The Effects Of Optimism On Cancer Survival Rate

The Effects Of Optimism On Cancer Survival Rate
The previous section has shown that previous study had yielded contradictory results. To account for the inconsistent findings, we have to first
understand the inner mechanisms of the effects of optimism on cancer survival rate. Salovey (2000) has proposed various potential casual pathways
from dispositional optimism to cancer survival outcomes. One of the potential mediators of optimism and survival outcome might be immune system. In
other words, optimism tends to enhance the immune system which in turn enhance cancer survival rate. Indeed, Ah (2007) examines the intimate
connections among social support, optimism, and immune response. Ah hypothesized that optimism plays a mediating role for immune response and
cancer outcome. 54 cancer patients participated in the study. They completed questionnaires regarding stress level, optimism, and satisfaction social
support. Participants' blood was assessed to measure the immune system (ex., white blood cell such as natural killer cell. The results showed that only
optimism is associated with immune response and cancer prognosis, while perceived satisfaction of social support was not associated immune response.
Given that immunology mediate the relationship between optimism and cancer survival rate, it is possible that the inconsistent results of the previous
studies might be accounted by mechanisms related to immunology.
One possible explanation might be that previous studies looked at different types of cancer, while some type
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Canadian Income Inequality And Its Impact
Canadian Income Inequality and Its Impact Sarah Pitre – 100 511 731 University of Ontario Institute of Technology Canada has always taken great
pride in its health care system. Publicly funded, Medicare has helped many, but has also aided in masking one of this country's largest growing
problems. Income inequality is highly prevalent throughout Canada, affecting the health of its citizens, and over–burdening its health care system. The
growing gap between incomes is largely in part to the economic neoliberalism taking place within Canada. The stress placed on lower and middle
income families through various social determents of health is taking its toll on society and its individuals. The oppressed state of undermined... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This income inequality started with Canada's most recent recession, but as we left this recession income inequality continued to rise. The Gini
coefficient is the most widely used measure of inequality, comparing the dispersion of income throughout a nations citizens. Over the past few years
the Canadian Gini coefficient has been steadily increasing. In a study completed by Picot, G and Hou, F of Statistics Canada it was found that
"Income inequality typically rises in recessions, as it did in the early 1980s and 1990s, and therefore might be expected to fall in economic expansions.
But this did not occur in the late 1990s' expansion, and this period instead displayed the largest rise income inequality in the past three decades." This
rise in income inequality continues to burden Canadian residents, increasing social determents of health within the country. The government has placed
the responsibilities of housing, child care, education, retirement and much more on the individual. With all of the stress and responsibility placed on
individuals, the Canadian government continues to make cuts to public expenditure on government aids. Depriving citizens of any safety nets and
blaming them for being unable to acquire these underfunded social services. All of this stress has a significant impact on one's overall health and
wellness. From cancer to child mortality, nearly every

The Inter-Relationship between Stress and the Human Immune...
The Inter–Relationship between Stress and the Human Immune System upon Health Outcomes
The impact of stress on human immune system functioning and health outcomes is an area of recent interest. This investigation as to how health
outcomes are affected by this inter–relationship will firstly operationalise all of the variables (health, stress, immune system); and secondly, by
describing the functions and reactions of the immune system to clinically induced stressors, establish that there is a correlation between stress and
immune response. The final area of investigation will discuss how the human body, when exposed to a variety of stressors, causes major changes within
the immune system (which can be scientifically measured), and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two main categories of stress: acute and chronic. Acute (or external) stressors include films, work overload, unexpected or uncontrollable
noise, prestige or status loss, electric shock, uncontrollable situations, physical illness, surgery, threats to self–esteem, and traumatic experiences.
Examples of chronic stressors include sleep deprivation, role strain and social isolation (Elliott and Eisdorfer, 1982). Chronic stress within an
individual is often associated with negativity, and the observable physical manifestations include exhaustion, disease and even death (Rice, 1999).
Individual differences in responding to stress are influenced by genetics, developmental and environmental influences, as well as being linked with
one's own life experiences (McEwen and Stellar, 1993). However, stress does cause some common changes. Emotionally, stress can lead to feelings of
depression, anxiety and anger (McEwen et al, 1993). Accordingly, on the basis of the above criteria, it is clear that stress has a direct correlation on
health outcomes. In order to assess the interaction between stress, the immune system and health outcomes it is necessary to operationalise the
contextual meaning associated with health in this instance. Stedman's medical dictionary (1961) defines disease as "an interruption or perversion of
function of any of the organs and/or tissues or an

Chronic Psychological Stress: A Case Study
Chronic psychological stress is associated with the body losing its ability to regulate the inflammatory response. The inflammatory response is the
body's defense mechanism that protects it from infection and injury. Inflammation is partly regulated by the hormone cortisol and when cortisol is not
allowed to serve its function the immune cells become insensitive to cortisol's regulatory effect. Prolonged stress alters the effectiveness of cortisol to
regulate the inflammatory response by decreasing tissue sensitivity to the hormone. Unchecked inflammation is thought to encourage the development
and progression of many diseases leading to a greater risk for depression, heart disease and infectious diseases.
Professor Cohen used the common

Psych Exam Chapter 12
Chapter 12, Exam 3 Name: ___________________________________ Date: ______________ 1. The definition of _____ is a negative emotional
state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope. A) a hassle B) stress C) a
stressor D) appraisal 2. Which of the following is the BEST definition of stress? A) the demands that are made on you by other people B) deadlines,
daily hassles, or inconveniences C) a negative emotional state caused by your perception that you are unable to cope with events or circumstances D)
the mental processes that people use to make sense out of their environment 3. During their third year at college, Tammy and Timothy both lost their
part–time jobs in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
13. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS): A) measures acculturative stress. B) uses personality measures to estimate the length of time it will
take a person to recover and readjust from the stressful effects of major life traumas. C) was an attempt to quantify and rank the impact of
stress–producing events in a person's life. D) measures the effect that everyday events that annoy and upset people has on health and well–being. 14.
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), which was an attempt to quantify and rank the impact of stress–producing events in a person's life, was
developed by: A) Richard Lazarus. B) Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen. C) Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe. D) Janice Kiecolt–Glaser and Ron
Glaser. Page 3 15. Holmes and Rahe believed that any change that required you to adjust your behavior and lifestyle would cause stress. In an
attempt to measure the amount of stress people experienced, they developed the: A) Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ). B) Daily Hassles Scale
(DHS). C) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). D) Cognitive Reappraisal Rating Scale (CRRS). 16. In contrast to the conclusions reached by
early stress researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe, contemporary health psychologists now believe that: A) to improve its predictive power,
the Social Readjustment Rating Scale needs to be expanded from 43 life events to 125 life events. B) positive life events, such as vacations or
marriage, have a

