the contexts, and different cultures rely on codes and contexts differently in
conducting or understanding the meaning of a communication message. Communication messages
which the meanings are explicitly coded are called low–context. On the other hand, messages in
which definitions are established more in contexts are considered to be high context.
Low–context communication depends more on the information present in the message. low–context
are more dependents on the meaning of words. Dialogue tends to be more precise, words are used
continuously, disagreements are not personalized, conflicts do not need an immediate solution, and
the answer is always rationally, based privacy and physical space is essential, messages are direct
and precise, time efficiency is highly estimated and significant. Most of the western and northern
European cultures use low–context communication. These include some European countries

Importance Of Cultural Difference In Business Communication
In this era of globalization, many companies and organizations often heavily dependent on the
international trade which are the main industry to keep their business running. Indeed, even with
information on how the business can grow internationally, some business frequently fails to keep up
the importance of cultural understating in the business itself. Further, it is often leads to the lack of
understanding and decreasing of performance to achieve its goals. In this essay, the writer will
describe the importance of understanding the cultural difference in business communication.
Further, the writer also emphasizes on the three major issues that is commonly forgotten, such as
Cross cultural communication issues, workplace etiquette issues, and organizational hierarchy. In
addition, the writer then gives an example of the company who fails to understand the cultural
difference in an organization or businesses.
First of all, cross cultural communication issues are often caused by small problems in an internal
business section. Basically, it because the company simply does not recognize the importance of
culture in the business. As a matter of fact, culture alludes to the standards and qualities and
conventions that influence the way an individual from a gathering ordinarily sees, considers,
connects, carries on and make judgments. One of the greatest ruins of partnerships is not perceiving
the significance of understanding society while working a business. The supposition

A Brief Note On Cross Cultural Communication And...
Cross–Culture Communication Competence in Global Business
Celeste Aisien Lo
COMS 2331
Dr. Richard Bello
April 29th 2015
Competence in cross–cultural communication and understanding cultural differences is becoming
more crucial in today's society. Technology is advancing in a rapid pace and is allowing more
opportunities in migration therefore existing countries has never had so much to do with each other
until today. As a result of becoming inter–connected, global business is progressing rapidly.
Majority of countries are participating in global business transactions, international alliances and
multinational joint ventures. However, recent studies suggest that these organizations often find
failure as a result of poor cross–cultural communication. Researches have analyzed the aspects of
effective cross–cultural communication, how it affects business communication and why the
communication is ineffective when it is. According to Becker & Bsat (2014), learning the skills of
"proper behavior" on an international level is one of the most important elements necessary for
business success and growth. Chaney & Martin's (2007) analysis suggest that there is "international
business culture" which defines acceptable behavior and orientation in an international social and
business setting. Although Beckers & Bsat (2014) did not title their research "international business
culture", their work aligns with Chaney and Martin's (2007) claims. Beckers & Bsat (2014) used the

Communication And Gender Differences Between Men And Women
Generally speaking, men and women are very dependent on each other. Both genders have different
characteristics and different tendencies. Men are more likely to be assertive and dominant, but can
become too defensive when their ego feels harmed. Women, on the other hand, enjoy being
relational and helpful to others, though can get offended very easily if they are ignored. Tannen
reinforces many stereotypes that can cause a lot of responses from critics. No gender is superior to
the other, there are just discrepancies that start from childhood. The conversations between little
boys and girls foreshadow how they will behave later in their lives. Despite the connection made
between both genders, verbal and nonverbal communication styles are the root of all relationship
problems.
Discrepancies in each other's communication styles cause problems. The importance of
communication is undeniable. Any relationship needs it, verbal and nonverbal, to be compatible.
Children create social tendencies as that lay a foundation for how they behave for the entirety of
their lives. Men and women are different, but not as much as the author portrays. Tannen speaks in
many generalities without considering the possibility that both genders have the same problems.
Although relationships between men and women can work out and become beautiful families, there
are conversational indifferences that cause difficulty in communication.
The nonverbal side of conversation is an important piece of

