1ქალთა ლიდერობის ფენომენი ეკატერინე გამახარია

1mfksf kblthj,bc atyjvtyb
reknehek-/evfybnfhekb ajylb @cj[evb#
mfksf
kblthj,bc
atyjvtyb
2009
MESFBCB
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/

2 mfksf kblthj,bc atyjvtyb
fdnjhb-itvlutytkb
TRFNTHBYT UFVF[FHBF
trfnthbyt ufvf[fhbfc cfmvbfyj,bc .bhbsfl
cathjc ofhvjflutyc flfvbfybc eakt,t,b= rth-
.jl b.ekt,bs uflfflubkt,ek gbhsf (bug) lf
mfksf eakt,t,b+
2006-2007 okt,ib cofdkj,lf bylbfyfc eybdth-
cbntnib (fii)= cflfw vbbqj flfvbfybc cfthsfij-
hbcj eakt,t,bc vfubcnhbc [fhbc[b+
2008 okblfy w[jdhj,c m+ ,fmjib lf fhbc fhf-
cfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,bc lfvjerblt,tkb
rjyceknfynb lf vodhsytkb+
2007-2008 oo+ veifj,lf s,bkbcib= ufthjc
knjkdbksf evfqktcb rjvbcfhbc cfvvfhsdt-
kjc thjdyek rjyceknfynfl ltdybksf cf-
rbs[t,ib+
2000-2006 oo+ b'j mfksf eakt,t,bc lfwdbc ctm-
njhbc lbhtmnjhb reknehek-/evfybnfhek
ajyl @cj[evib#= hjvtksfyfw lqtvlt sfyfv-
ihjvkj,c= hjujhw rjyceknfynb+
2006 otkc trfnthbyt ufvf[fhbfv vbbqj John
Smith-bc cnbgtylbf lbl ,hbnfytsib ltvjrhfnb-
ekb bycnbnent,bc rdktdbcf lf itcofdkbcfs-
dbc+
2006-2007 okt,ib vbbqj Edmund Muskie-c cnb-
gtylbf fvthbrbc eybdthcbntnib flfvbfybc cfth-
sfijhbcj eakt,t,bc itcfcofdkfl+
trfnthbyt ufvf[fhbf - vhfdfkb thjdyekb lf cf-
thsfijhbcjrjyathtywbbcflfnhtybyu-ctvbyf-
hbc vjyfobktf+
ufvjwtvf vjvpflt,ekbf ltvjrhfnbbc
thjdyekb ajylbc (NED-dfibyunjyb) v[fhlfzthbs

WJNF HFV AJYLB @CJ[EVBC# ITCF[T,
reknehek-/evfybnfhekb ajylb @cj[evb#
mfksf fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbf= hjvt-
kbw veifj,c lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib 1997
okblfy+
jhufybpfwbbc vbcbf| mfksf lf f[fkufphlfsf
fmnbehb xfhsdf cfpjufljt,hbdb w[jdht,bc
c[dflfc[df - gjkbnbreh= cjwbfkeh lf trj-
yjvbreh - cathjib= cfmfhsdtkjib ltvjrhf-
nbekb cfpjufljt,bc vityt,kj,bc vbpybs+
ajylb @cj[evbc# .bhbsflb vbvfhsekt,t,b|
- mfksf fmnbdj,bc ufydbsfht,f lf vfsb hj-
kbc ufphlf rjyakbmnbc vidblj,bfyb vjudf-
ht,bc ghjwtcib
- mfksf [tkito'j,f cfrfyjyvlt,kj lf [tkb-
ceakt,bc fqvfchekt,tk jhufyjt,ib oby-
cdkbcfsdbc
- mfkt,bc epheydtk'jaf cfbyajhvfwbj lf
vtsjlehb vfcfkt,bs
-'ehflqt,bcvbg'hj,fmfksfvbvfhs.fkflj-
,bc ghj,ktvbcflvb
- cfpjufljt,bc byajhvbht,f utylthekb
esfyfcojhj,bc cfrbs[bc itcf[t,
33

itcfdfkb
dby fhbc kblthb~
.bhbsflb vblujvt,b kblthj,bc
atyjvtybcf lf kblthj,bc cnbkbc
rdktdbcfsdbc
kblthj,bc rjywtawbt,b
hjujh eylf uf[lts kblthb
kblthj,bcsdbc
fewbkt,tkb 21 sdbct,f
kblthbc aeymwbt,b
kblthbc fqmvf vbcb ]ueabc vbth
kblthj,bc utylthekb sfdbct,eht,t,b
c[dfj,f vfvfrfwb-kblthbcf lf mfkb-
kblthbc vblujvt,ib
kblthb mfkbc gkbect,b lf vbyect,b
kblthb mfkbc ghjatcbekb bvb]bc it-
veifdt,f lf itmvyf
lfcrdyf
ntcnt,b
,b,kbjuhfabf
5
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17
32
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cfhxtdb

ITCFDFKB
kblthb+++ tc cbn'df vbkbjyj,bs flfvbfyc faj-
hbfmt,c+ bcnjhbf udbfv,j,c kbltht,pt= hjv-
kt,bw sfdbfys lhjib w[jdhj,lyty lf obyfv.-
qjkj,lyty [fk[c= mvyblyty vfnbfytc= wdkbl-
yty cf[tkvobajt,bc o'j,fc+ kblthj,bc stvf
.dtksfufydt fodfkt,lf vrdktdfhsf ujyt,fc=
sevwf lqtvlt dth dbn'dbs= hjv fhct,j,c th-
sflthsb lf itsfy[vt,ekb fphb fvbc sfj,fpt+
sevwf bc afmnb= hjv kblthj,f kblthcf lf vbc
vbvltdht,c ijhbc ehsbthsufwdkbcf lf ehsb-
thsmvtlt,bc ghjwtcbf= kblthj,bc 'dtkf stj-
hbbc vbthff fqbfht,ekb+
kblthb - gbhdtk hbuib= bc flfvbfybf= hjv-
kbc mwtdfpt fhbfy jhbtynbht,ekyb ]ueabc
otdht,b+ cojhtl bc b.ktdf mwtdbc njycf lf
thsudfh cnfylfhnc= ufycfpqdhfdc ]ueabc
vbpyt,cf lf fvjwfyt,c+ cojhtl vfc fmdc acbmj-
kjubehb eakt,f= ]ueabc otdht,b vbvfhsjc
vfs obyfit vlufhb fvjwfyt,bc itchekt,bcfrty+
c[df cbn'dt,bs= kblthc .fkfeakt,f uffxybf+
lf ,jkjc= 'dtkfpt vsfdfhb - kblthb sfdbc
sfdpt bqt,c flfvbfysf ]ueabcf lf vfsb vjmvt-
lt,t,bc ufvj gfce[bcvut,kj,fc+
xdtyclhjibkbltht,b=[tkv.qdfytkt,b[lt,bfy
fhf vfhnj vfvfrfwt,b= hjujhw flht b'j= fhf-
vtl mfkt,bw+ ,jkj lhjc cek vtnb mfkb nj-
dt,c cfj]f[j cfmvbfyj,fc= hfsf bveifjc cat-
hjt,ib= hjvkt,ibw= c[dflfc[df vbptpbc ufvj=
nhflbwbekfl= .bhbsflfl= vfvfrfwt,b b'dyty
lfrfdt,ekyb+ mfkt,vf sfylfsfy lfbo'tc cntht-
jnbgt,bc vc[dhtdf= cfmvbfy w[jdht,fc f[fkb= mf-
kehb sdbct,t,b lf wdkbkt,t,b itvfntc+
mfksf ofhvfnt,t,c cfpjufljt,hbd-gjkb-
nbreh fcgfhtppt lf vfs vjcdkfc uflfo-
'dtnbkt,bc vbvqt, cathjt,ib lblb vybi-
dytkj,f fmdc bvbcsdbc= hjv itbwdfkjc
cfpjufljt,hbdb fphb vfsb kblthj,bc vbvfhs
lf ufwyj,btht,ek bmyfc vfsb= hjujhw kblt-
55

ht,bc= itcf.kt,kj,t,b+ mfkt,b= hjvtksfw vbfqobtc [tkv-
.qdfytk lf cfgfce[bcvut,kj sfyfvlt,j,t,c cfpjufljt,hbd
lf gjkbnbreh jhufybpfwbf-lfotct,ekt,t,ib= c[dt,c f.ktdty
kblthekb sdbct,t,bc ufvjdktybc vfufkbst,c+
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf= hjv ,jkj fsoktekt,ib vybidytkjdyfl uf-
bpfhlf mfksf vjyfobktj,f cjwbfkeh lf gjkbnbreh w[jd-
ht,fib= mfkt,b ]thfw fhfcfrvfhbcfl fhbfy ofhvjlutybkyb kb-
lthek gjpbwbt,pt+ cfvoe[fhjl= cfpjufljt,bc wyj,btht,fib
lqtcfw fhbc utylthekb lbcrhbvbyfwbf lf mfkbc vbvfhs vb-
rth.jt,ekb lfvjrblt,ekt,f= hfw fhfcf[fh,btkj gbhj,t,ib
f'tyt,c mfkc lf [lt,f uflfo'dtnbkt,bc vbqt,bc cathjib vbcb
fhfcfrvfhbcb ofhvjvflutykj,bcf lf vjyfobktj,bc vbptpb+
kbltheksfyfvlt,j,t,ptmfksffhffltrdfnehbofhvjvfluty-
kj,bc ufyvcfpqdhtkb afmnjht,bf|
lf,fkb cnfnecb= ufvjvlbyfht utylthekb cnthtjnb-
gt,blfy lf lbcrhbvbyfwbblfy= hjvtksf vb[tldbsfw mfkb= xdte-
kt,bcfvt,h= fqbmvt,f= hjujhw kblthj,bcfsdbc itesfdct,tkb
lf= itcf,fvbcfl= fhf fmdc v[fhlfzthf kblthek cnhemneht,ib
itcdkbcfc
itpqelekb itcf.kt,kj,t,b cf[kc ufhts= ghjatcbekb
cfmvbfyj,bc cathjt,ib chekb lfvrdblht,bcfsdbc= cfj]f[j
cfpheyfdbc esfyfcojhj ufyfobkt,bc vbptpbs
fhfcfrvfhbcb htcehct,b= vteqktcf se j]f[bc vfvfrfwsf
yfobkpt trjyjvbrehb lfvjrblt,ekt,f
lf,fkb sdbsitafct,f= fhffltrdfnehb kblthekb xdtdt,b
lf fhfcfrvfhbcb ufvjwlbkt,f+
vjwtvekb cf[tkv.qdfytkj= hjvtkbw kblthj,bc stvfc
t.qdyt,f= lft[vfht,f mfkt,c= hjv ufybdbsfhjy kblthekb sdb-
ct,t,b+
cf[tkv.qdfytkj fhbc kblthj,bc cofdkt,bcf lf .bhbsflb
cf,fpj wjlybc vbqt,bc cfiefkt,f+ vrbs[dtkt,b se nhtybyubc
vjyfobktt,b it.kt,ty= bgjdjy kblthekb sdbct,t,b= fbvfqkjy
sdbsitafct,f lf itbveifjy cfresfhb cnhfntubf= hfsf lf.kb-
jy ibyfufyb ,fhbtht,b= hjvkt,bw [tkc eikbc vfs kblthekb
sdbct,t,bc ufydbsfht,fib+

DBY FHBC KBLTHB
kblthj,f jwlfvtthst cfereytib - tc= gbh-
dtk hbuib= cfresfhb eybrfkehj,bc itwyj,ff
lf fhf bctsb @cfcofekvjmvtlb htwtgnt,bc#
.bt,f= hjvtksf o'fkj,bsfw c[dt,pt fvfq-
kt,fc it.kt,s+
smdtyb cjwbfkehb ofhvfnt,f gbhlfgbh rfd-
ibhibf smdtyb eybrfkehb gbhjdyekb lf ghj-
atcbekb sdbct,t,bc ufydbsfht,fcsfy+ vfuhfv
kblthfl ufhlfmvybc fhcb bvfib rb fh vlujvf-
htj,c= hjv @itbcofdkjs 'dtkf cfblevkj#=
fhfvtl bvfib= hjv b'js sfdbcsfdflyb lf che-
kfl ufvjb'tyjs bc eybrfkehb sdbct,t,b=
hfw ufufxybfs - 'dtkf eyfhb= ybzb= tythubf+
c[dfudfhfl 'dtkf vwltkj,f aezb bvbnfwbf
bmyt,f lf e,flherb vbcohfat,f= sfdb vjfxdt-
yjs bv flfvbfyfl= hjvtkbw fhf [fhs+
'dtkfpt tatmnehb kblthb fhbc bc= dbcfw
ite.kbf= sfdbc vbvltdfhsf lblb evtntcj,f
uflffmwbjccfresfhbsfdbckblthfl+.bhbsf-
lb fhcb= hjvtkbw kblthj,fc eltdc cfae.-
dkfl - flfvbfyb ]th sfdbcsdbc eylf uf[ltc
kblthb= itvltu rb ufhitvjv'jat,bc obyfit
eylf it.kjc sfdbcb ybzbc ltvjycnhbht,f+
ofhvfnt,fw vfiby vjdf+
obyfs kblthj,f ybiyfdlf oby 'jayfc+ 'dtkf-
pt vfqfk sfyfvlt,j,fc+ hfw itb.kt,f vtnb
ujkbc ufnfyfc fy hfw itb.kt,f ,tdhb [vbc
lfuhjdt,fc+ vfuhfv lhjcsfy thsfl kblt-
hj,bc wyt,f bwdkt,f+ xdty f[fk lhjib dw[jd-
hj,s lf kblthj,fw f[fk zhbkib eylf ufy-
db[bkjs+ fb= @f[fkb kblthj,bc# hfvltybvt
ybifyb|
77

1+ kblthj,f fh fhct,j,c flfvbfyt,bcfufy vjo'dtnbkfl+ kb-
lthj,f uekbc[vj,c fhf v[jkjl cbcntvt,bc= uf'bldbc
vjwekj,t,bc= lfyflufht,bcf lf vfxdtyt,kt,bc vfhsdfc+
kblthj,f fh fhct,j,c flfvbfyt,bcfufy vjo'dtnbkfl+
c[df 'dtkfathb ghjuhtcbc vbqotdbc bycnhevtynb lf cfie-
fkt,ff+ fvbnjvfw= .fkbfy vybidytkjdfybf jhbtynbhbc itw-
dkf lf fcts itrbs[dt,pt lfabmht,f| itd.tkb rb cfresfhb
sfdbc htfkbpt,f~ itd.tkb rb eahj ufvt,tlybtht,byf lf
ufvt.kbtht,byf flfvbfyt,b~ xtvb lf[vfht,bs itbwdfkf rb vf-
sb w[jdht,bc [fhbc[b~
2+ kblthj,f cfresfhb sfdbc vfhsdfc ybiyfdc+ lfbcf[ts vbpf-
yb= vbfqobts vfc lf smdty bmwtdbs kblthfl c[dt,bcfsdbc+
3+ kblthb chek'jabkt,bcfrty vbbcohfadbc - yfrkbc fqbf-
ht,bs+ chek'jabkb fhfdbyff fvmdt'yfl+ xdty udbylf vbdfq-
objs xdtyc vbpyt,c lf ufydf[jhwbtkjs xdtyb jwyt,t,b+
vfuhfv 'jdtksdbc fct hjlb [lt,f+ xdty vfhw[c ufydbwlbs+
fcts vjvtynt,ib kblthfl 'jayf ybiyfdc bv afmnbc fqbf-
ht,fc= hjv xdty 'dtkfyb flfvbfyt,b dfhs+ fh eylf babmhjs=
hjv smdty 'dtkfpt zrdbfyb [fhs - "DTKF WLT,F+ vfhw[ib
fhfathbf cfsfrbkj= se smdty rdkfd at[pt lflut,bs+
4+ kblthj,f wdkbkt,t,c erfdibhlt,f+ cfv'fhj= hjvtkibw
dw[jdhj,s= efvhfd ufvjodtdfc udsfdfpj,c+ tvjwbehc+ ab-
pbrehc+ ,tdhbf nrbdbkb= ufywlf= bvtlufwhet,f+ smdty itub-
.kbfs= bfhjs w[jdht,bc upfpt lf sfd,tlb bo'tdkjs= ecf'-
dtlehjs ufyut,fc lf bkjwjs= hjv 'dtkfathb sfdbc fl-
ubkpt lflutc+ vfuhfv itub.kbfs= sfdfl itbwdfkjs+
'dtkfc fmdc sfdbct,ehb yfrkb lf lfvqegdtkb xdtdt,b+ tc fh
fhbc itwljvf+ itwljvff= fh wlbkj,lt vfs itwdkfc+ kblt-
hj,f ite.kt,tkbf gjpbnbehb wdkbkt,t,bc ufwyj,btht,bc
fhxtdfybc ufhtit+
'ehflqt,bs it[tlts smdtyc w[jdht,fc+ fct ubyljlfs
utw[jdhfs~ rvf'jabkb [fhs smdtyb ,tlbs~ vbfqobts rb
'dtkfathc= hbcrtyfw bkndjlbs~ hjujhb flfvbfyt,b fhbfy
smdtyc ufhitvj~ hjujhb ituh.yt,t,bcfrty vbbcohfadbs~

vpflf [fhs se fhf hfbvt f[fkb it-
vfnjs smdtyc w[jdht,fc~
lfabmhlbs= hjujh itwdfkjs
smdtyb w[jdht,bc bc fcgtmnt,b=
hjvtksfw itltub fh vjfmds+
vpfl [fhs fvbcfsdbc~
5+ kblthc sfdlf]tht,ekj,f
uffxybf+ wdkbkt,t,bcfrty uffp-
ht,ekfl eylf bcohfajlts+ ey-
lf u]thjlts= hjv w[jdht,fib
'dtkfathb cfcbrtsjl itbwdkt,f+
vfuhfv lqtc cfrvfjl fhfc-
nf,bkeh lhjib dw[jdhj,s lf
rfhuf [fyc ufuh.tklt,f fct+ sfd-
lf]tht,ekj,f 'dtkfc udfrkbf+
,tdhc fibyt,c obyfv.qjkj,f= sf-
dbcb fpht,bcf lf bltt,bc qbfl
ufvj[fndf= ,h,jcufy ufvjhxtdf=
vfuhfv 'dtkfathb ujybdhek cfp-
qdht,ib eylf b'jc= @ufylblt,bc
vfybbc# ufhtit!
6+ kblthc tythubbc vfhfub
uffxybf+ kblthsf evtntcj,fc
tythubbc fvjeoehfdb vfhfub
uffxybf+ vbcb o'fhj fphb lf
uh.yj,t,bf+ se tkjlt,bs lf-
lt,bs wdkbkt,t,c lf yfstkb
vjvfdkbcf u]thfs= tythubf
vjubpqdfdlt,fs+ uf[cjdlts|
tythubekj,f uflfvlt,bf+ smdt-
yb vbvfhsdf vbvltdht,bcflvb se
e,hfkjl ufhitvjv'jat,bcflvb
ufvj[vfeht,fc /gjdt,c vfs vb-
vfhsdfib c[df flfvbfyt,bcflvb+
cojhtl fct 'fkb,lt,f rjvgfyb-
bc cekbcrdtst,f - fy lflt,bsb=
kblthj,f - upff=
hjvtkptw smdty
bgjdbs 'dtkfpt
cfertstcjc= hb-
cb itsfdfpt,fw
w[jdht,fc ite.-
kbf+
y+ cfdbljdf
vfhsj _ ybiyfdc=
lffhoveyj+
y+ vfrbfdtkb
vfhsdf 'dtkfpt
yfnbab [tkjd-
yt,ff= tc fhbc
[tkjdyt,bc
[tkjdyt,f= hf-
vtse tc nfkfy-
nt,bc itmvybc
[tkjdyt,ff+
h+ vfryfvfhf

fy efh'jabsb+ tc t[t,f 'dtkf cf[bc lfvjrblt,ekt,fc|
vij,kt,b ≈ idbkt,b= vfcofdkt,kt,b ≈ cneltynt,b=
mvht,b ≈ wjkt,b= [fk[b ≈ gjkbnbrjct,b (ufbfphts tc)+
7+ kblthb lflt,bs ufvjwlbkt,fc mvybc+ xdty udbylf= rfhufl
dtmwtjlts cfresfh sfdc= udbylf w[jdht,bc vjdktyt,bc
ufrjynhjkt,f= udbylf= sfdc .kbtht,fl duh.yj,lts lf
shsjkdbs devpbhjs vjvfdfkc+ uf[cjds ituh.yt,f= hj-
vtkbw f[fk cb'dfheksfy thsfl lfuteakfs~ fy f[fk
cfveifjpt vjo'j,bcfc~ smdty cfdct b'fdbs ,tlybtht,bs=
fqnfwt,bsf lf hfqfw rfhubc vjkjlbybs+ tc ituh.yt,t,b
[fyuh.kbdfl fh ufuh.tkt,ekf= vfuhfv ,ho'bydfkt rb
b'j!
bmyt, cbcektktl vjutxdtyjs= vfuhfv [tkf[kf itb.kt,f
fv ituh.yt,t,bc lf,heyt,f+ itwdfkts hfbvt cfvcf[ehib+
cf[kib+ vtuj,ht,sfy ehsbthsj,t,ib+ lft= tc wdkbkt,t,b
cfcb[fhekj b'jc+ cgjynfyehb+ wjw[fkb+ frtsts bc= hfw
rbltd vtnbc ufrtst,bcrty ufyufo'j,s+ ,jkjc lf ,jkjc=
smdty itub.kbfs uflfo'dbnjs - vjbo'byjs se bw[jdhjs+
8+ kblthj,f - itltut,bc itmvyff+ flfvbfyt,b ,tdhc cfe,hj,ty
bvbc itcf[t,= hbcb ufrtst,f eylfs+ gjkbnbrjct,b kfgfhf-
rj,ty ltabwbnbc itvwbht,fpt= f[fkb cfveifj flubkt,bc
itmvyfpt= bvfpt= hjujh uf[fljy cfpjufljt,f eahj .kbthb
lf ecfahs[j+ ,bpytcvtyt,b cfe,hj,ty vjut,bc ufphlfpt=
sfyfvihjvtksf cf,h.jkj cekpt+++
vjvfdkbc [tldfc vtnfl lblb vybidytkj,f fmdc+ vfuhfv tc
fh fhbc cfrvfhbcb+ ztivfhbn kblthc .fke.c [tldbc [jh-
witc[vf= ghfmnbrek itltut,fl ufhlfmvyf+ ye uffrtst,s
fvfc yt,bcvbth afcfl+ smdtyc vbpyt,c vbfqobts bct= hjv fhf
vfhnj smdty= c[dt,vfw vjbujy+ vjtrblts fvfc gfnbdbcwtvb-
sf lf ufnfwt,bs+ cb'dfhekbs+ rvf'jabkt,f vfiby vjlbc=
hjwf smdtyb vjs[jdybkt,t,bw [jhwbtklt,f lf smdtyb qb-
ht,ekt,t,bw+ c[dfudfhfl smdtyc cekib vfbyw cbwfhbtkt
bmyt,f+
9+ kblthb t,h.dbc ibic lf f.kbtht,c bvtlc+ wdkbkt,t,bc gt-

hbjlib fhfdbyff lfhoveyt,ekb sfdbc vjvfdfkib+ fv lhjc
xylt,f ibib - cfveifjc= trjyjvbrehb cnf,bkehj,bc= cnfne-
cbc= vtuj,hj,bc lf c[df= xdtysdbc afctekb= w[jdht,bctekb
fcgtmnt,bc lfrfhudbc+ tc ibib fcecnt,c vjnbdfwbfc= fvwb-
ht,c ylj,fc lf phlbc obyffqvltuj,fc+
se ubylfs= lft[vfhjs flfvbfyt,c wdkbkt,t,bc flfgnfwb-
fcf lf obyffqvltuj,t,bc lf.ktdfib= bgjdts vfsb bvtlbc
uf.kbtht,bc upf+ fqfahsjdfyts bcbyb lf exdtyts= hjv vybi-
dytkjdfyyb fhbfy smdtysdbc+ ffvfqkts itltut,bc [fhbc[b
lf lft[vfhts flfvbfyt,c hovtybc vjgjdt,fib+ vjgjdt,ek it-
ltut,pt fhfyfrkt, vybidytkjdfybf bc= hjujh fvrdblht,s
wdkbkt,t,c+