Outline and Evaluate Research Into the Relationship...
Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress related illness
The main function of the immune system is to protect the body from infectious agents such as viruses and other toxins. The immune system can fail us
in two ways–either by becoming under–vigilant, letting infections enter the body, or over–vigilant, so that it is the immune system itself, rather than an
infectious agent that causes illness.
Most studies of the relationship between stress and the immune system have focussed on acute(i.e. short lived) stressors and have found a decrease in
immune cell function.
Selye (1956) developed a model called the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) which explained the short–term effects of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The students were also given questionnaires to assess psychological variables such as life events and loneliness.
They found that the students had a significantly lower white cell count during exams and this was most reduced in students who had reported high
levels of life events and loneliness.
They concluded that exam stress reduces immune function, potentially leaving the individual vulnerable to illness and infections. Immune function is
also affected by psychological variables such as the stress of life events and feelings of loneliness. These long term stressors may make individuals
more vulnerable to the added effect of short term stressors such as exams.
In evaluating the GAS Theory, it is helpful to note that it was the first systematic attempt to describe the body's response to stress. However, all
Selye's early work was carried out on rats, using physical stressors. There are physiological differences between rats and humans making it difficult to
generalise his research findings to people.
Another criticism of the GAS theory is that it ignores individual differences. It assumes we all respond in the same way to stressors, but we now know
that personality and gender can significantly affect reactions to stress.
There are people who may have Type A behaviour which is characterised by intense competitiveness and impatience and which is believed to increase
the risk of coronary

Laughter Improves Health Essay example
Laughter is an essential human phenomenon. Smiling in response to pleasant physical conditions occurs in early development, usually in the first
month of life. As a motor reflex, laughter is usually present by the time a child is 4 months old. By the age of eighteen months, a child smiles once
every six minutes, and by four years of age, the rate increases to one smile every one and one–third minutes. The ratio of laughs to smiles increases
from one laugh to every ten smiles as eighteen months to one every three smile at four years. The individual differences in the rate of both laughing and
smiling become greater as the children grow older. (Stearns, 1972) The instinctual development of smiling and laughing occurs very... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The causes of laughter can be divided into three main groups. One manifestation is laughter as a reflex, such as due to ticking. Another is as a
psychosomatic response prompted by a specific stimulus. This is an informative stimulus such as a word, sentence, gesture, action, recollection,
situation, etc. This requires the involvement of perception, learning, and memory. This reaction may or may not be terminated voluntarily. The third is
again a psychosomatic response, but is differentiated because it is not caused by an adequate informative stimulus and can be terminated voluntarily.
Within this categorization, there are different types of laughter: mirthful laughter, pathological laughter, etc. Mirthful laughter, a lesser studied, but
highly interesting type will be the focus of this discussion. A commonly held belief is that mirthful laughter and humor result in positive physical,
psychological, and social fitness. With such a expansive area of influence, it is difficult to understand how such laughter influences the body.
Laughter in healing
Studies of the physiology of mirthful laughter, scientifically known as gelotology, are a fairly recent phenomenon. Descriptions of convalescence
through positive emotional states have renewed interest in the healing potential of mirthful laughter. Norman Cousins' accounts of the therapeutic
effects of laughter during his treatment and recovery from ankylosing spondylitis

The Effects Of Cortisol Mediated Chronic And Acute Stress...
Overview of Cortisol–Mediated Chronic and Acute Stress and Immune System Response
Introduction
The nervous, endocrine, and immune systems share a close relationship critical to maintaining homeostasis during psychological and immune stress
(Carlsson, Anneli, Ludvigsson, & FaresjГ¶, 2014). Chronic stress, primarily mediated by the glucocorticoid cortisol, is associated with deleterious
health outcomes and immune deficiency. However, acute stress is associated with protective health effects and immune enhancement. Stress has
generally been regarded as adaptive when acute and short–term but maladaptive when chronic (Dhabhar, 2006; Carlsson, Anneli, Ludvigsson, &
FaresjГ¶, 2014; Johnson, Riley, Douglas, & Riis, 2013; Flinn and England, 2003; Wiegers, Reul, Holsboer, & de Kloet, 1994).
The aim of this review is to discuss the mechanisms by which the nervous and immune systems interact to affect each other during periods of stress
(psychological and physiological), the specific effects of cortisol–mediated stress on the immune system based on the magnitude and duration of the
stressor, and the models proposed to explain these effects.
General mechanisms of neuroendocrine and immune system relationship
Under conditions of stress, the nervous system, via the SAM (sympathetic–adrenal–medullary) and HPA (hypothalamic–anterior pituitary–adrenal
cortex) systems, produces neurotransmitters and hormones (such as cortisol and catecholamines) that bind to receptors on immune system cells;

The Psychological Immune System By Leslie Bell And Daniel...
The methods by which human beings rationalize their thinking can be explained through many theories and speculations. Two important theories about
human thought are explained by Leslie Bell and Daniel Gilbert in their essays "Hard to Get: Twenty–Something women and the Paradox of Sexual
Freedom" and "Immune to Reality", respectively. Bell applies the term splitting to explain how the women she spoke with are able to cope with the
conflictions they feel over their sexual desires. Splitting is a tool used within psychoanalytic theory to describe a means of dualistic or binary thinking.
Similarly, Gilbert coined the phrase psychological immune system to explain human self–rationalization behavior when someone suffers a severe
setback. The psychological immune system is a method of protecting the mind from the harsh reality of some events. Both splitting and the
psychological immune system approach the idea that human behavior is designed to protect the well being of the mind whether it is through
simplification, detachment, or fabrication of the true circumstances.
The psychological immune system works by using specific tactics and strategies to help us transform and understand a seemingly horrible event into a
positive one or one that we can understand. Gilbert explains that the psychological immune system is able to protect the mind by "unconsciously
cooking the facts and then consciously consuming them" (Gilbert 132). This means that when presented with a

Depression And Stress Research
Abstract: The relationship between stress and depression and the immune system is not complex. Both stress and depression effects the immune system
functions. Figuring out how stress and depression affects the immune system and why an important immune system is needed to maintain success in a
career field is a psychological issue that has been proven through many research studies. Research done on this topic has made the understanding of
the topic more resourceful for individuals looking to achieve that success. Identifying stressor and key factors of depression helps to reduce the chance
of experiencing that sever dangerous states of stress and depression. By cutting the chances in half of an issue that can possible prevent you from
achieving the goal of success pushes you one step closer to the ultimate goal.
Throughout life, we as humans are faced with psychological issues. As we know psychology is the study of human behaviors. Therefore, psychological
issues are closely related to conditions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As we know are immune system is the body defense weapon. Immune system function can be weakened by stress and depression. A deficient
immune system caused by stress and depression is due to how the body's response is when dealing with the problem. As discussed earlier in the
paper depression affects the digestive system by the lack of appetite. When the body is not receiving the nutrients it needs to maintain a normal
homeostasis your body begins to get weak. Another factor of stress and depression is the lack of sleep which decreased the body capabilities to
replenish itself. Therefore, when the body is weak and not function to its full potential you are then prone to infection. A weak immune system plays a
role in how we function on a daily base, not being able to function jeopardize your success in a chosen career