The Differences Of Verbal And Nonverbal Communication In...
Every culture has a different way in communicating with one another, when no one is speaking.
Nonverbal is a message that is sent from one person to another which does not include words, but
body motions (Farb, 2017, textbook chapter 8, pg. 256). This is what it includes "eye contact, touch
and vocal qualities; and the use of time, space, artifacts, dress, and smell" (Farb, 2017, textbook
chapter 8, pg. 256). "Nonverbal communication is a key component to the steps of interaction, and
many people rely on nonverbal cues to understand one another". Nonverbal communication in use
by people around the world without speaking a word, but using body motions and they still get
messages out. The differences of verbal and nonverbal communications, is verbal uses symbols and
nonverbal uses signals. In this nonverbal communication training–guide, it will explain the different
body motions in the Muslim culture of what to do and what not to do, and what behavior is
appropriate and what is not appropriate. These body motions will include Kinesics, Proxemis,
Haptics, Paralanguage, Chronemics, Physical appearance/attire, Oculesics, and Olfactics. Kinesics
is the use of body movements to communicate with others. This includes, gestures, movements of
the "hands, arms, legs, and face" to communicate, these are all examples of kinesics (Farb, 2017,
text–book Chapter 8, pg. 256). In a Muslim religion one of their ways of praying that is a nonverbal
cue is they kneel and sit on their knees with forehead against the floor with open upturned hands.
This means that they are bowing down before God as a Muslim and seeking good pleasures from
Allah (Leirvik, 2006, pg. 32). There are different ways on how a man and women would greet
someone according to their culture that have different rules. In the United States a handshake is a
common gesture in how one person would greet another with eye contact and a smile, it is also the
same in the Muslim culture in Egypt. In the Muslim culture the men shake hands, and the women
wait until the men extend their hand for a handshake, or they would put their hand over their heart to
show their openness of welcoming them (Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, 2017). (Mcfee,
n.d.). According to

Differences Between Communication And Culture
To study culture is to also study a people's means of communication–it is to investigate a group's
way of life, to consider the thought processes behind the choices they make, and to realize the
reasons and means by which they maintain their relationships. Communication and culture are
inseparable due to the reality that one cannot exist without the other. This concept of acknowledging
the connectedness of culture and communication is iterated in the Handbook of International and
Intercultural Communication when William B. Gudykunst and Bella Mody use this quote by
anthropologist and cross–cultural researcher Edward T. Hall, "Culture is communication and
communication is culture" (Gudykunst & Mody, 2004, p.26). The claim that communication and
culture are invariably connected is supported by the universally understood truth that
communication styles vary around the world due to differences in environmental contexts, the
prevalence of regionally specific issues, and the value of relationships within a cultural group
(Gudykunst & Mody, 2004). Examples of this phenomenon are the differences between the methods
that people of the United States use to communicate with each other and the methods that people of
other countries utilize to fulfill the same task. The discrepancies relating to verbal and nonverbal
communication between different cultures prove that communication is cultural, and culture is built
on communication. I have always lived in the United States, therefore

The Difference Between Verbal and Nonveral Communication
I believe that every person has a different way of communicating with different people.
Verbal and nonverbal communication have been both of the approaches within the interaction. The
key difference among the two lies in the middle of the message that has been carried. With the
verbal communication, words have been used to exchange information and that would be used with
a person or by telephone. As an alternative, nonverbal communication has been mostly a visually.
With nonverbal communication, no verbal words have been used. For example the nonverbal
communication includes gestures, personality, and eye contact. Sometimes a person could say one
thing, than his or her body language says something different (Solomon, & Schell, 2010). There is
also written communication, which has been done with an email or through a social networking site
(Solomon, & Schell, 2010). I believe that Nonverbal communication has people gestures, for one
thing there are some people that stare and their facial expression said something entirely different
and that's more impact than the individuals realize. Having a conversation with someone who
creates eye contact can sometimes tell us that they need something or sometimes the eye contact can
tell us something different. I'll give you an example that happened to me. The other day I went over
my in–laws house, we we're over there for a while, I was really bored, so I gave my husband an eye
contact, he right away realized that I want to go home, I

