The Impact Of European Colonization On The Aboriginal...

The Impact Of European Colonization On The Aboriginal...
European colonization has had a profound and lasting impact on the aboriginal people of North
America. As much as 95% of native Americans perished due to their susceptibility to European
diseases such as smallpox, measles, and tuberculosis. In David Jone's Virgin Soil Revisited, he
concludes that their astronomically high death rates were due to environmental and social factors
such as malnutrition, warfare, and slavery brought upon by the Europeans. This legacy of
colonization continues to haunt the First Nation and Metis people of modern–day Canada.
Aboriginals experience increased susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes due to poor socioeconomic
standing and legislative ambiguities resulting from colonization, which is why measures, such as ...
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There is a huge lack of understanding of the different cultures existing within the umbrella term
Aboriginals, and this unawareness causes inequities within the group. For example, one person says
that her non–status First Nation mom did not take her pills for months at a time because she could
not afford them. A physician then remarks, "I don't think money is a big issue. I really don't. In most
cases, particularly First Nations people ... they get most of their medications covered by the
government"(Ghosh and Spitzer 11). Once the interviewer explains that the insurance does not
apply to non–status First Nation and Metis people, the physician says, "... not for Métis, yeah.
Right! That's true, so they don't have any of the [government provided] advantages. So there are the
expenses of medications definitely that can be very significant..." (Ghosh and Spitzer 11). This
physician's comments showcase the lack of understanding of the inequities that exist within
Aboriginal people. Furthermore, measures need to be taken to increase both the quality and delivery
of health care to the indigenous population, including culturally appropriate health services. Each
Aboriginal sub–group has their own unique needs that must be taken in account for. Thus, health
care
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Should The Europeans Colonize North America?
It's a complicated task to find a general consensus among Americans. We are a melting pot of
different ethnicities, cultures, and backgrounds, so controversy and disagreement are inherent.
American history is no exception to this concept. People are taught about history differently while
growing up, and the manner in which they are taught, along with their personal beliefs, shape the
way they define historic events. For instance, after thorough interviews, I found that many people
explain why the Europeans were able to conquer and colonize North America differently. However,
there were two generalized themes which I observed the most.
First, there were a large number of people I interviewed who believed the Europeans were able to
conquer North America simply due to their power–hungry society and personal willpower.
According to the interviewees, the possibility of power would overtake any other project or moral
ground in European countries, while other empires of the world did not have the want or need for
more power. In Europe, people could die, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It seemed that they had all of the resources necessary for life, plus more. This surplus allowed
members of the communities to practice their ingenuity in ways other than survival, such as
manufacturing weapons and ships. Likewise, with the ability to work for something beyond
survival, the Europeans were able to think about ways to live more efficient lives. This included the
idea for better trade routes, which ultimately lead to the colonization of the New World. Also, North
America was plentiful in resources, which allowed the Europeans to sustain life and their
progressive mindset. Ultimately, this theory concludes that both the successful colonies and the
powerful Europeans were able to conquer and flourish under plentiful

Colonialism Of The Americas: The Colonization Of America
The Colonization of the Americas The colonization of the Americas was a time defined as when
Europeans began to explore and colonize the Americas around the 1400s, but disrupted many native
civilizations in their way. The Europeans realized that they needed some type of work force to help
start this new world after killing off most of the Native Americans, which was a starting point for
the Atlantic and triangular slave trade to support plantations in the New World. Throughout the
hundreds of years that the colonization of the Americas was occurring, many European nations were
able to benefit from the colonization because of either there gain of land, gain of resources, or a
better trade route for that nation, but for these nations to benefit, ... Show more content on
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The Dutch landed on what's now Albany and New York City with the help of Henry Hudson, where
they were able to benefit from the fur trade like the French did, but made a crucial mistake of
welcoming settlers from other lands. This led to the Dutch having to pay the price for what they had
done which began with splitting up New Netherlands (New York), where the Dutch have the North
and the South was for the English, which later ended up as the English forcing the Dutch to
surrender control and letting over 1.2 million English settlers into 13 colonies which was a
tremendous benefit at the time. The Native Americans and Africans also were two civilizations who
had to pay the price for the Europeans colonization. While the European nations were beginning to
colonize the Caribbean, that led to needed workers to work in these new lands which were Africans
having to pay the price for Europeans to colonize these lands, because Africans became enslaves to
move thousands of miles from their homes to being forced to work on plantations. Not only was
there people paying the price in the Caribbean, but war breaks out between colonists and Native
Americans which disease ultimately became the driving for the Europeans to win. Unfortunately,
with the Europeans killing off the Natives, this began needing Africans to

The Colonization Of Europeans Into The North America
The time period between the 1600s and 1700s was a time of a major change in the land of the New
World. The colonization of Europeans into the North America had considerable impacts on the
Native American lives. European empire at the time, such as the French, England and Spanish
empires, often fought against each other for power and control. After the European tried to
colonized, the Native American suddenly found themselves dealing with European power politics.
The arrival of Europeans into the New World meant new political relationships for both the
European and the Native Americans. Each side had thing to gain and loss in this kind of
relationship, especially military alliances and new trade goods. European power politics and
rivalries were a major factor in the development of European and Native American relations because
they created relationships of mutually beneficial relationships of trade and alliances.
During the early period of colonizing, the European colonists were facing many dangerous
obstacles. The European colonists were not adept at farming in the North America soil and climate
with the lacked of skills for surviving in unfamiliar territory . They were fragile and faced great
threat of diseases and the lack of food supply. As a result, these European colonists sought out
alliances with various native tribes for protection and help them stabilized their own colony. A good
example of this was the colony of south eastern Massachusetts during the period of