Stress as a Social Determinant of Health Essay
A) Can stress ever be a positive social determinant of health?
Stress a term used to describe the human response to pressure when faced with challenges or even dangerous situations, resulting in an increase in our
energy and alertness, a prolonged exposure to stressful stimuli can lead to harmful effect on health, a functional definition of stress may be hard to
establish, the research of stress probably started with Selye Hans (1956) using the term "stress" in his book "the stress of life" referring to stress as the
unpleasant environmental events and the physiological reaction toward it, examining the effect of anxious but different physical and emotional stimuli
on laboratory animals, suggesting that persistence exposure to stress ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2013) proposed that eustress at work enhances peak performance of the employees, suggesting ways to generate the good stress at work in order to
achieve better employees performance.
The pressure and challenge of writing an essay or going through examination, is a good example of eustress in daily life, the stress generating from
these experiences motivates us to prepare ourselves for the big moment, were the adrenaline rushes through our system generating extra energy and
alertness, same situation can be observed in a dangerous situation, when you are suddenly surprised, your body will activate the "fight or flight"
response, triggering the adrenal medulla to initiate the secretion of hormones that results in the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine allowing
you to access extra energy to overcome the stressor, when the situation is successfully resolved, a feeling of confident, accomplishment is developed,
increasing the person satisfaction and self–esteem, the simple daily running and exercising habits, generates eustress as well, putting some degree of
pressure on your body, and then successfully managing that pressure will result in the same process. While eustress has appositive effect on our
physical activities and excitement, it also support our motivation and inspiration.
Although it's known that chronic stress weaken the

The World Shapes Who We Are, And What We Believe Or Stand...
How we view the world shapes who we are, and what we believe or stand for in today's society. This view, or subjective perception, indirectly
influences other people's lives. We tend to pass it on in hopes of having more people support our main idea, and for others to join hands for a cause
we believe in. Daniel Gilbert's "Immune to Reality", Azar Nafisi's "Reading Lolita in Tehran", and Beth Loffreda's "Losing Matt Shepard" all embody
the idea of constant battles in society, and where people are not able to achieve something or the other because of the ways they have been brought up
and raised. The visual and print media are vital in today's advanced form of communication. However, what happens if you are not getting the whole
story when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beth Loffreda's first–hand accounts with a conventional situation like this shows how things get completed for individual benefit. The fact that the
idea of him not getting burned was not true didn't seem to bother any of the individuals of the media. They were so fixated on their notes and were
immune to the idea that they could possibly have different stories. The media essentially works together with one another to come up with stories that
tailor to other needs, instead of reporting the real issues or problems that should be addressed. This idea goes hand–in–hand with Daniel Gilbert's ideas.
Gilbert discusses how people have a psychological immune system that prevents us from feeling negative towards a situation. He states, "The
psychological immune system is a defensive system, and it obeys this same principle. When experiences make us feel sufficiently unhappy, the
psychological immune system cooks facts and shift blame in order to offer us a more positive view" (Gilbert, 136). The psychological immune system
shields our brains from the negative externalities and helps us keep positive thoughts flowing. This system cooks or formulates facts to provide our
minds explanations of what

Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Case Study
Chapter One – Irritable Bowel Syndrome
This chapter will examine the definition and diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, review prevalence rates and epidemiology and discuss the burden
of this illness on both the patients and the healthcare system. In addition, the current ideas surrounding the pathophysiology of IBS will be discussed
alongside treatment options.
Definitions and Diagnosis
Functional gastrointestinal disorders are characterized by recurring and persistent unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms which occur as a result of
abnormal gastrointestinal tract function in the absence of structural damage (Boyce, Talley, Burke & Koloski, 2006). One of the most recognized of
these conditions is the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While several pathophysiological mechanisms have been put forward such as visceral hypersensitivity, disordered motility, genetics and childhood
trauma (Lovell & Ford, 2012), this thesis will focus on the two most promising researched theories at present – immune activation and the brain–gut
axis namely to their role in sleep.
The first option in the research is that IBS is caused by a chronic yet low–grade activation of the immune system which could explain IBS
symptomology and associated feelings of anxiety (Hughes et al, 2013). The gastrointestinal system is made up a number of nervous and immune
systems which are activated in response to inflammation or infection, a process which can be affected by sleep quality (Schurman et al., 2012).
Evidence for this theory comes from research which shows that IBS patients have higher levels of cytokines (secreted by the immune system in
response to inflammation) than healthy control patients across a number of studies (Bashashati et al, 2012). In addition, there is also emerging support
for a post infectious IBS subgroup in which symptoms begin suddenly after a bout of gastroenteritis (Thabane & Marshall,

Negative Effects Of Stress In School
There has been an increasing awareness of the negative effects that the rigors of school have on students mental and physical health. In his memoir,
Frank McCourt explains how he experienced stress during school in the form of physical harm from teachers and bullying from fellow students. That
has not remained, as modern day students are experiencing more mental than physical stress. An increase of mental stress still causes serious mental
issues and will lead to physical damage in the student as well. The justification for an increase of academic rigor in schools is this prepares them for
entering the "real world". But this tactic is not helping students to prepare and is simply harming them. A regular day as a student consists of taking
1–2 hours to get ready for school, being in class for 6 hours of the day, 1 hour to get home, and 2+ hours of homework. This means that a minimum of
9 hours each day is spent centered around school. That number can easily rise as students participate in athletics, school clubs, or have extra work.
Adolescents also require 9–9 ВЅ hours of sleep. When necessary activities such as showering and eating are taken into account the student has only 4
hours left to meet the need of their social lives, families, jobs, and religious activities. This causes students to stay up later, which leads to sleep
deprivation. And "according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a vast majority of American teenagers get at least two hours less