Differences Between Spoken And Written Cross Culture...
5) Explain why both spoken and written cross culture communications present many challenge to
non–native communications?
Verbal communication is when we communicate our verbal message to whom the message is
received. Whereas communication nonverbal communication through messages without words.
These messages can be communicated through body language, facial expression and eye contact,
emotional speech symbol.
Challenges There are basically two types of communication as –
Verbal–
Verbal communication is a common form of individuals transfer their message to other people and
businesses. verbal communication methods may include meetings, personal interviews, phone and
video conferencing. Verbal communication may be the best method of communication because it
allows people to assess verbal or nonverbal inferences by individuals who give a message. You can
also create a more comfortable environment for recipients to ask questions and get feedback from
individuals who give the message.
The increasing use of global trade has created challenges for verbal communication. These
challenges can include language barriers, cultural or social barriers and time differences when
messages. These challenges must be overcome for verbal communication to present a clear message
that recipients can act quickly with little or no confusion.
Written–
written communication includes internal business reports, formal letters, bulletin boards and posters
and various other forms of written

Examples Of Cultural Differences In Intercultural...
Abstract
Cultural differences play an important role in intercultural communication. The statement that
effective business depends on knowledge of mentality is broadly discussed not only by sociologists
but also by economists and international companies' managers. Corporate culture became a term
widely used to describe the way of particular company employees' behavior at a workplace. Also,
this term is used by human resources managers to name a set of behavior rules, which they hope to
introduce to the companies. Promoting a corporate culture is an effective way to create a strong
organization. It can be done through enhancing the sense of community within the company. And a
sense of community is a sense of shared identity. Therefore, the question of national identity needs a
thorough analysis as it is a key issue to gain success in a globalized world.
Cultural Dimensions Theory Review.
The following example of cultural differences analysis is based on the cultural dimensions theory,
developed by Geert Hofstede. Applying this theory to two countries–The USA and Bolivia, we can
see major differences in national culture models. They may be subdivided into six basic issues,
which are called dimensions of culture and used to identify the way of social organization. The first
dimension to consider is what Hofstede described as Power Distance (PD). This is the extent, to
which the less powerful members of society accept and expect the power unequal distribution

Overcoming Cross Cultural Differences Of Communication
Overcoming cross cultural differences in communication at Tearroir
单丝不成线，独木不成林
A single thread cannot become a cord, and a single tree does not make a forest. This Cheng Yu is
about cooperation and being part of a larger whole. Its roots stem from Confucian beliefs of
organized society through togetherness. This is in stark contrast to the emphasis placed on
individualism in some Western countries.
Introducton
Tearroir is a global tea brand that sources premium loose leaf tea from 7 countries. The need to
overcome cross cultural difference in communication is a major issue in achieving affective
knowledge transfer and performance in today's globalised world (Holden, Von Kortzfleisch, 2004,
pp127). Knowledge evolves as both organisations and individuals adapt to internal/external
environments, it is one of the most important assets for any organisation (Rivera–Vazquez, Ortiz–
Fournier, Flores, 2009, pp257). Cross cultural differences are never more of a barrier to successful
communication inl business than in the case of verbal and non verbal communication (McShane,
Olekalns, Travaglione, 2010, pp367). Tearroir's mission statement is "the best teas on Earth" for this
to be realised we need to be effective communicators with people from varied cultural backgrounds.
Cross cultural communication issues often occur because people react to situations based on beliefs,
values and expectations of their own culture, the examples of 'face' and guan xi will be discussed in
the paper.

Accommodation Theory : The Cultural Differences Between...
Every day, people's speech styles and patterns shifts through similar social encounters, whether
there are mundane conversations between colleagues or a rare meeting between a citizen and the
President. Consider an interaction between an employer and an employee? How about an interaction
between colleagues and friends? The way we interact and communicate with either party differs;
this intergroup interaction is what academics describe as the Communication Accommodation
Theory (CAT) (Gallois, Ogay, & Giles, 2005). More specifically, this theory explains the motivation
commutators have to either converge with or diverge from each other during the communication
phase (Gallois, et al., 2005). According to Gallois, et al. (2005), the social human connection is a
series of convergences and divergences, one converging to bridge the gap that separates individuals
to form a stronger bond. In stark contrast, they (2005) describe divergence as the rejection of one
individual rejecting a certain or a series of verbal and nonverbal behaviors as a mean to maintain
their individuality.
The father of CAT, Howard Giles explored the differences between people, both as a group and as
individuals (Giles, Coupland, & Coupland, 1991). What he achieved during his research was a
theory that explained the linguistic differences between communicators and how their cultural
differences affected their interactions (Giles, et al., 1991). Additionally, he made an astonishing
claim; Giles et al (1991) claimed that when people communicated they either experienced a pattern
of communication divergence or convergence.
Giles (1991) describes convergence as a communicative strategy in which participants chooses to
adjust their communication pattern and behavior to suit a group or individual. Moreover, he explains
this as a technique for the participant to bridge the differences, by means of agreeance and
mirroring, between individuals for the express purpose of creating a greater social connection
(Giles, et al., 1991). Essentially, when individuals communicate one, the lower–status speaker, will
attempt to imitate the other's verbal and non–verbal ques in order to accommodate.
Conversely, Giles describes divergence as the communicative

