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S A N C H O H A Y E S
GRAMMAR BOOK
Second semester TOC- slide 23
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Nationalities
2. Stem changers
3. Para
4. Adjectives
5. Object Pronoun Placement
6. DOP
7. IOP
8. Ser vs. estar
9. -isimo
10. Verbs like gustar
11. Affirmatives and negative words
12. Pero vs. sino
13. DOP/IOP/Se
14. Reflexive verbs
15. Tu commands, aff. and neg.
16. Adverbs
17. Modal verbs
18. Past participles as adjectives
19. Preterite
20. Present Progressive
NATIONALITIES
País Nacionalidad
México Mexicano
Guatemala Guatemalteco
Honduras Hondureño
El Salvador Salvadoreño
Nicaragua Nicaragüense
Costa Rica Costarricense
Panamá Panameño
Cuba Cubano
Republica dominicana Dominicano
Puerto Rico Puertorriqueño
Venezuela Venezolano
País Nacionalidad
Perú Peruano
Paraguay Paraguayo
Bolivia Boliviano
Chile Chileno
Argentina Argentino
Uruguay Uruguayo
España Español
Guinea
ecuatorial
Guineano
Ecuador Ecuatoriano
Colombia Colombiano
STEM CHANGING VERBS
O-ue verbs
Ex. poder
puedo podemos
puedes podeis
puede pueden
E-I verbs
Ex. peder
pido pidemos
pides pidéis
pide piden
PARA
Physical location
Most often used for
Recipients
Deadlines
Goals
Ex. Viajo por Santiago mañana.
Ex. La Flora es por Kara
Ex. Necesita la presentación por jueves.
Ex. Trabaja mucho por ganar mas dinero.
ADJECTIVES
Nouns ending in a vowel  +s
El lago los lagos
Nouns ending in a consanant + es
El arbol  los arboles
Nouns ending in z -ces
El lapiz los lapices
If adj. ends in a e +s
If adj ends in a consanant +es
If adj is referred to a nationality it must match
BUT
 las muchachas inglesas
Los muchachos ingleses.
PRONOUN PLACEMENT
• Attatch the pronoun to the infinitive
• Voy a comerlo
• 2. Attatch the pn to a progressive
• Estoy comiendolo
• attatch the prn to an affirmative command
• !Comolo!
• Place the pn b4 a conjugated verb
• Lo voy a comer
DOP
• Put before the verb or attached to an affirmative
command or a present progressive verb.
• The object the verb is doing
• Ex. Miro la tele La miro
Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/la Los/las
IOP
• Put before the DOP and the verb
• Tells to whom or for whom the verb is
talking about
• Ex. Doy el lápiz a Spencer. Le doy
el lápiz.
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
SER VS ESTAR
Ser Estar
• Identify people To be • Physical States/
Conditions
• Used with de to show
possession
• Emotional states
• Occupation
• Nationalities
• What something is made
of
• Date
• Where/ when an event
takes place
• General observations
• Mala= bad
• Location/ spatial
relationships
• Health
• Weather expressions
• Ongoing expressions
• Variable or changing
characteristics.
• Mala= sick
Soy Somos Estoy Estamos
Eres Soís Estas Estaís
Es Son Esta Estan
-ISIMO
-isimo is used to express extremes.
Ex.-
Rico Riquísimo
Feliz Felicísimo
Largo larguísimo
*** g gu
cqu
zc
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
• Usually used with an infinitive
• Use pronoun before verb to show subject
• Ex. Me gustan los aviones
• “me” is not the subject, “los aviones” are.
Verb conjugates depending on the REAL
subject not the object in front.
• Ex. Me gustas tú.
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
• Used to talk about indefinite situations or things.
• Positive
• Algo- something
• Alguien- someone
• Alguno- any
• Negative
• Nada- nothing
• Nadie- no one
• Ninguno- none
PERO VS. SINO
• Pero- using but when not negating the first idea
• Ex. No soy español pero hablo bien la lengua.
• Sino- saying two negating things.
• Ex. No voy a estudiar español sino matemáticas.
• Sino que- used the same as sino but with two
conjugated verbs.
• Ex. No vas al cine sino que come con sus padres.
DOP/IOP/SE
• When using both an IOP and DOP in
third person form, use “se” instead of
“le” (the IOP)
• Doy la regalo a Spencer Se la doy.