.BHBSFLB VBLUJVT,B
KBLTHJ,BC ATYJVTYBCF
LF KBLTHJ,BC CNBKBC
RDKTDBCFSDBC
@kblthj,f sfylf'jkbkb sdbct,ff
se vbcb cofdkf itb.kt,f~#
hbxfhl k+ lfanb kblthj,bc fvudfh ufyvfh-
nt,fc b.ktdf| @kblthj,f - tc fhbc ehsbth-
sj,t,b kblthcf lf ]ueabc otdht,c ijhbc=
ehsbthsufdktyf lf thsj,kbdb cohfadf htf-
kehb wdkbkt,t,bcf lf itltut,bc vbqotdbcf-
rty= hfw cfthsj vbpyt,pt fbcf[t,f+#
fvudfhfl= kblthj,bc fewbkt,tkb itvfluty-
kt,bf| flfvbfysf ]ueab+vbpfyb+flfvbfyb=
hjvtkbw ufycfpqdhfdc vbpfyc lf ufyfo'j,c
]ueac (sfdbc vbvltdht,c) vbcb vbqotdbcfrty+
vfuhfv tc gbhj,t,b cfrvfhbcbf bvbcfsdbc= hjv
flfvbfyb kblthfl bmwtc~
ufydb[bkjs .bhbsflb vblujvt,b kblthj,bc
atyjvtybc rdktdbcfsdbc lf degfce[js it-
rbs[dfc| @kblthj,f sfylf'jkbkb sdbct,ff
se vbcb cofdkf itb.kt,f~#
kblthj,bc rdktdfib ufvj'jaty cfv .bhbsfl
vblujvfc - @gbhjdyekb sdbct,t,bc stjhbf#=
@mwtdbsb vblujvf# lf @cbnefwbehb vblujvf#+
@gbhjdyekb sdbct,t,bc stjhbbc# afhukt,ib
itveifdlf nhfycajhvfwbekb lf mfhbpvfnekb
kblthj,bc rjywtawbt,b+
nhfycajhvfwbekb kblthj,f - tc fhbc vybidyt-
kjdfyb wdkbkt,t,bc vbqotdbc ghjwtcb jh-
ufybpfwbbc otdhsf ufyo'j,fcf lf ofhvjlut-
1212

yt,ib jhufybpfwbbc vbpyt,cf lf cnhfntubfib wdkbkt,t,bc
itnfyfib vjyfobktj,f+
,fcbc fphbs (Bass, 1998)= nhfycajhvfwbekb kblthj,f fhbc
kblthbc ufdktyf mdtitdhljvt,pt= vfuhfv fv ufdktybc tatm-
nb ofhvjflutyc mdtitdhljvsf eakt,t,bc ufafhsjt,fc+
bcbybw [lt,bfy kbltht,b jhufybpfwbbc ufhlfmvybc ghjwtc-
ib+
mfhbpvfnekb kblthj,bc lhjc 'ehflqt,bc wtynhibf wfkrt-
ekb kblthb+ hjujhw c+ d+ bdfyjdf fqybiyfdc= mfhbpvfnekb
kblthj,f - tc fhbc kblthj,f= hjvtkbw fut,ekbf tythut-
nbrfpt= vjv[b,dktkj,fpt= fqnfwt,bcf lf uf.qjkbc ybzpt+
evtntc itvs[dtdfib= ajhvfkehb kblthb= hjvtkcfw mfhbp-
vf uffxybf= fvfcsfyfdt fhfajhvfkehbwff= bc cfhut,kj,c
rjktufsf gfnbdbcwtvbsf lf cbvgfsbbs fhf vfhnj hjujhw
[tkv.qdfytkb= fhfvtl hjujhw gbhjdyt,f+
sevwf vrdktdfhsf evhfdktcj,f tsfy[vt,f bv fphc= hjv mf-
hbpvf - ufycfresht,ekb ybzbf lf vbcb cofdkf ite.kt,tkbf=
fhct,j,c mfhbpvfnekb kblthj,bc hfvltybvt fcgtmnb= hj-
vtksf ufvj'tyt,f itb.kt,f ghfmnbrfib+ tc fhbc gbhflb .fkf-
eakt,bc ufvj'tyt,f= cfthsj cfmvbc thsuekt,f= vjvfdkbc
vrfabj [tldf= hbcrbc ufotdbc lf ufehrdtdtk cbnefwbfib
tatmnehb vjmvtlt,bc ybzb+
mwtdbsb vblujvf vbvfhsekbf kblthj,bc fyfkbpbcfrty
kblthbc vbth htfkbpt,ekb mwtdbc rjyntmcnib lf vbcb
ofhvfnt,bc epheydtk'jabc eybdthcfkehb mwtdbsb sfdb-
ct,eht,t,bc ufvjdktybcfrty+
mwtdbsb vblujvbc vjv[htt,b sdkbfy= hjv kblthj,bc cofd-
kf itb.kt,f+ fv vblujvbc itveifdt,fib ghbjhbntnb r+ kt-
dbyc tresdybc+
vfy kblthbc mwtdbc cfvb cnbkb ufvj'j|
1+ fdnjhbnfhekb (kblthbc vjmvtlt,f .fkfeakt,hbdbf= lb-
htmnbekb= vrfwhfl fyfobkt,c hjkt,c ]ueabc otdht,c ij-
hbc)

2+ ltvjrhfnbekb (kblthb bcohfadbc= vfhsjc ]ueab mdt-
itdhljvt,sfy thsfl= vbfybzjc vfs vjmvtlt,fsf sfdbcea-
kt,f)
3+ pthtkt (kblthb ghfmnbrekfl sfdc fhblt,c ]ueabc
fmnbeh vfhsdfc= ]ueabc otdht,c chek sfdbceakt,fc fyb-
zt,c)
[tkv.qdfytkj,bc hjvtkb cnbkbf 'dtkfpt tatmnehb~ fh-
ct,j,c ufdhwtkt,ekb it[tlekt,f= hjv ltvjrhfnbekb
cnbkb [tkv.qdfytkj,bc jgnbvfkehb cnbkbf+ vfuhfv mwtdb-
sb crjkbc sfyfvtlhjdt vbvltdht,b eahj vtnfl tv[hj,bfy
lfcrdyfc= hjv fh fhct,j,c thsb jgnbvfkehb cnbkb+ kblt-
hj,bc cnbkb bwdkt,f cbnefwbbc itcf,fvbcfl+
lfcfchekc= cbnefwbehb vblujvbc vjv[htt,b vbbxytdty= hjv
kblthj,f rjyrhtnekb cbnefwbbc yf'jabf+ fv vblujvbc
.bhbsflb bltf vlujvfhtj,c bvfib= hjv tatmneh kblthc
ite.kbf cbnefwbbc itafct,f lf vfcsfy sfdbcb cfmwbtkbc vb-
cflfut,f+
vsfdfhb cbnefwbehb wdkflt,bf mdtitdhljvsf vjs[jdyb-
kt,t,b lf gbhflb sdbct,t,b= lfdfkt,fsf [fcbfsb= cfveifj
lf ufhtvj gbhj,t,bc lf[fcbfst,f+
fvudfhfl= vtyt]thvf= hjvtkcfw kblthj,f cehc= eylf bc-
ofdkjc rjyrhtnekb cbnefwbbc 'dtkf itvflutytkb yfobkbc
ufycfpqdhf lf vjfhujc kblthj,bc cnbkb+
mfhbpvfc se fh xfdsdkbs= itcf.kt,tkbf kblthj,bc cofd-
kf lf eylf dbcofdkjs rbltw+ kblthj,bc atyjvtybc vrdkt-
dfhsf evhfdktcj,f fqybiyfdc= hjv 'jdtk flfvbfyc fmdc
kblthekb gjntywbfkb= e,hfkjl= vbcb uffmnbeht,f lf ufy-
dbsfht,ff cfzbhj+

KBLTHJ,BC RJYWTAWBT,B
xdtyc lhjib afhsj ufdhwtkt,f /gjdf tvj-
wbehb kblthj,bc rjywtawbfv= hjvtkbw itb-
veifdf fvthbrtkb cjwbfkehb acbmjkjut,bc
]ueavf l+ ujekvfybc [tkv.qdfytkj,bs+
fv rjywtawbbc sfyf[vfl= kblthc cojhtl
tvjwbehb byntktmnbc ufydbsfht,bc vfqfkb
ljyt ufyfc[dfdt,c c[df flfvbfyt,bcfufy= dbcb
cfmvbfyj,fw vjbs[jdc rjuybnehb lf jhufyb-
pfwbekb itcf.kt,kj,t,bc it[fvt,fc+ tvjwb-
eh byntktmnib buekbc[vt,f byntuhfkehb
gbhjdyekb cnhemnehf= hjvtkbw js[ itvfl-
utytkc vjbwfdc|
- sdbsituyt,f (htaktmcbbcf lf cfresfhb tvj-
wbt,bc [fcbfsbc fltrdfnehb itafct,bc eyf-
hb)
- sdbsrjynhjkb (cfresfhb uh.yj,t,bcf lf
tvjwbt,bc vfhsdf)
- cjwbfkehb uekbc[vbtht,f (sfyfuh.yj,bcf
lf tvgfsbbc eyfhb)
- vfhsdbc eyfhb (flfvbfyt,bcsdbc cfzbhj vb-
vfhsekt,bc vbwtvf)+
hjujhw ujekvfyb fqybiyfdc= c[df flfvbf-
yt,bc vjs[jdybkt,t,bcf lf tvjwbt,bc ufut,f
hjv it.kjs= ]th cfresfh sfdib eylf ufth-
rdts+ cfresfhb sfdbc itwyj,bc ghjwtcb tvj-
wbehb byntktmnbc ufydbsfht,bcsdbc= fct
dsmdfs= nhtyf;jhbc hjkc fchekt,c+
tvjwbehb kblthb flfvbfyt,bc ylj,fc bodtdc=
fahmdtdc gjpbnbdc= eythufdc hovtyfc= [cybc
acbmjkjubeh lf.f,ekj,fc= mvybc acbmjkj-
1515

ubehb rjvajhnbc fnvjcathjc+ tvjwbehb kblthb – bc flf-
vbfybf= hjvtkcfw ite.kbf v[fhlfzthf+
h+ ,jbfwbcvf lf t+ vfrvf tvjwbehb byntktmnbc wyt,bc cf-
ae.dtkpt htpjyfycekb kblthj,bc rjywtawbf itbveifdtc+
fdnjht,bc fphbs= [tkv.qdfytkt,b= hjvkt,bw akj,ty ht-
pjyfycekb kblthj,bc cnhfntubfc= vjvfhsekyb fhbfy
@ufhitvjv'jasf nfkqfpt#+ fctsb kblthbc [tkv.qdfyt-
kj,bs flfvbfyt,b veifj,ty eybcjyib= thscekjdyfl lf it-
sfy[vt,ekfl= hflufyfw vfs ijhbc vbqotekbf byntktmnef-
kehb lf tvjwbehb sfy[vj,f+
kbltht,b= hjvkt,bw itvrekyb fhbfy tvjwbehb byntktm-
nbs= fhf v[jkjl cfresfhb uh.yj,t,bc rjynhjkbc eyfhc
akj,ty= fhfvtl c[df flfvbfyt,bc tvjwbt,cfw vfhsfdty lf
fut,ty vzblhj= ylj,fpt fut,ek ehsbthsj,t,c+
fdnjht,b ufvj'jaty cfv .bhbsfl sdbct,fc= hjvkt,bw kb-
lthekb gjntywbfkbc ufydbsfht,fc eo'j,c [tkc|
- wyj,btht,bc fmnbehj,f (cfresfhb @vtc# uh.yj,f= fvfcsfyf-
dt= c[df flfvbfyt,bc cfzbhjt,t,bc ufwyj,btht,f)
- jgnbvbpvb (jhbtynfwbf cfvjvfdkj vbpyt,pt= tysepbfpvb)
- tvgfsbf (c[df flfvbfyt,bc uh.yj,t,bcf lf cehdbkt,bc uf-
ut,f)+

HJUJH EYLF
UF[LTS KBLTHB
kblthekb eyfhbc ufydbsfht,f
cfo'bcb cfat[ehbc sjhvtnb cfdfh]bij
ubylfs= kblthb uf[lts~ ,tdhb flfvbfyb= hj-
vtkbw kblthbc gjpbwbbc lfrfdt,fc tcohfa-
dbc= egbhfntcfl= vjmvtlt,c fkfk,tlpt=
bycnbymnehfl+ vfs fh .fke.s= itbwdfkjy
lf ufydbsfhlyty lhjbc itcf,fvbcfl+ fvfdt
lhjc= acbmjkjut,vf= lblb [fybf= lfflubytc
.bhbsflb obyfqj,t,b kblthbc phlbc upfpt+
gbhdtk hbuib= tc ibyfufyb ,fhbtht,bf+ bcbyb
ufvjwlbkt,bc= hovtybc= itpqeldt,bc= xdt-
dt,bc itltubf+ ufe,tlfj,f= ibib= ufqbpbfyt,f
,tdhbcfsdbc uflfekf[fdb obyfqj,f [lt,f lf-
cf[ekb vbpybc vbcfqotdfl+ 'dtkfpt [ibhfl
ud[dlt,f itvltub ,fhbtht,b|
1+ lfcf[ekb vbpyt,bc ,eyljdfyt,f lf ufehrdtd-
kj,f+ flfvbfyt,b [ibhfl bodytdty vfhw[c bvbc
ufvj= hjv ,eyljdyfl [tlfdty vbpfyc= hjvkbc-
rtyfw bkndbfy+ lfbcf[ts ufhrdtekb vbpyt,b+
twflts=ujyt,fibofhvjblubyjscf,jkjjit-
ltub= hjvkbc vbqotdf ubylfs lf bc hfw itb-
.kt,f lfodhbkt,bs fqothts+
2+ vjesvtykj,f lf vt'dctekb wdkbkt,t,bc
vjkjlbyb+ b'fdbs rvf'jabkyb vwbhtlb ghju-
htcbs| [ibhfl fv,j,ty= hjv lblb ve[f gfnf-
hf hrjcfufy bphlt,f+ bvgekcehb flfvbfyb=
hjvtkcfw cehc= sdfkbc lf[fv[fvt,fib ufvj-
bwdfkjc= bidbfsfl fqotdc fvfc+ ofhvfnt,f
rdt,fdc ofhvfnt,fc+ v'fhb= vfuhfv e,hfkj
ghjuhtcb [ibhfl v'fhlt,f lf bmwtdf vj-
wtvekb flfvbfybc lfvjrblt,ekt,bc cf[tl
sdbschek'jabcf lf= cfthsjl= w[jdht,bc
1717

vbvfhs+ uf[cjdlts= hjv yt,bcvbthb wdkbkt,f bs[jdc uf-
yeo'dtntk 'ehflqt,fcf lf itchekt,bc htfkeh dflt,c+ lf-
bcf[ts htfkehb dflt,b+
3+ f[fkb cbnefwbt,bc ibib+ fhwse bidbfsfl flfvbfyt,b hbc-
rcf lf cbf[ktt,c ecfahs[jt,fcf lf xdtek w[jdht,fc
fv]j,byt,ty+ f[fkb cbnefwbt,b [ibhfl eahj cfibifl ofh-
vjelutybfs= dblht yfxdtdb+
4+ lfewdtkj,bc ibib+ flfvbfyt,b [ibhfl ufythblt,bfy cbnef-
wbt,c=hjvtksfwite.kbfsvjenfyjynrbdbkb=e[th[ekj,f
fy ibib= tvemht,f vfs sdbshovtyfc fy acbmjkjubehb rjv-
ajhnbc uh.yj,fc+
5+ mwtdf lf ufhitvjv'jasf lfvjrblt,ekt,f+ fhwse bidbfsfl
j]f[b= rjktut,b lf vtuj,ht,b pqelfdty gbhjdyt,bc vbc-
ohfat,fc wdkbkt,t,bcfrty+ gbhflb tatmnehj,bc ufphlf
'jdtksdbc bodtdc ofhvfnt,fc lf vbqotdt,c+ ghbjhbntnt,b
bwdkt,flfsmdtybkblthekbrjvgtntynehj,bcphlfvitb.-
kt,f ufhitvjv'jasf iehb fy vnhekb lfvjrblt,ekt,f uf-
vjbodbjc+
6+ cfresfh .fkt,ib lfehoveyt,kj,f+ ufydbsfht,f [ibhfl
ath[lt,f vfiby= hjwf tzdb utgfht,fs bvfib= hjv itub.-
kbfs= ufvjbwdfkjs+ uf[cjdlts= hjv smdtyc ufydbsfht,fc
vtnobkfl smdty sdbsjy ufyfut,s+ 'dtkf gthbjlib flfvb-
fyb fhxtdfybc obyfit lut,f – bcofdkjc lf ufbpfhljc w[jd-
ht,bctekb ufvjwlbkt,bc cfae.dtkpt= se buyjhbht,f
ufertsjc vbqt,ek ufrdtsbkt,c= 'ehflqt,f uffvf[dbkjc
ecfahs[jt,fpt lf lfvfhw[ltc+ kblthj,bc vbcohfat,f
bs[jdc= bcofdkjs gfce[bcvut,kj,f smdtyb w[jdht,bc vbv-
lbyfhtj,fpt+
7+ fhfcfrvfhbcb wjlyf lf eyfhb+ pju]th flfvbfyt,c fh 'ja-
ybs f[fkb bltt,b fy xdtdt,b= hjvkt,bw fewbkt,tkbf cfresf-
hb sfdbc itwdkbcfsdbc+ bcbyb wlbkj,ty= ufvjxtybkb flfvb-
fyt,bc ,bjuhfabt,bcf lf vtvefht,bc rbs[dbs vbbqjy bcbyb+
vfs txdtyt,fs= hjv lblb kbltht,bc cfblevkjt,t,bc itcofd-

kf 'dtkfpt cfbvtlj cfiefkt,ff bvbcsdbc= hjv sdbsjyfw
uf[lt kblthb+ tc fct fh fhbc+ uf[cjdlts= hjv flfvbfyt,c=
hjvtksfw it.ktc vtnb ofhvfnt,bc vbqotdf= /mjylfs sf-
dbfysb w[jdht,bctekb ufhtvjt,t,b= bcnjhbekb gbhj,t,b=
[fcbfsbc sfdbct,eht,t,b= hjvkt,bw smdty fhf ufmds+
ptvjs xfvjsdkbkb ,fhbtht,blfy yt,bcvbthb itb.kt,f
xfbsdfkjc.fkfl=hjvtkbwkblthekphlfcfath[t,c+itb.-
kt,jlf rbltd efvhfdb fctsb ,fhbthbc lfcf[tkt,f+ ufhlf
fvbcf= 'jdtk flfvbfyc bc cfresfhb fmdc+
sevwf gbhflb itpqeldt,bc fqbfht,f erdt sfdbcsfdfl fhbc
wdkbkt,t,bc vfvj.hfdt,tkb .fkf= vfuhfv [ibhfl cfzbhjf
ufvjwlbkt,f lf wjlyf= hfsf uffqhvfdjs sdbsitvtwyt,f=
itb.byjs f[fkb eyfht,b lf vblujvt,b sdbsufyfskt,bcfs-
dbc+ vybidytkjdfyb gbhjdyekb wdkbkt,t,b uekbc[vj,c
cfresfhb sfdbc hovtyfc= wjlyfc= v[fhlfzthfc lf= gbhdtk
hbuib= 'dtkfahbc f[kt,ehfl rtst,bc eyfhbc ufydbsfht,fc+
vjvfdfkb kblthbc fvjwfyff – vjyf[jc lf ufffyfkbpjc cf-
resfhb vblujvt,b lf itcf.kt,kj,t,b= ufvjfdkbyjc sfdbcb
gjntywbfkb= bcofdkjc ufyc[dfdt,ekb vjmvtlt,f+ tc fhbc
@hfqfw# smdtyib= hfcsfyfw eylf it.kjs rjynfmnbc lfv'f-
ht,f+ itvltu eylf bhoveyjs ofhvfnt,bc= seylfw fv oesfc
fhfathb vtn'dtkt,ltc vfcpt+ itvltu lut,f cbvfvfwbcf lf
yt,bc'jabc lhj+ tc fewbkt,tkbf lfcf[ekb vbpyt,bc htfkb-
pfwbbcfsdbc+
lf= hfw 'dtkfpt vsfdfhbf= fh eylf utibyjlts vfhw[bc+
fv upfpt yt,bcvbthb cofdkj,c cfresfh ufvjwlbkt,fpt
,tdhc dthfathc ufbut,s fqothbs= se fvfc sfdfl fh buh.-
yj,s lf fh uffwyj,btht,s lfvjerblt,kfl+ fvbnjv usfdf-
pj,s sjhvtn ghfmnbrek cfdfh]bijc= hjvtkbw t[t,f kblt-
hekb gjntywbfkbc ufydbsfht,bc lfo't,bs cfat[ehc+ bcbyb
itflubytc acbmjkjut,vf [jct cnbdtycvf lf vfbr delrjrvf+
vcufdc cfdfh]bijt,c smdtyib ufhrdtekb tzdbc ufvjodtdf
ite.kbfs= vfuhfv vfsb lfeakt,bc itvltu buh.yj,s vjp-
qdfdt,ek .fkfcf lf ufhitvjv'jasf lfafct,fc+

fct lf fvudfhfl=
gbhdtkb cfdfh]bij| fofhvjts lbf-
kjub smdtyc ibyfufy rhbnbrjcsfy+
bcofdkts= ittobyffqvltujs ib-
yfufy [vfc= hjvtkbw cfrvfjl
[ibhfl bcdhbc rhbnbrek itybid-
yt,c smdtyb lf smdtyc bhudkbd
v'jasf vbcfvfhsbs+ fhf v[jkjl
ecvbyts= fhfvtl lbfkjub fofh-
vjts vfcsfy+ vbtwbs cfresfh
sfdc eakt,f= ufufqbpbfyjs fv
lfvfvwbht,tkvf [vfv+ vbc cbn-
'dt,c abkjcjabehfl vbeltmbs+
/rbs[ts cfresfh sfdc| @dbyf dfh
vt= hjwf tc [vf levc~#
fv cfrbs[ib ofhvfnt,bc vbqotdbc
cfertstcj cfiefkt,ff lqbehb
smdtyc vbth ofhvfnt,bs itche-
kt,ekb cfmvbc bhudkbd= fy e,hf-
kjl ,kjryjnb+ ye lfbpfht,s=
xfbothjs 'dtkfathb= hbcb smvfw
eylf fv rhbnbrbs cfdct [vfc+ ye
lfevfkfds yehfathc+ seylfw
qbht,ekc fhfathc fv,j,ltc= fy
v[jkjl kfac ufc[fvlts= vfbyw
'dtkfathb xfbothts+ ye itfxt-
ht,s vfc= vfuhfv ofe'tyts gbhj,f=
v[jkjl vtjht gbhib bcfe,hjc+
,kjryjnibw pecnfl fct xfbot-
hts| yfwdkfl cbn'dt,bcf| @vt
vf[by]b dfh# fy @vt dthfcjltc
ufd[lt,b kblthb#= othts| @ity
vf[by]b [fh# lf @ity dthfcjltc
uf[lt,b kblthb#+ fvbc itvltu
egfce[ts vfc bct= hjujhw lft-
kfgfhfrt,jlbs vtnbxfhf= vfuhfv
kblthbc fvjwf-
yff _ vbfybzjc
fphb bv flfvb-
fysf w[jdht,fc=
hjvkt,bw vfc
vb/'dt,bfy+
b+ djhjnybwrfbf
hjv vfhsj vhf-
dfkb flfvbfyb=
c]j,c b'j flf-
vbfyehb= dblht
mtlvfqfkb lf
c]j,c b'j mdtk-
vjmvtlb= dblht
cfcnbrb+
y+ vfrbfdtkb
hjwf rfgbnfyb
[lt,bs= smdtyib
vfnhjcb itbyfh-
xeyts+
d+ dbcjwrb