Traditions And Encounters Chapter 1 Essay
1) The three great Native American civilizations that existed in the Americas prior to European
contact were the Aztecs, Incas and Mayas. These three civilizations organized societies, carried on
trade and produced calendars.
2) The improvements in technology in the late 1400s that allowed European exploration of the
Western Hemisphere were the usage of gunpowder to battle against people, sailing compasses, and
there was the improvements of the ships/ the constant updating of the maps.
3) The religious motivation for European exploration and colonization's of the Americas was the
rivalry of European countries to impose their own form of Christianity to non–Christians in the
Americas, Asia and Africa. The economic motivation for European exploration ... Show more
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All land that is not conquered is located in the top of North America and middle of South America.
European Claims in the Americas in the 1700s: shows France and England having more land in
Northern America and some small lands in Southern Americas. Spain still as areas towards the
ports, and southern American islands but with addition of Netherlands.
9) The English were concerned about Spain's expanding empire in the Americas in the mid–1500s
because Spain was becoming too strong, powerful and a rich empire.
10) Queen Elizabeth I, use "sea dogs" like Sir Francis Drake to challenge the Spanish empire by
getting them to invade Spain's ship of cargos and sink the ship.
11) The enclosure movement in England was when formers had to stop growing grains, and start
growing grass for sheep to eat so they can produce woolen cloth. This affects many farmers because
there was not much use of them on the farm and most of them couldn't find a job, so they did things
to disturb

Manifest Destiny : The European Beliefs Of The...
The first foreign inhabitants of North America were originally from Spain and France, later came
the English. Whether their motives for inhabiting Northern America were for political, social, or
religious reason, they all encountered a blockade to their expansion, the Natives of North America.
These Native Americans, although man had prophesied the arrival of the pale skins, were put in a
tense situation with these newcomers from across the Atlantic Ocean. They were forced to change
their way of living and had no choice but to try and accommodate, so as to appease the European
settlers. The settlers however, mostly saw no reason to understand the culture and ways of the
Native Americans. Instead, they converted these peoples' religions, colonized their homeland, and
violently suppressed any resistance to it all. The reason? One could argue that it was for "the
advancement" of mankind, but the reality is that these white settlers could not bear to understand
anything that was foreign to them. They judged these Natives based on the color of their skin and
their culture, because it was different from what the Europeans had ever seen, and was therefore
"savage".
Manifest Destiny is what European settlers used to justify their expansion West. John Gast, a painter
in the late 1800s, created a piece titled, the "American Progress". It depicts an angelic woman,
carrying telegraph wires and leading white settlers to the West. The Natives, as well as the wildlife
(symbolic of nature)

European Colonization Of Native Americans, America, North...
Introduction
During colonization of the Americas from the 1500's through the 1700's, major European kingdoms
with strong ships got to permanently settle this
"New World" with their own people and the slaves that they bought from their West African trade
partners.
The Europeans used a lot of the Americas' natural resources as raw materials to make expensive
goods with. The Native Americans, who were the descendants of Asians that crossed the old land
bridges, however were getting displaced from their tribal lands as more europeans and their
plantations with African slaves would either peacefully or violently remove the Native Americans
from prime agricultural and coastal areas.
Let us briefly explore how the European colonization of the Americas brought the continents and
cultures. of Europe, North and South America, and Africa closer in contact with each other.
New Netherland
What is the New Netherland? The New Netherland is the area what we now call parts of the US
states of New York (specifically the current state capital of Albany and New York City, which was
called New Amsterdam by the Dutch) and New Jersey (town of Kingston). It was named this way
by the Dutch fur traders who settled along the Hudson River and bought part of Manhattan Island
from a Native American tribe. It was a Dutch settlement between 1609 to 1664.
Interestingly enough, the New Netherland was only found by accident when the privately–owned
Dutch East India Company (from the European kingdom

Summary: European Colonization Of America
Annie Shippee
James Price
History of the Americas
September 8, 2015
Major Motivations of the English in Colonizing the "New World" economic and political values
were apart of the English motives for migrating to the new world, however religious reasons were
the dominating factor. There was a conflict in England between James I and Charles I that ignited a
Civil War that lasted for 7 years. During this warring period it drove many people out which lead to
inflation and poverty("European Colonization of the Americas."). People heard of the riches and
economic potential that was found in America, thus causing them to migrate in hopes that they too
would find such wealth. There were wide open fields that would be perfect for farming, tobacco
quickly became the cash crop of the New World. The coast was also great for fishing and provided
exports of cod and many other fish back to the home land ("Reasons For English Immigration To
the North American Colonies."). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They made claims about how much better it is in America, the following quotes are pulled from A
Breif and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia, written by Thomas Hariot, "the timber
being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough enough" the man was bragging about the trees and
wood of the area. Another example "a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good to
remember vnto you" in this quote he is saying that there is an abundance of resources. The people
who migrated to the New Found Land of Virginia were proud of their land and wanted to show it off
("Reasons For English Immigration To the North American Colonies."

European Colonization Of The Americas
European colonization of the Americas began as early as the 10th century. Extensive European
colonization began in 1492, when a Spanish expedition headed by Christopher Columbus sailed
west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently landed in what came to be known to
Europeans as the "New World". Europeans acquired the magnetic compass, which allowed mariners
to determine direction even when out of sight of land. When the new world was discovered, "The
Columbian Exchanged" was born. Many goods such as clothes, food and animals were exchanged.
Sadly so were negatives things such as diseases. Eventually cures were found though. The
Protestant Reformation was initially created to reset the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic
Church. There was immense corruption in the Catholic Church at this time. Spaniards located
sources of mineral wealth while enslaving local Indians for labor. Eventually, this had lead to
Spain's failure and resulted in a time of "rapid inflation and popular unrest". Jamestown was the first
settlement of the Virginia Colony, founded in 1607, and served as capital of Virginia until 1699,
when the seat of government was moved to Williamsburg. French colonization of the New World
began in the sixteenth century and continues until the eighteenth century. During the development of
the New England colonies there was much conflict between various religious groups and due to the
peaceful views of the Quakers there was much

The Influence Of Western Imperialism
Western scientists proposed new ideas regarding biological races that enhanced their beliefs that
westerners are naturally superior than other groups. Europeans were convinced that colonization and
enslavement of other societies were justified and as a result imperialism of the western world began
and influenced the basis of America. By taking over these new colonies, such as India and Sri
Lanka, science was able to develop and incorporate new information on the origins of humanity
with respect to the organization of the natural world. Within the beginnings of Western imperialism,
America was able to develop and thrive from the influences of previous European activity, which
granted the advancement of science and thus entirely changed the definition of modern science. The
British invasion of India came after the desire of the East India Company wanting to grow trade and
thus required knowledge of the indigenous living in India, so they became highly interested in the
Sanskrit texts (Sivasundaram 130). The importance of such texts showed scientists that "India's
past...was glorified, and progress was tied not to the body or physiognomy but to language"
(Sivasundaram 131). This new discovery allowed for the intelligence of the culture of India to
change and demonstrated the differences among environments Europeans were not exposed to. The
anti–British Indian Mutiny of 1857 showcased Europeans taking over India and science develop as
the wars allowed for the catalogue

