2. Introduction
The Main Problem in the
spinning department is
formation of hooks in the sliver.
Some fibres are straight in
nature, some fibre ends are bent
in the form of a hook we call
them hook fibre. Some fibres
are bent and the two links of the
hook are almost similar in length
we call them U shape hook fibre.
Hooks are mainly originating in
the carding process. On the
basis of amount of sliver we can
find the carding Ratio, Combing
Ratio and Orientation Index of
the fiber.
In fibre manufacturing spinning is one
of the most important process in
imparting quality to the yarn. Several
methods of investigating fibre
orientation have been developed
such as the direct method in which
tracer fibres are viewed through a
projection microscope and the
indirect method, such as Lindsley and
modified Lindsley method. The
presence of fibre hooks in a sliver
adversely affects the drafting
efficiency and material evenness.
3. Let’s review some concepts
Hooks:
Hook fibres are the fibres that have hook formed shape in one or both
ends. They are mainly found in the sliver produced from the carding
machine. Hooks are mostly three types Trailing hooks, Leading Hooks
and Both Ends Hooks.
Combing Ratio
Combing ratio is representation of proportion of crisscross fibers and
arrangement of random fibers in the sliver material. higher combing
ratio make the fiber more individual, parallel and thus improve sliver
uniformity.
4. Cutting Ratio
The cutting ratio is a ratio of elongated fibers to normal
fibers. It change from machine to machine. The cutting ratio
decreases as production rate increases.
Orientation Index
It shows the degrees of fiber parallelization in carded sliver.
Higher index exhibits more parallisation of fibers in sliver
Cont…
5. Objective
To study the fiber configuration at different stages
like Carding, Draw-Frame and Finisher.
To find out the Carding ratio, Combing ratio and
Orientation Index of fiber.
5
6. Selection of Raw
Materials
Processing of Raw
Materials at
Different Spinning
Department
Collection of
Delivery Material
from Spinning
Machine
Determination of
Combing Ratio,
Carding Ratio and
Orientation Index
Result and
Discussion
Conclusion
Plan of Work
7. The cotton sliver with hank value of 0.13.
Lindsley apparatus for the study of the combing ratio, Cutting ratio and
orientation index.
Raw Materials and Equipment’s
7
8. Methods
× Direct Method
This method was based on the use of optical tracer fibre
technique and ultraviolet rays for study of hooks. In optical tracer
fibre technique 0.1 – 0.3% fibres are dyed with any dark colour.
These tracer fibres are mixed with parent fibres in early stage of
blow room for better mixing. In optical fibre technique the sliver
or roving or yarn is immersed in a solution which is having the
same refractive index as of parent fibres.
9. Indirect Method
Lindsley Technique
Step 1— A sufficiently long fibreweb was taken and cut into small pieces each of
20 cm length and 10 cm width. Then, the top three plates P, Q, R were taken out.
A sample of fibreweb was placed onto the bottom plate D and clamped by
repositioning the three top plates.
Step 2— The fibreweb was combed gently along the machine direction in case of
carded fibreweb and cross-machine direction in case of cross-laid fibrewebs. As a
result of this, all the loosely held fibres which were not clamped by the plates Q
and D were combed out. The combed-out fibers were discarded. Afterwards, the
fibres were cut at the right edge of the plate Q by using a sharp razor blade. The
cut fibre portion was then weighed. Let this weight be W .
9
10. Step 3— The top plate Q was removed. Then, the fibres held below it were combed.
The combed-out fibre portion was retained and weighed. Let this weight be C .
Step 4— The top plate Q was put back to its original position. Then, all the fibre
ends that were extending beyond the edge of the plate Q were cut. The cut fibre
portion was collected and weighed. Let this weight be E .
Step 5— The plate Q was removed again. Then, the fibres were cut at the right edge
of the plate R. The cut fibre portion was collected and weighed. Let this weight be
N.
Step 6— The steps from 1 to 5 were repeated for many samples of the same fibre-
web. Then, the average of the weights was calculated. These average weights were
used to determine a set of fibre orientation parameters, namely cutting ratio,
combing ratio and orientation index.