smdtybs wjnfsb itibyt,ek [ekbufyc+ cfertstcj gfce[b fv
[ekbuybc vbvfhs bmyt,jlf| “vtht hf vj[lf~”
vtjht cfdfh]bij| 'jdtklqbehfl xfbybiyts smdtyb ofhvf-
nt,t,b+
cfyfv lfcf.byt,kfl of[dbljlts= uffrtsts cbf= erblehtc
itvs[dtdfib cfvb= fy rbltd ertstcb - idblb cfrbs[bcf= hjvkt-
,bw ufycfresht,bs rfhufl ufvjubdblfs lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib=
bvbcfufy lfvjerblt,kfl= lqt hfvltyfl welb b'j+E
smdty fdnjvfnehfl ufvjubveifdlfs ntyltywbf= xfutybiyfs
vjdktyt,b= hjvtksfw bv lqtc efh'jabsb itltub /mjylf+
tc smdtyb .dtkb xdtdff+ ufvjbxbyts Nyt,bc'jaf= uflfbnfyts
'ehflqt,f fv xdtdblfy lf rjywtynhfwbf vjf[lbybs cbne-
fwbt,pt= cfblfyfw ufvfh]dt,ekb ufvj[dtlbs+ smdty eylf
it.kjs veifj,f fhf ytufnbdsfy= fhfvtl gjpbnbdsfy+ gbh-
dtk [fyt,ib tc smdtyufy cthbjpek .fkbc[vtdfc vjbs[jdc
lf itb.kt,f itechekt,kflfw rb vjutxdtyjs+ ye lfb[tds
erfy+ ufhrdtekb gthbjlbc sdbslbcwbgkbybc itvltu 'dt-
kfathb fldbkfl ufvjubdfs+ b'fdbs lf;byt,ekb+ ,jkjc lf
,jkjc= ofhvfnt,fc vbfqotds+
vtcfvt cfdfh]bij| xfbothts lf vjecvbyts fqbfht,t,c smdtyb
qbhct,t,bcf lf yfrkjdfyt,t,bc itcf[t,+
tc ghjwtcb lbl cbvfvfwtc vjbs[jdc+ sevwf bc fewbkt,tkbf+
lffnfyts sfdc .fkf lf= egbhdtktcfl= itflubyts hfvltyb-
vt vtuj,hbcf lf yfstcfdbc cbf= hjvtksfw= lfhoveyt,ekb
[fhs= hjv e'dfh[fhs lf uekohatkfl eylfs smdtyb lf[vf-
ht,f+ fvbc itvltu vbtwbs vfs lbmnjajyb= fy cs[jdts= xfbot-
hjy= hfnjv fdktyty smdtyc vbvfhs pheydfcf lf cbvgfsbfc=
hbcsdbc e'dfh[fhs lf gbhbmbs+ cs[jdts vfs= hjv vfs vbth
lfcf[tkt,ekb qbhct,t,b lf yfrkjdfyt,t,b lff[kjt,bs th-
sb hfjltyj,bc b'jc (tc fewbkt,tkb gbhj,ff)+ itfuhjdts
smdtyc cbfib v'jab 'dtkf gbhbc it[tlekt,t,b+ itvltu vj-
bcvbyts bc sfdblfy ,jkjvlt – se cbsfvfvt ut'jafs+ hjwf
vjbrht,s .fkfc= hjv vjbcvbyjs xfyfothb sfdblfy ,jkjv-

lt= bct= hjv fh bwf[wf[t,s ibibs fy cbhw[dbkbs= smdty
it.kt,s lblb yf,b]bc uflfluvfc ibyfufyb oyt[bcufy sfdbc
lfcfqotdfl+ hf smvf eylf= ibyfufyb [vf ufvelvt,bs xfu-
.f[t,s= hjv tc 'dtkfathb cbcektktf lf fh qbhc smdtyc
.fkbc[vtdfl+ bc ittwlt,f= lfufrfhudbyjs xfyfothb fy vbb-
qt,c vjyfobktj,fc cf,jnf;bc c[df ufvjdkbyt,t,ib+ ye vbc-
wtvs vfc cfiefkt,fc= itufxthjs+
vtjs[t cfdfh]bij| lffv'fhts ehsbthsj,f cfresfh ufvj-
cf[ekt,fcsfy cfhrtib+
bmjybts vjsvbyt,f= e'ehjs cfresfh ufvjcf[ekt,fc cfh-
rtib= hjwf uf[lbkb [fhs+ sfylfsfy bcofdkts= e'ehjs
smdtyc sfdc cfhrtib nfybcfvjcbc ufhtit+
e'ehts cfresfh ufvjcf[ekt,fc sdfkt,ib+ sfdblfy tc yfv-
ldbk cbcektktl vjutxdtyt,fs+ vjbrhb,ts .fkf lf vjsvb-
yt,f+ /rbs[ts cfresfh sfdc| @hf eakt,f vfmdc= ufydcf]j tc
flfvbfyb= tc c[tekb~#
flfvbfyb cfhrtib – hjujhw yfpb vwtyfhtf+ vfc czbhlt,f o'f-
kb= vpbc iemb= pheydf lf fhf vrfwhb lbtnf+ itcf.kt,tkbf=
pjubthsb yfrdsb= ufycfresht,bs cf.ekdtkb smdtysdbc=
cbyfvldbktib bc vf[fcbfst,tkbf= hjvtkbw uf[ctyt,s
vij,kt,c fy eahjc lf-.vfc+ smdty= itcf.kjf= buh.yj,s
vfs vbvfhs cb.ekdbkc bvbc ufvj= hjv bcbyb fct ,tdhc
bs[jdlyty smdtyufy lf cfvfubthjl fct wjnfc uf.ktdlyty+
ufqbpbfylbs= vfuhfv ye ufe,hfplt,bs cfresfh sfdc+ ,hfpc
ctdlf itwdkbc= vfc rb - idt,f lf vbntdt,f+ vfuhfv= lft= bcb-
yb thsvfytsbc vb'jkt,bs vjdblyty= ytk-ytkf= ye twlt,bs
vfs lfxmfht,fc+
pju]th flfvbfyt,c ,tdhb lhj czbhlt,fs bvbcfsdbc= hjv
cfhrtib itfdkjy cfresfh sfdc gbhdtkb lfrdbhdt,ekb vpt-
hf lf fh ufybwfljy vb,heyt,bcf lf ufmwtdbc cehdbkb+ fv
itvs[dtdfib= ubhxtds= vjbrhb,js ufv,tlfj,f lf cwfljs
vjleyt,f+ ufvjb'tyts tc wlf cfresfh sfdpt= lfbo'ts vjr-
kt lbfkjut,bs cfresfh ufvjcf[ekt,fcsfy lf sfylfsfy
ufpfhlts vfsb [fyuh.kbdj,f+

vt[est cfdfh]bij| ufhbcrts 'jdtklqbehfl+
tc ybiyfdc= hjv smdty eylf vj/rbljs [tkb 'dtkfathc= hfw
fmfvlt fh ufvjubwlbfs| bcofdkjs wtrdf= se tc fmfvlt fh
bwjlbs= lfbo'js f[fkb= cfbynthtcj cfveifjc .t,yf= vj-
cby]js .fkt,b s[bkfveht,pt= wbueht,pt – 'dtkfathb=
hfw sfdib vjubdfs+ ufycfresht,bs iteafct,tkbf cf]fhj
ufvjcdkt,b= hfw ufb.ekt,s= ufybwfljs xdtekt,hbdpt ,td-
hfl .kbthb tvjwbf+ bc fewbkt,kfl eylf lfythujs+ hflufy
ths-thsb .bhbsflb sdbct,f kblthbcf= vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf=
cf[tkvobajc [tkv.qdfytkbf bc= rjhgjhfwbbc= jhrtcnhbc
se cgjhnekb ueylbc= fhbc eyfhb= w[flfl lf ufcfut,fl uf-
vj[fnjc sfdbcb fphb flfvbfysf lblb ]ueabc obyfit+
smdtysdbc fmfvlt ewyj, cfrbs[t,ib ufvjwlbkt,bc vbqt,bs
smdty bafhsjt,s fhctyfkc= ufyresdybkc vjvfdfkb uf-
vfh]dt,t,bcfsdbc+ vfuhfv fvfcsfy thsfl sfdb fhblts
it]b,hcf lf cfmvbfyj,bc bcts cf[tc= hjvtkbw b.ekt,ekc
ufu[lbs= ufhitvjv'jas itflfhjs sfdb+
vcufdcb ufvjwlbkt,f vybidytkjdfy hbcrsfy fhbc lfrfdib-
ht,ekb bv res[bs= hjv gbhdtkcfdt vfhw[c ite.kbf= .fkb-
fy fldbkfl bptbvjc ufvfh]dt,f smdtypt lf vstkb vbqotdf
o'fkib xfub'fhjs+ rehcbc ths-thsb vjyfobkt hbcrpt ofdb-
lf lf ths .fkbfy vjv[b,dktk mfk,fnjyc gftvfyb cs[jdf+ vfy
efhb vbbqj lf vpfl b'j= tc vbtqj= hjujhw cfresfhb fhfc-
hekafcjdyt,bc rbltd thsb vnrbwt,f+ itvltu uffwyj,bthf=
hjv vfythfv= hjvkbsfw wlbkj,lf vbtqj mfkbc sfy[vj,f=
sfdbcsfdfl vjfvpflf ybflfub efh'jabsb gfce[bcsdbc+ fvbc
fqbfht,f hsekb= vfuhfv fewbkt,tkb b'j+
vttmdct cfdfh]bij| ufvjbxbyts fmnbehj,f lf smdtyc sfdpt fb-
qts uflfo'dtnbkt,bc vbqt,f+
hfvltyflfw kblthj,bcrty cohfadf gfcbehj,fc ufvj-
hbw[fdc= velvbdfl eylf bphlt,jltc smdtyib uflfo'dtnb-
kt,bc vbqt,bc eyfhb+ ufvjlbc= hjv gfce[bcvut,kj,bc cfre-
sfh sfdpt fqt,bcf lf uflfo'dtnbkt,bc vbqt,bc yt,bcvbthb
itcfathbcb itcf.kt,kj,f eylf ufvjb'tyjs+ se ubylfs= vb-

ubqjy cfvcf[ehib cfrjyrehcj ithxtdbc cfae.dtkpt= fy lb-
lb [fybf= [tkv.qdfytkb sfyfvlt,j,bc ghtntyltynb [fhs=
cfcohfajl lfhtrts fy vbvfhsts abhvbc lbhtmwbfc= ufvjfh-
sdbs ufyw[flt,bc ,kfyrb lf itbnfyts smdtyb fyrtnehb vj-
yfwtvt,b= itcsfdfpts smdtyb cfvcf[ehb+ fh uflfljs cfmvt
lblb [ybs+ e,hfkjl ufcfrdbhbf= hfvltyb flfvbfyb (hjvtk-
cfw rfhbthekb phlbc 'dtkf vjyfwtvb fmdc) uflflt,c ,jkj
oesfvlt= fy cfthsjl dth f[th[t,c itcsfdfpjc sfdbcb cfv-
cf[ehb jhufybpfwbfc fy rjktmnbdc+ vfs fh 'jaybs .fkf=
uflflufy uflfvo'dtnb yf,b]b+
fhwse bidbfsfl= ntktajyb ofhvjflutyc vsfdfh obyfqj,fc
cfvcf[eht,hbdb obycdkbcfsdbc+ [lt,f= hjv fdnjvjgfce[bc
[vfpt ibibs shsjkdfc bo't,s= vfuhfv wjw[fkb flfvbfybc
[vf rbltd eahj ufibyt,s+ smdty bo't,s cfmvbfy cfe,fhc
uh.tkb lf e[dcbn'dbfyb ,jlbit,bs lf fvbc itvltu 'ehvbk-
ib hfqfw ufeut,fhc keqkeqt,s= hfw sfylfsfy ec[knt,f
smdtyb erdt vjsvbyt,flfrfhuekb sfyfvjcfe,hbc fqmvfc+
smdty ub'fkb,lt,fs ntktajybs cfe,hbcfsdbc sfdbc fhb-
lt,bc ntyltywbf= uflfo'dtnbkt,f= hjvtkbw rbs[dbc ybiybc
mdti f'tyt,c sfyfvtlhjdt w[jdht,bc ntvgib yt,bcvbthb of-
vjo't,bc ofhvfnt,fc+
i[fvcfobyffqvltuj cfiefkt,fc v[jkjl smdtysdbc ibibc-
vjvudhtk vjdktyfcsfy gbhbcgbh it[dtlhf ofhvjflutyc=
itcf.kjf - ntktajybs eahj [ibhb cfhut,kj,f+ smdty fh-
wse bct ,tdhb pfhb lfuzbhlt,fs= hfsf lf.kbjs ibib fgfhf-
nbc obyfit= fvfcsfy smdty itub.kbfs= obyfcofh vjtvpfljs
cfe,hbc vcdktkj,bc vtnyfrkt,fl fhfcfcehdtkb dfhbfynb-
cfsdbc+ hjujhw otcb= smdtyb ofhvjcf[df ,tdhfl eahj cfibi
cehfst,c [fnfdc= dblht cbyfvldbktib utkjlt,fs+ smdtyb
rjivfhekb afynfpbt,blfy ufsfdbceakt,bc itvltu yf[fds=
hjv w[jdht,f vidtybthb lf cfjwfhbf+ fyfkjubehb vblujvf
itb.kt,f ufvjb'tyjs fhf vfhnj cfntktajyj cfe,hbc eyf-
hbc lfeakt,bc= fhfvtl yt,bcvbthb smdtysdbc ibibcvjvudht-
kb cbnefwbbc vbvfhs+

vtidblt cfdfh]bij| lfteakts cfresfhb itwljvt,bc fqbfht,bc
ghfmnbrfc lf fbqts gfce[bcvut,kj,f smdtyc vbth vbqt,ekb uf-
lfo'dtnbkt,t,bc ufvj+
cfresfh sfdib kblthekb gfce[bcvut,kj,bc fqphlbc ths-
thsb [th[b vlujvfhtj,c itvltuib| fbqts rfkfvb= ,kjryj-
nb lf itflubyts cbf mdtvjs vj'dfybkb vnrbwt,ekt,t,bc
vfufkbspt+ lfbo'ts 'jdtkb ahfpf cbn'dt,bs| @vt dbqt, gf-
ce[bcvut,kj,fc bvfpt= hjv#+++ uffuh.tkts ahfpf yt,bcvbt-
hb cbn'dt,bs= hfw rb sfdib vjubdfs= hfhbu f,cehlekflfw
fh eylf utxdtyjs+ itflubyts cbf fhfyfrkt, 10 vcufdcb vnrb-
wt,ekt,bcfufy+
1+ vt dbqt, gfce[bcvut,kj,fc bvfpt= hjv --------------------
5+ vt dbqt, gfce[bcvut,kj,fc bvfpt= hjv -------------------
tc rfhub cfdfh]bijf lf fewbkt,tk ptvjmvtlt,fc vjf[ltyc+
cekfw fh fhbc cfzbhj= fb.ekjs sfdb= ecbn'djl bhoveyjs
'jdtkb vnrbwt,ekt,bcf= vfuhfv obyffqvltuj,bc [fhbc[b=
hjvtkcfw buh.yj,s fv cfdfh]bijpt veifj,bcfc= lfuf-
yf[t,s= hfvltyfl .kbthfl ubzths ibyfufyb ve[hezt,b+
cfresfh sfdpt fqt,ekb gfce[bcvut,kj,t,b fhfyfbhfl fh
ybiyfdc= hjv smdty dbqfw eylf ufybrbs[js fy cfcohfajl
uflftidfs dbqfwbc ghj,ktvt,bc uflfcfzhtkfl+ gfce[bc-
vut,kj,bc uh.yj,f ybiyfdc smdtyib fhct,ek eyfhc= gfce[b
fujs cfresfh yf,b]t,pt+
fv cfdfh]bijc vtjht vjvtynb vbvfhsekbf bv cehdbkbc fq-
vja[dhbcfrty= hjv 'jdtksdbc b'js vfhsfkb fy vbcfqt,b
ufhitvjv'jasfsdbc+ tc fh fhbc fldbkb= hflufy itb.kt,f
cfresfhb sfdb fhfhfj,fl fqbmdfs lfidt,ekb itwljvt,bc
fqbfht,bcfc+ twflts= fv cfdfh]bijc bevjhbs vbeluts+

lqbc ufyvfdkj,fib= hfw fh eylf
vbeqt,tkb utxdtyt,jlts= fqbf-
hts= seylfw mfqfklbc aehwkbc
obyfit= smdtyb eqbhcb fpht,b
lf mvtlt,t,b+ hfib vlujvfhtj,c
smdtyb obyffqvltuj,f cfresfh
wyj,btht,fcsfy fy yfwyj,b flf-
vbfyt,bc sdfksf[tldfcsfy~ fh
itutibylts= hjv ufvjxylt,bs bvf-
pt efhtcb= dblht [fhs+ efh'jab-
sb vjvtynt,b 'jdtkb flfvbfybc
mwtdfc f[fcbfst,c+ cfdfh]bijib
ufhrdtdbc itvltu smdty sfylfsfy
bcofdkbs= buh.yjs cb[fhekb ib-
yfufyb uf[cybkj,bc ufvj+
vthdt cfdfh]bij| bcofdkts efhbc
smvf lf it.tkbs= lfbwdfs cfresfhb
fphb+
fv cfdfh]bijc gbhdtkb yfobkb
vlujvfhtj,c efhbc smvbc eyf-
hbc lfeakt,fib= hjwf tc cfzb-
hjf+ ev]j,tcbf= tc dbcofdkjs
cfvcf[ehib= vtuj,ht,sfy lf yf-
stcfdt,sfy+ vtuj,ht,vf eylf
bsfvfijy hjkb flfvbfybcf= hjvt-
kbw lblb s[jdybs vjuvfhsfds=
fy ub,h.fyt,s uffrtsjs bc= hbcb
ufrtst,fw fh ucehs+ lfdeidfs=
bcbyb us[jdty= fs[jdjs fdnjvfy-
mfyf hfvltybvt lqbs= fy fctc[js
lblb jltyj,bs aekb+ vfs ey-
lfs= uffqdb.jy smdtyib lfyfife-
kbc uh.yj,f= hjwf vbubsbst,ty
smdtyc tujbpvpt= fy fhfrtsbkufy-
o'j,fpt vfs vbvfhs+ smdtyb fvj-
wfyff= es[hfs vfs @fhf#= hfw fh
'dtkfpt cfertst-
cj kblthb bcff=
dbcb fhct,j,bc it-
cf[t, flfvbfyt,vf
e,hfkjl eo'bfy+
fhwse rfhubf
kblthb== dbcfw
flfvbfyt,b tvjh-
xbkt,bfy+ efhtcbf
bc klthb= hjvt-
kbw flfvbfyt,c
tpbpqt,fs+ [jkj
se kblthb rfh-
ubf lf wjnfc kf-
gfhfrj,c= vbcb cfm-
vbc lfchekt,bc=
vbpybc vbqotdbc
itvltu= flfvbfyt,b
fv,j,ty| @tc xdty
sdbsjy ufdfrtsts+
kfj-.b
kblthj,f _ tc
fhbc eyfhb lf
.fkf= thsb vbp-
ybcrty ufe.qdt
mfkt,cf lf vfvfrf-
wt,c+ fvfcsfyfdt
[fcbfsb= hjvtkbw
isffujyt,c ylj,fc+
,thyfhl
vjyntytuhj

eylf hsekfl utxdtyt,jlts tc+ bdfh]bits vfyfvlt= cfyfv
it.kt,s= ufvj[fnjs efhb bct= hjv fvfcsfy fh buh.yjs cby-
lbcbc mty]yf= fh uffaezjs ehsbthsj,f vs[jdytkt,sfy+
cfdfh]bijc vtjht yfobkb vlujvfhtj,c bvfib= hjv xf-
vj'fkb,ltc eyfhb - vbfqobjs bvfc= hfw ucehs lf fh lfb[bjs
erfy= cfyfv fh vbfqotds+ vjlbs= smdtyvf fv[fyfuvf itfche-
kjc hjkb= dsmdfs= fhfrtsbkcbylbcbthb xbyjdybrbcf= hjvt-
kbw wlbkj,c= uftmwtc itcfchekt,tk cfveifjc= smdtysdbc
vybidytkjdfyc+ smdty eylf bmwts flfvbfyfl= dbcfw ite.-
kbf= lfbwdfc sfdbcb eakt,t,b+ fvjwfyf vlujvfhtj,c bvfib=
hjv fb.ekjs xbyjdybrb= itfchekjc vstkb vjwekj,bc cf-
veifj lf fh vjtidfs= cfyfv 'dtkfathb otchbuib fh bmyt,f+
fvfc eylf vbfqobjs cfxbdht,bcf lf ,hfklt,t,bc ufhtit= sf-
yfw fh twfljs= hjv vfy buh.yjc cbvgfsbf smdtyc vbvfhs+
cfdfh]bij itchekt,ekfl xfbsdkt,f= se it.kt,s gfhnyb-
jhbc ufvjedfk vlujvfhtj,fib xf'tyt,fc lf bc dth it.kt,c
lfdbc ufuh.tkt,fc+ tc ths-thsb .bhbsflb cfdfh]bijf ufh-
itvjv'jat,pt ptvjmvtlt,bc eyfhbc ufvjveifdt,bc cfo'bcb
cfat[ehbcfsdbc+
vtw[ht cfdfh]bij| itflubyts smdtyc ufyrfhuekt,fib fh-
ct,ekb fknthyfnbdt,bc cbf= seylfw bcbyb fhwse vjv[b,dkt-
kfl utxdtyt,jlts+ uffrtsts fhxtdfyb+
tc cfdfh]bij fhxtdfybc ufrtst,fc ufcofdkbs+ eylf lftea-
kjs gbhflb fy cfmvbfyb ehsbthsj,t,bcfc= rjyrhtnekb cb-
nefwbbc lhjc smdtyc ufyrfhuekt,fib fhct,ekb fknthyf-
nbdt,bc xfvjsdkbc ghfmnbrfc+
gbhdtkfl tc itb.kt,f itechekt,ekfl vjutxdtyjs= fvb-
njv welb fh bmyt,jlf= dbyvt yfwyj,bcsdbc uts[jdfs lf[vf-
ht,f= hfsf vbtsbst,byf vjwtvek itvs[dtdfib fhct,ekb
itcf.kt,kj,t,b= hfw fh eylf fhf,eyt,hbdb xfyltc bcbyb+
smdty eylf ufyb[bkjs 'jdtkb itcf.kt,kj,f bct= hjv fh
ufvjb'tyjs ahfpf= @lbf[= vfuhfv+++# fb itcf.kj cwtyfhb+
smdtyb cbnefwbf$cehdbkb| @vt vbylf vbdbqj lfobyfeht,f=
vfuhfv [tkc vbikbc itvltub+++# itflubyts smdtyc upfpt
vlufhb obyfqj,t,bc xfvjyfsdfkb lf vfsb uflfkf[dbc dfhb-