I Call It The Pursuit Of Happiness, By The Mega Marketing...
Understanding Who We Truly Are Many people will agree with the idea that happiness is the key to a successful life. Everybody has their own
perception of happiness, whether it is a loving family, a healthy lifestyle, or maybe even money. As people progress through the journey of life, or as I
call it the pursuit of happiness, they undergo an ample of events or experiences that help them understand the difference between who they think we
are, and who they really are. By going through these favorable or unfavorable experiences, they become emotionally stronger. However, this situation is
not always the case. Most of the times, people find themselves unintentionally altering reality and avoiding the truth to make almost every situation
beneficial. To properly understand happiness, we have to first tackle the idea of understanding ourselves. The way we view ourselves shapes our
experiences of events to a great extent because we finally understand why we go through what we do. After thoroughly reading both "Immune to
Reality", and "The Mega–Marketing of Depression in Japan", I am confidently able to say that reality in our lives is strongly based on our subjective
perceptions of things. To effectively comprehend the stories of ourselves we can begin by looking at what factors shape how we understand and
communicate our emotional experiences. We all know that culture is ones upbringing and roots that are embedded into their minds at a young age. In
addition to that, we found

Moulluscum Contagiosum Virus Research Papers
Molluscum Contagiosum is a skin infection that is caused by the Molluscum Contagiosum virus. The virus causes benign, elevated skin lesions that can
spread to other parts of the body when touched. The incubation period for the virus is anywhere between two and seven weeks. This virus encodes
proteins that prevent programmed cell death, inflammation, and immune cell recruitment. The Molluscum Contagiosum virus doesn't present any
physical harm to the body; it's more psychological damage that is done due to the unsightly lesions that are left on the skin. This disease can affect both
children and adults, though it is more common in children. The Molluscum Contagiosum virus is caused by having direct contact with a surface or
skin to skin contact

The Stress During The Past Year
The most impactful stress during the past year was the death of my baby son combined with school work and a change of jobs–and they relate with
each other. The score on my Social Readjustment Rating Scale is 220. The stress that built and still continues is an ongoing problem. The course
work has been overwhelming, and because I had to work fewer hours to get it all done, financial stress also appeared. Overall, the stress has affected
by diet and eating habits to the point where I do not eat enough. The term "biopsychosocial" relates very closely to my situation: "Psychologists define
biopsychosocial model in the context of psychological disorders applies to health psychology as well, because health psychology integrates biological,
psychological, and social factors in health."
Stress is the response to environmental factors, the circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities. A stressor is a
chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event that causes stress to an organism.
The alarm stage is a temporary state of shock during which resistance to illness and stress falls below normal limits. In trying to cope with the initial
effects of stress, the body releases hormones that, in a short time, adversely affecst the functioning of the immune system, the body's network of natural
defenses. In the resistance stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, glands throughout the body manufacture different hormones

The Negative Effects Of Stress
The mind and the body being connected have a great effect on an individual in many ways. Since the body is able to control certain involuntary
responses, emotions dealing with thoughts, behaviors, and feelings may affect greatly. Events happening in life may also disrupt someone's health by
interfering with their psychological routine, as well as correlations between what is going on with our feelings and thoughts. With this in
consideration, there are ways to relieve or attack the negative changes on the body by using therapy, activities in daily life, and body development. In
the book Stress Management, there is a statement that says "when a person has many stressors every day, the body begins to wear down. It doesn't
have enough time between stressors to recover... The person's immune system may weaken and fail to fight off disease and infection." (Gregson) If
the average person sits down to think why there are so many physical changes on themselves, the conclusion will be brought down to one thing, stress.
There may be signs ranging from sweaty palms to change in appetite and fatigue. The flight or fight system every individual's body has determines
whether their hormones say play jeopardy or escape. Eventually, those hormones will start to fail. Luckily, there are many ways to reduce stress. For
someone who is anti–social or does not move around a lot and is dealing with stress, a resolution would be to get off their feet. They can exercise
regularly and eat healthier

Cancer Progression And Survival: A Biobehavioral Approach.
Cancer Progression and Survival: A Biobehavioral Approach
Multiple epidemiological and psychological studies have investigated the relationship between psychological factors and the progression of cancer.
Lack of social support, trauma history, depression, and distress and the most commonly cited psychological processes when looking at cancer
outcomes. A meta–analysis conducted by Pinquart and Duberstein (2010) examined the association between social support and cancer progression and
found that higher levels of perceived social support, having a larger social network, and being married decreased the mortality rate by 25%, 20% and
12% respectively. In contrast studies done on depression, stress, and trauma have consistently found them to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inflammation is facilitated by the tumor cells as well as tumor related macrophages, both of which are strong producers of inflammatory cytokines.
Kiecolt–Glaser et al. (2003), showed that stress related factors promote the production of pro–inflammatory cytokines. Leukocytes play an important
role in inflammation and patients assessed to have higher depressive symptoms were found to have greater leukocyte expression in genes mediating
inflammation., oxidative stress, and immune activation. Inflammation is also known to central nervous system effects that may influence psychosocial
abnormalities in a cancer patient. Depression had specifically been associated with higher IL–6 which is known to induce neuronegative reactions in
the CNS. Psychological interventions have shown to varying reliability and magnitude on cancer patients.
Significant effects have also been observed for cytokine outcomes in relation to increase in production. Antoni and colleagues (2011), demonstrated that
stress management intervention during early stages of breast cancer produced changes in leukocyte gene expression. Specifically, down–regulation of
genes that promote inflammatory and metastasis processes. Another study observed that in breast cancer patients who experienced a recurrent
diagnosis and had a prior intervention had a reduced risk of death (Andersen et al., 2010). All of this shows the importance of determining the
biobehavioral relationships in

Medical Marijuana As A Treatment For Different Diseases
The United States health care industry has been fighting the increased use of medical marijuana as a treatment for different diseases. Recent research
suggests that diseases like AIDS/HIV, Alzheimer's, Arthritis, Cancer, Crohn's disease, Glaucoma, Multiple sclerosis and Epilepsy can be helped with
Medical Marijuana. Therefore, given this information, federal government and states should lessen the restrictions on the usage of medical marijuana
to help treat different diseases. Alcohol and Opiates were two of the most widely used substances for pain before medical marijuana. People that used
opiates as a form of self–medication usually get addicted to them. American Society of Addiction Medicine states "Opiate addiction is driving this
epidemic, with 20,101 overdose deaths". People often share their unused pain relievers, unaware of the dangers of nonmedical opioid use which causes
the high number of overdose deaths. Opiates are so addicting that "Opiates make up 83 percent of admissions for intravenous drug addictions" (.
American Society of Addiction Medicine). In 2014 study, for example, found that states with medical marijuana had fewer prescription painkiller
overdose deaths than those without (Huffington post). Another form of self–medication that leads to addiction is alcohol. The use of alcohol to
depress the effects of pain is as old as the fermentation process itself. Using Alcohol to stop pain can be very dangerous. Alcohol helps make people
feel better when