How Did European Colonization Affect Early America
The Impact of European Colonization on Early America For Europe, the initial discovery of
America was a fluke, one that changed the world –and every person's perspective of it– forever. It is
decidedly apropos to say that European colonization had an impact on early America. The way
money and goods were dealt with, as well as the system of trade that ensued after colonization
affected not only America's economy, but also the world's, and continues to do so, even today.
Additionally, religious entanglements motivated a change for Europeans that wanted freedom, and
European government and politics translated into the systems of government in the colonies, and
ultimately later contributed to revolutionary ideas. It has been said that "The British American
colonial period began in the late 1500's with English attempts to settle Newfoundland and Roanoke
Island, off the coast of what is now North Carolina. It ended with the start of the Revolutionary War
in America in 1775." (Gundersen) Europe, in multiple ways, ended in the same place it began. The
ambition and determination that fostered colonization were the same attitudes that colonists
possessed into the start of the revolutionary war and the end of European dominance in the New
World. However, during the colonial period, Europe's impact was unmatched, especially in regards
to money. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
European countries had discovered the slave trade during the Age of Exploration, and as a lucrative
source of income to some, it continued and even became a part of the colonies. (Kozlowski) Another
way that money changed hands was through indentured servitude. People looked for opportunities
to make their way to the colonies, and indentured servitude allowed them to work four to seven
years in exchange for food and passage to America. (Maier) Europe's influence economically was
far reaching when it came to people and their movement to

European Colonization In Latin America
Latin America is one of the less developed when compared to different parts of the world. The
colonization era highly affected Latin American, making Latin America less developed than other
countries. Latin America used to be rich in terms of resources, containing an abundance of resources
that made these lands valuable for other countries. Among its resources, the lands of Latin America
produced gold and silver. In the era of colonization many Europeans colonizers were able to
conquer land and make use of them by taking all of the valuable resources. They also had more
advantages, making it easier to colonize in Latin America. Latin America fell behind in levels of
developments when Europeans colonized Latin America, used force against natives to extract
resources and created extractive institutions that led to high inequality in Latin America. The
colonization of Europeans in Latin America allowed them to pull . Latin America used to be rich in
resources before many European countries inv. These lands produced gold, silver and many other
valuable resources that helped European countries developed into richer states. During the invasion
of Cajamarca, a powerful Spaniard monarchy led by Pizarro conquered Cajamarca by capturing
Atuhuallpa, an Inca emperor that had thousands of soldiers (Diamond,73). As a strategy, he was able
to use Atahuallpa captivity as a way to exchange for resources. Natives were willing to get their
leader back in exchange for gold, but never realized

The Causes Of The European Colonization Of North America
The European conquest of North America was not inevitable. Small groups of Europeans claimed
large areas densely populated by hostile Indian nations. The English and Spanish faced particularly
fierce resistance from the Wampanoag and Pueblo peoples in present day New England and the
American Southwest. The Wampanoags and Pueblos both revolted against European colonization
and conquest in 1675 and 1680 due to attacks on their sovereignty, attacks on their welfare, and
mass death. The Pueblos were more successful than the Wampanoags because they gained from the
revolts while the New England Nations lost everything during King Philip's War. In both cases,
Indian nations formed the first pan–indigenous, anti–European alliances, and Europeans secured a
beachhead in North America King Philip's War began due to escalating Puritan attacks on
Wampanoag sovereignty, forcing the Confederacy into a war for survival. The path to war began in
1662 when the Wampanoag Chief Metacomet rose to power. He denounced illegal Puritan seizure of
Wampanoag traditional hunting grounds. On multiple occasions, English settlers jailed Wampanoag
hunters for "trespassing" on ancestral Indian lands. This attack on Wampanoag sovereignty denied
that Indians could have a legitimate claim to their own territory. By accomplishing this, English
colonists could declare the Indian's authority void as an excuse to take more land. Relations soured
in December of 1674 when John Sassamon, a Christian Indian, was murdered by Wampanoags for
reporting Metacomet's war preparations to the English. Puritans arrested three Wampanoags, tried
them for murder, and hanged them. This was the first time English tried an Indian for crimes against
another Indian. The trial demonstrated that the English believed they also had authority over
Metacomet's people. By using the English courts to try an Indian–on–Indian murder, the Puritans
again claimed the Wampanoags had no authority, and therefore were not worthy of respect as a
nation. This disrespect allowed the Puritans to see them not as people, but as pests to be removed
from their land. Beliefs such as this led to further escalation by the Puritan leaders. Tensions rose,
and Metacomet formed a coalition

Native American Colonization Research Paper
Effects of European Colonization on Native Populations Human societies prior to 1492 remained
almost completely isolated from the rest of the world. The motivation of the Europeans to colonize
the rest of the world / spread their influence, and their desire for treasure and trade resulted in
different cultures coming together for the first time in history. While for a long time the Europeans'
trade was primarily focused on Asia and Africa, eventually their motives changed, and they began to
prioritize America. The colonization of this newly discovered region resulted in a number of
positive and negative consequences for both natives and the European explorers. Two major regions
colonized by the Europeans were Central America / the Caribbean ... Show more content on
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In modern–day Central America, a conquistador named Hernán Cortés seized control of the existing
Aztec empire, and built Mexico City on its site. In Canada, no existing empires were found or
overthrown by Europeans. In addition, Columbus took sugar canes to the Caribbean in 1493,
resulting in sugar cultivation becoming extensively popular in the region, whereas in Canada it was
not as important a crop until later on. Another difference is that fishing was introduced primarily in
present–day Canada near Newfoundland. Europeans were glad to take advantage of the abundant
supply of fish, as they were inexpensive, and excellent sources of protein. However, in Central
America most of the food supply was from island–bred cattle and hogs. Finally, in Central America,
encomenderos imported Africans to increase the labor force under their control, while there was
never any significant trade of African slaves in Canada. Europeans desired fur when they colonized
Canada, while natives desired European goods as they would make their lives easier, and make them
superior to their neighbors. This trade was beneficial for both sides– however, it also led to natives
becoming so desperate to trap fur for Europeans that they abandoned their traditional economies,
and became reliant on others for food. In Central America people were more familiar with