fynt,b+ vcufdcvf fvjwfyfv itb.kt,f ufufqbpbfyjs+ twflts=
ufevrkfdlts fvfc+
vtfst cfdfh]bij| smdtyc sfdc 'jdtklqbehfl thsb cbfvjd-
yt,f vfbyw vbfybzts+
itflubyts bv cbfvjdyt,fsf xfvjyfsdfkb= hjvkbc vbqt,fcfw
bcehdt,lbs+ cbf itb.kt,f itbwfdltc hjvtkbvt vfnthbf-
keh cfufyc - nfycfwvtkc fy ntmybrbc cbf[ktc= cfzvtkc=
gfhrib ctbhyj,fc fy fhlfltut,bc cfcbfvjdyj ufnfht,fc=
bv flfvbfyt,sfy ehsbthsj,fc= dbyw vjuojys= ctmcc fy cf-
cb'dfhekj sfvfit,c lf+ f+i+ lfeotcts cfresfh sfdc sbsj
fctsb cbfvjdyt,f lqtib+ ye lfeidt,s= hjv hfvtv lffyuhbjc
smdtyb utuvt,b= [tkb iteifkjc vfs itchekt,fc+ smdty cfe-
rtstcj itcf.kt,kj,f ut.ktdfs= lffrdbhlts smdtyb mdtw-
yj,bthbc vfmbyfwbt,c+ tc smdtysdbc zrebc cfcofdkb bmyt,f+
fv cfdfh]bijc itchekt,fc sdfkb hjv vbfltdyjs= uffrtsts
lbfuhfvf= hjvtkptw lqbc ,jkjc fqybiyfds= hf ljpbs buh-
.tybs cbfvjdyt,f+ b'fdbs uekohatkb cfresfhb sfdbc ob-
yfit+ se cfntktajyj pfhbc fy c[df ufesdfkbcobyt,tkb
itvs[dtdbc ufvj smdtyc utuvt,c lffyuhtds= lqtdfyltkb
lqt fh bsdkt,f+ fvfdt lhjc= smdty eakt,f fhf ufmds= uf-
htvjt,t,b lfflfyfifekjs+ hjwf it.kt,s= rdbhfib seylfw
[esb lqt vbbqjs cbfvjdyt,f= bwjlts= cojhb vbvfhse-
kt,bs vblb[fhs+
vtsthsvtnt cfdfh]bij| itflubyts cbf bvbcf= hfw ubikbs vbp-
ybc vbqotdfib lf lfodbs+
gbhdtk 'jdkbcf= twflts= sfdb vje'fhjs 'dtkf vbptpc= hfw
smdtyc ervf'jabkt,fc bodtdc+ fvbcfsdbc fbqts ,kjryjnb
lf xfbothts smdtyb ef[kjtcb fvjwfyf= hjvtkbw kblthekb
gjpbwbbc vbcfqotdfl lfbcf[ts+ fvbc vtht xfvjsdfkts 'dt-
kf vbptpb= hbc ufvjw= hjujhw utxdtyt,fs= fh itub.kbfs
vbcb vbqotdf+ vbtwbs sfdc eakt,f= vstkb [vbs bcfe,hjs+
vbfybzts ibyfufy rhbnbrfc cbn'dbc chekb sfdbceakt,f=
smdfc 'dtkfathb= hfw eylf= fvbc itvltu ufbvtjhts cfresf-
hb vbpfyb+

vfufkbsfl= vnrbwt,f| @vt vbylf vbdbqj cfvtwybthj [fhbc[b+
vt vbdbqt, cfvtwybthj [fhbc[c#+ vbptpt,b lf vjcfpht,t,b=
hbc ufvjw vt dth itd.kt, fvfc| @vt fhf vfmdc ufvjwlt,bcfs-
dbc vjcfvpflt,tkb lhj+ cfveifj vstk lqtc vfhsvtdc+ hf
de'j ,fdidt,c~ dby bpheyt,c vfspt~ vt .fkbfy ,t,thb dfh
bvbcfsdbc= hjv rbltd dbcofdkj+ tc .fkbfy .dbhbf+ vij,kt,b
erdt fcfrib fhbfy - vt vfspt eylf dbpheyj+ bc ]fyvhstkj,f
fqfhf vfmdc+ rb,tpt .kbdc fvjdlbdfh= rjvgbenthbw lfvb-
.dtklf+ f[fkbf cf'blb+ aekb cek fh lfvhxt,f+#
uffuh.tkts xfvjyfsdfkb= cfyfv fhuevtynt,b fh lfutkt-
dfs+ itvltu bctd ufbvtjhts vnrbwt,f bvbcf= hfw ubylfs+ hj-
wf buh.yj,s= vtnb fhfathb ufmds cfsmvtkb= fhuevtynt,bs
cfdct xfvjyfsdfkb cfptbvjl lfodbs+ smdtysdbc cfbynthtcj
'jdtk stvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs itb.kt,f vcufdcb ghjwtle-
hbc xfnfht,f= hfsf uf.kbthltc vbcb ptvjmvtlt,bc .fkf+
vtsjhvtnt cfdfh]bij| vbfybzts cfresfh sfdc sfdlf]tht,e-
kj,f lf itvntdj,f+
itb.kt,f .fkbfy hsekb fqvjxyltc smdtyb vjcfpht,t,bc
lfwdf lf ghbywbgt,bc thsuekt,f= hjwf [tlfds ufhitvjv-
'jasf efh'jafc+ lfsvj,bcf lf vb'jkbc ntyltywbf smdtyc
bthptw rb fbcf[t,f+ se smdty 'jdtksdbc sfdlf[hbkb lf vj-
reynekb lflb[fhs= at[t,c .kbdc vbfshtds lf bidbfsfl
b[tlt,bs vfqkf fy bhudkbd= smdty dthfcjltc uf[lt,bs
kblthb+ ufvfhsekb c[tekb= ufikbkb v[ht,b lf vrthlb=
hjvtkcfw smdtyc vjobyffqvltutc fut,t,s cbn'dbthb gftm-
hj,bcfc= sfdbcsfdfl ufybzt,s .fkt,bc hovtyfc+ bdfh]bits=
hjv fct lfbzbhjs sfdb+ vjcby]ts tc vfythf cf[evfhj gf-
tmhj,fib vtuj,hekb df[ivbc lhjc= hjvtkbvt smdtyc f[kj-
,tksfy+ uflfbnfyts nfybc cbv.bvt meckblfy sbsbc odt-
ht,pt+ ve[kt,b jlyfd vjlhbrts+ ybrfgb vfqkf fcobts+ lft=
vfyfw vbbqjc vjyfobktj,f smdtyc sdbslfvrdblht,fib+ uf-
yfuh.ts smdtyb fphbc lfwdf bct= hjv fh vbvfhsjs xbdbkc=
,hfklt,t,c= cf'dtleht,c+ fv cfdfh]bijc itchekt,bcfc
rfhu vjrfdibhtl itb.kt,f cfhrt ufvjb'tyjs+
[vbc ntv,hb= vbcb ;qthflj,bc cbqhvtw rb ,tdhbcvsmvtkb

bvfpt= sfdc lfewdtk vc[dth-
gkfl uh.yj,s se kblthj,fpt
fw[flt,s ghtntypbfc+ se smdty
cfe,hj,s cfo'fkb cf[bs lf [vbc
rfyrfkbs bs[jds lf[vfht,fc=
smdtylfeyt,kbts efhbc ghjdj-
wbht,fc f[ltys+ acbmjkjub thbr
,thyb fvfc eojlt,lf - vfbcehbc
nfht,fc ofhothbs| @ye vwtvs!#
fctsb w[jdht,bctekb ltdbpb fy
e,hfkjl ufyo'j,f rjyrhtnekb
cfe,hbc lhjc ,tdh flfvbfyc smdt-
yb @xfrfreyt,bc# fy smdtyc [fh]pt
lfvrdblht,bc cehdbkc eqdb.-
t,c+ hjv fhfathb bsmdfc bvfpt=
hjv fctsb mwtdf smdtypt cecnb
flfvbfybc isf,tzlbkt,fc mvybc+
smdty itub.kbfs xfbothjs smdt-
yb cfe,fhb lbmnjajypt lf vj-
ecvbyjs= hjujh isf,tzlbkt,fc
njdt,c vbcb ntv,hb= njyfkj,f=
;qthflj,f+ [jv fh ufvjrhst,f
vfcib vnbhfkf= oeoeyf yjnt,b~ bm-
yt, ervf'jabkt,f fy ufvn'eyt,f~
[jv fh ufvjczdbdbc e.keht,f=
ufe,tlfj,f~ bveifdts smdtyc [vf-
pt=hfsfvbfybzjsvtnbfdnjhbnt-
nekj,f= hovtyf= .fkfeakt,f+
uf[cjdlts= hjv ufe,tlfdb flf-
vbfybc fvjwyj,f itb.kt,f vbcb
ufe,tlfdb ufvjsmvt,bs= tdatybp-
vt,bc cbzfh,bs= hjvkt,bw vtn-
'dtkt,fc @fh,bkt,ty#| yfwdkfl
@uf[lt kblthb# - @vbfqobj
ufhrdtek ofhvfnt,t,c#= @fh-
wse vj[fhekb dfh# yfwdkfl
@ufd,hfplb# lf f+ i+ ufe,tlfj,bc
eylf vfhsjs uj-
yt,bc lf[vfht,bs|
fh itb.kt,f
zflhfrbc sfvfib
rtsbkb uekbc
bvtlbs+
ifvajhb
se cflfdtt,c
cojhfl lfbzth=
w[tyt,b sfdbcbs
ufztylt,bfy+
rjyaewb
c[dt,bc [tkv.-
qdfytkj,f
v[jkjl bv
flfvbfyc ite.-
kbf= hjvtkcfw
.fke.c cfresfhb
sdfkcfphbcbc
lfwdf+
l+ rfhytub

isf,tzlbkt,fc mvybc t+ o+ rdfkbabrfnjht,b @hjujhqfw#=
@cek hfqfw#= @wjnfjltyb#= @fvbc vb[tldbs#+ vjcfe,htc
smdtypt tmvyt,f cecnb flfvbfybc isf,tzlbkt,f= flfvbfybcf=
hjvtkbw ufhrdtekb fh fhbc cbnefwbfib+ isf,tzlbkt,fc fv-
wbht,c sfdbcb sfdbc lfvfrybyt,tkb ufvjsmvt,b| @vt jhfnj-
hb fh uf[kfdfhs#= @vt ]thfw yfrkt,fl ufvjwlbkb cgtwbf-
kbcnb dfh#= @vt f[fkb flfvbfyb dfh fv cathjib#+++
hfvltybvt rdbhf lfesvts fv cfbyajhvfwbj vjlekib fq-
othbkb sjhvtnb ghfmnbrekb cfdfh]bijc lfveifdt,fc+
fewbkt,kfl vjcby]ts= @vjbpjvts# 'jdtkb cfdfh]bij+ uf-
vjwlbkt,f udbxdtyt,c= hjv thsb cfdfh]bij eahj vjutoj-
yt,fs= c[dt,b rb - yfrkt,fl+ hfqfw fqnfwt,fib vjub'dfys=
hfqfw - ufufqbpbfyt,s+ ufvjfdkbyts smdtyb [fcbfsb= cbvn-
rbwt lf yt,bc'jaf - vfsufy fsb vfbyw lfythuts ghfmnbrfib=
cfyfv ,eyt,hbdb yfobkb fh uf[lt,f smdtysdbc= cfyfv fh itb-
cbc[k[jhwt,s+ fvfcsfy= vsfdfhbf - rtsbkcbylbcbtht,f lf
htuekfhekb vtwflbytj,f+ se lhjlflhj bdfh]bit,s= tc
fhfathc vjuwtvs+ itltuc 'jdtklqbehb ghfmnbrblfy hfv-
ltybvt rdbhbc itvltu itbuh.yj,s+

KBLTHJ,BCSDBC CFZBHJ
21 FEWBKT,TKB SDBCT,F
1+ [fcbfsb| B"FDBS RKLTCFDBS VFUFHB
[fcbfsbc ufyvnrbwt,f lf 'jdtkv[hbdb ufydb-
sfht,f - tc xdtyb fhf v[jkjl hjujhw kblt-
ht,bc= fhfvtl hjujhw gbhjdyt,t,bc ufydbsf-
ht,bc fewbkt,tkb gbhj,ff+ hf eylf bwjltc
'jdtkvf flfvbfyvf [fcbfsbc itcf[t,~
1+ [fcbfsb vtnbf= dblht e,hfkjl cbn'df+
yt,bcvbthc ite.kbf smdfc= hjv vskbfyb [fcb-
fsb lf qhvf otcbtht,f uffxybf= vfuhfv fvbc ht-
fkeh bylbrfnjhc v[jkjl vjmvtlt,f ofhvj-
flutyc+ smdtyb [fcbfsb ufycfpqdhfdc smdtyc
fhcc+ tc= sfdbc v[hbd= ufycfpqdhfdc bvfc= se
hjujh fqbmdfvs ufht cfv'fhjc+ cf,jkjjl=
smdtyb vcjakfqmvf ufycfpqdhfdc smdtyc mvt-
lt,t,c= cojhtl fvbnjv fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdf-
ib fh itb.kt,f kblthbc [fcbfsbcf lf vbcb
mvtlt,bc wfk-wfkrt ufy[bkdf+ se kblthbc
vjmvtlt,f lf phf[dt,b ufyeo'dtnkbd obyffq-
vltuj,fib vjlbc thsvfytssfy= cfzbhjf rfh-
ufl lffrdbhlts vbc [fcbfsc= hfsf uffhrdb-
js= hfnjv [lt,f fct+
2+ nfkfynb _ ybzbf= cfvfubthjl= [fcbfsb _ smdt-
yb cfresfhb fhxtdfybf+++
[fcbfsc= vfhskfw= smdty sdbsjy bhxtds+ afm-
nj,hbdfl= smdty .thofds vfc 'jdtksdbc= hj-
ltcfw frtst,s fhxtdfyc _ t,h.jkjs hsek
cbnefwbfc= se lfbvfkjs ,exmt,ib= ufblhb-
rjs cbvfhskbc oyt[bc mdti= se ufe.kjs vbc
cbv.bvtc= [tkb offdkjs bjkfl vjgjdt,ek
aekc= se uflfb[fljs vskbfyb cfafcehb+
3232

w[jdht,fib 'jdtklqbehb fhxtdfybc ufrtst,bcfc= smdty
sdbsjy mvybs smdtyc fhxtdfyc+
3+ flfvbfyt,sfy ehsbthsj,fib ofhvfnt,f [fcbfsc vjfmdc+
4+ kbltht,c fh ite.kbfs= fwlyty itpqeldt,c= hjvtksfw cfre-
sfhb [fcbfsb eotct,s+
2+ mfhbpvf| GBHDTK ISF,TZLBKT,FC "DTKFAHBC UFLFO"DTNF
ITE.KBF
mfhbpvf= e,hfkjl hjv dsmdfs= flfvbfyt,bc vjpbldbc eyf-
hbf lf bc= hjujhw [fcbfsbc c[df sdbct,t,b= itb.kt,f ufyf-
dbsfhjs+
bcts flfvbfyfl hjv bmwts= dbcfw c[dt,bc vbpbldf ite.kbf=
smdty eylf|
1+ ub'dfhlts w[jdht,f+
2+ 'dtkf flfvbfyb itfafcjs [esbfypt+
'dtkfpt ertstcb bmtlfy= hfw smdty itub.kbfs uffrtsjs
flfvbfyt,bcfsdbc= fvfcsfy thsfl rb vbbpbljs bcbyb= tc -
vfsufy v[jkjl cfertstcjc vjkjlbybf+ tc fhbc ybzb= itfaf-
cj 'jdtkb flfvbfyb [esbfypt+ bc t[vfht,f ufhitvjv'jas=
eahj vtnfl itfafcjy cfresfhb sfdb= vfuhfv fvfdt lhjc=
smdtyw ut[vfht,fs|
1+ fxemjs flfvbfyt,c bvtlb+
2+ eobkfljs cfresfhb sfdb lf cfresfhb qbhct,t,b+
3+ cfmvbc thsuekt,f| BC UFYFC[DFDT,C CFMVBC RFWT,C
UFVJECOJHT,TK VTJWYT,TSFUFY
cfv'fhjc fhfcjltc eyf[fdc fhw thsb yfvldbkfl lblb kblt-
hb= hjvtkcfw cfmvbc thsuekt,f frklf+
se ubylfs tatmnehb kblthb b'js= cfmvtc ,jkjvlt eylf

ethsuekjs+ hjujhw vbpblekj,bc rfyjyb fvnrbwt,c= flfvb-
fyt,b ]th kblthc vb'dt,bfy lf itvltu - vbc vfqfk bltfkt,c+
vfbyw hjujhbf cfmvbc thsuekt,bc ztivfhbnb ,eyt,f~ vj-
lbs= 'ehflqt,bs ufydb[bkjs cfvb vjvltdyj it[tlekt,f|
1+ cfmvbc thsuekt,f cfsfdtc uekib bqt,c+
2+ cfmvbc thsuekt,f vjovlt,f rjyrhtnekb mvtlt,t,bs+ thsbf
kfgfhfrb hfqfw vbpybc thsuekt,fpt lf cek c[dff fvbcfsdbc
hfqfw rjyrhtnekbc xfltyf+ vjmvtlt,f thsflthsb htfkehb
fhibybf cfmvbc thsuekt,bcf+
3+ cfmvbc thsuekt,f ofhvfnt,bc cfobylfhbf+
4+ ehsbthsj,bc eyfhb| VBC UFHTIT SMDTY VFHNJCEKFL BDKBS
W[JDHT,BC UPFPT
smdty it.kt,s uf[lts eahj tatmnehb rjveybrfnjhb= se
lfbwfds itvltu js[ .bhbsfl ghbywbgc|
1+ bfphjdyts cflfl+ ehsbthsj,f fhf vfhnj bcff= hfcfw
fv,j,s+ vybidytkjdfybf bcbw= se hjujh fv,j,s+
2+ eylf itut.kjs= lfbyf[js rjyrhtnekb flfvbfyb+
3+ exdtyts flfvbfyc cbvfhskt+ yt,bcvbth yfvldbk ehsbth-
sj,fc ecoht,c yfvldbkb ylj,f+ ]th thsb= smdty sdbsjy eylf
u]thjlts bvbcb= hfcfw fv,j,s+ vtjht - itut.kjs w[jdht,fib
bvbc ufy[jhwbtkt,f= hfcfw fv,j,s+ fhfathb fh ij,c eahj vtn
ylj,fc= dblht vjmvtlt,fib ufvj[fnekb hovtyf+
4+ vbfqobts cfgfce[j htfmwbfc+
5+ rjvgtntynehj,f| SE UFYFDBSFHT,S VFC= FLFVBFYT,B VJDKTY
SMDTYSFY
rjvgtntynehj,f cbn'dt,pt ,tdhfl ijhc vblbc+ bc ybiyfdc
kblthbc eyfhc= xfvjf'fkb,jc bc= hfw cfzbhjf= lfutu-

vjc bc= hfw cfzbhjf= uffrtsjc
bc= hfw cfzbhjf= sfy bct= hjv
c[dt,bcsdbc firfhf uf[ltc= hjv
smdty eo'bs= hf eylf ufrtsltc=
lf vfsfw eo'bfy= hjv cehs= smdt-
yb vbvltdht,b b'dyty+
se ucehs= yfvldbkfl fqpfhljs
tc sdbct,f smdtyib= eylf uffrt-
sjs itvltub|
1+ 'jdtklqt ufvjfdkbyts smdtyb
rjvgtntynehj,f+
2+ bcohfats chek'jabkt,bcfrty+
3+ 'dtkf cfmvt ,jkjvlt vbb'dfyts+
4+ uffrtsts vtnb= dblht smdtyufy
tkjlt,bfy+
5+ isffujyts c[dt,b+
6+ cbvfvfwt| THSB VFVFWB FLFVBFYB
MVYBC EVHFDKTCJ,FC
'jdtksdbc= hjltcfw smdty fr-
dbhlt,bs ghjuhtcc hjvtkbvt
jhufybpfwbbc w[jdht,fib= tz-
dbw fh itutgfhjs= hjv vbcvf kb-
lthvf vfvfwehb uflfo'dtnbkt,f
vbbqj+
hjltcfw smdtyc w[jdht,fib cfm-
vt vblbc .ytk uflfo'dtnbkt,fv-
fqvfcdkbc lhjc
sfdfpbfyyb b'fdbs
flfvbfyt,sfy _
vjub[lt,fs vfssfy
it[dtlhf= hjwf
lf,kf lftidt,bs+
v+ ndtyb
.fkfeakt,f= hfw
fh eylf ecfp-
qdhj b'jc= dth
ufcofdkbc vbc
ufvj'tyt,fc+
,fkpfrb
wyj,bkb ]ueat,bc
kbltht,c e'dfhs
nfkfynb lf bwb-
fy= cfl bgjdjy
bc+ bcbyb nr,t,bfy
bhudkbd v'jab
nfkfynt,bs+
ejhty ,tybcb
gfnhbcbf
ejhl ,blthvfyb

lt= hjvtkbw smdty utkjlt,fs= uf[cjdlts itvltub ztivf-
hbnt,f= hfw f[fcbfst,c cbvfvfwtc|
1+ cbvfvfwt bo't,f ibyfufyb ,h.jkbs+
2+ cbvfvfwt ybiyfdc= vjbmwt cojhfl lf fhf e,hfkjl
vj[th[t,ekfl+
3+ cbvfvfwt= hjvtkbw f[fcbfst,c kblthc= isffujyt,c vbc vbv-
ltdht,c= b'dyty cfmvbc thsuekyb+
4+ smdtyb w[jdht,f cbqhvt-cbufytib bikt,f smdtyb cbvfvfwbc
ghjgjhwbekfl+
ibib pqelfdc lf ,jzfdc kblthc+ ,tlbc bhjybf bvfib vlujvf-
htj,c= hjv bcbybw= dbcfw fh 'jaybc df;rfwj,f hbcrpt ofcfc-
dktkfl lf bcbybw= dbyw hbcrfdc= w[jdht,fib pecnfl thsyf-
bhb vjwekj,bc ibic ufybwlbfy+ vfsb thsflthsb c[dfj,f
bcff= hjv vfs= dbyw fh b'tyt,c vjwtvek ifycc= foe[t,s
'dtkfpt ,fyfkehb fv,t,b+ se smdty vfbyw uflfo'dtns= uf-
lfkf[js smdtyb ibib lf tzdb= tc fewbkt,kfl eylf ufbsdf-
kbcobyjs+
7+ ufvzhbf[j,f| UFLFEO"DTNTK FVJWFYFSF UFLFZHBC YBZB
ufvzhbf[j,f - fewbkt,tkb lf itewdktkb sdbct,ff yt,bcvb-
thb kblthbcfsdbc= hjvtkcfw cehc vfmcbvfkehb uf[fljc
cfresfhb tatmnehj,f+ vbcb lf[vfht,bs itcf.kt,tkbf hfv-
ltybvt vybidytkjdfyb fvjwfybc vbqotdf|
1+ ofvjzhbkb ghj,ktvbc atcdt,bc ufvjdktyf+
2+ ghj,ktvfsf uflfzhbc eyfhbc chek'jaf+
3+ vjwtvekb dfhbfynt,bc itafct,f vfmcbvfkehfl itcfathbcbc
ufvjcfdktyfl+
4+ cfresfhb itcf.kt,kj,t,bc ufphlf+