REFLEXIVE VERBS
• Conjugate the verb
• Add the correct pronoun before the conjugated
verb
• Ex.- dormirse
Me duermo Nos dormimos
Te duermas Os dormís
Se duerme Se duermen
TÚ COMMANDS
Affirmative tú commands-
• Change the tú form to third person form
• Ex.– ¡comes! ¡come!
Negative tú commands-
• Put into yo form
• Change to opposite vowel
• Add s
• Ex. Comes  !No Comas!
ADVERBS
• Pick an adjective
• Add mente
• *if it ends in a vowel change it to an a
and then add mente
• Lento lentamente
• Fácil fácilmente
• *When there are two adjectives are
being used as adverbs only use mente
for the second adjective.
• Corro fácil y rápidamente.
MODAL VERBS
• Always used with an infinitive
• Ex. No puedo nadar
• Desear- to need
• Poder- to be able to
• Querer- to want to
• Deber- should
• Soler- to be accustomed to
• Tener que- to have to do something
• Ir+a- to go to do something
PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
• Past participles can be used as
adjectives
• They are usually used with estar
•Ex- La puerta está cerrado.
•The door is closed.
PRETERITE
-é -amos
-aste asteis
-o -aron
-ar verbs
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron
-Er/ir verbs
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
• Tells what one is doing
• Regular-
• Ar- ando
• Er/ir- iendo
• *If it ends in a vowel and is an er/ir add –yendo
• Ex. Leer leyendo, traer trayendo
• For eI
SECOND SEMESTER TOC
• 21. preterite + trigger words IYF
• 22. car/gar/zar
• 23. spock
• 24. cucaracha
• 25. snake/snakey
• 26. superlatives
• 27. numbers
• 28. hace + time expressions
• 29. future
• 30. demonstrative adjectives
• 31. demonstrative pronouns
• 32. ordinal numbers
• 33. directional terms/prepositions
• 34. imperfect tense IYF
• 35. possessive adjectives + pronouns
• 36. reflexive pronouns and verbs
PRETERITE TRIGGERS
• El dia anterior
• The day before
• Ayer
• Yesterday
• La semana pasada
• Last week
• El fin de semana pasada
• Last weekend
• El mes pasado
• Last month
• El otro dia
• The other day
• Anoche
• Last night
-é -amos
-aste
-ó -Aron
-í -imos
-iste
-ió -ieron
-CAR -GAR -ZAR PRETERITS
• -Car yo-qué
• -Gar yo-gué
• -Zar yo-cé
Ex-
Sacar saqué
Pagar pagué
Empezar empecé
SPOCK
• 5 verbs-
• Dar/ver
• Hacer
• Ir/ser
d/v -i d/v imos
d/v –iste
d/v –io -ieron
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste
Hizo hicieron
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste
Fue fuerom
CUCARACHA
Andar- anduv
Estar- estuv
Poder- pud
Poner- pus
Querer- quis
Saber-sup
Tener- tuv
Venir- vin
Conducir- conduj
Producir- produj
Traducir- traduj
Decir- dij
Traer- traj
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
Drop
i
SNAKE/SNAKEY
Snake
Verbs
Only changes in
3rd person
E-i: pedir, preferir,
competir, repetir,
server,venir
O-u: dormir and
morir
Snake
Verbs
Only changes in
3rd person
I-y: oir
E-y: leer, creer
SUPERLATIVES
Most Least
El mas El menos
Los mas Los menos
La mas Las menos
• To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the article
• When referring to an idea or concept, use the neutral article, “lo”
• Irregular forms
• El/ la major
• Best
• El/la peor
• Worst
• El/la mayor
• Oldest
• El/la menor
• Youngest
NUMBERS
Cien 100
Doscientos 200
Trescientos 300
Cuatrocientos 400
Quinientos 500
Seiscientos 600
Sietecientos 700
Ochocientos 800
Novecientos 900
Mil 1,000
Un millon 1,000,000
HACE + TIME EXPRESSIONS
• To say how long you’ve done something use
hace + time expressions
• Hace + time + que + activity
• Ex- Hace dos años que estudiar español
• I have studied Spanish for two years
• *To say how long its been since you’ve done
something use no before
FUTURE