The European Colonization Of America
Violence was an inevitable consequence of the European colonization of the Americas. This is
obvious when the different factors are considered. First, Europeans had no interest in a long term
peaceful solution. Second, the meeting of two isolated societies always includes dangerous
problems. And third, the New World had limited resources. The colonization of the New World was
not a nice affair. Most colonists had little interest in the plight of the natives and even those who did
were mostly motivated by religious ideals. Once natives, came under the power of European
colonists they were often used as forced labor and pressured to convert to Christianity. Even the
friendliest colonists still had self–interest to consider and cooperated with

Civil War: The Effects Of European Colonization Of America
I found the effects of European colonization of the Americas interesting. Such as the devastation
that was brought upon the native people. Then how all the European groups came over and practiced
their beliefs in religion and government. Plus the ways these groups came together in a revolt
against the British Empire, which led to a unique culture and the establishment of the United States
of America
I also enjoyed learning more about the civil war. I've always found the Civil War interesting.
Through the research I had to do, I can say that I learned many of the fine details for events big and
small. The basis for the war became clearer as I had always known slavery was an issue in the war. I
learned that the war wasn't necessarily fought

Colonization and the First Globalization
Clayton Partridge World History to 1750 Professor Schultz Colonization and the First Globalization
In order for one to gain a better knowledge of how terrestrial and ocean colonization unfolded in the
Americas, Siberia, Africa, and China, a person must first understand the definition of colonization.
Simply put, colonization is an ongoing process of control by which a central system of power
dominates the surrounding land and its components. This means that a foreign government moves
into the land and seizes control; gaining power, natural resources, and a larger economy. In the year
1492, an Italian explorer by the name of Christopher Columbus set out on an expedition departing
from Spain in search of a faster ocean route to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the British did begin colonization of the Americas, the lands they acquired were regarded as
the leftovers. It wasn't until the nineteenth century that the prosperity shifted, with the British taking
the upper hand. They had succeeded in their colonization efforts. What were once little settlements
along the East Coast of North America, flourished out of the colonial period into the United States
of America and breaking free from British rule. The United States were more economically
successful, more politically successful, and had more international power than the once–prosperous
and divided colonization of Latin America. European colonization did not stop at the Americas. In
the eyes of many, the Europeans were very greedy and that greed and competition between the
European countries eventually led to the efforts to colonize Africa starting in 1870. For a thirty–year
period following 1870, Africa faced European imperialist aggression, diplomatic pressures, military
invasions, and eventual conquest and colonization. By the early twentieth century, all of Africa, with
the exclusion of Ethiopia and Liberia, had been colonized by European powers. The European surge
into Africa developed after the collapse of the profitability of the slave trade, and also the expansion
of the European industrial revolution. The factors of capital industrialization – including the demand
for assured

European Colonization On The Americas Dbq Essay
As the Europeans began settling in the Americas, thus began "the exchange of plant and animal
species that have ultimately been a widespread benefit to the peoples throughout the globe"
(Document 3). The Europeans brought many elements of their own culture, including their native
plants and animals. They then introduced these things to the natives of the Americas and also
adopted the natives culture into their own. The Europeans introduced different types of skills and
jobs. In turn, "the Indian natives have successfully learned all the Spanish trades" (Document 1).
New ideas were also traded between the different peoples. The Americas, in particular, are what
stimulated the Europeans to further develop "the liberating ideas of the individual liberty, political
democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and cultural freedom" (Document 5), The Americas were
also the source of Quinine, a drug for malaria, which would come into handy for the Europeans,
who brought many diseases to the

European Colonization In The Americas And Africa
The importance of racial hierarchy in the sense of European colonization efforts can largely be
linked back to power and control. One of the greatest tools that the Europeans had in their conquests
in the Americas and Africa was their use of religion as a means of rendering the native peoples that
they intended to take advantage of docile. Essentially, it seems that in the cases where European
explorers were easily able to spread their religion, as opposed to meeting resistance, they more or
less treated the natives as relative equals because their goals were already being met without having
to apply excessive pressure. This can largely be seen with the shifting views towards native
Americans by various European countries and the treatment

The Ripple Effect Of European Colonization Of America
It has often been said that the European colonization of America was motivated by, gold, God, and
glory. It was an exciting chance to explore new lands and to claim them for your country, to get rich!
These motives are what drove many Europeans into the uncharted and unknown lands of America.
These people were looking for untold amounts of riches, they were looking for unsaved heathen
souls to reap for the Church, and they were looking to make a name for themselves, to go down into
history as legends. Some fulfilled these goals, others didn't. However, even though some Europeans
didn't find what they were looking for, or couldn't get what they were looking for, they had caused a
ripple effect throughout the Americas that would rock every single ... Show more content on
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When the missionaries had landed in the New World, they had begun converting natives to their
religion, Christianity. Some adopted this peacefully, others did not and it was forcibly brought down
upon them. Those who had resisted this were tortured until they converted, while others still refused
and were killed. Over the course of a few hundred years, a lot of Catholic churches have sprung up
all around in Central America, and even later into California. These missionaries were so successful
that even large native tribes started converting altogether, with the Aztecs even paying tribute to the
Spanish and to their newly adopted religion, as shown in the drawing, "An Aztec View of the
Conquest" This whole new "crusade'' was a key inspirational topic that drove many Europeans to
the Americas to convert the masses of natives. That is how God ties into the European Colonization
of

Causes Of Colonization Of The Americas
The colonization of the Americas was an expedition of the European explorers. Several European
countries followed Christopher Columbus' expedition in search of new trade routes to Asia.
Motivated by different economic reasons, explorers from England, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and France
colonized the Americas wanting to increase power, build colossal empires, and uphold the European
prestige. As a result, Europeans invaded Native American territory which led to American
colonization and the eradication of the Native American's way of life. The European colonization of
the Americas was a tragedy due to events that occurred such as the bringing of disease, language
and religious barriers, and the ultimate genocide of Native Americans.
One of the tragedies of the colonization of the Americas was the spread of disease that led to the
death of millions of Native Americans. Death was caused by diseases brought from overseas,
according to William Denevan, "remains one of the greatest inquiries of history." Smallpox was the
first epidemic, followed by typhus in 1546, diphtheria in 1614, and measles in 1618, (Mann,3).
Native Americans had no immunity to these diseases, Henry Dobyns, the first social scientist argued
that, "Native Americans had no experience with many European diseases and were therefore
immunologically unprepared–"virgin soil," in the metaphor of epidemiologist," (Mann,3). Roughly
every disease Europeans carried to the Americas was a "virgin–soil" epidemic, due to