Cont…
12. Table no.1 Coefficient used for indirect method of fiber orientation measurement
in sliver
Orientation parameters Formula
Cutting Ratio E / N
Combing Ratio C / (E +N)
Orientation Index (1 - E / N) X 100 %
Cont…
Where,
C-Weight of Combed out portion
E-Weight of extended portion
N-Weight of Remaining portion after Removing of extended portion
13. Formation of hooks at
Carding
Trailing hooks are more in number of leading
hooks.
Around 50-60 % fiber are trailing hook fiber and
20-30 % are leading hooks.
Straight are not many.
The doffer speed is responsible for the pattern
of hooks formation.
14. In the Draw-Frame sliver more than 60% fibers present trailing hooks with
respect to card delivery direction there are fibers with leading hooks, fibers
with both leading and trailing hooks and a small number of aligned fibers.
An intensive straightening occurs during the process of drawing and combing.
Up to 25 - 58% of the fibres are aligned after drawing.
Formation of hooks at
Draw-Frame
15. The comber machine can straightens only the leading hooks. The
nippers grip the fibres at the tip and circular comb straightens out
the hooks at the leading end as it sweeps the fibre.
An intensive straightening occurs during the process combing Up
to 89 % hook after combing.
Combing is however an expensive procedure and it is
predominantly used for the production of fine and high quality
yarns.
Formation of hooks at
Comber
16. Result and Discussion
Trailing Ends Leading Ends
Average Carding
Sliver
Draw
Frame
Sliver
Comber
Sliver Average
Carding
Sliver
Draw
Frame
Sliver
Comber
Sliver
Cutting
Ratio
(C.R)
1.152 0.794 0.781 Cutting
Ratio
(C.R)
1.20 0.906 0.742
Combing
Ratio
0.105 0.099 0.079 Combing
Ratio
0.0865 0.0835 0.075
Orientation
Index
(O.I)
90.47 91.75 93.84 Orientati
on
Index
(O.I)
90.39 91.64 92.12
19. Conclusion
The amount of leading hooks in the carded sliver is more
than the comber sliver.
The cutting ratio of the Carding Sliver is more than the Draw
Frame Sliver and Comber Sliver.
The Cutting ratio and combing ratio of the sliver get
decreases through increasing the passage in spinning line.
The orientation Index is increase it will show good quality of
sliver or materials.
20. About 50 % hooks are removed by the time sliver reached to
the draw frame passage and reaming in the comber
passage.
The amount of leading hooks is more than the trailing hooks
and it will goes decreasing in next processing method.
The Orientation index of the comber sliver is greater than
carding sliver and Draw Frame Sliver.
This method is not accurate all the time sometimes it show
deflected value because of manually handling.
Cont…
21. Reference
1. DipayanDasa, S M Ishtiaque & ShivendraYadav,”Evaluation of fibre orientation
in fibrewebs” Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol. 39, March 2014.
2. Sheraz Ahmad, Artan Sinoimeri & Shahram Nowrouzieh Ph.D., “The Effect of
the Sliver Fiber Configuration on the CottonInter-fiber Frictional Forces”
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, Volume 7, Issue 2 – 2012.
3. Anindya Ghosh, Subhasis Das, Prithwiraj Mal, “A Comparative Study of Hooks
in the Yarns Produced by Different Spinning Technologies” AUTEX Research
Journal, Vol. 15, No 4, December 2015.
4. Ranajit Kumar Nag et al, “Effect of Fibre Hook on Comber Performance and
Yarn Quality, Manual of Textile Technology” Vol-I Author-W. Klein.
22. 5. Wakankar, V.A. Bhaduri, S.N. Ramaswamy, B.R. Ghosh, G.C “The Formation
of Hooks in Carding” The Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research
Association (ATIRA)
6. Charles H. Lindsley “Measurement of Fiber Orientation”, Volume: 21
January 1, 1951.
7. Dipayan Das,S.M. Ishtiaque & Pragya Dixit “Influence of carding and
drawing processes on orientation of fibers in slivers” The Journal of The
Textile Institute, volume 103.
8. Someshwar Bhattacharya, Manven Dube and B.B. Shah, “Carding An
analysis of Linsley method” Textile Magazine, July 1992.
Cont.