Disadvantages Of Cardiovascular Disease
In addition, AAS in supratherapeutic doses could slightly impair the immune system functions while reducing an individual's resistance to certain types
of infections. AAS is also well tolerated in the renal system. Largely excreted from the body through the kidneys, and no inherent strong toxicity in
process. However, steroids are slightly weather resistant to infection in men and it appears to be caused by testosterone. Testosterone is a
immunosuppressive hormone. Also, androgens could modulate the immune system and the effects on the immune system may vary depending on the
particular conditions and how the individual's body reacts to the steroids. AAS is also used as a supportive treatment for compromised kidney functions
and, AAS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, estrogen can have a favorable impact on cholesterol and a positive effect of estrogen on cholesterol values with issues of estrogen maintenance
with health risks. Many individuals decide to use tamoxifen to fight estrogenic side effects; when using steroids for long periods of times (What are
Steroids).
Likewise, oral steroids are particularly potent at stimulating hepatic lipase and suppressing HDL levels. It first pass of concentration and
metabolism in the liver. Stanozolol may be milder than testosterone with regard to androgenic steroid side effects whereas injectable steroids are
generally less stressful to the cardiovascular system than oral steroids. With more hepatic lipase activity in the body, antiatherogenic are cleared
from circulation more quickly. Testosterone cypionate noted a 21% drop in HDL cholesterol with a dosage of 300mg per week. Then increased
the dosage to 600mg and it did not have any significant effect. The dosage threshold for strong HDL suppression is very low. Also, with plaque
deposits in the arteries it is more permanent. Bad shifts in lipids by long term use shows significant damage to the cardiovascular system whereas
overtime the plaque deposits will begin to narrow and clog arteries as AAS is more consistent in lowering HDL levels. However, the general pattern
during steroid use is lowering of HDL

Summary: Can Infection Give You The Blues
Paige Bartlett
SID #: 1466220
PSYCH 202 AL
1.Kasten, Erich (2015 May/June) "Can infection give you the blues?" Scientific American Mind 26(3). 46–49
2.The article claims that many psychological disorders, especially depression, can be caused by inflammation in the brain.
3.Although the work of various "experts", mainly psychiatrists and researchers, were summarized, none of them were directly quoted in the article.
4.As title itself was a question, the subtitle of the article may be more relevant. The subtitle reads "An overactive immune response can seed
psychological illnesses". The information in the article does seem to support this. The author explained the science behind how infections can cause
swelling, and how the swelling can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I assume the research was done with the hope that they could benefit those who have depression caused by immune reactions, although no specific
motivation was cited for the actual research. Scientific American Mind printed the article. This means the average reader is assumed to be an American
with an interest in psychology, but not necessarily much expertise in the subject. The motivation for the article is likely to present interesting
information to the public. Since it does serve the purpose of interesting and entertaining a reader, it may try to be more dramatic in places. For
example, the article began with a personal story to hook the reader, which might increase reader interest, but it doesn't serve as good scientific support.
d)Much of the article uses logical explanations. It has clear, scientific information. The focus was on presenting the academic content, not on presenting
the emotional side of the topic. However, the article did begin with a story of someone the author knows whose depression stemmed from an
underlying health problem. In this way, it did set us up to believe the article's claim, by starting with something more personal and

Effects Of Stress On The Human Body
Psychological Stress on the Human Body: Effects and Management
Carlisa Robinson
University of South Alabama ABSTRACT
The presented research examines the impact of stress on the human body with a specific focus on the immune system. There is an essential need to
examine, analyze and review surrounding theories and studies regarding psychological stress on the immune system. The occurrence of catastrophic
events and global disasters over the last seventeen years have put a focus on life expectancy in the twenty–first century. The impacts of these events
have led to widespread adversity and have a high correlation with the reduction of stress management and induction of illness and death. Due to those
factors, the aftermath of such traumatic changes have shown light on the aspects of deterioration, interaction and relationships of stress on physical
and mental health. Revival of the studies and reviews presented years after events provide longitudinal contributions to this research. Theories
formulated were combined based on existing psychological and chronic stress studies, reviews and theoretical approaches to stress during and after
these events and their aftermath, newly found data, and alternatives to proper coping mechanism and strategies. The new presented theory focuses on
the increase in life expectancy through maintaining proper stress mechanisms and strategies. Presented are the fundamental theories which have been
the basis for understanding the effects of

Psychological Stress
Psychological stress is a ubiquitous facet of life, which is onset by the recognition of a stimulus and prompts a reaction in the brain to counteract the
effect of stress and maintain homeostasis. A multitude of studies have proven that there is a correlation between psychological stress and the presence
of an immune disorder. Psychological stress is induced in various ways and is able to manifest within oneself if no relaxation techniques are
implemented; moreover, disorders such as: heart disease, diabetes and asthma are developed by psychological stress. Finally, recent research has
suggested that an improvement of the immune system is observed when relaxation techniques are implemented regularly to relieve psychological stress.
A correlation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
17,000 Swedish families agreed to participate in this study and consented to provide a five year follow up; which entailed, an extensive
questionnaire and biological samples such as urine, blood and hair samples. In this study, the main focus was on four domains: serious life events,
parental stress, lack of social support, and parental worries. If a child was to experience three out of the four domains, they were said to have been
exposed to high levels of psychological stress. These children which had high levels of psychological stress displayed a significantly decreased
response to diabetes associated autoantigens during their five year checkup. This was because regulatory T cells, a small percentage of T cells
which suppress the effect of autoantigens, were down regulated during stress and this lead to an exacerbation of the inflammatory response.
Additionally, the levels of T helper 1 cells (Th1 cells) were exclusively elevated in highly stressed children, which in turn, leads to an increased risk of
autoimmune diseases, more specifically, Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). "Exposure to prolonged and severe stress may have an overwhelming impact

Sleep Apnea And Its Effect On Life Expectancy
The article by Peikoff (2015), 9 Things You Never Knew Your Body Does While You Sleep in Cosmopolitan magazine provides general explanations
on the various processes the body cycles through while individuals are sleeping. The article outlines process such as the body's tendency to lower in
temperature, toxin cleanses, paralysis, neural cell repair, and immune system activation which occur during sleep (Peikoff, 2015). It goes on to outline
many statistics concerning sleep apnea and its effect on life expectancy in females (Peikoff, 2015). Moreover, many of the claims the article makes, as
outlined above, have a biological and psychological scientific basis; however, the article fails to mention the sources from which its conclusions was
drawn from. That said, in this paper three differing journal articles will be presented that focus on the different processes that take place during sleep.
The scientific journal articles will be analyzed and compared to the Cosmopolitan article. as summarized above. The journal article by Motivala and
Irwin (2007), Sleep and Immunity: Cytokine Pathways Linking Sleep and Health, published in Current Directions in Psychological Science journal,
details the mechanism sleep influences the immune system. The study analyzes the role of immunological signalling molecules cytokines and
interleukin on regulating sleep(Motivala & Irwin, 2007). Cytokine molecules are crucial to sleep regulation in that higher levels of the signalling
molecule are