Colonization Of The New World Essay
In the old world, colonization of land occurred a lot. Sometimes building a colony was worth the
cost, sometimes it wasn't. One colonization that was certainly worth the cost was the colonization of
the New World. The colonization of the New World was an event in which Europe began settling in
America. While some Europeans, like Columbus, believed this was an extraordinary idea, some
believed that migrating into America was not worth the costs. When it comes down to the facts,
colonization of the New World was definitely worth the costs. It was a rare opportunity to so easily
be able to take over land, and colonization would lead to many great things in the future. Some
believed it cruel to take advantage of America and its people, but With evidence, it can be clearly
seen that taking over America would be an easy task. In the letter to Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain, written by Christopher Columbus, the land of America is described as well as its people.
Columbus mentions that the tribe he found had given his people precious materials for little to no
price. It is also stated that this tribe has no weapons, they will not be able to defend themselves if
attacked. The tribe is described as guileless and honest, meaning they are innocent and nonviolent
people. They would not try to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By bringing Europeans to a new environment, they can be exposed to new crops, animals, weather,
etcetera. They can form a new way of living based on their surroundings as well as bring materials
from America to Europe. People would have a whole new country to live in/off of. This small
immigration could very well lead to a bigger and more powerful country than ever seen before.
When comparing these possibilities to the cruelty towards the tribe, it is clear that the potential
power of America was far more important than the safety of the

The Discovery Of America By Jan Van Der Straet
The "discovery" of America was one that introduced a colonial discourse in Europe, which would
shape the relationship between the Europeans of the Old World and the indigenous people of the
New World. Exoticism, anxiety, and absurd speculation would fuel the European knowledge of the
Americas during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The drawing titled America by Jan Van der
Straet, is a classic example of how Europeans used outlandish notions about indigenous Americans
to distance themselves from these natives and thus, establish European superiority. Ultimately, Jan
van der Straet's image supports and justifies European colonialism by depicting the indigenous
people as savage, primordial and in need of the paternal guidance of the ... Show more content on
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The continent would then be named after Amerigo Vespucci as America (Almagià). The image also
makes use of the two figures in the center in an allegorical way. The woman is representative of the
Americas and the male is representative of Europe. Overall, the image makes use of a variety of
iconographic elements to justify colonialism. Of these elements, one of the most significant is the
indigenous woman in the center. The naked indigenous woman is a personification of America and
is beckoning Vespucci, whom is a personification of Europe, to conquer and save her from the
barbaric cannibals and creatures that are surrounding her in this unruly land. It is establishing the
narrative that the Americas were consenting to colonization by Europe so that it may be rescued
from the vicious and primitive people and creatures that inhabit it. The woman is the center piece of
this image and is sitting upon a hammock while she is nude. As she is sitting down, she is drawing
her hand towards Vespucci, who has clearly just arrived on the shores of the Americas as indicated
by the caravel ships that are depicted behind him. As the two figures are meeting in the foreground
of the image, cannibals in the background of the image are cooking and eating a human leg around a
fire. Furthermore, the image is littered with depictions of monstrous animals such as the tiger and
wolf towards the

The Impact Of The European Colonization Of North America
The Spanish and the European settlers that came to the North America took on the east coast part of
this region. Wherefore, there were many different Indian tribes that existed in this place whom
spoke different languages, practiced different customs, and used different techniques in raising their
own crops and hunting livestock. It was a mix of people who were better at farming while others
were better at agricultural activities. Some people involved in war while some did not. As for my
example, some of the Indian nations that existed here were the Seneca, the Mohawk, the Cherokee,
and the Seminole. They were able to practice and share amongst themselves a highly developed
system of trade wherein they traded goods over a wide area. ... Show more content on
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As I understand and analyze the historical events which transpired through time, the native
Americans did not have a good relationship with the Europeans. One can see that the latter were not
very sensitive with the culture of the native Americans while, on the other note, these Europeans
came from a then more modernized country as the native Americans saw them as a group of people
with enough weapons or guns that is useful to them. Also, Indians were able to provide food for
these foreigners.
At first, they traded well with each other in terms that both groups had benefits from one another.
However, towards the end, when there was already an imbalance with the animals that were being
hunted as food and the crops that were raised for agricultural purposes, the English people started
drawing boundaries on territories. Soon after, Indians started competing amongst themselves just to
find a suitable land for hunting and agriculture.
The pattern that I see here is the continuous dependency of Europeans on the land, resources, and
means of shelter from the Native Americans. The pattern also evolves on the notion of Europeans to
turn this new discovery and utilize this connection for trade and commerce of their interests with
another country or countries as well. In the end, both groups were able to trade with each other that
left Virginia having the Charter of the Virginia Company of London. This company, however,

Born In Blood And Fire Summary
Why did Chasteen title the book Born in Blood and Fire? With all of its rich diversity and complex
history, why does it make sense to still speak of one "Latin American history"?
John Charles Chasteen chose the title Born in Blood and Fire for his book because the Latin
American countries of today arose from the brutal killings, enslavement and systematic genocide of
indigenous natives by the Europeans. These countries all possess a common history in which
european conquest and colonization dramatically affected their culture and demographic, the results
of which are still evident today. The imposition of Spanish and Portuguese languages, religious
beliefs, and social institutions were all factors that "fueled this fire". Chasteen describes ... Show
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Despite differences in economics, social institutions, and politics, these modern–day countries are
united under the common theme that Europeans, the spanish and portuguese in particular, enslaved
and killed millions of natives and imposed their culture upon the remaining native peoples and the
newly–introduced African slaves.
According to Chasteen, how is colonization of Latin America the central conflict of its history?
Where do we see the "patterns of social domination" that Chasteen talks about today in Latin
America?
Colonization of Latin America is the central conflict of its history because its effects as still
prevalent in the socioeconomics and politics of modern–day Latin American countries. It is because
of the colonization of Latin America by the Iberians that today, the Latin American people are a
multiethnic people with many descending from Europeans or Africans. The Iberians conquest
resulted in the death, displacement, or enslavement of countless natives, which in turn further
increased the power and draw of the encomienda system. As the encomienda system grew and
became more extensive, the native population diminished and the transatlantic, African slave trade
became more commonplace. This caused the multiethnic societies of Latin America today and
created a social structure consisting