• To use the future, use the infinitive then add the
correct ending
• There are irregulars
é emos
ás Éis
á án
Poner pondr- Salir saldr-
Tener tendr- Venir vendr-
Decir dir- Hacer har-
Haber habr Poder podr-
Querer
querr-
Saber sabr-
DEMONSTRATIVES
Singular
Masculine
Singular
Feminine
Plural
Masculine
Plural
Feminine
That ese Esa Esos Esas
this Este Esta Estos Estas
That (over
there)
Aquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellas
*accent mark denotes pronouns which take the place of a noun
ORDINAL NUMBERS
primero 1st
Segundo 2nd
Tercero 3rd
Cuarto 4th
Quinto 5th
Sexto 6th
Séptimo 7th
Octavo 8th
Noveno 9th
Décimos 10th
Último last
DIRECTIONAL PREPOSTIONS
• Use almost all with de A la izquierda To the left
A la derecho To the right
Al lado By
Entre Between
Cerca Close
Lejos Far
Delante In front
Detrás Behind
Abajo Below
Arriba Above
Dentro Within
Encima On top
Fuera Outside
Debajo below
EL IMPERFECTO IN YOUR FACE
• ongoing actions (was/were)
• Repeated actions (used to)
• No definite beginning or end
• Time/date/age/feeling/descriptions
• Interrupted activity (cuando)
Triggers
Todos los dias
A menudo
A veces
Siempre
Cada día
Los lunes
Generalmente
Mientras
De vez en
cuando
Muchas veces
frecuentemente
Aba Ábamos
Abas
Aba aban
Ía Íamos
Ías
Ía Ían
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES + PRONOUNS
Mi/ mis Nuestro/nuestr
as
Tu/ tus Vuestro/
vuestros
Su/ sus Su/ sus
Mio (a)/mios
(as)
Nuestro(a)/
nuestros(as)
Tuyo(a)/
tuyos(as)
Vuestro(a)/
Vuestros(as)
Suyo(a)/
suyos(as)
Suyo(a)/
suyos(as)
To use a possessive pronoun:
1. Use the long form of the possessive adjective
2. Add el, la, los, las to the noun it replaces
1. Ex. Sus Viejas son a diferentes lugares
2. Los suyos son a diferente lugares.
REFLEXIVE VERBS AND PRONOUNS
• Conjugate the verb
• Add the correct pronoun before the conjugated
verb
• Ex.- dormirse
Me duermo Nos dormimos
Te duermas Os dormís
Se duerme Se duermen

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Grammar book

  • 1. S A N C H O H A Y E S GRAMMAR BOOK Second semester TOC- slide 23
  • 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Nationalities 2. Stem changers 3. Para 4. Adjectives 5. Object Pronoun Placement 6. DOP 7. IOP 8. Ser vs. estar 9. -isimo 10. Verbs like gustar 11. Affirmatives and negative words 12. Pero vs. sino 13. DOP/IOP/Se 14. Reflexive verbs 15. Tu commands, aff. and neg. 16. Adverbs 17. Modal verbs 18. Past participles as adjectives 19. Preterite 20. Present Progressive
  • 3. NATIONALITIES País Nacionalidad México Mexicano Guatemala Guatemalteco Honduras Hondureño El Salvador Salvadoreño Nicaragua Nicaragüense Costa Rica Costarricense Panamá Panameño Cuba Cubano Republica dominicana Dominicano Puerto Rico Puertorriqueño Venezuela Venezolano País Nacionalidad Perú Peruano Paraguay Paraguayo Bolivia Boliviano Chile Chileno Argentina Argentino Uruguay Uruguayo España Español Guinea ecuatorial Guineano Ecuador Ecuatoriano Colombia Colombiano
  • 4. STEM CHANGING VERBS O-ue verbs Ex. poder puedo podemos puedes podeis puede pueden E-I verbs Ex. peder pido pidemos pides pidéis pide piden
  • 5. PARA Physical location Most often used for Recipients Deadlines Goals Ex. Viajo por Santiago mañana. Ex. La Flora es por Kara Ex. Necesita la presentación por jueves. Ex. Trabaja mucho por ganar mas dinero.
  • 6. ADJECTIVES Nouns ending in a vowel  +s El lago los lagos Nouns ending in a consanant + es El arbol  los arboles Nouns ending in z -ces El lapiz los lapices If adj. ends in a e +s If adj ends in a consanant +es If adj is referred to a nationality it must match BUT  las muchachas inglesas Los muchachos ingleses.