Physics Of Running Research Paper
Running is a natural form of human mobility. Running is an imperative aspect for most sports and is also a simple way that requires little to get
exercise anywhere. Although, many people have adapted to improper forms of running over time, numerous physical injuries are the results. With the
help of understanding the physics behind running, people can learn to run in such a way that expends less energy from the body. Keeping physics in
mind will allow the human body to experience many health and psychological benefits and develop the thought of effortless running. Running is a sport
that requires a knowledge of physics and the different health and psychological benefits. Keeping that in mind, having poor form when it comes to long
distance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Running efficiently provides many positive psychological benefits, for example, it helps fight depression. Depression is an illness that involves the
body, mood, and thoughts and that affects the way a person eats, sleeps, feels about himself or herself, and thinks about things (Depression, n.d.).
Although, running can be a cure for this illness. Achieving a physical goal, such as a 10k, is good for treating depression because generally people
with depression have poor self–images and completing a goal such as a 10k would boost one's confidence and suddenly have a positive reflection
towards themselves. Beyond the goal–oriented therapeutic benefit, endorphins can really help pick up one's mood. . Endorphins, the "feel–good"
hormones of the body, have a lot of things going for them. These naturally occurring opiates can make a person feel better physically by helping to
suppress pain. They also slow the aging process, gives stress relief and sends the immune system into overdrive and when running takes place, a flood
of endorphins are released. Another positive aspect that is an outcome from running is the production of the famed "Runner's High." Runner's high is a
feeling of euphoria that is experienced by some individuals engaged in strenuous running and that is held to be associated with a release of endorphins
by the brain. The high

Symptoms And Treatment Of Cancer
Introduction Receiving a potentially life–threatening diagnosis, such as cancer, has the potential to be an extremely stressful event and may have
long–term effects. Depending on the diagnosis, many cancer patients may experience long–lasting, or chronic stress due to a variety of factors
including receiving treatment, experiencing symptoms and side effects of treatment, waiting for test results, and learning that the cancer has recurred.
Patients with cancer often report cancer–related posttraumatic stress (National Cancer Institute, 2012). According to the National Cancer Institute,
patients who report cancer–related posttraumatic stress often experience repeated frightening thoughts, trouble sleeping, feeling detached from reality,
fear, and helplessness (2012). Unfortunately, this stress negatively impacts immune functioning and can lead to tumor progression andmetastasis
(Hassan et al., 2013). If a cancer diagnosis is stressful, and evidence supports a negative impact of stress on cancer prognosis and recovery, then
reducing the stress experienced by cancer patients will lead to better outcomes. Previous research identified social support as a major predictor of
reduced stress levels in individuals with cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2012). Social support promotes psychological well–being and posttraumatic
growth, a sharp contrast to posttraumatic stress. Posttraumatic growth is defined as the positive psychological change experienced after a highly
challenging

The Immune System : A Complex Network Of Innate And Innate...
The immune system is a complex network of innate and adaptive compartments that work together in order to protect and fight against pathogenic
invaders. The immune system also acts as a regulator of host homeostasis in order to ensure that the body is operating under optimal conditions. The
composition of microbiota is associated with the adaptive and innate immune systems, which work together in order to maintain a constant relationship
between the increasingly different microbiota and pathogens found within our body.
Under optimal working conditions, the relationship between the immune system and microbiota is interweaved between the innate and adaptive
components of the immune system that cultivates an appropriate immune response. Many immune related illnesses such as allergies, autoimmune, and
inflammatory disorders are all due to the failure in controlling misdirected immune responses against self, microbiota–derived, or environmental
antigens. Further, the use of antibiotics and changes in diet also affects the composition of microbiota.
In terms of the relationship between the microbiota and immune system during development, the fetal GI tract is said to be completely sterile. The first
exposure the immune system has to bacteria occurs when the child passes through the birth canal . The exposure that the immune system has during
this passage is what determines the long–term role of the mucosal and systemic immune system . The maternal colostrum and breast milk

The Psychological Effect Of `` Immune `` And `` By Barbara...
Happiness is a euphoric state, it is the light at the end of the tunnel, it is what individuals seek to achieve. Human beings inherently want to be happy.
Happiness is unique because it has seven billion different definitions. In his book Immune to Reality, Daniel Gilbert argues that individuals are only as
happy as the subconscious function of their brain allows them to be. Additionally, he questions the state of happiness by citing thepsychological
immune system. The psychological immune system is a subconscious process of the human brain, which favorably rationalizes human decisions
whether they were right or not, regardless of outcome it always finds something favorable to take away. In Barbara Fredrickson's Love 2.0, she
introduces the vagus nerve as a biological apparatus to increase loving potential; Fredrickson links higher levels of loving potential to increased overall
health. Most importantly, Fredrickson establishes the relationship between love and happiness as an interdependent one, "Having at least one close
relationship like this is vital to your health and happiness" (108). Fredrickson believes that humans have the power within them to biologically alter
themselves and to shape their own identity. Inversely, Malcolm Gladwell proclaims that human identity is shaped by the environment an individual is
subject to in his book The Power of Context. Gladwell affirms that humans have the power to shape their identity, however only by changing the

How Psychological States Affect the Immune System Essay
How Psychological States Affect the Immune System
Title: How psychological states affect the immune system.
Subject(s): AIDS (Disease) –– Patients –– Psychology; IMMUNE system –– Psychological aspects
Source: Health & Social Work, Nov96, Vol. 21 Issue 4, p287, 5p
Author(s): Littrell, Jill
Abstract: Discusses the premise that the psychological state affects the immune system with reference to the psychological state of persons with
enhanced functioning immune states and those with suppressed immunity, HIV and AIDS. How stress affects the immune system; How psychological
health assists the immune system; Advantages of intervention on the psyche and immune system of HIV and AIDS patients.
Database: Academic Search Elite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because mental health professionals have developed interventions for changing people's perspectives on life and their resultant feelings, it becomes
possible, through psychological interventions, to influence immune system functioning.
The literatures reviewed in this article assume an underlying model of illness that includes environmental events, coping mechanisms, psychological
states, activation of particular regions in the nervous system, and immune system function as variables (Anton), Schneiderman, et al., 1990). The
model explains how environmental events such as loss or trauma make immune system suppression more likely. However, immune suppression is the
end result of a cascade of events involving mediating variables. The occurrence of an environmental stressor makes immune suppression more likely
but by no means inevitable. Given an environmental stressor, people appraise the situation and have the option of acting in ways to reduce the impact
of the stressor. The processes of appraisal and behaving to reduce the impact of the stressor are collectively called "coping."
Depending on a person's coping mechanisms, particular psychological states can occur. A psychological state has a wide variety of manifestations.
Psychological states are associated with activation of particular brain