Gender Differences Of Managerial Communications : Fact Or...
"Gender Differences in Managerial Communications: Fact or Folk–Linguistics?"
A response to Smeltzer and J. Werbel's study "Gender Differences in Managerial Communications:
Fact or Folk–Linguistics?"
Devin Lowe
MGMT 647: Organizational Behavior and Development Article Summary
"Gender Differences in Managerial Communication: Fact or Folk–Linguistics" seeks to test the
qualitative and stylistic differences that have been purported to exist between genders. The authors
question the credibility of previous studies and state numerous times that there is a high likelihood
that these earlier studies were subject to the bias of their researchers. The assertion is that many
conclusions are opinion based and speculative according to personal experience rather than
quantifiable data. Using a sample group of 2nd year MBA students and their writing examples, the
authors rated the communication based on 16 dimensions. Final results showed that there are
significant differences between distinct managerial communication samples, but not between
genders.
Traditional thoughts on women's communications show a notably stereotypical demonstration of
ineffective communication characteristics. These characteristics include verbosity, constrained
vocabulary, and indirect requests (Thorne and Henley, 1975). The authors at this point question the
validity of the stereotypes in regard to writing style and quality. They assert that folk–linguistics, or
the common beliefs about a

Difference Between Formal And Informal Communication
YFormal and Informal Communications
A distinction needs to be made between formal and informal communications. Formal
communication implies that a record is kept, that what has been said or written can be attributed to
its originator.
In general, written communications are formal.
Oral (spoken) communication consists of direct or transmitted speech between two or more people.
Oral communications are more likely to be misinterpreted than written ones, were regarded as
informal but are now often recorded and treated as formal. Missing from such recordings is the body
language consisting of facial expressions and gestures. Consider an informal chat by telephone
getting comments on matters of joint concern before producing a final report. Important ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ideas: A thought to be presented as a suggestion.
Opinion: The view somebody takes about a certain issue, especially when it is based solely on
personal judgement.
These can be obtained from a conversation by asking who, what, when, why and how questions.
During a conversation we need to check the following to convey the correct meaning and
information:
Intonation Intonation is the rising or falling pitch of the voice when somebody says a word or
syllable, or the rising and falling pattern of speech generally
Volume Volume is the acoustics / the loudness of a sound during speech.
Rhythm Rhythm is the language and the pattern of sound that characterises a language, dialect, or
accent.
Pitch Pitch: how high or low a person's voice is during a conversation
Repetition Repetition: something that is repeated, often unnecessary words
Support Support: Giving an idea in a conversation that the other party has your support or
agreement
Speaker's Influence on the audience
A speaker can influence readers by the following:
1. Choice of words, language usage, symbols, pictures and tone: The basic language a speaker uses
can convince or catch the interest of the

Ethno Semantics : The Differences Of Communication And...
Language is a term that can be expressed and shown in several different ways. From people in
normal, everyday conversation which are face to face, to communication that takes a bit longer to
get to one another such as mail or other social media. Communication and language can differ in the
way words are pronounced and the meanings they show. Language is a part of every culture and is
passed down from generation to generation. Phonemes are an example of something that differs
from culture to culture where one word can mean several different things and simply changing the
sound can make a big difference in its meaning. For example, in India, Hindu people pronounce the
letter 'd' multiple different ways, therefore changing the meaning or significance of the word. Ethno
semantics play a big part in these differences as they study the meanings of words, phrases, and
sentences. Some languages are more prominent on having good syntax or grammar while others
could use very simple or primitive forms of speaking (Miller, 2013). I find it fascinating that a child
learns the pronunciation of a word from just listening to it being spoken, but when an adult wants to
learn a different language it takes such a great effort to pronounce each word correctly. It is any
wonder that we can communicate to one another across borders at all.
Non–Verbal communication isn't always shown around the world and often times is a barrier
between people. This way of talking to one another is typically