  • 7. PRONOUN PLACEMENT • Attatch the pronoun to the infinitive • Voy a comerlo • 2. Attatch the pn to a progressive • Estoy comiendolo • attatch the prn to an affirmative command • !Comolo! • Place the pn b4 a conjugated verb • Lo voy a comer
  • 8. DOP • Put before the verb or attached to an affirmative command or a present progressive verb. • The object the verb is doing • Ex. Miro la tele La miro Me Nos Te Os Lo/la Los/las
  • 9. IOP • Put before the DOP and the verb • Tells to whom or for whom the verb is talking about • Ex. Doy el lápiz a Spencer. Le doy el lápiz. Me Nos Te Os Le Les
  • 10. SER VS ESTAR Ser Estar • Identify people To be • Physical States/ Conditions • Used with de to show possession • Emotional states • Occupation • Nationalities • What something is made of • Date • Where/ when an event takes place • General observations • Mala= bad • Location/ spatial relationships • Health • Weather expressions • Ongoing expressions • Variable or changing characteristics. • Mala= sick Soy Somos Estoy Estamos Eres Soís Estas Estaís Es Son Esta Estan
  • 11. -ISIMO -isimo is used to express extremes. Ex.- Rico Riquísimo Feliz Felicísimo Largo larguísimo *** g gu cqu zc
  • 12. VERBS LIKE GUSTAR • Usually used with an infinitive • Use pronoun before verb to show subject • Ex. Me gustan los aviones • “me” is not the subject, “los aviones” are. Verb conjugates depending on the REAL subject not the object in front. • Ex. Me gustas tú.
  • 13. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS • Used to talk about indefinite situations or things. • Positive • Algo- something • Alguien- someone • Alguno- any • Negative • Nada- nothing • Nadie- no one • Ninguno- none
  • 14. PERO VS. SINO • Pero- using but when not negating the first idea • Ex. No soy español pero hablo bien la lengua. • Sino- saying two negating things. • Ex. No voy a estudiar español sino matemáticas. • Sino que- used the same as sino but with two conjugated verbs. • Ex. No vas al cine sino que come con sus padres.
  • 15. DOP/IOP/SE • When using both an IOP and DOP in third person form, use “se” instead of “le” (the IOP) • Doy la regalo a Spencer Se la doy.
  • 16. REFLEXIVE VERBS • Conjugate the verb • Add the correct pronoun before the conjugated verb • Ex.- dormirse Me duermo Nos dormimos Te duermas Os dormís Se duerme Se duermen
  • 17. TÚ COMMANDS Affirmative tú commands- • Change the tú form to third person form • Ex.– ¡comes! ¡come! Negative tú commands- • Put into yo form • Change to opposite vowel • Add s • Ex. Comes  !No Comas!
  • 18. ADVERBS • Pick an adjective • Add mente • *if it ends in a vowel change it to an a and then add mente • Lento lentamente • Fácil fácilmente • *When there are two adjectives are being used as adverbs only use mente for the second adjective. • Corro fácil y rápidamente.
  • 19. MODAL VERBS • Always used with an infinitive • Ex. No puedo nadar • Desear- to need • Poder- to be able to • Querer- to want to • Deber- should • Soler- to be accustomed to • Tener que- to have to do something • Ir+a- to go to do something
  • 20. PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES • Past participles can be used as adjectives • They are usually used with estar •Ex- La puerta está cerrado. •The door is closed.