8+ ajrecbht,bc eyfhb| HFW EAHJ PECNBF BC= VBS EAHJ PECNFL
VJMVTLT,S
hf sdbct,t,c eylf akj,lts ajrecbht,bc bv [fhbc[bcfs-
dbc= hjvtkbw cfzbhjf= hfsf uf[lts yfvldbkfl tatmnehb
kblthb~ .bhbsflb flubkb fm ghbjhbntnt,cf lf rjywty-
nhfwbfc ezbhfdc+ kblthvf= hjvtkvfw ufycfpqdhf ghbjhb-
ntnt,b= vfuhfv fh akj,c itcf,fvbc rjywtynhfwbfc= bwbc=
hf eylf uffrtsjc= vfuhfv fhfcjltc frtst,c+ se bc akj,c
rjywtynhfwbfc= vfuhfv fh uffxybf fhfdbsfhb ghbjhbntnb=
,tdh tythubfc [fh]fdc= vfuhfv oby fh b.dhbc+
vjf[lbyts htcehct,bc 70%-bc rjywtynhfwbf cfresfh .kb-
th sdbct,t,pt+
htcehct,bc 25%-bc rjywtynhfwbf cbf[ktt,pt uffrtsts+
htcehct,bc 5%-bc rjywtynhfwbf cfresfh cecn v[fhtt,pt
vjf[lbyts+
9+ ueke[dj,f| SMDTYC CFYSTKC FKB FH VJFRKLT,F= SE BC
UFHITVJV"JASFSDBCFW FYFST,C
fhfathb bct fh vjmvtlt,c ufhitvjv'jat,pt lf fh fhove-
yt,c vfs eahj .kbth= dblht kblthbc ueke[dj,f+ fv sdb-
ct,bc ths]thfl ufvjdkbyt,fc fh itb.kt,f eojljs zti-
vfhbnb ueke[dj,f+ bc uekblfy vjlbc lf vbcbs kblthbc
w[jdht,bc 'dtkf fcgtmnb b;qbyst,f= vzblhj it[t,fibf vbc
lhjcsfy= aeksfy= nfkfynsfy lf mjyt,fcsfy+ tatmnehb
kbltht,b= hjvtksfw .fke.s= ufb'jkbjy c[dt,b= egbhdt-
ktcfl= vjmvtlt,ty c[df flfvbfyt,bc bynthtct,bs lf fhf
cfresfhb vbpyt,bs+ fqpfhlts cfresfh sfdib ueke[dj,f=
fmwbts bc reknfl= hjujhw smdtyb w[jdht,bc ufye'jatkb
tktvtynb+ fvbcfsdbc fewbkt,tkbf|
1+ vflkj,tkyb b'fdbs bvbcfsdbc= hfw ufmds+
2+ gbhdtk flubkpt sfyfvphf[dtkt,b lff'tyts+

3+ fh lfeidfs= hjv uvfhsjs smdty-
vf cehdbkt,vf+
4+ ufyb[bkts aekb= hjujhw ht-
cehcb+
5+ itb.byts ufwtvbc xdtdf+
10+ bybwbfnbdf| VBC UFHTIT ,B}CFW
DTH UFLFLUFVS
hf sdbct,t,c eylf akj,lyty kb-
ltht,b= hjv vfsb yt,bcf lf cehdb-
kt,bc rfhyf[bs [lt,jltc tcf se
bc vjdktyf~ lfubcf[tkt,s js[c
vfbyw|
1+ kbltht,vf bwbfy= hf eylfs+
2+ kbltht,b cfresfh sfdc fuekbf-
yt,ty vjmvtlt,bcfsdbc+
3+ kbltht,b vpfl fhbfy lblb hbc-
rbcsdbc+
4+ kbltht,b eidt,ty 'dtkfpt vtn
itwljvfc+
11+ vjcvtybc eyfhb| FLFVBFYT,BC
UEKT,FVLT UPBC CFGJDYTKFL
CVTYF UFVJB"TYTS
rfhub kblthb off[fkbct,c vbv-
ltdht,c bvbcfsdbc= hfsf itfn-
'j,byjy fhf bc= hbcb vjcvtyfw
eylf= fhfvtl bc= hfw eylf
bwjltc+
kbltht,bc vjm-
vtlt,bc dtkb _
vjvfdfkbf+ bcbyb
mvybfy uh.tk-
dflbfy afcte-
kj,t,c+ kblthbc
vtnyfrkt,fl
vybidytkjdf-
yb lfvcf[eht,f
vlujvfhtj,c
flfvbfyt,bcf lf
bycnbnent,bc
ufydbsfht,bc gb-
hj,t,bc itmvyfib=
hfsf vfs it.kjy
flfgnbht,f=
wdkbkt,f= f'df-
dt,f lf phlf+
]tbvc reptcb=
,fhb gjpythb
c[dt,bc [tkv.-
qdfytkj,fc
v[jkjl bc flf-
vbfyb it.kt,c=
dbcfw .fke.c
cfresfhb it[tle-
kt,t,bc lfwdf+
rfhkfbkb

eylf bsmdfc= hjv wel kbltht,ib .fkbfy [ibhbf vjcvtybc
eeyfhj,f lf vjcvtybc cehdbkbc fhmjyf+
bvfpt abmhbcfc= hjujh eylf ufvjb'tyjs cfresfhb lhj=
ufyresdykb ufhitvjv'jasf vjcfcvtyfl= v[tldtkj,fib bmj-
ybts= hjv flfvbfyt,bc vjcvtybcfc smdty jhb vbpfyb ufmds|
bmjybjs vfssfy rjynfmnb lf bcofdkjs+ fv vbptpt,bc ufvj
smdty uf[cybkb eylf umjylts fhf vfhnj sdfkt,b= fhfvtl
'eht,bw= hjwf smdtyc obyfit fqvjxylt,bfy|
1+ smdtyb vbvltdht,b
2+ smdtyb rkbtynt,b
3+ smdtyb rjyrehtynt,b
4+ smdtyb vfcofdkt,kt,b
12+ dyt,f| VBBQTS LF UB"DFHLTS W[JDHT,F
vjlbs= eahj ueklfcvbs ufydb[bkjs js[b vybidytkjdfyb
lt,ekt,f= hjvtkbw t[t,f dyt,fc lf bvfc= hfw itb.kt,f vfy
vjuwts= hjujhw kblthc|
1+ dyt,f gbhdtkb yf,b]bf itltubc vbqotdbc upfpt+ smdtyb cehdb-
kbc .fkf ufycfpqdhfdc smdtyc ,tlc+
2+ dyt,f f.kbtht,c smdtyc yt,bc'jafc+
3+ dyt,f ufvjuwdkbs+ cf,jkjj ]fvib= ufhitvjv'jat,pt smdtyb
dyt,bc .fkf eahj vtnfl bvjmvtlt,c= dblht smdtyb bylbdblef-
kehj,bc .fkf+
4+ dyt,f ite.kt,tkc itcf.kt,kfl [lbc+ flfvbfyt,b bct fhbfy
vjo'j,bkyb= hjv 'jdtksdbc= hjwf vfs cekib hfqfw ffklt,f=
cbn'df @ite.kt,tkb# mht,f+ uekib fyst,ekb wtw[kb w[jd-
ht,fib 'dtkfathc eahj fvfqkt,ekc [lbc+ cojhtl fvbnjv fhb-
fy wtw[kjdfyb kbltht,b fuhthbu tatmnehyb+ .kbthb dyt,bsf
lf fhwse lblb wjlybs lf]bkljt,ekb kblthb 'jdtksdbc

ecoht,c kblthc= hjvtkvfw ,tdhb bwbc= vfuhfv gbhovbylfl
lfwkbkbf uh.yj,t,bcfufy+
13+ gjpbnbehb ufyo'j,f| SE LFHOVEYT,EKB [FHS=
HJV IT.KT,S= TCT BUB= VFHSKF IT.KT,S
se smdty yfvldbkfl ucehs= uf[lts tatmnehb kblthb= vf-
iby smdty gjpbnbehb w[jdht,bctekb ufyo'j,f uzbhlt,fs+
hfsf erts ufbujs= hfc ybiyfdc= b'j gjpbnbehfl ufyo'j,bkb
lf hjujh uf[lts fctsb= babmhts itvltu hfvtpt|
1+ smdtyb ufyo'j,f - smdtyb cfresfhb fhxtdfybf+
2+ smdtyb ufyo'j,f ufycfpqdhfdc smdtyc vjmvtlt,t,c+
3+ smdtyc bhudkbd v'jab flfvbfyt,b – smdtyb ufyo'j,bc cfh-
rtf+
4+ itbyfhxeyj rfhub ufyo'j,f eahj fldbkbf= dblht lfrfhue-
kbc fqlutyf+
14+ ghj,ktvfsf uflfo'dtnf| FH ITB.KT,F LFEIDFS=
HJV SMDTYB GHJ,KTVT,B GHJ,KTVT,FL LFHXTC
kbltht,b= hjvkt,bw ghj,ktvt,bc ofhvfnt,bs uflfo'dtnbc
eyfhc akj,ty= fdktyty vjvltdyj [es sdbct,fc|
1+ bcbyb ufyzdhtnty ghj,ktvt,c+
2+ bcbyb qt,ekj,ty cbvfhsktc bctsc= hjujhbw fhbc+
3+ bcbyb [tlfdty vskbfy cehfsc+
4+ bcbyb 'dtkfathc frtst,ty sfyvbvltdhj,bs+
5+ bcbyb fh e[dtdty vsfdfh vbpfyc= hjwf lfqvfhspt fqvjx-
ylt,bfy+

15+ ehsbthsj,t,b| SE SMDTY FLFVBFYT,SFY CFTHSJC BGJDBS=
BCBYBW BGJDBFY SMDTYSFY CFTHSJC
eyfhb= bveifj flfvbfyt,sfy lf ufyfvnrbwj vfssfy ehsbth-
sj,f= fewbkt,tkbf tatmnehb kblthbcfsdbc+ hf ite.kbf
kblthc uffrtsjc= hfsf ufyfvnrbwjc lf reknfl fmwbjc
flfvbfyt,sfy rfhub ehsbthsj,t,b~
1+ kblthc sfdb eylf uffxyltc _ tcvjltc flfvbfyt,bc+
2+ kblthc uekb eylf uffxyltc _ e'dfhltc flfvbfyt,b+
3+ kblthvf [tkb eylf ufeojljc flfvbfyt,c _ lft[vfhjc vfs+
16+ gfce[bcvut,kj,f| SEU SMDTY SDBSJY FH FNFHT,S ,EHSC
RFHT,BCRTY= DTH BMYT,BS UEYLBC VTSFEHB
rfhub kbltht,b fhfcjltc bfhfqlt,bfy vc[dthgkbc vtynf-
kbntnbs+ bcbyb fwyj,btht,ty itvltuc| bvfpt= hfc ofhvjfl-
utyty lf hf flubkb ezbhfds w[jdht,fib= gfce[bcvut,kj,f
sdbsjy tybzt,fs lf fhf vfs vij,kt,c= vteqktt,c= idbkt,c=
[tkbceakt,fc= eahjcj,fc fy sfyfvihjvkt,c+ tc flfvbfyt,b
sdfkc ecojht,ty 'dtkfathc= hfcfw w[jdht,f csfdfpj,s
lf itcf.kt,kj,bc vfmcbvevc frtst,ty= dbyfblfy eo'bfy= hjv
bcbyb ueylbc uf.qjkfc v[jkjl bv itvs[dtdfib it.kt,ty=
se lffvnrbwt,ty= hjv .fke.s= lfvjerblt,kfl vbbnfyjy
,ehsb rfht,fvlt+
flfvbfyt,b= hjvtksfw gfce[bcvut,kj,bc uh.yj,f uffxybfs=
fct itb.kt,f lfdf[fcbfsjs|
1+ vfs ite.kbfs cfmvbc rtst,f+
2+ bcbyb 'jdtksdbc vpfl fhbfy bvfpt oby ofdblyty= dblht cfzb-
hjf+
3+ bcbyb chek'jabcfrty cohfadfc vb/'fdc oby+
4+ bcbyb cbnefwbbcufy lfvjerblt,kfl fqotdty itltut,c+

17+ hovtyf| RJVGTNTYNEHJ,F FHFCJLTC FHBC
UFE,TLFJ,BC RJVGTYCFWBF
smdty dth it.kt,s flfvbfyt,bc uf.qjkfc= se sdbsjy uzbh-
lt,fs vtupehb+ ufe,tlfdb kblthb cfibibf _ cfresfhb sf-
dbcsdbc= vbvltdht,bcsdbc= hjvtksfw bcbyb vbe.qdbfy= jh-
ufybpfwbbcsdbc= hjvtkcfw [tkv.qdfytkj,ty= hflufyfw
kblthbc gjcnb fqhvfdt,c gbhfl yfrkc+ 'jdtkb ytufnbehb
ndbhsb= hjvtkcfw w[jdht,bc upfpt fnfht,s= eahj v.bv-
lt,f= hjwf c[dt,bc vtsfehj,fc lffgbht,s+
kbltht,c= hjvtksfw sdbshovtyf frkbfs= hfvltybvt cfth-
sj ybifyb fmds|
1+ bcbyb dth f.ktdty c[dt,c hovtybcf lf ecfahs[jt,bc ufywlfc+
.dtkb fylfpf fv,j,c| @fh itb.kt,f ufcwt bc= hfw fh ufufxybf#+
pecnfl bctdt= hjujhw flfvbfyt,b= hjvtksfw fhf fmds ufh-
rdtekb wjlyf= dth uflfcwtvty vfc c[dfc= bc= dbyw vjrkt,ekbf
sdbshovtyfc= dth fb.ekt,c c[dt,c= sfdbcsfdib lfhoveyt,ekyb
b'dyty+
2+ bcbyb bqt,ty flfvbfyt,bcfufy vtnc= dblht ufcwtvty+
3+ bcbyb velfv;fv pqelfdty ufhitvjv'jat,c ijhbc cfertst-
cjsf itcf.kt,kj,t,c+
4+ bcbyb velfv;fv pqelfdty sfdbfysb jhufybpfwbbc itcf-
.kt,kj,t,c+
18+ sdbslbcwbgkbyf| GBHDTKB FLFVBFYB= DBYW SMDTYC
LFMDTVLT,FHT,FIBF= SMDTY SDBSJYF [FHS
se ubylfs kbltht,bc bv ]ueac vbtresdyt,jlts= hjvtksf
ths-ths fmnbdc sdbslbcwbgkbyf ofhvjflutyc= mwtdbc itv-
ltu [fpc vbclbts|
1+ ufycfpqdhts ghbjhbntnt,b lf fhfcjltc lfbdbo'js bcbyb+
2+ lfbcf[ts vbpyfl lbcwbgkbybht,ekb w[jdht,bc otcb+

3+ efh'fdbs sfdbc vfhskt,bc itcf-
.kt,kj,f+
4+ ye babmht,s ]bkljpt= cfyfv cf-
veifj fh lfvsfdhlt,f+
5+ ajrecbht,f itltupt uffrtsts+
19+ vpfl'jayf= tvcf[ehj c[dt,c|
OBY HJV OFBOBJ= }TH C[DT,B EYLF
UFFNFHJ
hfc ybiyfdc= umjyltc bctsb sdb-
ct,f= hjujhbwff vbcohfat,f= tv-
cf[ehj c[dt,c~
kblthb= hjvtkbw ztivfhbnfl bc-
ohfadbc flfvbfyt,bc cfvcf[ehbc-
rty|
1+ sfdbcb ghbjhbntnt,bc cbfib
c[dt,c eahj oby f'tyt,c+
2+ akj,c cfresfhb sfdbc hovtyfc=
hfw cfiefkt,fc f.ktdc= tvcf[ehjc
c[dt,c+
3+ sfdbcb bybwbfnbdbs tvcf[eht,f
c[dt,c+
4+ fh frtst,c ajrecc vbc vbth lfrf-
dt,ek vlujvfhtj,fpt+
5+ tvcf[eht,f vj'dfcbc cb'dfhekc+
20+ wjlybc it.tybc eyfhb| KBLTHFL
HJV LFHXTS= LFHXBS VJOFATL
yt,f vb,j.ts= uflfubifkjs [esb
elbltcb kb-
ltht,b fhf
v[jkjl fv,j,ty=
hf eylf ufrts-
ltc= bcbyb
frtst,ty+
]jy vfmcdtkb
kblthj,f
cf,jkjj
fyufhbiib vsfd-
hlt,f bv upbc
ufrdfkdbs= hjvt-
kbw ufhitvjv-
'jas fuekbfyt,c=
uffrtsjy hfbvt
lbflb+
fkfy rtbnb

cf[tkv.qdfytkj ghbywbgb= hjvkt,bw fewbkt,kfl lfut[vf-
ht,fs= itbyfhxeyjs lf ufyfdbsfhjs velvbdb vpfl'jaybc
ufyo'j,f wjlybc vbcfqt,fl|
1+ ufybrehyts bctsb fdflv'jaj,bcfufy= hjujhbw sdbsrvf'j-
abkt,ff+
2+ lf.kbts smdtyb ofhvfnt,f+
3+ gbhj,f lfltdbs= bfhjs gbhlfgbh lf fh uflfzhfs vjrkt-
pt+
4+ ittkbts smdtyc cbfvf'tc+
5+ jh]th fhfcjltc fujs gfce[b thscf lf bvfdt itwljvfpt+
21+ gthcgtmnbekb [tldf| SMDTY ITUB.KBFS= VBFQOBJS
V[JKJL BVFC= HBCB LFYF[DFW .FKUB.S
gthcgtmnbekb [tldf – tc kblthbcsdbc 'dtkfathbf+ bc vbc-
sdbc fewbkt,tkbf+
hfsf erts ufthrdts bvfib= hf fhbc gthcgtmnbekb [tldf lf
hjujh [lt,f bc rfhub kblthbc w[jdht,bc ufye'jatkb yf-
obkb= rfhufl eylf utcvjlts itvltub|
1+ gthcgtmnbekb [tldf vjlbc ibuyblfy+
2+ gthcgtmnbekb [tldf cfsfdtc bqt,c smdtyc ofhcekib+
3+ kblthbc gthcgtmnbekb [tldf frvf'jabkt,c c[df flfvbfysf
vjs[jdybkt,t,c+
4+ gthcgtmnbekb [tldf ut[vfht,fs 'dtkf htcehcbc rjywtyn-
hbht,fib+

KBLTHBC AEYMWBT,B
xfvj'fkb,t,bc cnflbfib v'jab kblthbc hj-
kbc cbhsekt itb.kt,f ufwyj,btht,ekb
bmyfc bv vhfdfkv[hbdb aeymwbbc ufy[bkdbc
itltufl= hjvkt,bw kblthj,bc gjpbwbfib
vjbfpht,f+
kblthbc aeymwbbc cgtwbabrf bv ]ueabc sf-
dbct,eht,t,bsff ufygbhj,t,ekb= hjvtkcfw
bc [tkv.qdfytkj,c+ ltvjrhfnbek ]ueat,ib
uflfvo'dtnb vybidytkj,f fmdc cek c[df aey-
mwbt,c= dblht @fdnjhbnfhekib#+ sevwf= tc
fh ybiyfdc= hjv ltvjrhfnbekb cnhemnehbc
vmjyt ]ueabc [tkv.qdfytkj,f eahj fldb-
kbf= dblht fdnjhbnfhekbcf= e,hfkjl= tc
aeymwbt,b sdbcj,hbdfl ufyc[dfdt,ekbf+
,tdhb bv aeymwbfsfufy= hjvtksfw xdty ufy-
db[bkfds= vbtcflfut,f (fy itlbc vfs vjdf-
ktj,fsf yec[fib) gbhdtkflb rjktmnbdt,bcf
lf vc[dbkb jhufybpfwbt,bc ajhvfkeh [tkv-
.qdfytkt,c+
kblthb _ hjujhw flvbybcnhfnjhb+ kblthb-
cfsdbc eahj lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf ]ueabc cfm-
vbfyj,bc evfqktcb rjjhlbyfnjhbc hjkb+
bvbclf vbe[tlfdfl= sdbsjy itbveifdt,c cfm-
vbfyb gjkbnbrbc .bhbsfl vbvfhsekt,t,c=
se tc ptdblfy fhbc ufothbkb= vbc gfce[bc-
vut,kj,fsf fhtib ewbkj,kfl itlbc cfve-
ifjc ufy[jhwbtkt,fpt vtsdfk'ehtj,bc
aeymwbf+ fvfcsfy= flvbybcnhfwbekb aeymwb-
bc fhcb vlujvfhtj,c fhf cfveifjc lfvjerb-
lt,kfl itchekt,fib= fhfvtl ]ueabc lfyfh-
xtyb otdht,bcfsdbc vbc ufyfobkt,fib+
kblthb= hjujhw lfvutuvfht,tkb+ kblthb
[ibhfl bqt,c dfklt,ekt,t,c= itbveifjc
4545

vtsjlt,b lf cfiefkt,t,b= hbcb lf[vfht,bsfw ]ueavf vb-
pfyc eylf vbfqobjc+ tc aeymwbf bsfdct,c hjujhw cfsbsfj
yf,b]t,bc ufycfpqdhfc= fctdt cfmvbfyj,bc uh.tkdflbfyb
utuvt,bc itveifdt,fc+ [fylf[fy kblthbf cfvjmvtlj utuvbc
thsflthsb vfnfht,tkb vfy thsvf bwbc itvlujvb upt,b=
]ueabc lfyfhxtyb otdht,bcfsdbc yfwyj,bf utuvbc v[jkjl
wfkrtekb= thsvfytssfy lferfdibht,tkb yfobkb+
kblthb= hjujhw gjkbnbrjcb+ kblthbc ths-ths evybidyt-
kjdfytc aeymwbfc ofhvjflutyc ]ueabc vbpyt,bcf lf vjmvt-
lt,bc thsbfyb [fpbc lfvrdblht,f+ .bhbsflfl= ]ueaeh vbp-
yt,cf lf vfsb vbqotdbc vtsjlt,c cfvb o'fhj uffxybfs|
1) vbsbst,t,b= hjvtksfw ]ueab qt,ekj,c [tkv.qdfyt-
kj,bcufy ce,jhlbyfwbfcsfy itcf,fvbcj,bs+ sevwf [lt,f
eahj lf,fkb cfat[ehbc kbltht,bc xfhsdfw rjyceknfy-
nbc [fhbc[bs= fy lflutybkt,bc itveifdt,bcfc cfsfs,bhj
[vbc eakt,bs+
2) vbsbst,bs mdtvjlfy= t+b+ sdbsjy ]ueabc uflfo'dtnb-
kt,f+ sevwf vbpyt,b lf cfiefkt,t,b ufycfpqdhekbf mdtdb-
lfy= fvbclf vbe[tlfdfl= kblthb gfce[bcvut,tkbf vfs htf-
kbpfwbfpt+
3) sdbsjy kblthbc vbsbst,t,b (bv gbhj,bs= hjv bc akj,c
fdnjyjvbfc uflfo'dtnbkt,t,bc vbqt,bcfc)+
kblthb= hjujhw tmcgthnb+ [ibhfl kblthb ofhvjflutyc
gbhc= dbcfw vbvfhsfdty= hjujhw en'efhb byajhvfwbbc
o'fhjc fy rdfkbabwbeh cgtwbfkbcnc+ tzdufhtitf= lbl ]ue-
at,ib aeymwbt,bc ufyfobkt,bc vfqfkb [fhbc[bc itvs[dtdf-
ib= kbltht,b (jhufybpfwbbc [tkv.qdfytkt,b) vbvfhsfdty
c[dflfc[df vjflubkbc= cgtwbfkbcnbcf lf rjyceknfynbc
cfvcf[ehc+ vjwtvek itvs[dtdfib= fhxtdfyb vtjht cfat[ehbc
tmcgthnt,pt sdfkcfxbyjl f[fcbfst,c sfdfl [tkv.qdfyt-
kbc itcf.kt,kj,t,c+
bcbyb= dbyw yfrkt,fl ajhvfkehb cnhemnehbc jhufybpf-