What Is The Difference In Communication
The Differences in Communication What is communication? It is "the two–way process of reaching
mutual understanding, in which, participants not only exchange information, news, ideas, and
feelings but also create and share meaning"(Communication). Communication is a very important
aspect of every living creature. It is how we make known our wants and needs. A newborn baby
cannot speak but will cry to get its parents attention. Often times, the baby desires to be fed,
changed, or just held. Toddlers begin to form words and phrases expressing their requests. As they
grow older and develop friendships, one begins to notice the communication with their friends is
unlike the way they communicate with adults. One comparison is how students communicate with
friends and college instructors. Once a student has graduated from high school and learned how to
drive, they tend to think they know a lot. There are two ways to gain knowledge. The first is by
getting wisdom from an older adult. The second is by making mistakes. As college students, many
think older adults are out of touch with the world of today. The mentality is that anyone born
twenty–five years or more before them is too old to understand the things they are dealing with. I
believed the same as them when I was that age. In the same way, relying on the opinion of friends is
more acceptable than that of parents. According to college students, instructors are not current with
the modern day language. When told to turn off cells phones and not to take them out until the class
is over, the murmuring begins. Not having the cell phone accessible at all times is like taking away
their oxygen. Multi–tasking defined by a student is entertaining themselves via phone and taking
notes at the same time. There is a huge difference in communication when it comes to college
students and instructors. Even as college students, many interact diversely with the instructors when
it comes to conversing. Many collaborate with the instructors via email. When doing so, proper
grammar, correct spelling, and punctuation is a must. These emails have a purpose, such as
clarification of a particular assignment. The email mail address used must be the one given to
students upon

Gender Differences And Communication Technology
Annotated Bibliography
Rappleyea, Damon L., Alan C. Taylor, and Xiangming Fang. "Gender Differences and
Communication Technology Use Among Emerging Adults in the Initiation of Dating Relationships."
Marriage & Family Review 50.3 (2014): 269–84. Print.
The authors study shows how technology has impacted the way young adults engage each other at
the start of a relationship. They analyzed how dating has changed from previous generations with
the emergence of communication technologies. Their findings show that males and females prefer to
use different technologies when starting to develop their online relationships. This research also
showcases how technology played a large role in the early stages of romantic relationships. I agree
that technology has completely changed how relationships begin and how they are maintained.
Their findings are extremely useful for my argument on how technology is changing the way we
date and interact with each other.
Lee, Paul S. N., Louis Leung, Venhwei Lo, Chengyu Xiong, and Tingjun Wu. "Internet
Communication Versus Face–to–face Interaction in Quality of Life." Soc Indic Res Social Indicators
Research 100.3 (2010): 375–89. Print.
Paul Lee 's along with the other authors text analyzes how the Internet impacts how people socially
interact with one another. They also argue about whether communicating online has the same
benefits as "face to face interactions"(2). Their conclusion of the research shows online
communication versus

The Differences Between Tatspeak And Verbal Communication
The three most predominant differences between netspeak and verbal communication include time–
boundedness, spontaneity, and structuredness, while the key similarity between the two forms of
communication is social interactivity (Migge, 2016). In many ways, the differences between
netspeak and verbal communication are similar to the differences between written communication
and spoken communication (e.g. time–bound and structure). The transience of the messages being
communicated poses as a significant difference between the two communication mediums. As noted
by Crystal (2001), speech is very much constrained by time, and once words have been said there is
no record of it. This, however, is not the case with e–media as on the internet the message is saved
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With spoken communication, there is no lag between messages being sent and received between
interlocutors, plus speakers can rely on non–verbal communication in order to aid in clarification of
the intended ideas (Migge, 2016). In the case of e–media, however, there is more of a delay between
replies, therefore not being as instant a form of communication as face–to–face communication.
This is not necessarily a negative difference however, as it gives all parties involved time to
properly formulate their thoughts before beginning to communicate them (Crystal, 2001).
Differences between spoken language and e–media in structure tie into this idea of pre–formulation
of messages also. Verbal communication does not usually allow for planning and corrections of
errors as once it has been said it cannot be unheard (Crystal, 2001). This is not the case in e–media,
which can accommodate for outlining a clear, coherent message. In mediums such as emails,
thorough planning is encouraged if not necessary as this form of communication is considered as
less