The Negative Effects Of Sleep Deprivation
Sleep deprivation is a condition in which a person does not get enough sleep (What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency). A majority of people
need anywhere between eight to nine hours of sleep (Why Lack of Sleep Is Bad For Your Health). When a person does not get the amount of sleep
that they need, the body does not have the proper amount of time to repair itself. Some symptoms of sleep deprivation are always being hungry, gaining
weight, one becomes more impulsive and has mood swings, indecisiveness, lack of motor skills, increase in acne and falling asleep without realizing
it (11 Signs). A person can also be affected by microsleeping. Microsleeping is the condition in which a person falls asleep throughout the day for
seconds or sometimes minutes without them realizing it. The lack of sleep can have many negative effects on one's health. Sleep deprivation can cause
an increase in acne, it can cause harm to the central nervous system, digestive system, and it can cause psychological problems. The lack of sleep can
take a toll on one's immune system. At night, the immune system produce molecules to help fight infections. For example, a molecule called cytokines
is used to help fight infections and help one to sleep which gives the immune system more time to fight off illnesses (Healthline). Acne is caused by
bacteria. Not getting enough sleep weakens the immune system which means bacteria can cause one to break out. Another part of the body that is
affected physically by

The Current Idea I Have For My Paper
Eric Nhan ESS 102 April 16, 2015 Research Paper Synopsis of Sci–fi Paper The current idea I have for my paper is a story about an astronaut who is
dealing with the effects of radiation and the health effects of long–term space travel after a five year mission. He recounts his mission throughout the
story and at the same time details his decline in health and fame. There are two ways that the story can turn to and I have decided which one I will
go with. The first deals with commercializing space travel where the company that he worked for begins sending tourists into space and hides his
failing health from the public (maybe by faking his death). The other side is that there is a temporary ban on human space travel and more reliance of...
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Lack of Gravity One of the main causes of change in the human body is space is the lack of gravity because the body no longer needs to support its
weight [1]. This leads not only to muscle loss but the loss of bone tissue as well [1]. Experiments were conducted on rats and some rats lost one third
of muscle in particular areas after only seven to ten days [2]. Another experiment found that bone at certain areas was dissolving around 1–2% a month
in astronauts [2]. After longer periods, this can jeopardize missions if the astronauts do not have enough muscle or their bones are not strong
enough to move safely [2]. In order to prevent muscle and bone loss, NASA is using osteoporosis drugs and exercise [1]. Exercises include an hour
of cardio and an hour of weightlifting everyday [2]. The exercise sends signals to the body to build muscle and bone, which resulted in astronauts
returning with around the same amount of bone that they had before the mission [1]. Even with exercise, many astronauts are fairly weak when they
return, some having trouble to walk [2]. One other impact from the lack of gravity is fluid redistribution because the body has adapted to push fluids
to the upper body, but without gravity this causes swelling in the head [1]. This swelling causes issues with eyesight, by changing the shape of the eye
and retinas [1]. This was discovered when an astronaut on the ISS noticed he

Stress: A Documentary Analysis
I learned from this documentary that stress is everyone's inferno, deviling our minds. Stress at one point helped us survive however, it is now the
scrooge of our lives. Stress is not a state of mind but something measurable and dangerous. Stress can kill brain cells and even unravel our
chromosomes. I found this information frightening because although I knew stress can cause health detriments, I never knew it was to this extent.
Stress was once believed to be linked to ulcers however a discovery of immune bacteria rejected that hypothesis. As technology and science advanced,
scientists discovered that when an individual is stressed, the body shuts down all non–essential systems including the immune system. When the body
shuts down the immune

The Psychological and Physiciological Effects of Guilt Essay
Abstract: Guilt has physiological and psychological effects. The psychological effects can include something bad, such as feelings of worthlessness or
inferiority. Guilt can also serve in a positive way as a motivator. A person may suffer physiological effects such as insomnia and physical pain.
Discussion: Guilt is feelings of culpability, especially for imagined offenses or from a sense of inadequacy. There are negative physiological effects
caused by guilt. Guilt can make someone over responsible. They will think that life has to be perfect, and will do everything to try to please everyone.
It may make someone over conscientious so that they may neglect their needs to avoid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This serves as a motivator to change. As guilt causes discomfort, it can be used as a need to change things in your life, and eliminate the guilt. For
example, if someone bullied an individual, they would probably eventually realize they have wronged that person and feel guilty. The guilt would
motivate the bully to change their attitude, which would lead to a better life.
Moreover, continual guilt may affect someone physiologically. Someone feeling guilty may suffer from: languidness, imagined illness, real illness,
headaches, stomach disorders, and vague pains. Guilt can also cause cardiovascular strain which reduces relational intimacy and a startle response
which creates feelings of alienation. It may even be a detriment to work performance because it can cause hyperarousal. A person may also feel
chronically fatigued. Without apparent cause, one may experience physical aches and pain.
More seriously, guilt can keep someone from sleeping because of immoderate time spent in REM. This lack of sleep causes increased susceptibility to
disease. During sleep, the body's immune system undergoes repair. Therefore, with lack of sleep, the immune system does not have time to repair itself
and is weakened.
Guilt may also immobilize you. An individual may be so overwhelmed by the fear of doing, acting, saying or