Comparing Aime Cesaire's A Tempest and Shakespeare's The...
Comparing A Tempest and The Tempest
William Shakespeare wrote The Tempest, arguably his finest work, on the eve of European
colonization of the New World in 1611 (Hollander and Kermode 445–46). As a result, common
European ideas about the New World in the early 1600s are alluded to throughout the play (446).
Through the propagandistic writings of explorers like Captain John Smith, who authored a
sensational and unsubstantiated account of his dramatic rescue from death at the hands of Indians by
the Indian chiefís beautiful daughter, Pocahontas, many Europeans developed an interest in the
inhabitants of the New World (Smith 24–25). Indeed, from the various explorers' stories that trickled
hack to Europe, two different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, it is arguably the root of all other injustices that Europeans inflicted upon the natives of the
New World Karl Marx, pointing to the capitalistic greed that served as a primary catalyst for
colonizing the New World, waxes eloquent when he writes that
the discovery of gold and silver in America the extirpation, enslavement and entombment in the
mines of the aboriginal population, the beginning of the conquest and looting of the East Indies, the
turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black–skins, signalizes the rosy dawn
of capitalist production. (Keen 57)
When word of the economic potential of the New World traveled back to Europe, various companies
quickly maneuvered to exploit it for their own gain (Graff 55). Ostensibly, Europeans held three
reasons for colonizing the New World: "glory, God, and gold" (Graff 41) While there was some
evidence of sincere religious fervor (Graff 27), more often than not, religious ideology gave way to
glory and economic gain (Keen 55–56). Worse yet, religion became a thin facade for covering up
the greed for economic gain (Keen 106–08). Ironically, the King James Bible of 1611, the very
Bible that many Europeans held dear to their hearts, warns of the atrocities of greed in a most
prophetic way. "For the Love of money is the root of all evil. . . ." (I Timothy 6:11). Nevertheless, to
many Europeans, the New World represented an opportunity to make a fortune (Garraty 2). It was

The Influence Of European Colonization In North America
As is observed throughout history, humanity and the environment are constantly coevolving. While
European colonists shaped their lifestyles according to the diverse climates throughout North
America, the presence of these pioneers equally transformed the surrounding environments. Upon
settling in America, not all British immigrants were met with the same resources, climates, or
terrain. These factors varied largely along the Eastern coast and strongly influenced the kinds of
societies that were established. For example, colonists in New England formed a shipbuilding and
fishing colony because of the abundant supply of timber and marine wildlife they found. (71)
Consequently, they cut down many forests and hence diminished some wildlife habitats.

Native American Colonization Of The Americas
In the 16th and 17th century, the Americas was being explored by Spain, Britain, and other
countries. Many of these countries set up colonies in the Americas where Native Americans were
living. Europeans moved into colonization of the Americas and brought changes to the land and its
people. Europeans traded, hunted to warfare and personal property. As Europeans established their
colonies, their societies also became segmented and divided along religious and racial lines. Most
people in the societies were not free. They labored long hours as servants or slaves to produce
wealth for others. As more Europeans came to settle the land in the Americas, their presence had a
tremendous effect on the native peoples who were living in the Americas. The Native peoples' life in
the Americas provided lots for the Europeans to use. They traded cattle, chickens, horses, pigs,
sheep, sugarcane, and wheat, for chocolate, pineapple, potatoes, pumpkins/squash, sweet potatoes,
tomatoes, and tobacco. The diets of the Natives and Europeans widened as different food types was
being traded. The Natives were very open to the Europeans as they came into their land and
communicated with the Natives. Over time, the landscape changed as more European communities
increased. The Europeans held on to their idea of land ownership while the Natives idea of the land
was for the person that need it. Also, the Europeans hoped to change the Natives to Christianity but
also trick them into being slaves for the

The Four Stages Of The European Colonization Of America
When the Europeans came to the Americas they did so in four stages. First they discovered the new
continents. Then they explored them. Next they conquered them. Finally they settled them. The
Spanish conquered much of South America, the English North America, and the French were in
Canada and parts of what is today the U.S. as well. They brought with them new technologies that
the natives had never used. They brought advanced weaponry and tools. At first this helped the
natives to advance, as their societies had not yet reached the levels of the Europeans. Issues began to
arise when disputes about who owned the land erupted. The natives had lived there for centuries, but
the Europeans wanted it for themselves. Conflict amongst the Native Americans ... Show more
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The Spanish had the most powerful navy of the European countries. Trade with the Native
Americans became important as well. They were eager to trade their fur hides for metal tools. Axes,
knives, and hoes gave them much more reliable ways to carry out their way of life. They also
yearned for the colored cloths that the Europeans had. They began making beautiful clothing for
themselves. Soon they were setting aside the bows and arrows and spears for guns and powder.
More and more they depended on the fur trade with the Europeans. Those who had farmed, now
trapped in order to gain material wealth for themselves and their tribes. Those who were nomadic
began settling in semi permanent, then permanent camps. They were settling in areas that they could
trap the most beaver in and they were settling near trading posts. The Europeans began bringing
slaves as well. The natives discovered they could trade war prisoners to the Europeans, but this
ultimately harmed them and their way of life. They began fleeing the slave trades and some tribes
were wiped out entirely because of it. Eventually enslavement of Native Americans stopped, but not
before thousands were shipped to the Caribbean to work the sugar