wbt,ib= fy cgjynfyehfl ofhvjmvybk flfvbfysf ]ueat,ib
eahj vtn ntmybreh ufsdbswyj,btht,fc ufvjfdktyty ]ue-
aehb vbpyt,bc cathjib= sdbsjy [lt,bfy kbltht,b+ fct= vf-
ufkbsfl=hjvtkbvttmcgtlbwbfibufvwbkt,tkc=flubkj,hb-
db sfdbct,eht,t,bc wjlybc ufvj= fldbkfl ite.kbf= vbbqjc
]ueabc afmnj,hbdb [tkv.qdfytkj,f+
sbsmvbc 'dtkf itvs[dtdfib= hjwf ]ueabc otdht,b lfvj-
rblt,ekyb fhbfy flfvbfypt= hjvkbc ntmybrehb wjlyf lf
rdfkbabrfwbf fewbkt,tkbf ]ueaehb vbpyt,bc ufy[jhwbt-
kt,bcfsdbc= fv gbhbc bhudkbd [lt,f .fkfeakt,bc gjkfhb-
pfwbf+ tc vfc ite.kbf= ufvjb'tyjc cfresfhb - kblthbc hj-
kbc ufv'fht,bcfsdbc+
kblthb= hjujhw ]ueabc ofhvjvflutytkb ufht cfv'fhjib+
kblthb ofhvjflutyc jabwbfkeh gbhc= hjvtkbw ufht
cfv'fhjib 'dtkfc cf[tkbs ufvjlbc+ fvbnjv ]ueabc vjyf-
obktt,bcfsdbc cek thsb fh fhbc= dby lf hjujh ofhvjfl-
utyc vfs+ kblthb= fv itvs[dtdfib= fcf[btht,c ]ueabc 'dtkf
otdhc= vfs rjktmnbeh ujyt,fc= yt,fc lf f+i+ bc f[ltyc ]ue-
ablfy vjvlbyfht lf ]ueabc vbth vbcfqt,b byajhvfwbbc
nhfycajhvbht,fc+
kblthb= hjujhw ]ueabc ibuybs ehsbthsj,t,bc vfhtuekb-
ht,tkb+ ]ueabc ibuybs gbhjdyekb lf cfmvbfyb ehsbth-
sj,t,bc htuekbht,f [jhwbtklt,f cfrjveybrfwbj mctkbs=
hjvtkcfw ite.kbf /mjyltc c[dflfc[df cf[t+ pjubths ]uea-
ib 'dtkf byajhvfwbf uftlbyt,f kblthbc ufdkbs= pju]th
]ueaib fhbfy kblthsfy lff[kjt,ekb gbht,b= hjvkt,bw
fchekt,ty fv mctkc fhct,j,ty ]ueat,bc nbgt,b= cflfw kb-
lthb fhbc @ths-thsb+#
kblthb= hjujhw of[fkbct,bc lf lfc]bc o'fhj+ ufycfres-
ht,bs vybidytkjdfy ufhtvjt,fc ofhvjflutyc of[fkbct,bcf
lf lfc]bc cbcntvf= hjvtkcfw kblthb ufvjb'tyt,c ]ueabc
ofhvjvflutykt,bc rjynhjkbcfsdbc+ tc aeymwbf vfqfk
vjs[jdyt,c e'tyt,c kblthbc gbhjdyek sdbct,t,c= ufycf-
resht,bs= ]ueat,ib= cflfw vtnb 'ehflqt,f fhf vfnthbf-
keh= fhfvtl vjhfkeh afmnjhc tsvj,f+

kblthvf eylf bwjltc ]ueabc
'jdtkb otdhbc cfmvbfyj,bc by-
lbdblefkehb vjnbdfwbf= ite-
cf,fvjc ptvjmvtlt,bc .fkf of-
vf[fkbct,tk lf gtybntywbfkeh
pjvt,c ]ueabc 'jdtk otdhsfy
vbvfhst,fib+ ufhlf ]ueabc otd-
ht,bc cfmvbfyj,bc flvbybcnhf-
wbekb htuekbht,bcf lf of[f-
kbct,bc jabwbfkehb pjvt,bc
ufvj'tyt,bcf= kblthc eylf itt.-
kjc= vj[th[t,ekfl ufvjb'tyjc
fhfajhvfkehb cjwbfkehb cfy-
mwbt,b= hjvkt,bw= hjujhw ot-
cb= vwbht ]ueat,ib 'fkb,lt,f+
fhfajhvfkehb cfymwbt,b fhbc
pjvt,b= [th[t,b= hjvtksf vtidtj-
,bsfw thsvfytssfy f[kjc v'jab
flfvbfyt,b ufvj[fnfdty gfnbdbc-
wtvfc vfs vbvfhs= dbcb mwtdfw itt-
cf,fvt,f vfs vjkjlbyt,c lf fdkt-
yty ervf'jabkt,fc vfs vbvfhs=
dbcb mwtdfw dth fvfhskt,c vfs
bvtlt,c+
kblthb= hjujhw vjcfvfhskt lf
vidblj,bcv'jatkb+ tc aeymwbf
ufhrdtekb ljpbs erfdibhlt,f
obyfhtc+ ]ueabc otdht,c ijhbc
rjyakbmnbc gbhj,t,ib kblthb
eylf ufvjdbltc thslhjekfl=
hjujhw vjcfvfhskt lf vidb-
lj,bc lfvfv'fht,tkb+ t+b+ - dbqfw
off[fkbcjc lf dbqfw lfcf]jc+ fv
aeymwbfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs= kb-
lthbc [tkib fqvjxylt,f cfief-
kt,f= hjvkbc o'fkj,bs vfc ite.-
kbf= itfvwbhjc= fy [tkb iteo'jc
gtcbvbcnb exbdbc
mfhc= jgnbvbcnb
tkjlt,f= hjv
mfhb vbvfhse-
kt,fc itbwdkbc=
kblthb rb fahfc
mfhbc vbvfhse-
kt,bs f,heyt,c+
]jy vfmcdtkb
kbltht,b mvybfy
ghjtmnt,c+ elb-
ltcb kbltht,b
mvybfy+++ .bt,t,c+
njv gbnthcb
eptyftcb vjoj-
lt,f kblthbcf
- flfvbfyt,bc
phlf-ufydbsf-
ht,bc [tkito-
'j,ff!
]jy vfmcdtkb

]ueabc ibuybs ahfmwbjybpvbc ntyltywbfc bvbclf vb[tl-
dbs= se hjujhbf vbcb gbhflb utuvt,b+
kblthb= hjujhw vfufkbsb+ pjubthsb nbgbc ]ueaib kblthb
]ueabc lfyfhxtyb otdht,bcfsdbc itb.kt,f uf[ltc mwtdbc
vjltkb= t+b+ epheydtk'jc sdfkcfxbyj ybveib bvbcf= hj-
ujht,b eylf b'dyty bcbyb lf hf eylf frtsjy+ vtsfehb= hj-
vtkbw eibihfl vbe.qdbc ]fhbcrfwt,c ,h.jkfib= cojhtl
fcts vfufkbsc ofhvjflutyc+
kblthb= hjujhw ]ueabc cbv,jkj+ itleqf,t,ekb ]ueat,b
c[df bylbdblevt,bcfufy fhf vfhnj ibyfufyb= fhfvtl ufht-
ufyb ufyc[dfdt,ekj,bcfrty vbbcohfadbfy+ fctsb ]ueabc
otdht,b ufyvfc[dfdt,tk ybiyt,c bhxtdty cfvjccf lf mwtdf-
ib (vfu+ gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,bc= rke,t,bc otdht,b lf f+i+)+
kbltht,b= hjvkt,bw ofhvjflutyty fctsb ]ueabc ,bhsdc=
cbv,jkjc aeymwbfc ufyf[jhwbtkt,ty| vfs cf[tkt,c fh-
mvtdty vstk vj.hfj,fc (bhb,fl - vbc vjyfobktt,cfw)+ rth-
.j vhtodtkj,bc cfv'fhjib abhvt,bc vvfhsdtkt,b sdbsjy
f[jhwbtkt,ty fcts cbv,jkbpfwbfc= ufyb[bkfdty hf sfdbfys
cfmvtc= hjujhw cfresfhb gbhjdyt,bc ufuh.tkt,fc htkbub-
ehb vbvlbyfhtj,t,b lf ctmnt,b ufyfuh.j,ty sfdbfysb lf-
vffhct,kt,bc cf[tkbc nfht,fc cfrvfjl [fyuh.kbdb lhjbc
vfy.bkpt lf f+i+
kblthb= hjujhw afmnjhb bylbdblefkehb gfce[bcvut,kj,bc
vj[cybcfsdbc+ [ibhfl kblthb vybidytkjdfy hjkc sfvf-
ij,c ]ueabc otdht,bcfsdbc= hfsf bcbyb ufsfdbceaklyty
gfce[bcvut,kj,bcfufy cfresfh uflfo'dtnbkt,t,cf lf mvt-
lt,t,pt= hjvkbc sfdblfy fhblt,fw cehs+ kblthbc cf'df-
htkb ufvjsmvf - @'dtkf ghtntypbf - xtvsfy#= @bvjmvtlts
xtvb cf[tkbs#= @uflftwbs= hjv vt de,h.fyt#- cojhtl fv
aeymwbfc erfdibhlt,f+ fvhbufl= vbvltdht,bc thsuekt,bc
cfgfce[jl= kblthb sfdbc sfdpt bqt,c vfs yfwdkfl uflfo-
'dtnbkt,bc vbqt,bc ndbhsc+
fvfcsfy= vbvltdht,b cfrvfjl [fkbcbs uflfcwtvty cfresfh
sfdbceakt,fc kbltht,c (ahjvvf fv vjdktyfc @sfdbcea-
kt,bcfufy ufmwtdf” eojlf)+

kblthb= hjujhw vtupehb vcjakfqmvfib+ kblthb= evsfd-
htc itvs[dtdfib= ofhvjflutyc afctekj,t,bcf lf yjhvt,bc
o'fhjc= hjvkbcufyfw ]ueabc vcjakfqmvf bqt,c cfsfdtc+
vskbfyj,fib bc fcf[fdc bv cfpjufljt,bc bltjkjubfc= hj-
vtkcfw ]ueab vbtresdyt,f+ jhufybpfwbbc vfcinf,t,ib ]ue-
abc rth.j vcjakfqmvf= cfthsjl= eahj ittcf,fvt,f [tkv.-
qdfytkj,bc fphjdyt,bc [fnc (nbgc)= dblht wfkrtekb hbub-
sb otdht,bcfc+
it[tlekt,t,b evtntcobkfl vbtlbyt,f mdtdbsrty= dblht _
gbhbmbs tc ufycfresht,bs w[flbf bv itvs[dtdt,ib= hjwf
kblthb frjynhjkt,c byajhvfwbfc= hjvtkbw ]ueaib ufht
cfv'fhjlfy vjlbc+
kblthb= hjujhw @vfvf#+ kblthbc vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb aey-
mwbbc byntuhfwbf ]ueabc otdht,bcfsdbc [lt,f @vfvbc# 'jd-
kbcvjvwdtk hjkib= ztivfhbnb kblthb _ ]ueabc otdht,bc
'dtkf lflt,bsb tvjwbbc ajrecb= bltynbabrfwbbcf lf th-
suekt,bc uh.yj,bc bltfkehb j,btmnbf+ se kblthb hjvt-
kbvt vbvfhsekt,bs fh gfce[j,c vbvltdht,bc bltfkc= vfs
ite.kbfs ujyt,fib @uflffrtsjy# bc sfdbc zrefpt+ @vfvj,hb-
db# hjkb ,tdhfl ufcfut,c [lbc bv ecfpqdhj .fkfeakt,fc=
hjvtkcfw ufhrdtek gbhj,t,ib teakt,bfy kbltht,b+
kblthb= hjujhw ufyntdt,bc dfwb+ hfvltyflfw kblthb itb.-
kt,f b'jc lflt,bsb uh.yj,t,bc j,btmnb ]ueabc vbth lf-
cf[ekb vbpyt,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,bc itvs[dtdfib= bvltyfl
vfhw[bc lhjc itb.kt,f= uf[ltc ]ueabc otdht,bc v[hblfy
fuhtcbbc cfvbpyt+ hjwf ]ueab bv'jat,f akecnhfwbbc
vlujvfhtj,fib= kblthb itb.kt,f uf[ltc j,btmnb= hjvtk-
ptw 'dtkf ]fdhc b'hbc+
ufycfresht,ek itvs[dtdfc ofhvjflutyc ]ueabc otd-
ht,bcfsdbc bkepbf kblthbc yfvldbk utuvt,sfy lf vbc
gbhjdyt,fcsfy vbvfhst,fib+ fvbnjv t.t,ty bltehb vjobyf-
fqvltutt,b fctsb uekvjlubyt,bs afmnt,c cfgbhbcgbhj
]ueabc kblthbc rjvghjvtynbht,bcfsdbc+
tzdufhtitf= ]ueabc 'dtkf otdhb thsyfbhfl fh fqbmdfvc kb-

lthbc gbhjdyt,fcf lf yf,b]t,c+ eylf fqbybiyjc= hjv kblt-
hb (bctdt= hjujhw 'dtkf lfyfhxtyb flfvbfyb) vbvltdfhsf
wyj,btht,fib vfsb cfresfhb gbhjdyt,bc xfhxjib fhct,j,c=
t+b+= itcf.kt,kj,t,b flfvbfybc vbth flfvbfybc fqmvbcf uf-
ybcfpqdht,f @fqvmvtkbc# gbhjdyekb vjyfwtvt,bs (t+o+
cjwbfkehb gthwtawbf)+ ufhlf fvbcf= hfw eahj yfrkt,fl
vbcfodljvbf kblthb= vbs eahj vtn cbdhwtc csfdfpj,c
afynfpbbcsdbc cfresfh vbvltdht,c vbcb (kblthbc) [fnbc
itcfmvytkfl+
kblthbc xfvjsdkbk aeymwbt,c fhfthsudfhjdfyb vybidyt-
kj,f uffxybf c[dflfc[df nbgbc ]ueat,sfy vbvfhst,fib= fvb-
njv kblthbc lfcf[tkt,ek hjkt,sfufy .ytkbf= ufvjb'jc
vsfdfhb lf vtjht[fhbc[jdfyb vfsb vybidytkj,f vth'tj,c
ibyfufy lf ufhtufy afmnjht,sfy lfvjrblt,ekt,bs= bv 'dt-
kfahbs= hfcfw rjktmnbdbc w[jdht,fc deojlt,s+

KBLTHBC FQMVF
VBCB ]UEABC VBTH
kblthb eylf fqbmvt,jltc= hjujhw @ths-
thsb xdtyufyb#+ ofhvfnt,ekb kbltht,bc
cfmvbfyb ,bjuhfabt,bc itcofdkf exdtyt,c=
hjv kblthc fmdc ufhrdtekb cfthsj vf[fcbf-
st,tkb ]ueabc lfyfhxty otdht,sfy+ fvbnjv
bc fqbmvt,f= hjujhw @ths-thsb xdtyufyb#
lf fhf @hjujhw vjcekb#+ cfresfhb bltynb-
abrfwbf @vjceksfy# ]ueabcfsdbc cfrvfjl
ufzbhlt,jlf+
kblthb eylf vbbqjy= hjujhw @vcufdcb ev-
hfdktcj,bcf#+ vbcsdbc cfrvfhbcb fh fhbc
]ueabc yfvldbkb otdhj,f= bc eylf fqbm-
vt,jltc= hjujhw sfdbcsfdib ufyvf[jh-
wbtkt,tkb bv yjhvt,bcf lf afctekj,t,bcf=
hjvkt,bw vtnyfrkt,fl vybidytkjdfybf
]ueabcsdbc+
hf [fhbc[bs ite.kbfs xfvj'fkb,t,ekb
]ueabc kbltht,c= itwdfkjy vbqt,ekb yjh-
vt,b lf afctekj,t,b~ rjywtawbf kblthb-
cf= hjujhw @lblb flfvbfybcf#= eidt,c= hjv
vfc .fke.c= cfresfhb yt,f sfdc vjf[dbjc
]ueac= se vbvfhsf vbcb vlujvfhtj,bcfs-
dbc xdtek .fkfeakt,fc+ sevwfqf= fhbc c[df
rjywtawbfw= hjvkbc sfyf[vflfw= ]ueab
'jdtksdbc eahj .kbthbf kblthpt lf= fvbc
ufvj= bc b.ekt,ekbf= vbbqjc ]ueabcfsdbc
vbqt,ekb yjhvt,b+
vskbfyj,fib= kblthbc ufdktybc cfrbs[b
.fkbfy cfbynthtcj lf vybidytkjdfybf= vfu-
hfv ]thfw ,jkjvlt ufehrdtdtkb+ itcf.-
kt,tkbf= hjv bvbcfsdbc= hfsf itbyfhxeyjc
kblthj,f= vfy eylf vbbqjc= fy vjfxdtyjc sf-
5252

db= hjv qt,ekj,c ]ueabc nhflbwbt,c= yjhvt,c= vbpyt,c
lf lft[vfhjc ]ueac vbpyt,bc vbqotdfib+
kblthb eylf fqbmvt,jltc= hjujhw @cfertstcj xdtyc ijhbc#+
]ueabc .bhbsflb yjhvt,bcf lf afctekj,t,bc vbqt,f ]th
rbltd fh fhbc cfrvfhbcb= hfsf kblthb uf[lt+ eylf b'j fhf
v[jkjl hjujhw @evtntcb xdtyufyb#= fhfvtl= hfjlty gfhf-
ljmcekbw fh eylf b'jc= @xdtyc ijhbc cfertstcj”= hfvlt-
yflfw= ufvjxtybk gbhjdyt,fl ofhvjxtybcfc= vfc ite.kbf vf-
ufkbsb b'jc ]ueabcsdbc lf uf[ltc @vfvbc# cbv,jkj+ b'jc
@cfertstcj#= fewbkt,tkbf bvbcsdbcfw= hjv ufyf[jhwbt-
kjc ]ueabc veifj,bc tatmnehb vfhsdf lf rjjgthbht,f+
bv its[dtdfib= se kblthb fh ofhvjflutyc tmcgthnc ]ue-
abc fvjwfyt,sfy vbvfhst,fib= tc fvjwfyt,b fy ufye[jhwbt-
kt,tkb lfhxt,f= fy cfiefkj ljytpt ufy[jhwbtklt,f+
sevwfqf= kblthb @xdtyc ijhbc cfertstcj# rb eylf b'jc=
vfuhfv bc fh eylf b'jc ,tdhfl ertstcbw+ bc fh eylf b'jc
,tdhfl zrdbfyb+ ]th thsb= ptlvtnfl zrdbfyb fh fqbmvt,f=
hjujhw @ths-thsb xdtyufyb#+ vtjhtw= vbcb bynthtct,b
fv itvs[dtdfib ijhc bmyt,f ]ueabc ghj,ktvt,bcfufy=
bc fh bmyt,f cfrvfhbcfl vjnbdbht,ekb bvbcfsdbc= hfsf
lft[vfhjc ]ueac+ vtcfvtw= itcf.kt,tkbf= ufxyltc rjve-
ybrf,tkehj,bc ghj,ktvf byntktmnib lblb c[dfj,bc uf-
vj lf ,jkjc= fhct,j,c cfae.dtkb lfcrdybcfsdbc= hjv
.fkbfy zrdbfyvf kblthvf itb.kt,f= itvjbnfyjc cbf[ktt,b=
hjvkbc vbcfqt,flfw ]ueab vpfl fh fhbc= hflufyfw bcbyb
tobyffqvltut,bfy lfvrdblht,ek ]ueaeh bltjkjubt,c
fv itvs[dtdfib kblthb dth bmyt,f= hjujhw @evtntcb xdty-
ufyb#+
kblthvf eylf uffvfhskjc vbvltdfhsf vjkjlbyb+ ]ueabc
otdht,c ijhbc itb.kt,f= lfvrdblhltc cfthsj fphb bvfc-
sfy lfrfdibht,bs= se hjujh eylf bmwtjltc kblthb lf
hf aeymwbt,b eylf itfchekjc+ fvbnjv bcbyb bhxtdty lf
tuet,bfy v[jkjl bcts kbltht,c= dbyw uffvfhskt,c vfs
vjkjlbyc+
kblthbc jhb aeymwbf= hjvkt,bw flht b'j yf[ctyt,b

- bylbdblefkehb gfce[bcvut,kj,bc efh'jaf lf vfvbc
cbv,jkbpbht,f - dfhfelj,c= hjv kblthfl fhxtekb bm-
yt,f bc= dbcfw ite.kbf= lffrvf'jabkjc bylbdblbc bctsb
vjs[jdybkt,t,b= hjujhbwff dbqfwbc ylj,f= dbqfwfcsfy
ufthsbfyt,f lf f+i+
fvhbufl= hxtekbc= kblthbc gbhjdyekj,f= yfobkj,hbd= lf-
vjrblt,ekbf vbvltdht,bc gbhjdyek sfdbct,eht,t,pt+

KBLTHJ,BC UTYLTHEKB
SFDBCT,EHT,T,B
kblthj,fpt cfe,hbcfc itb.kt,f= ufxyltc
rbs[df= hf vybidytkj,f fmdc fm utylthc~ fhbc
se fhf ufyc[dfdt,f kblth mfkcf lf kblth
rfwc ijhbc~ se fhbc= fv itvs[dtdfib hf sdb-
ct,t,b f[fcbfst,c kblth mfkc lf hfvltyfl
eybrfkehbf bcbyb+
2005 otkc vtyt]vtynbc abhvf @Caliper#-bc vb-
th bv vf[fcbfst,kt,bc rdktdf ufy[jhwbtk-
lf= hjvkt,bw ufyfc[dfdt,ty kblth mfkt,c
vfvfrfwt,bcfufy= hjwf cfmvt t[t,f kblthbc
sdbct,t,c+
rdktdbc sfyf[vfl= mfkb-kbltht,b eahj lf-
vf]tht,tkyb fhbfy+ bcbyb eahj vtnfl fhbfy
lfbynthtct,ekyb lfo't,ekb cfmvbc lfche-
kt,bs lf eahj vtnfl vblbfy hbcrpt= dblht
rfwb-kbltht,b+ mfkb-kbltht,b eahj tvgf-
sbehyb lf vjmvtlyb fhbfy= fctdt itvrekyb
fhbfy,tdhflertstcbgbhjdyekbsdbct,t,bs+
tc cfiefkt,fc f.ktdc vfs= .bhtekfl itw-
dfkjy cbnefwbf lf byajhvfwbf 'jdtkb
v[hblfy itfuhjdjy+ mfk-kbltht,c .fke.s=
lffhoveyjy c[dt,b cfresfh sdfkcfphbcib=
hflufy sdbsjy uekohatkfl eylfs= ufe-
ujy c[dt,c lf bpheyjy vfspt+ flfvbfyt,b=
hjvkt,bw vb'dt,bfy vfs= uh.yj,ty= hjv vfsb
tcvbs= fafct,ty lf v[fhc ezthty+
@Caliper#-bc rdktdfib ufrtst,ekb b'j js[b
vsfdfhb lfcrdyf mfkb-kblthbc sdbct,t,sfy
lfrfdibht,bs|
1+ mfkb - kbltht,b eahj lfvf]tht,tkyb fhbfy=
dblht vfsb gfhnybjhb vfvfrfwt,b+
5555