Multiple Sclerosis Papers
The immune system of a human body is fascinating and life–saving, when functioning properly. An immune system lacking proper function will
consequently lack the ability to protect the human body. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune–mediated disease of the central nervous system,
primarily affecting the brain and spinal cord. There are four types, or courses of the multiple sclerosis disease. The first type is known as relapsing–
remitting, the second type is primary progressive, the third type is secondary progressive, and lastly the fourth type is progressive relapsing. Multiple
sclerosis is a disease that lacks a definitive cause or etiology, yet there are theories that attempt to explain the pathogenesis of the (MS) disease. A...
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Experts believe that MS stems not from just one factor, but multiple. These factors are immunologic, environmental, and genetic factors." (Rumrill,
2009, p.76). The most widely accepted cause of multiple sclerosis is an auto–immune response. This auto–immune response is caused by both genetics
and environment. "Many genes have been studied, including the genes on chromosome 6p21 in the area of the major histocompatibility complex
[MHC; histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) in humans], specifically the alleles –DR and –DQ have shown strong correlations accounting for
10–60% of the genetic risk of MS. The correlation between these susceptible genes and autoimmunity is thought to involve their role as
antigen–presenting molecules to CD4 T cells. This deregulation in self–recognition, which has been shown to be related to the T–cell signaling
pathways, can result in epitope spreading and eventual autoimmunity." (Sternberg, 2012, p.251). An immune–system that has a flawed major
histocompatibility complex, (MHC), may lack the ability to differentiate a pathogen from their own healthy normal cells. Although the auto–immune
response etiology is most popular, and accepted, there are more. The location of multiple sclerosis patients has brought about another etiology, the UV
sunlight etiology. Multiple sclerosis patients are not evenly distributed throughout the world; they are located in certain regions for the majority. "The
latitude is another etiology of MS; the latitude could explain the geographic distribution of MS. Multiple sclerosis is found at a drastically lower rate
in equatorial regions. As the latitude increased, so did the incidence of MS. The latitude is directly related to the degree of exposure to UV sunlight
catalyzing the production of vitamin D3 in the skin. Vitamin D3 is associated with both genetic and immune regulatory factors. Studies have shown
that a deficiency in

The Link Between Psychological Stressors and Overall...
Existence of distinct links between psychological stressors and a persons' overall health have been proven through various objective studies. The
degree of the stress response can also be directly linked to the severity of its effects. Specific research indicates that stress is related to increased risk of
improper immune system functioning, liver disease, and coronary artery disease. When exposed to environmental threats, the body's immune system
carries out dynamic processes through the secretion of various chemicals and production of various kinds of cells, to maintain homeostasis. Whether
the stressor is acute or chronic, research now indicates that psychological stress has a strong connection to immune system functioning, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to being susceptible to certain diseases, other researchers have discovered that "...extended stress duration and possibly diminished
restorative processes have effects that mimic, exacerbate, and sometimes accelerate the effects of aging on immunity" (Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2003).
Researchers Hawkley and Cacioppo studied this effect through the use of behaviorally "slow" and "fast" laboratory mice. After exposing the two
different types of mice to stressful situations, they discovered that the "slow" mice exhibited higher amounts of anxiety and "...faster age–related
immune declines than did the "fast" mice" (Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2003). Therefore, this particular study confirms the correlation between diminished
immune system functioning as a result of age and stress. It also supports the idea that stress can exacerbate the declined function of the immune
system. In addition to the autonomic and neuroendocrine pathways connecting psychological stress and the immune system, similar pathways exist in
organs of the body such as the liver. Pathways that connect pathophysiological interactions of stress with the liver can be divided into two major
subdivisions: HPA axis and autonomic nervous system. According to Chida and his research team, "...autonomic nervous connection between the brain
and the liver reportedly compromises the efferent sympathetic/adrenomedullary system and

HIV/AIDS And Homelessness: The National Council For The...
What is HIV? It is a virus that attacks the body's immune system that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS if not treated. The
Kaiser Family Foundation (2008), states that HIV attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune
system fight off infections. If left untreated, it reduces the number of T–Cells in the body, making the person more likely to get other infections. Also
noted is the fact that HIV destroys so many of these cells that it renders the body helpless in fighting off the infections, while it takes advantage of the
weaker immune system. This occurrence is part of the last stage that signals that an individual has AIDS.
The Center for Disease Control (2001), ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the National AIDS Housing Coalition (2011), housing status has a direct impact on HIV incidence and on the people living with HIV
/AIDS. What is also stated, is that issues surrounding unstable housing equate to poor health outcomes. Homelessness tends to magnify the risk factors
as it relates to HIV. The lack of housing is a significant factor in health disparities among individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. The health issues
associated with HIV/AIDS not only impacts the individual, it affects communities as well. Communities have opposed facilities in their neighborhood
that would address the HIV/AIDS homeless population. The Not In My Backyard syndrome as described by Takahashi (1997) is an organized
resistance of communities that perceives a threat to the siting of controversial land uses and facilities. These communities oppose facilities such as
group homes and homeless shelters for individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Homelessness and HIV/AIDS diagnosis continues to be an ongoing
problem, but groups that support the Not In My Backyard syndrome continues to oppose the placement of housing that is low–cost and affordable in
their

Physiological Processes And Treatment Of Plaque Psoriasis
Physiological Processes & Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic immune–mediated inflammatory skin disease that is not contagious but has no cure. Psoriasis often presents as patches of thick
red skin and silvery scales called plaque psoriasis. This proliferation of skin cells often affect the face, trunk, and extremities and have a familial
tendency. Sudden onset is often triggered by stress, trauma, medications, or infection and is an equal opportunistic disease that manifests on the skin
and can begin in childhood or at any age (Arcangelo, 2013).
Approximately five million adults suffer from this inflammatory disease and psoriasis can occur in all age groups (National Institute of Arthritis and
Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases [NIH], 2013). The purpose of this paper is to explore the pathophysiological, maladaptive, and psychosocial effects
of psoriasis; discuss and explore the pharmacological interventions for pediatric and geriatric patients, and synthesize the body's response to treatments
available.
Pathophysiology of Psoriasis
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder that develops when there is a maladaptation in the body's defense system. This disease is driven by the immune
system involving the Th lymphocyte cells. Under normal homeostasis, the regeneration of epidermis tissue renew under normal pathological conditions
with the shedding of the outer layer of skin every 14–20 days. During flair–ups, lymphocytes infiltrate into the epidermal

Detrimental Effects Of Sleep Deprivation
Detrimental effects of sleep deprivation Life can be quite stressful, and very tiring at times. The days can be long, and filled with many stressors. For
most, these stressors include things such as work, school, and other events incorporated into an individual's schedule. Most of these stressors are
important, but they should not be taken on without the proper amount of sleep. Lack of sleep can produce an outstanding amount of negative effects on
the brain and body. With the negative effects generated fromsleep deprivation, certain effects on the body and brain can propagate and exponentially
result in death. The body and brain depend on each other. These two entities cannot endure without one another. Both however, cannot function for long
without the immune system. Sleep has a vast effect on the immune system and its ability to carry out its duties. Eric J. Olson M.D. notes, "during
sleep, your immune system releases proteins called cytokines, some of which help promote sleep" (par.2). With these cytokines being produced during
sleep, and promoting more sleep, it would seem as though you could very well start a domino effect. Olson also adds, "Sleep deprivation may decrease
production of these protective cytokines. In addition, infection–fighting antibodies and cells are reduced during periods when you don't get enough
sleep" (par.2). By increasing your chances of getting sick and also getting less sleep, lack of sleep in the beginning of this cycle spirals a series

The Effects Of Optimism On Cancer Survival Rate

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