Slavery In Africa, Europe, And The European Colonization...
Slavery was practiced in some parts of Africa, Europe, Asia and the Americas for many centuries
before the beginning of the Atlantic Slave trade. There is evidence that enslaved people from some
African states were exported to other states in Africa, Europe and Asia prior to the Europeans
Colonization of Americas. The African slave trade provided a large number of slaves to Europeans
and many more to people in Muslim countries. There was Slavery in parts of Africa, Asia, Europe
and the Americas long before 1619 when the first shipment of indenture slaves arrived in the British
thirteen colonies at Jamestown, Virginia. The indenture slave differ from the other slaves from
Africa, since the indenture slaves were freed after seven years, of course the children of these
indenture slave mother became slaves the same as that of other slaves.
"The African continent was bled of its human resource via all possible routes. Across the Sahara,
through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of
slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries (from the ninth to the nineteenth).... Four million
enslaved people exported via ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Off the coast of Africa, European migrates, under the directions of the Kingdom of Castle, invaded
and colonized the Canary Islands during the 15th century, where they converted much of the land to
the production of wine and sugar. Along with this, they also captured native Canary Islanders, the
Gouaches, to use as slaves both on the Islands and across the Christian Mediterranean.
As it was in the eighteenth century when most of the slaves were imported from Africa by the
Portuguese, England and the Dutch shipper, and of these three major shipper; England was the most
aggressive and transported more slaves into the

Castaways And Native Americans
From the time of Columbus's arrival in America in 1492, there was an overlying theme of conflict
and oppression that encompassed the European, and especially the Spanish's, efforts to colonize the
native land and peoples. These conflicts ranged anywhere from small skirmishes to rebellions and in
some cases to outright war. The Europeans were determined to colonize the Americas and as a
result, many people on both sides were killed in the process. This struggle between European and
Native Americans, however, did not take a linear path towards a final resolution. In fact, the
timeline of exploration and colonization in early America was dotted with interactions and events
that challenged the norm when it came to Indian–European relations, ... Show more content on
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When he first came to America, Las Casas took part in the conquest of the West Indies and even
owned his own Indian slaves. However, by 1514 he had freed his slaves and was actively preaching
against the cruelty and injustices carried out by the Spanish in the American colonies. He wrote of
the Indians being placed in "the harshest, fiercest, most horrible servitude and captivity which no
one who has not seen it can understand."4 Las Casas was passionate about the plight of the natives,
and unlike Cabeza de Vaca, his efforts had a considerable impact on the actions the Spanish
government took regarding Indian slavery and colonization in America. By publishing his personal
account describing the cruelties the Spanish inflicted on the Indians in his History of the Indies, Las
Casas "denounced Spain for causing the deaths of millions of innocent people."5 and highlighted
the injustices taking place under a supposedly Christian government. These stories of Spain's cruelty
gained prominence both in and outside of Spain, prompting the Spanish government to create the
New Laws. These laws ended Indian slavery and the encomienda system was abolished soon after.
The course of Spanish colonization in North America was permanently altered (moving away from
Indian slavery and towards African slavery), all because of a single man's

The European Colonization Of Americas 1620-
Final Essay– Prompt Three INTRODUCTION America would not be the same it is today without
the numerous times of territorial expansion from the 17th to 19th century. America started with
European Colonization in the 17th century, its borders were defined in the 18th century, and
America extended from a coast to coast nation in the 19th century. There is not just expansion of
land on a physical map, but also increased political tension and economic growth as America grows
as a nation. PARAGRAPH 1(European Colonization of Americas 1620– ) The European colonies
were founded in the name of Religious freedom with the desire to create a better version of British
society on new soil. Due to the deep religious nature of the original colonists, colonial laws were
based on the Christian value system. The stringent and sometime antiquated religious values of the
pilgrims and puritans permeated America for years to come. English migrants settle in colonies
along the Atlantic of North America in the 17th century. The migrants occupy territory that belonged
to the Native Americans. The first territorial gain for America was in 1620, when the Pilgrims came
over of the Mayflower and established Plymouth. A large group of Puritans were sent over to the
Americas ten years later, around 1630, to establish another settlement. This important territorial
gain, was the establishment of Massachusetts's Bay Colony. The natives were able to help these
Puritans get settled in the new colony. They

Christopher Columbus Actions
What were the actions of competing European nations for colonies around the world following the
exploits of Christopher Columbus? In 1492, the start of European Colonization of the Americas
began. A Spanish expedition headed by Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, after which
European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded, first through much of the Caribbean
region. Then, in the early 16th century, parts of the North and South America were colonized. In
1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World, with a line drawn through South America.
This caused the Spanish to overthrow the Aztec and Inca Empires. Portugal also conquered much of
eastern South America, naming it Brazil. Later, England and France tried colonizing

Colonization Of The United States
Colonization in America has demonstrated all of the US history themes of exploration, encounter
and exchange in the Americas. From the beginning of colonization, in 1492 by Christopher
Columbus, to the establishment of the first American colony, Jamestown in 1607, and to the creation
of the thirteen colonies, there have been countless examples of exploration, encounter and exchange.
The exploration of vast waters and unchartered territory led to new and undiscovered land and
America being colonized. During this time of exploration, explorers encountered many new faces
(including Native Americans), crops, animals and even new lifestyles. In addition, with the
increased encounters with the explorers and Natives, there was a massive growth in exchange of
goods between the Europeans and the Natives in the Americas.
The Period of Colonization in America is widely debated, as to what years it is categorized within.
Some say it started as early as 30,000 years ago, the pre–Columbus (before 1492) era, when the
Asians crossed the Bering Strait into Alaska. But there is very little written record before this time,
so we don't know much about life during this time period. Then the Vikings arrived in the year
1000. Many believe that it started in 1492, when Columbus discovered America and landed in the
Bahamas; whereas others believe it started in 1512 when Ponce De Leon arrived in Florida (the first
discovery of, what is now, the US). The ending of this time period is even more in

European Colonization Of North America
The colonization and exploration of North America unavoidably lead to contact with the native
people of the land. The images created by people like Benjamin West, Thomas Kitchen, and James
Wooldridge show the effect that contact had on America. For example, Treaty with the Indians is an
oil painting by Benjamin West that depicts the colonists and William Penn, the founder of
Pennsylvania, negotiating a treaty with the American Indians during the late years of British
colonization. Benjamin West also painted The Indians Delivering up the English Captives to
Colonel Bouquet Near his Camp at the Forks of Muskingum in North America in November 1764,
which shows American Indians transporting English prisoners to Colonel Bouquet, an officer in the
British army, during the French and Indian War. Another artist, James Woolridge, painted Indians of
Virginia, which illustrates American Indians living on their homestead in 1675 during early British
colonization of North America. Thomas Kitchen created A Map of the French Settlements in North
America which shows the territories owned by the French a few years before Seven Years War and
during the time when British colonization had heightened. European colonists' opinions of
citizenship rights and the rightful occupation of North America was heavily influenced by their
interactions with the American Indians and their culture through manifested stereotypes and an
understood element of European superiority. In the late 1600s, a