2+ mfkb - kbltht,b zrefc cofdkj,ty ,tlbc ereqvfhsj,t,bc
itvs[dtdfib= lf efh'jabc lhjc fdktyty gjpbwbfc @vt smdty
ubxdtyt,s!#+
3+ mfkb - kbltht,b b'tyt,ty kblthj,bc byrkepbeh= ueyleh
cnbkc= vbvfhsekc ghj,ktvt,bc uflfzhfcf lf uflfo'dtnb-
kt,bc vbqt,fpt+
4+ mfkb - kbltht,bcfsdbc xdtekbf otct,bc buyjhbht,f lf hbc-
rpt ofcdkf+
rdktdbc sfyf[vfl= mfkt,c ite.kbfs= itwdfkjy otct,b= coj-
hfl lf lfvf]tht,kfl vbfojljy sfdbfysb fphb+ bcbyb itegj-
dfhyb fhbfy lf vbbcohfadbfy ghj,ktvt,bc itcf.kt,kj,t,fl
nhfycajhvbht,bcfrty+
ljvbyfynj,f= hjujhw kblthj,bc cnbkb= sfyfvtlhjdt
cfv'fhjib cek eahj yfrkt,fl gjgekfhekb [lt,f+ cflqt-
bcjl= cek eahj lf eahj afclt,f mfkbc eyfhb lf itcf.-
kt,kj,f ufthsbfyt,bcfrty+ mfkt,c ite.kbfs= itbyfhxeyjy
thsbfyj,f j]f[ib= jhufybpt,f ufertsjy vj[fkbctt,c ufth-
sbfyt,bcf lf cfpjufljt,hbd w[jdht,fib wdkbkt,t,bc itnf-
ybcfsdbc+ tc f[fkb sdbct,t,b kblthbcf _ thsj,kbdb= ufyf-
obkt,ekb kblthj,f= pheydf lf eyfhb= vbfuj cbrtst c[dt,c
_ lqtbcfsdbc fhf vfhnj lblb vybidytkj,bcff= fhfvtl fewb-
kt,tkbf bvbcfsdbc= hfsf cfv'fhjc gjpbnbehb wdkbkt,t,b
vjenfyjc+

C[DFJ,F VFVFRFWB-KBLTHBCF
LF
MFKB-KBLTHBC VBLUJVT,IB
cfv'fhj vhfdfk ufypjvbkt,fib itbwdfkf+
vrfwhb bthfhmbekb vfhsdf yfrkt,fl tatm-
nehb [lt,f ufdktyfpt= lfhoveyt,fcf lf vj-
nbdfwbfpt fut,ek vfhsdfcsfy itlfht,bs+
ufyc[dfdt,bs vfvfrfwb-[tkv.qdfytkt,bcfufy=
hjvkt,bw wlbkj,ty= yt,bcvbthb cnhemne-
hf lffkfujy dthnbrfkehb .kbthb gbhfvb-
lbc itcf,fvbcfl= mfkt,b egbhfntcj,fc fyb-
zt,ty vfhsdbc eahj afmbp bycnhevtynt,c=
hjvkt,bw gbhjdyt,bc vbvfhs 'ehflqt,fptf
fut,ekb+ c[df cbn'dt,bs= mfkt,b vfhsfdty
ufdktybc bycnhevtynt,bc lf[vfht,bs= hjv-
kt,bw tv'fht,f /jhbpjynfkeh rfdibht,c
(lfhoveyt,f lf vjnbdfwbf)= [jkj vfvfrfwt,b
_ .fkfeakt,bc bycnhevtynt,bc cfae.dtk-
pt (b.ekt,f lf bthfhmbf)+ cojhtl fvbnjv=
,bzt,b ufvelvt,bs it]b,hib fhbfy= [jkj uj-
ujyt,b vjkfgfhfrt,t,c vfhsfdty= wlbkj,ty=
uflfo'dbnjy fvjwfyf= vjnbdfwbfc ertst,ty
itvchekt,kt,c gbhjdyek ljytpt+
,tdhb vfvfrfwb= hjvtkbw vbxdtekbf .fkfea-
kt,bc bthfhmbek ehsbthsj,t,c @vvfhsdt-
kb-lfmdtvlt,fht,ekb#= cbcecntl vbbxytdc
mfkb-[tkv.qdfytkbc vwltkj,fc= vfhsjc
gfhnybjhekb ehsbthsmvtlt,bc cbcntvbs+
hfw itt[t,f mfkt,bc vfhsdfc= hjvkt,bw vbx-
dtekyb fhbfy [tkv.qdfytkj,bc vfvfrfweh
cnbkc= vfssfy mfkb-[tkv.qdfytkbc ufvj-
xtybcfc [ibhfl f'dfdlt,f [jkvt bynhbut,b
lf xfcfaht,t,b+ mfkc yfrkt,fl fmdc eyfhb=
[fhbc[bfyfl vfhsjc bthfhmbek cbcntvfib+
5757

bc fvfc rfw-[tkv.qdfytkpt efht-
cfl frtst,c+ vfuhfv vfhsdbc vtsj-
lt,b bwdkt,f lf sfyfvihjvkt,bc
[tkv.qdfytkj,f [lt,f fhf .fkf-
eakt,hbdb= fhfvtl vjnbdfwbehb
bycnhevtynt,bs= fvbnjv buh.-
yj,f mfkb-[tkv.qdfytkbc cfzb-
hjt,bc phlbc ntyltywbf+
lfvrdblht,ekbf vjcfpht,f= hjv
mfkt,c ezbhs [tkmdtbsb vfvfrf-
wt,bc vfhsdf+ vfvfrfwt,bcsdbc
eahj fldbkbf vfvfrfwt,bc vfh-
sdf=hflufybcbybcfrvfjlfldbkfl
vorhbdlt,bfy bthfhmbek .fkfea-
kt,hbd gbhfvblfib= fveifdlt,f
cnthtjnbgb t+o+ @vfvfrfwehb
reknehbcf#+ [fyuh.kbdb lhjbc
ufyvfdkj,fib [lt,jlf ,bzt,bc
fqphlf bv cekbcrdtst,bs= hjv
mfkt,b fh fhbfy ufvjcfltuyb
[tkv.qdfytkj,bcfsdbc+
tc bhoveyf efvhfdvf mfkvfw=
hjvkt,bw fhxtdyt,pt fhwse fm-
nbehfl ezthty v[fhc mfk-rfylb-
lfnt,c+ mfk-[tkv.qdfytkc= coj-
htlfw= eahj ezbhc= itesfdcjc
j]f[b lf cfvcf[ehb+ vfvfrfwt,b=
j]f[b hjvw /mjylts= eahj sf-
dbceafkyb fhbfy cfibyfj cfphe-
yfdbcf lf ,fdidt,bcfufy= dblht
mfkt,b= seylfw cfj]f[j cfmvbf-
yj,fib lfv[vfht /'fdlts+
se mfkb brfdt,c [tkv.qdfytkbc
gjpbwbfc= vfy rjyrehtywbf eylf
bwjltc veifj,f -
veibc vjdfktj,ff+
fcofdkjc c[dt,c
- vfcofdkt,kbc
vjdfktj,ff+
isffujyjc c[dt,b=
bveifjy erts=
[tkv.qdfytkbc
vjdfktj,ff+
frtsjc gbhdtkbw=
vtjhtw= vtcfvtw
- ztivfhbnb kb-
lthbc vjdfktj,ff
]jy vfmcdtkb
kblthj,f cb'-
dfhekbf+ dyt,f+
w[jdht,bc utvj+
resdybkt,f+ th-
suekt,f+ lbflb
xfyfabmht,b lf
uflfo'dtnbkt,f=
ufyf[jhwbtkjc
wdkbkt,t,b+ th-
sj,kbdb sfduflf-
cfdkt,b+ dtkehb
itwljvt,b+ phlf+
ufevf.qfhb cohfa-
df wdkbkt,bcfrty+
njv gbnthcb

ufcobjc rfwehb otct,bs= hjvkt,bw vfhsdbc lhjc ,tdhfl
vtnbf| lfbwdfc sfdbcb nthbnjhbf= cfresfhb fphb+
fhct,j,c rbltd thsb vbsb - mfkbc vfvfrfwehb fphjdyt,bc
itcf[t,+ fh fhct,j,c mfkb vfvfrfwehb fphjdyt,bs+ bc= hf-
cfw vfvfrfweh fphsf o'j,fc t.f[bfy= - kjubrf= cbvnrbwt=
cojh[fpjdfyt,f - jhbdt cmtcc f[fcbfst,c+ e,hfkjl= vfvfrf-
wt,b vidblfl fqbmdfvty fv sdbct,t,c sfdbfys vcufdc flfvb-
fyt,ib= [jkj mfkt,c= hjvkt,bw fv sdbct,t,c b'tyt,ty vfh-
sdfib= eojlt,ty sfdbcyt,fc lf rfwehc+
cbyfvldbktib= vfhsdbc [fhbc[b lfvjrblt,ekbf byntktm-
npt= bynebwbfpt= kjubrfpt= flfvbfyt,sfy veifj,bc eyfh-
pt= tc sdbct,t,b rb ybifylj,kbdbf hjujhw rfwbcsdbc= bct
mfkbcsdbc+ hjwf mfkb-[tkv.qdfytkb fdktyc cbvnrbwtc
lf vjvs[jdytkj,fc= fewbkt,tkc fvf se bv cfveifjc lhj-
ekfl itchekt,bcfsdbc= tvjwbeh ljytpt [tkmdtbst,bc
v[hblfy tc itb.kt,f fqmvekb bmytc= hjujhw @fhfmfkehb
sdbct,t,bc# ufvjdktyf= hflufy mfkbcfufy (vfs ijhbc mfkb
[tkv.qdfytkbcfufy)= bcnjhbekfl - tkjlt,bfy cbh,bktcf
lf lfsvj,fc= vfvfrfwt,c [ibhfl vbentdt,ty 'dbhbkcf lf
h,tdfc= vfuhfv mfk-[tkv.qdfytkc fv nbgbc cfmwbtkc fhfcj-
ltc fgfnbt,ty+

KBLTHB MFKBC GKBECT,B
LF VBYECT,B
mfkbc wdfkt,flb [fcbfsb cfvcf[ehib f[fk=
.fkbfy vybidytkjdfy sdbct,fib uflflbc= - tc
fhbc vjmybkj,f+ bc cfiefkt,fc f.ktdc mfk-
kblthc= itbyfhxeyjc sfyf,fhb ehsbthsj,f
gfhnybjht,sfyfw lf sfyfvihjvkt,sfyfw+
bc= fctdt= eahj fldbkfl tuet,f vjekjlytk
wdkbkt,t,c= dblht vfvfrfwb+
mfkbc crhegekjpehj,f= hjujhw otcb= lf-
lt,bs hjkc sfvfij,c+ vfvfrfwt,b akj,ty
cnhfntubek fphjdyt,fc= hjvtkbw qfkf-
nj,c vfs bcts cbnefwbt,ib= hjwf fewb-
kt,tkbf ltnfkt,bcfsdbc 'ehflqt,bc vbmwt-
df+ mfkc rb dthfathc ufvjfgfht,+ bc fhfcjltc
fv,j,c efhc odhbkvfy cfmvtt,pt= gfnfhf itr-
dtst,pt= itcf.kj vjvut,bfy obyflflt,t,pt+
bcbw rb= hfcfw dth ufvjb'tyt,c fv;fvfl= itvj-
yf[ekb fmdc vjvfdkbcsdbc+
ltlehb bycnbymnbw e[lt,f cfmvtc+ mfkt,b=
hjujhw otcb= cfresfh cfmvtc trblt,bfy= hj-
ujhw ,fdidc lf 'dtkfathc ufbqt,ty vbcb
uekbcfsdbc+ bcbyb fctdt fhbfy ufyo'j,bkyb
sfyfvihjvkt,bc vbvfhs= uh.yj,ty gfce[bc-
vut,kj,fc 'jdtkb vfsufybc ufvj+ cojhtl
fvbnjv e.ytklt,fs vfs ufyijht,f fhfcfceh-
dtk [fk[sfy - t,hfkt,fs+
sevwf= eylf bsmdfc= vsfdfhb - ghjatcbjyf-
kbpvb - fh fhbc lfvjrblt,ekb cmtcpt+ fvbnj-
vfw= se [tkv.qdfytkc eyfhb fmdc lf ite.-
kbf= fbqjc bybwbfnbdf= ijhcv[tldtkb lf ufv-
zhbf[bf= fh eibylt,f hbcrc= ite.kbf b'jc
fh,bnhb gbhjdyt,fsfijhbc ehsbthsj,t,ib=
ite.kbf gfce[bcvut,kj,f fbqjc [tkmdtbssf
60606060

fyfpqfeht,fpt= fqfhf fmdc vybidytkj,f= mfkbf bc se rfwb!
mfkb-kblthb akj,c eahj vfqfk cjwbfkeh byntktmnc=
bc eahj afmbpfl fqbmdfvc ehsbthsj,bc ybefyct,c= vfs
ijhbc cfresfh sfdsfy vbvfhst,fib+ mfkc f[fcbfst,c vt-
nb rjynfmnehj,f lf ghfmnbrekb fphjdyt,f+ se vfvfrfwb
ufyo'j,bkbf gthcgtmnbdt,pt ufsdkbkb uh.tkdflbfyb utu-
vt,bc fut,bcrty= mfkb egbhfntcj,fc fybzt,c rjyrhtnekfl
ufhfynbht,ek itltuc @fm lf f[kf#+ mfkb vfvfrfwpt erts
frjynhjkt,c cfresfh lf c[dbc itwljvt,c bc= hjujhw
otcb= erts f[th[t,c cfresfhb fpht,bc ajhvekbht,fc lf
bltt,bc ufvj[fndfc+
lf vbyect,b
cfmvbfyb mfkbc rfhbthbc ufydbsfht,bc upfpt ths-thsb vsf-
dfhb o'fkmdtif hbab fhbc bc= hjv fh ite.kbf ukj,fkehfl
lfbyf[jc ghj,ktvf= fvfcsfy - eahj ufydbsfht,ekb rjycth-
dfnbpvb= odhbkvfyt,ib lf tvjwbt,ib= flfvbfyehb ehsbth-
sj,t,bc cbcntvfib xfakj,bc ntyltywbf+
.bhbsflb obyfqj,t,b ofhvfnt,bc upfpt vidtybthb cmtcbc
ofhvjvflutykt,bcfsdbc ufvjb[fnt,f js[b gjcnekfnbs=
hjvkt,bw 'jdtksdbc eylf f[cjdltc 'jdtk fv,bwbeh
mfkc|
1+ mfkvf ,tdhfl vtnb eylf bihjvjc bubdt itltubcfsdbc= hjvtk-
cfw vfvfrfwb yfrkt,b vwltkj,bs fqotdc+ ifhkjnf ebnnjyvf
(mfkfm jnfdfc vthb ufcekb cfereybc ief okt,ib) hfjltyj,hb-
dflfw rb itfafcf .fkbc[vtdbc vbsbst,ekb c[dfj,f| @hfcfw fh
eylf frtst,lyty mfkt,b= vfs jh]th vtnb eylf uffrtsjy= dbl-
ht vfvfrfwt,vf= hfsf bc cfyf[tdhjl vfbyw bmytc itafct,ekb+#
2+ mfkbcfsdbc ,bpytcib lfeidt,tkbf bv tvjwbt,bc ufvjdkt-
yf= hjvtkbw tgfnbt,f vfvfrfwc+ lbf[= 'dtkufy lf 'jdtksdbc
fqbfht,ekb b'j= hjv mfkb eahj tvjwbehbf= dblht vfvfrfwb=
sevwf se vfy ([tkv.qdfytkfl ]thfw fhv'javf) sfs,bhpt
cfresfh sfdc .kbthb Etvjwbt,bc eakt,f vbcwf= vhfdfkvybi-
dytkjdyfl uflf[tlfdty thsvfytsc lf ertstc itvs[dtdfib= bc-
nthbfl xfesdkbfy| @vtnc hfc eylf tkjlj mfkbcufy~# se vf-

vfrfwb vjbmwtdf fct= fvfc itfafct,ty= hjujhw uyt,fds (cf[kib
ghj,ktvt,b fmdc= lfbqfkf= uflfbmfywf= .fkbfy lf.f,ekbf= itb.-
kt,f ufeuj)= jqjyl - fhf hjujhw bcnthbrfc+
3+ vfvfrfwt,c fh c]thfs= hjv fhbfy mfkt,b= hjvkt,bw vfs lj-
ytpt thrdtdbfy ntmybreh cfrbs[t,ib+
4+ hjujhb cfmt,fhb cbn'dt,bsfw fh eylf fvrj,ltc vfvfrfwb-
[tkv.qdfytkb sfdbc [tkmdtbs mfkc= bc .fkbfy bidbfsfl ofc-
otdc vfc cfvcf[eht,hbd cfat[ehpt= se fhbfy vfcsfy gjntywb-
fkbs f[kjc v'jab ghtntyltynb rfwt,b+

KBLTHB MFKBC
GHJATCBEKB BVB]BC
UFVJVEIFDT,F LF ITMVYF
HF AFCLT,F 'DTKFPT EAHJ~
@xfbwdb= hbc cfiefkt,fcfw vjuwtvc cfaekt=
vfuhfv ye fybfdt,+++ rf,bs itbwyj,f flfvb-
fyb+++# itmcgbhc xdtyc= vtnfl itwdkbk= lhj-
ib hjv tw[jdhf= jhbdt cmtcbc vbcfvfhsbs
bn'jlf fv ufahs[bkt,fc+ vfuhfv bltf ufcf-
ut,bf+ fhw bct fldbkbf bvudfhb xfwvf= hjv vfy
[tkb iteo'jc ofhvfnt,fc+
se ubylfs= hjv smdtyb cfvjcb smdtyc gbhjd-
yt,fc ittcf,fvt,jltc= eylf bwjlts= hjv
,bpytcbc cfv'fhjib ofhvfnt,bcfsdbc eylf
itfhxbjs cfvjcb= hjvtkbw lhjbc vbth fhbc
itvjovt,ekb+
smdty itub.kbfs= fsfcj,bs ljkfhb lf-
[fh]js= lblb .fkbc[vtdf lf tythubf itfkb-
js cfvtwybthj [fhbc[bc vjgjdt,fc+ itub.kb-
fs= itb.byjs elbltcb wjlyf= vfuhfv smdtyb
ufhtuyj,f ths-thsb vsfdfhb afmnjhbf= hj-
vtkbw flfvbfyt,ib bodtdc smdtysfy lf smdty-
sdbc veifj,bc cehdbkc+
mfk,fnjyt,j= qbhctekfl
lfbzbhts sfdb!
xfbwdbs cfveifjcfsdbc= hjvkbc vbqt,fw
ucehs lf fhf cfveifjcfsdbc= hjvtkbw
ufmds+ fv hxtdbc fdnjhb cfrvfjl ufvzhbf[b
6363

flfvbfyb b'j+ fhct,j,c othbkj,bsb se cbn'dbthb cf[bc ot-
ct,b= hjvkt,bw nfycfwvkbc cnbkc fvrdblht,c smdtyc jhuf-
ybpfwbfib - lfhoveyt,ekyb b'fdbs= tc fctf+
se fctsb otct,b fh fhbc smdtyb abhvbc otclt,fib= vfiby
e,hfkjl vbvjb[tlts - hfc fnfht,c rjvgfybbc ghtpblty-
nb~ hf fwdbf vvfhsdtkc~
pjubthsvf cfvcf[eht,hbd rb,tpt fqvfcdkf rfhub ihjvbc
o'fkj,bs it.kj+ c[dt,c e,hfkjl ufevfhskf+ vfuhfv jhb-
dt itvs[dtdfib= bcbyb elfjl qbhctekfl ufvjb'eht,jlyty=
sfdc abhvbc cfzbhj sfyfvihjvkt,fl sdkblyty+
rjcnbevb
cfveifjufhlthj,bcithxtdbcfcfhitwlt,bs=sefbhxtdsvf-
qfkb [fhbc[bc vem-keh]= yfwhbcath= vem-'fdbcath fy ifdb
athbc rjcnbevc+ rjcnbevc fmdc rjyrhtnekb lfybiyekt,f
lf fewbkt,kfl itlbc 'jdtkb mfkbc cfveifj ufhlthj,ib+
eahj qbf njybc rjcnbevt,b c[df aeymwbfc fchekt,ty= [fpc
ecdfvty vj[ltybkj,fc lf cnbkc+ se 'ehflqt,bs lffrdbh-
lt,bs bvfc= hf bsdkt,f vbcfqt,fl smdtyc abhvfib= smdty
itub.kbfs ufycfpqdhjs= hf athbcf lf njyfkj,bc rjcnbe-
vt,b vjub[lt,fs+
itvlujvfl fvbcf - mdtlfrf,bc cbuh.bc itcf[t,+ smdtyb mdt-
lf,jkjc lfcfidt,b cbuh.t lblobkfl fhbc lfvjrblt,ekb
smdtyb cfmvbfyj,bc cathjpt lf= hfw rbltd eahj vsfdf-
hbf= smdtyb abhvbc ibyfufy reknehfpt+ hjujhw otcb= mdt-
lf,jkj fh eylf b'jc ve[kc .fkbfy fijht,ekb lf ief
odbdc mdtvjs+ sevwf itb.kt,f vbyb-rf,t,b vjlfib b'jc= vfu-
hfv vbcb flubkb fhff ghjatcbjyfksf cfv'fhjib (se smdty=
dsmdfs= cfwfkj dfzhj,fib fh veifj,s)+

smdtyb rjcnbevbc mcjdbkb
cnbkpt lf athpt fhfyfrkt,b vybidytkj,f fmdc mcjdbkc=
hjvkbcufyfw bc fhbc itrthbkb+ rjcnbevbc 'bldbc lhjc
'jdtksdbc eylf lfhoveylts= hjv mcjdbkb fh bzvezyt,f+
ahs[bkfl vjzvezyts mcjdbkb jhbdt [tkbs= sbsmjc oe-
hfdlts+ se fvbc itvltu bc lfrezekb lfhxf= c]j,c rfhufl
lfabmhlts= cfyfv b'blbs+ lqbc sfs,bhpt rjcnbevb bctsb-
dt ufnrbwbyt,ekb eylf xfyltc= hjujhw lbkbs= hjwf xfbw-
dbs+
rfhub mcjdbkt,bf| 100%-bfyb ifkb= ifkbc yfhtdb lf f,ht-
ievb+ itb.kt,f ufvjb'tyjs ufhtuyekfl ifkbcf lf f,htie-
vbc vcufdcb pjub cbystnbrehb mcjdbkbw= serb vfs vfqfkb
[fhbc[b fmds+ fh fhbc htrjvtylt,ekb ctkbc rjcnbevb+
hfw itt[t,f ,kept,c= cfertstcj fhxtdfyb xbsb fy ctkb bm-
yt,f+ f,htievbw cfdct,bs itcfathbcbf+ bc= hf smvf eylf=
vjlehbf+ vfhskbf= fv yfnehfkehb mcjdbkt,bc [fhbc[b
wyj,bkbf= vfuhfv pjubthsb vfqfkb [fhbc[bc cbystnbrehb
mcjdbkbw itb.kt,f smdtyb rjcnbevt,bc rfhu lfvfnt,fl bm-
wtc+
,kepb
smdtyb ,kept,bc athb= elfdjl= smdtyc vstk bthpt fbcf[t,f+
bctdt= hjujhw rjcnbevt,bc fhxtdbcfc= ,kept,bw c]j,c=
thsb athbc b'bljs+ sevwf atht,bc evtntcj,f vbcfqt,bf=
c]j,c= fbhxbjs ,kept,b= hjvkt,bw athbs t[fvt,bfy ufh-
rdtek rjcnbevc+ se smdty= vfufkbsfl= qbf athbc rjcnbevc
bwvtds= ev]j,tcbf= itfhxbjs vemb= fy yfstkb athbc ,kepb+
fvhbufl= 'jdtksdbc eylf itfhxbjs vfqfkb [fhbc[bc= athb-
sf lf cnbkbs smdtyb itcfathbcb cfvjcb+