Communication Differences Between Men and Women Essay...
Communication Differences Between Men and Women
*No Works Cited "Womanspeak and Manspeak" is the article that I chose to read. The article mainly
talked about the differences of sociological behavior of men and women. Not just only on how they
act, but mostly on how society views them to be. Basically, I had learned the how few differences
man and women have. The only true difference is how we are perceived. Men have always been
looked at as being at a higher status in life. It seems as if these ideas are still around today. Many
people just assume that it is alright for men to do certain things that women are forbidden to do.
Also, I learned that a person of higher working status instigates most touching or sexual behavior, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such examples are, "lady professor", "lady pilot." One thing you never hear is "male pilot," or "male
professor." Besides keeping traditions, there are groups to be put into such as an ingroup. An
ingroup is a type of group, which you may feel some belonging to. Although you may feel like you
belong the group requires many demands to make sure you remain loyal to the group. As the article
had stated that since men attain most of the higher positions in the workforce, they would be
considered the ingroup. Everyone wants to be accepted and be able to live by the same rules. Men of
a high status may get away with things such as propping there feet up onto the desk or sitting in a
lounged position whereas a woman may not. It tends to be looked upon as being unethical. Ingroups
don't just separate men and women. A boss is able to be relaxed and able to make short
conversations whenever he wants to. The workers must always remain at a high level of
concentration and never stop during work just to be relaxing. When you are in the ingroup these
things are all possible without any problems. The key concept tradition helped me understand the
article very well. The ingroup helped me to relate to the article, but the outgroup is the group which
must struggle through these traditional ideas everyday. An outgroup is a type of group where you
are alone. You try to be in an ingroup; so you are being competitive and feel as if you have an
opponent now. Males

The Importance Of Communication And Differences With...
Our first experiences with communication are with our immediate family. The relationships with our
family members are the most crucial for us to maintain and among the most difficult. Sharing a
living space means tension and conflict regardless of the persons occupying it. Conflict can be
approached in a number of ways with pros and cons attached to each. It is important to remember
that conflict styles and communication climates can change within a group. I say this because they
most defiantly changed within my family over the past few years. My family had dysfunctional
ways of handling conflict and these led me to adapt different conflict approaches.
I'm the oldest child in a family of four by a significant margin. Because of the significant age
difference, my experience was very different from my brothers'. While I was living there, the
competing conflict style was dominant in our household. The overall communication climate was
defensive and disconfirming. My parents had an authoritarian parenting style but their rules were
generally fair so my brothers and I minded. But when I saw a rule or decision as unfair, conflict
arose. My parents believed that being the guardian was all the justification they needed for anything.
There weren't any problems with this when I was younger but as I aged, I questioned the reasons
behind the rules and decisions I had to live by. In high school I wouldn't follow their instructions if I
couldn't see them as being justified. If I

Intercultural Communication Is Defined As A Study Of...
Intercultural communication is defined as the study of cultural differences, which occur within
cultural interactions. Certain theories, concepts and models can be studied and applied to these
interactions in order to manage these differences (Ting–Toomey, 2012). Using a chosen individual,
this essay will explore the cultural exchanges, which the individual has experienced and use
appropriate intercultural theoretical concepts in order to show intercultural communication
understanding. Culture shock, collectivism, white privilege and ethnorelativism will be analysed and
discussed in relation to the individuals' cultural experiences in order to show the 'real world'
application and understandings of these concepts.
The chosen individual for this essay is Linda Glew. Linda grew up in an urban environment within
Hull, Yorkshire, England. Her family was part of the working class. Linda's parents constantly
worked, her mother worked in a hospital as a canteen assistant while her dad worked as a warehouse
inventory clerk. She lived in a state house, never had a family car and had very few family holidays.
A general expectation within her family was that at the age of fifteen she would leave school in
order to go straight into working. Linda decided to stay at school till the age of eighteen and even
furthered her education after leaving high school. Values such as honesty, hard work and kindness to
people were all a part of her family culture. Linda's has always been a

Gender Differences In Nonverbal Communication

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