European Colonization Effects
In the past, European countries came to the Americas looking to build their empire and gain power.
They were competing to be the most powerful country and improve their economic lives. In the
drive to be the most powerful European country, they started colonizing the Americas. The effects of
colonization were reflected in different groups of people. Some effects were bad and some ere good.
There are different perspectives about colonization. Some people think that the colonization was a
great event that happened to the Americans and Europeans. However, as Murrin's article states and
in my opinion the European colonies in the Americas were not completely positive development and
affected them in various ways. Colonization was almost a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
70.) "England established its first permanent colony on the Atlantic seaboard of North America at
Jamestown in 1607." (Early American Slavery in the Colonies..., 2007) Colonists were looking for
people to work on their farms. It emerged in Virginia and some British colonies; they desired a labor
force that could operate the agricultural demands, tobacco at that time. Those servants could
complete their term, be freed and own some land. In 1619, African slavery was introduced into the
British colonies by the Dutch. African immigrants did not come voluntarily. Slaves suffered a lot
with the creation of colonies because they were similar to servants, but they did not receive a
payment and they did not have "freedom dues";their term would never end and they could not own
land. Colonists also forced the slaves to become Christians even though that did not change their
status. They threatened their liberty. African Slaves were treated with racism. Another of the groups
that suffered the colonization era were the Indians. "The settlers arrived on the East Coast of North
America." (Learning English, 2012.) When colonists arrived in the Americas, they thought about the
Indians as an inferior race. As Columbus states in his journal, "They should be good and intelligent
servants, for I see that they say very quickly

European Expansionism
The thought of expansionism has been checked through the historical backdrop of present day
Europe. The Industrial Revolution made ocean travel more less demanding so individuals could
travel further. The yearning for force prompted the longing for area. The more land a nation had the
more power and impact. The thought of exchange was exceptionally powerful in the movement of
government and expansionism. New markets were constantly required so the likelihood of
numerous individuals to purchase their items was appealing. All these and the affection for
experience made the three ranges overwhelming. The terms expansionism and dominion are now
and then utilized reciprocally, however researchers for the most part recognize the two, holding
expansionism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They all impactfully affected their states, in any case their development or area. The most profitable
part of colonization is the social mixing that occurred, which prompted the conception of a few
unique civic establishments and societies. Since colonization in the Americas was supported by a
few distinct countries, each of these countries carried that culture with them and transplanted upon
their provinces. At the point when these provinces meet, thoughts and convictions were traded,
permitting social dispersion. This mixing of society realized new societies, and as distinctive
individuals combined, they created new human advancements of individuals. The most negative part
of European colonization is the huge number of lives that were lost over silly slaughter and fighting.
The Natives were constrained out of their property and they were victimized and bamboozled from.
A great many Natives were oppressed, and an awesome lion's share of them kicked the bucket.
Africans were taken from the homes, split separated from their families, and compelled to perform
coldblooded work. The ruthless, heartless routine of bondage was consolidated into American
culture and history, and that characteristic of disgrace will dependably stay upon us, as a lasting
stain in our history. European extension and investigation has played a significant and key part in
building up

European Colonization Of The Americas
European colonization of the Americas should be remembered as a tragedy for the impractical and
immoral acts upon Native Americans and slave laborers. The European colonization of the Americas
was a series of atrocities committed upon underdeveloped territory by settlers throughout the
Americas. Many European countries took part in the advantages of the land to increase economic
trade and newly found resources. However, the net result of this colonization for the indigenous who
already inhabited these lands was the exploitation of Native Americans and Slaves through forced
labor, Christian ideals being forced upon those certainly from different beliefs, and the general theft
of land and natural resources.
Early settlers founded an excessive amount of land used for farming, however, they did not have the
manpower to make full use of it. Due to the high amount of resources and the lack of manpower and
wealth, settlers would purchase slaves from the African continent. This established Anglo–Saxon
superiority over the African people forcefully living there and encouraged immorality to take place
between slave owner and slave. Not only was this unjust, it contributed to the tragedy of European
settlements in the Americas. European settlements allowing slavery, was a threat towards equality
and freedom for all, proven through "...we shall take you and your wives and your children, and
shall make slaves of them, and as such shall sell and dispose of them..." (Requerimiento). Innocent

How Do You Agree With Someone Who Discovered America
I do not agree with Adam Smith's statement that at the time when Columbus had discovered
America it was "nothing but a country quite covered with wood, uncultivated, and inhabited only by
some tribes of naked and miserable savages". People have lived there for more than ten thousand
years and built strong civilizations such as Maya, and Inca Empires with great populations, their
own written languages, mathematics and architectures. When Spaniards first arrived in America
these Empires have already collapsed, but they found developed Aztecs civilization. Spaniards
described cities and pyramid temples found in Mexico as "amazing things that they had never heard
or seen before, not even dreamed about". Europeans realized that Aztecs ... Show more content on
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French colonialists came to America in early 1600's, but had different aims than Spaniards. They
travelled to the New World to find new home and were focused on trade rather than on increasing
wealth. They settled in the North America in the territory of modern–day Canada. The French tried
to build good relationships with Indians to cooperate in trade and other spheres, and many French
settlers even married Indian women. The Netherlands was also engaged in the exploration of
America. There was a scarcity of land in the Netherland and the Dutch came to America in hope to
find there a new home and build permanent settlement. They reached America and settled in the
modern–day New York area. The Dutch were interested in trade and looking for profit, so they
preferred peaceful colonization. The Portuguese also was interested in colonization of new land, but
they was focused on South America and established settlements in modern–day Brazil. England was
brought to New World with economic aims. British understood that New World could offer great
economic advantages to Empire. England was interested in trade, resource mining, and new
territory, and exploration of America could satisfy English interests and bring wealth to Britain.
Another purpose of English colonization of New World was to support the image of great Empire
and prove the supremacy over Spain. The English colonists

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