  • 21. PRETERITE -é -amos -aste asteis -o -aron -ar verbs -í -imos -iste -isteis -ió -ieron -Er/ir verbs
  • 22. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE • Tells what one is doing • Regular- • Ar- ando • Er/ir- iendo • *If it ends in a vowel and is an er/ir add –yendo • Ex. Leer leyendo, traer trayendo • For eI
  • 23. SECOND SEMESTER TOC • 21. preterite + trigger words IYF • 22. car/gar/zar • 23. spock • 24. cucaracha • 25. snake/snakey • 26. superlatives • 27. numbers • 28. hace + time expressions • 29. future • 30. demonstrative adjectives • 31. demonstrative pronouns • 32. ordinal numbers • 33. directional terms/prepositions • 34. imperfect tense IYF • 35. possessive adjectives + pronouns • 36. reflexive pronouns and verbs
  • 24. PRETERITE TRIGGERS • El dia anterior • The day before • Ayer • Yesterday • La semana pasada • Last week • El fin de semana pasada • Last weekend • El mes pasado • Last month • El otro dia • The other day • Anoche • Last night -é -amos -aste -ó -Aron -í -imos -iste -ió -ieron
  • 25. -CAR -GAR -ZAR PRETERITS • -Car yo-qué • -Gar yo-gué • -Zar yo-cé Ex- Sacar saqué Pagar pagué Empezar empecé
  • 26. SPOCK • 5 verbs- • Dar/ver • Hacer • Ir/ser d/v -i d/v imos d/v –iste d/v –io -ieron Hice Hicimos Hiciste Hizo hicieron Fui Fuimos Fuiste Fue fuerom
  • 27. CUCARACHA Andar- anduv Estar- estuv Poder- pud Poner- pus Querer- quis Saber-sup Tener- tuv Venir- vin Conducir- conduj Producir- produj Traducir- traduj Decir- dij Traer- traj -e -iste -o -imos -isteis -ieron Drop i
  • 28. SNAKE/SNAKEY Snake Verbs Only changes in 3rd person E-i: pedir, preferir, competir, repetir, server,venir O-u: dormir and morir Snake Verbs Only changes in 3rd person I-y: oir E-y: leer, creer
  • 29. SUPERLATIVES Most Least El mas El menos Los mas Los menos La mas Las menos • To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the article • When referring to an idea or concept, use the neutral article, “lo” • Irregular forms • El/ la major • Best • El/la peor • Worst • El/la mayor • Oldest • El/la menor • Youngest
  • 30. NUMBERS Cien 100 Doscientos 200 Trescientos 300 Cuatrocientos 400 Quinientos 500 Seiscientos 600 Sietecientos 700 Ochocientos 800 Novecientos 900 Mil 1,000 Un millon 1,000,000
  • 31. HACE + TIME EXPRESSIONS • To say how long you’ve done something use hace + time expressions • Hace + time + que + activity • Ex- Hace dos años que estudiar español • I have studied Spanish for two years • *To say how long its been since you’ve done something use no before
  • 32. FUTURE • To use the future, use the infinitive then add the correct ending • There are irregulars é emos ás Éis á án Poner pondr- Salir saldr- Tener tendr- Venir vendr- Decir dir- Hacer har- Haber habr Poder podr- Querer querr- Saber sabr-
  • 33. DEMONSTRATIVES Singular Masculine Singular Feminine Plural Masculine Plural Feminine That ese Esa Esos Esas this Este Esta Estos Estas That (over there) Aquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellas *accent mark denotes pronouns which take the place of a noun
  • 34. ORDINAL NUMBERS primero 1st Segundo 2nd Tercero 3rd Cuarto 4th Quinto 5th Sexto 6th Séptimo 7th Octavo 8th Noveno 9th Décimos 10th Último last
  • 35. DIRECTIONAL PREPOSTIONS • Use almost all with de A la izquierda To the left A la derecho To the right Al lado By Entre Between Cerca Close Lejos Far Delante In front Detrás Behind Abajo Below Arriba Above Dentro Within Encima On top Fuera Outside Debajo below
  • 36. EL IMPERFECTO IN YOUR FACE • ongoing actions (was/were) • Repeated actions (used to) • No definite beginning or end • Time/date/age/feeling/descriptions • Interrupted activity (cuando) Triggers Todos los dias A menudo A veces Siempre Cada día Los lunes Generalmente Mientras De vez en cuando Muchas veces frecuentemente Aba Ábamos Abas Aba aban Ía Íamos Ías Ía Ían
  • 37. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES + PRONOUNS Mi/ mis Nuestro/nuestr as Tu/ tus Vuestro/ vuestros Su/ sus Su/ sus Mio (a)/mios (as) Nuestro(a)/ nuestros(as) Tuyo(a)/ tuyos(as) Vuestro(a)/ Vuestros(as) Suyo(a)/ suyos(as) Suyo(a)/ suyos(as) To use a possessive pronoun: 1. Use the long form of the possessive adjective 2. Add el, la, los, las to the noun it replaces 1. Ex. Sus Viejas son a diferentes lugares 2. Los suyos son a diferente lugares.
  • 38. REFLEXIVE VERBS AND PRONOUNS • Conjugate the verb • Add the correct pronoun before the conjugated verb • Ex.- dormirse Me duermo Nos dormimos Te duermas Os dormís Se duerme Se duermen