rjkujnt,b
bvb]bc cfrbs[t,bc rjyceknfynt,b fcrdybfy= hjv mfkt,b=
hjvkt,bw fnfht,ty sfdbfysb rfybc athbc rjkujnt,c= ea-
hj rjycthdfnjht,b fhbfy= dblht bcbyb= dbyw egbhfntcj,fc
vemc fybzt,c+
fvbnjv ]fycfqb fphb udrfhyf[j,c= hjv c]j,c= xfdbwdfs
rfybc athsfy itcf,fvbcb rjkujnt,b= vbsevtntc= se xdtyc
abhvfib vrfwhb otct,bf+
rdkfd ufubvtjht,s| vbvjb[tlts lf lffrdbhlbs= hf fwdbfs
smdtyc rjktut,c= hjvtksf utvjdyt,fcfw tylj,bs+ ,bpyt-
cbc pjubths cathjib (cfwfkj dfzhj,fib= vfufkbsfl) athf-
lb rjkujnt,b itb.kt,f cfdct,bs vbcfqt,b b'jc+ sevwf jab-
ct,bc evhfdktcj,fib smdty vjut,ekb lfhxt,bs= se vrfwh
otct,c lfbwfds+
at[cfwvtkb
vfssdbc= dbyw lfrfdt,ekbf ,bpytcib= eahj vbcfqt,bf rkf-
cbrehb yfdbct,hb at[cfwvtkb+ uf[cjdlts= hjv meckb 5-
7=5 cfynbvtnhbc cbvfqkbc eylf b'jc+ se aekc n'fdbc lf
fhf cbystnbreh at[cfwvtkib lf[fh]fds= eahj qbhctekb
bvb]b utmyt,fs+ at[cfwvkbc htrjvtylbht,ekb atht,bf _
vemb keh]b= ifdb= yfnehfkehb n'fdbcathb lf he[b_'fdbc-
athb+
xfysf= cfmfqfklt= gjhsatkb
'jdtksdbc ev]j,tcbf= n'fdbc fmctcefht,b itb.byjs+ fvj-
bhxbts rkfcbrehb lf fhf ptvjlehb yfrtsj,t,b+ bctdt=
hjujhw at[cfwvtkt,bcsdbc= htrjvtylbht,ekb atht,bf|
vemb-keh]b= ifdb= yfnehfkehb n'fdbcathb lf he[b-'fdbc-
athb+

itb.kt,f se fhf thslhjekfl
[tkxfysbc lf gjhsatkbc nfht,f+
hf smvf eylf= se xfysf vwbht pj-
vbcff lf v[fhpt uflfcfrblb+ vfc-
ib v[jkjl fewbkt,tkb ybdst,b
blt,f (cfaekt= svbc ]fuhbcb= rjc-
vtnbrf lf f+i+)+ se cfdct [tkxfysf
lfubdfhlt,fs lf ufb[cyt,f= ,tdh
hfvtc itbn'j,ty smdtyb w[jd-
ht,bc itcf[t,+ yfvldbkfl fhfcf-
cehdtkbf= fctsb hfv cfvcf[ehib
lfutvfhsjs+
cfsdfkt
se cfsdfktc fnfht,s= bc ufvj't-
yt,ekb eylf bmytc hjujhw gbh-
lfgbhb lfybiyekt,bs= fctdt cfv-
idtybcfl= cf[bc yfrdst,bc [fpuf-
cfcvtkfl lf bv bvb]bc ufycfvnrb-
wt,kfl= hjvkbc lfvrdblht,fw
ucehs+ vfqfpbfsf lf ufy'jab-
kt,fsf evtntcj,fib= cflfw cfs-
dfkt b'blt,f= rdfkbabwbht,ek
vjcfvcf[ehtt,c ite.kbfs smdtyb
lf[vfht,f+ cfcehdtkbf= hjv mf-
kt,c jhb cfsdfkt vfbyw /mjylts
_ thsb cfvcf[ehbcsdbc= vtjht _
yfrkt,fl vrfwhb= cfvcf[ehbc itv-
lujvb it[dtlht,bcfsdbc+
smdtyc vbth fhxtekb vjltkbc
vbe[tlfdfl= lfhoveylbs bvf-
ib= hjv kbypt,b yfstkbf lf fhf
kbltht,b mvybfy
fhf @vbvltdht,c#=
fhfvtl tythubek=
lfvjerblt,tk
kbltht,c+ jhufyb-
pfwbbc 'dtkf lj-
ytpt= lfo't,ekb
fqvfahtybs cfdct
f[fkufphlt,blfy=
kbltht,b t[vf-
ht,bfy c[dt,c
f[fkb cfv'fhjc
fqvjxtyfib+ bcbyb
off[fkbct,ty kb-
ltht,c= hjvkt,bw
bujyt,ty f[fk cfv-
'fhjc lf udthlc
edkbfy= udbhudbyc
fwkbfy cfresfh
kbltht,c+
njv gbnthcb
fh itb.kt,f
uf/'dt flfvbfyc=
dbcbw fh uofvc=
dbcfw sfdflfw
fh c]thf bvbcf=
hfcfw frtst,c lf
hjujh frtst,c+
/tbk /fvbknjyb

lf,ehekb lf hjv cfsdfktt,bc
nfht,f itub.kbfs jabcib+ dbpe-
fkehb rjynfmnb ahbfl vybidyt-
kjdfybf ehsbthsj,bcfsdbc= fvb-
njv sdfkt,b lfvfkekb rb fh
eylf b'jc= fhfvtl ufhrdtdbs xfy-
ltc+
cfvrfekb
etzdtkbf= hjv smdtyc vbth fh-
xtekb cfbedtkbhj yfrtsj,fyb
smdtyb fhcbc cfertstcj uf-
vj[fnekt,ff= vfsb vybidytkj,bc
lfrybyt,f ite.kt,tkbf+ fvbcfs-
dbc= 'jdtksdbc itfhxbts .dbh-
afctekj,f= hjvtkbw fvlblht,c
rjcnbevc+ ufbrtsts vfhufkbnbc
cf'ehtt,b cflfabcqbkt,bfy rjc-
nbevsfy fy rf,fcsfy+ se ifd rjc-
nbevsfy jmhjcath 'tkcf,fvc
brtst,s= lfevfnts jmhjcathb
cf'eht vfcib xfcvekb ifdb mdbs+
cf'ehtt,b+ fh lfeidfs= hjv xfvj-
rjyobfkt,ekvf cf'ehtt,vf lf,-
kf lfumfxjs cfvcf[eht,hbd rb-
,tpt+ xfvjrblt,ekb cf'ehtt,b
cfertstcjf cf,fyrtnj lfh,fpib
lf ite.kbf= rfhufl lfut[vfhjs
cfpjufljt,hbd cfmvbfyj,fib= vfu-
hfv bcbyb ufvjecfltufhbf jabcbc-
sdbc+ hfw itt[t,f cf'ehtsf c[df
nbgt,c _ ev]j,tcbf= e,hfkj lf
tktufynehb itfhxbjs+
kbltht,b
isf,thfdty cb-
wjw[ktc ufhit-
vjv'jasf bvt-
lt,c lf jwyt,t,c
lf t[vfht,bfy
vfs= lfbyf[jy vj-
vfdkbc sdfkofh-
vnfwb gthcgtmnb-
dt,b+
]tbvc reptcb=
,fhb gjpythb
ylj,bc ufhtit
kblthb fh fh-
ct,j,c+
,hfby rthjkb
kblthc ite.kbf
'dtkfathpt
smdfc efhb=
ufhlf _
cf,jkjj gfce[bc-
vut,kj,bcf+
]jy vfmcdtkb

cffsb+ cffsb= hjvtkcfw fnfht,s= fhf v[jkjl lhjc fxdt-
yt,c= fhfvtl qbht,ek fmctcefhc ofhvjflutyc+ fb= hfnjv
fhbc ev]j,tcb rkfcbrehb cnbkbc cffsbc 'bldf+ bc rfhufl
t[fvt,f cfveifj rjcnbevc= lf bvfcfw= hfcfw cfvcf[ehbc itv-
ltu xfbwdfvs+ bvb]bc rjyceknfynt,b vbdblyty lfcrdyfvlt=
hjv 'dtkfpt vbcfqt,bf lblb pjvbc cffst,b (tank style) v,ho'b-
yfdb ifdb fy jmhjcathb cfvf]ehbs+
@wfvtnbc otcb#+ ctvbyfhbc vjyfobktt,b [ibhfl rbs[ekj,ty=
@hfvltyb cfvrfekbc nfht,ff vbpfyitojybkb~# fy @hf itub-
.kbfs smdfs lfyfhxty vjhsekj,fpt~# @wfvtnbc otcb# afh-
lfc [lbc fv cfblevkjc+ lbkbs= nfycfwvkbc xfwvbcfc= cfc-
ohfajl uflfsdfkts 'dtkf fmctcefhb rjcnbevbc= rf,bc fy
,kepbc kfvfpb qbkt,bc xfsdkbs= at[cfwvkbc vjcfhsfdb=
cfsdfkt lf cfbedtkbhj yfrtsj,t,b+
se bcbyb wfvtnpt yfrkt,bf= tct bub smdty rfhufl ufvjb'e-
ht,bs= [jkj se wfvtnpt vtnb lfbsdfkts= c]j,c fh ufhbc-
rjs lf vjbijhjs ptlvtnb+
dfhw[ybkj,f
bvltyfl= hfvltyflfw smdtyb svt,b 'dtkfpt vtn 'ehflqt,fc
bmwtdc= lfb[fh]ts dfhw[ybkj,fpt= hjvtkbw vtnyfrkt,fl
ub[lt,fs+ v[ht,fvlt= fy eahj vjrkt= fy eahj uh.tkb lf
itcf,fvbcfl lfdfhw[ybkb svt,b smdty ghjatcbjyfkbc bthc
itu.tys+ se v[ht,fvlt fy erfy uflfotekb svt,b vjuojys=
tctw cfrvfhbcbf= hjv vj[ltybkfl ufvjb'eht,jlts+
w[flbf= hjv svt,bc athb yfnehfkehb eylf b'jc+ thblts
svt,bc vemb .bht,bc ufvjxtyfc+ seUsvt,c bqt,fds= tc cfb-
levkjl itbyf[ts+

ceyfvj
ceyfvjsb cfhut,kj,bcfc b[tkv.qdfytkts .dtkb cfhtrkf-
vj hxtdbs| @smdtysdbc vce,emb vbrfht,fw cfrvfhbcbf!#
se dbqfw= smdtyufy thsb [tkbc ufodltyfpt vlujvb= smdtyb
ceyfvjc itcf[t, ute,yt,fs hfvtc= tn'j,f= lfcfidt,pt vtnb
bc[ehts+ ceyfvj bvudfhfl eylf ufvjb'tyjs= hjv smdtyw lf
bcbw= dbcfw eakt,fc f.ktds= smdtyufy thsb [tkbc ufodltyf-
pt f[kjc b'jc= sfdc rjvajhnekfl uh.yj,lts+
fhfajhvfkehb lqtt,b
ufcekb cfereybc 90-bfy okt,ib f[fkvf cbjv lfe,thf| lfv-
rdblhlf lqtt,b - yfrkt,flajhvfkehb cfvjcbs+
sevwf abhvt,bc evhfdktcj,f= hjvkt,bw fcts lqtt,c fot-
ct,c= itcf,fvbcfl= cgtwbfkeh otct,c ufvjcwtvc= ufycfres-
ht,bs= mfkt,bcfsdbc= fvbclf vbe[tlfdfl= cfvjcbc ithxtdf
itb.kt,f vfbyw uf.ytkltc+
vfufkbsfl= hfvltyfl vjrkt itb.kt,f b'jc 'jdtklqbehb
mdtlf,jkj~ hjujhbf itpqeldt,b ptlf cfvjcsfy lfrfdib-
ht,bs~ vbcfqt,bf se fhf rf,f-ifhdfkb~ se lfcfidt,bf= cfzb-
hjf vfcsfy ,kepbc nfht,f~ se vfbcehbw ufvjlut,f~ fmfw
abhvbc ibyfufyb fnvjcathj ubrfhyf[t,s= hbs itbvjcjs+
vbvjb[tlts lf lffrdbhlbs= hf fwdbf smdtyc [tkv.qdfytkc=
smdtyc rjktut,c= dbc utvjdyt,fcfw tylj,bs+ fmfw itb.kt,f
ghfmnbrekb hxtdbc vbwtvf| se uttzdt,fs _ hxtdf brbs[ts+

LFCRDYF
mfkbc kblthek gjpbwbfpt ufcf'dfyfl= gbhdtk hbuib= .fkb-
fy vybidytkjdfybf vbcb sfyf,fhb eakt,t,bc= vbcb= hjujhw
kblthbc sfyf,fhb itcf.kt,kj,t,bc lf eyfh-xdtdt,bc fqb-
fht,f+ se mfkbc v[hblfy vj[lt,f itho'vf yfvldbkb kblt-
hbc sdbct,t,bcf _ .kbthb [fcbfsb= ghjatcbjyfkbpvb= byb-
wbfnbdf= .fkbc[vtdf _ nhflbwbek mfkeh afctekj,t,sfy=
hjujhbwff sfyfuh.yj,bc eyfhb= /evfyehj,f= vjmybkj,f=
tivfrj,f= ghfmnbrekj,f lf f+i+= bc it.kt,c= uf[ltc ztivfhb-
nb kblthb+
mfkb-kblthb _ yfstkb gbhjdyt,ff= bc mfkehbf= fh fhbc cfc-
nbrb lf wbdb= fmnbehbf byntktmnefkehfl lf abpbrehfl=
sdbsjy qt,ekj,c uflfo'dtnbkt,t,c= vfuhfv vidtybdhfl
bzthc c[dt,bc ufyo'j,fc= vbcsdbc ew[jf odhbkvfyb vteh-
dtj,f [tkmdtbst,pt+ bc vpflff= ufhbcrjc= vbpfylfcf[ekbf=
sfdbcsfdib lfhoveyt,ekb= qbhctekfl htfubht,c rhbnbrf-
pt= itybidyfpt lf itehfw['jafptw rb+ ite.kbf jgthfnbe-
kfl uflfthsjc thsb cjwbfkehb hjkblfy (@[tkv.qdfyt-
kb#= @cfmvbfyb mfkb#) vtjhtpt (@mfkbidbkb= ltlf= wjkb#)+
vbcsdbc .fkbfy vybidytkjdfybf hovtyf= hjv vbcb tcvbc mvfh-
idbkc lf v[fhc ezthty+
rbltd thsb fhwse evybidytkj gbhj,f| w[jdht,bctekb vbp-
yt,bc vbcfqotdfl cfresfhb itcf.kt,kj,t,bc vtnyfrkt,fl
chekb htfkbpfwbbc ghj,ktvbc uflfo'dtnf v[jkjl th-
sj,kbdb vwltkj,bs itb.kt,f+ mfkbcf lf rfwbc sfyfvihjv-
kj,f cfpjuflj,hbdb 'jabc 'dtkf cathjib [tkc iteo'j,c
vfs ijhbc f[fkb pytj,hbdb ehsbthsj,t,bc xfvj'fkb,t,fc=
hjvkbc vfvj.hfdt,tkb .fkf bmyt,f gbhflb w[jdht,bc fvf
se bv ajhvbc jhv[hbdb gfnbdbcwtvf= jhbdt cmtcbc ofhvj-
vflutytksf v[hblfy flfvbfybc eakt,bc ufye[htkb lfwdf+

NTCNT,B
ACBMJKJUBEHB NTCNB
1+ lqt b'j .fkbfy lf.f,ekb lf ub;ehb+ cf[kib vjcdkbc itvltu
smdty ucehs vjtidfs lf fvbcfsdbc+++
f) bvpflt,s s,bk f,fpfyfc
,) brfkfst,s afy]hbc hfafpt lf frdbhlt,bs= hjujh xflbc
vpt
u) vstkb cfqfvj pb[fhs ntktdbpjhsfy
2+ 'dtkfpt eahj ub'dfhs it[t,f
f) ifkbc cf,fysfy
,) f,htievbc [fkfssfy
u) yfnehfkeh ,todsfy
3+ se ewf,tlfl vjubdblfs bltf= hjv vjrbljs [tkb smdtyc uf-
htuyj,fc= smdty lfbo't,s
f) vfcf;bs
,) rjcvtnjkjubc vjvcf[eht,bs
u) vfybrehbs fy gtlbrehbs

4+ 'dtkfathb hjv itut.kjs= hfw ubylfs= smdty fbhxtdlbs|
f) itvodfh rfhnjabkc= ,fnb,enc= s[bktekc
,) ,enth,hjlc rfhfmbs lf [bpbkfkbs
u) ths ekeaf yf'byc ijrjkflbc vbyfymfhbs
5+ abkvb= hjvkbc vjujyt,fpt sdfkpt whtvkb uflut,fs|
f) @vjcrjdc whtvkt,bc fh c]thf#
,) @vje[tkst,tkb iehbcvf.bt,kt,b#
u) @ufpfa[ekbc 17 uftkdt,f#
6+ se ucehs= tcfe,hjs ,eyt,fc= smdty|
f) uftvfhst,bs cfctbhyjl mfkfmbc sdfkofhvnfw flub-
kt,ib
,) lf[tnbfkj,s n,bc= vlbyfhbc= pqdbc yfgbhfc
u) rbs[ekj,s ;ehyfkt,cf lf ufptst,c ,eyt,fpt
7+ smdtyb cf'dfhtkb vecbrff
f) hjr-ty-hjkb| smdty u[b,kfds wtrdf= kqdt,bs vfcib
,) rkfcbrehb| bc fqdb.t,c smdtyc ofhvjcf[dfc
u) gjgekfhekb| smdty f'dt,bs cbvqthfib lf sfdc vidtybd-
hfl uh.yj,s

8+ svt,bc itcf[t, smdty abmhj,s= hjv|
f) bc mfkbc cbfvf'bc cfufybf= 'jdtksdbc cfueklfuekjl ey-
lf b'jc lfdfhw[ybkb
,) bc bhtrkfdc smdtyc ibyfufy ,eyt,fc= uflvjcwtvc smdtyc
bylbdblefkj,fc
u) tc v[jkjl ufhtuyj,bc yfobkbf= dfhw[ybkj,fc lblb vybi-
dytkj,f fhf fmdc
9+ pfa[ekbc cfqfvjc= hjwf fuhbklt,f= smdty bwvtds|
f) ,fv,bc uh.tkcf[tkjt,bfy [fkfsc= v[fhpt rb ;frtnc vjbu-
lt,s
,) s[tk ,keppt rfgbeijybfy mehserc
u) s,bk rjanfc cfpfa[ekj rf,fpt
10+ se vjupfehj,bc nbgbc fhxtdf itvjusfdfptc= smdty bh-
xtds|
f) fdnjvj,bkc
,) sdbsvahbyfdc
u) dtkjcbgtlc
11+ 'dtkfpt fvfqtkdt,tkb vjvtynb +++ smdtyc it'dfht,eksfy
b'j
f) gbhdtkb rjwyf
,) yfpb ufvj[tldf= hfw vtn'dtkt,lf= hjv smdty czbhlt,bs

thsvfytsc lf ,jkjclf,jkjc it[dlbs
u) cekbcitvue,t,tkb [dtdyf
12+ vfvfrfwib 'dtkfpt eahj vjuojys|
f) cbvfqkt
,) fqyfuj,f
u) sdfkt,b
lfbsdfkts smdtyb mekt,b rbs[dbc rjjhlbyfnbcf lf smdtyc
vbth fhxtekb gfce[t,bc dfhbfynbc (f+ ,+ u+) uflfrdtsfpt+
f[kf egfce[ts rbltd cfv itrbs[dfc @/j# fy @fhf# lf rbltd
[esb mekf vbevfnts 'jdtk lflt,bs gfce[c|
1+ kbsjybs ieibc a[fzyfc ojyfcojhj,blfy ufvjd'fdfh
2+ vjvojyc pfa[ekbc s,bk odbvfib ctbhyj,f
3+ rfhub hfw vtnbf= vbs ertstcbf
ITRBS[DBC
YJVTHB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
F 6 2 10 2 10 2 6 10 2 2 10 2
, 10 10 6 10 2 10 10 6 10 6 6 6
U 2 6 2 6 6 6 2 2 6 10 2 10

se smdty itfuhjdts 52 mekfvlt|
smdty ptlvtnfl cthbjpekfl evpths w[jdht,fc+ fvbs cfre-
sfh sfdc fhsvtds gbhfl cb[fhekc lf cbfvjdyt,fc+ bvbcfs-
dbc= hfsf smdtyb tvjwbehb rjtabwbtynb ufpfhljs= vtnb
lhj lf/'fdbs ,eyt,fib= vjecvbyts vecbrfc= bfhts yf[fnt,bc
ufvjatyfpt lf= hf smvf eylf= efhb fh smdfs cb'dfhekpt+
lfnr,bs 'dfdbkt,bc cehytkbs+ cbyfpbs vjtg'fhbs ufhit-
vjv'jas+ .fkbfy vfkt lfhoveylt,bs= hjv tc cfv'fhj fh-
wse bct welbf= hjv cbkfvfpt bhudkbd cfrvfhbcbf= hjv flf-
vbfyt,b bct e[tit,b fh fhbfy= hjujhw thsb it[tldbs xfyc+
se smdty itfuhjdts 53 mekblfy 81 mekfvlt|
gbhdtkvfcb'dfhekvfsmdtyccekibcthbjpekbrdfkblfnj-
df+ itcf.kt,tkbf= dthw rb fwyj,btht,s fvfc= vfuhfv bc zhb-
kj,f lftn'j smdtyc tvjwbeh vlujvfhtj,fc+ sevwf tc fh
fhbc cfibib= f[kf= cojhtlfw= lhjf= ofhcekb lfbdbo'js lf
fov'jsb bw[jdhjs= babmhjs vjvfdfkpt+ lfbdbo'ts ibib lf
twflts= [ibhfl uff[fhjs cfresfhb sfdb+ vbtwbs cfiefkt,f
vpbc c[bdt,c= ufufs,jy+ [jkj ybfdc - lfhlb ufubmfhdjy+ vbt-
wbs sfdbceakt,f cfresfh afynfpbfc+ cek vwbht .fkbc[vt-
df lf - lfrfhuekb cfvelfvjl lfub,heylt,fs+ smdty itub-
.kbfs= gbhlfgbh e'ehjs vjvfdfkc - smdty cfbynthtcj
w[jdht,f utkjlt,fs+
se smdty itfuhjdts 82 mekblfy 110 mekfvlt|
itub.kbfs - lfnr,ts cfertstcj cfzvtk-cfcvtkbs= cb'df-
hekbs+ bhudkbd itvjrht,bkb ufmds 'dtkfathb cfertst-
cj+ fvfcsfy thsfl= smdty itub.kbfs= vbbqjs w[jdht,bc-
ufy bc= hfw fh bs[jdc fhfyfbh lfvfnt,bs lfyf[fh]t,c|
qfvbc cbuhbkt fy vbyldhbc 'dfdbkt,bc sfbuekb= smdty ufw-
yj,btht,ekfl nr,t,bs fvbs+ vfuhfv eakt,fc ye vbcwtvs
cbwjw[kbs nr,j,bc ,eyt,hbd eyfhc= vbpyt,cf lf vjdf-
ktj,t,c vjfwbkjc smdtyb 'ehflqt,f+

se smdty itfuhjdts 111 mekf lf vtnb|
smdty bct [fhs= hjujhw stdpb _ o'fkib+ 'dtkfathb= hfw
uf[dtdbfs= cb[fhekc ufybzt,s lf vpfl [fhs= ufhitvjv'ja-
sfw ufepbfhjs tc+ vpbc s,bkb c[bdt,b= fnkfcbc mcjdbkb=
ceyfvjc fhjvfnb - smdtysdbc 'dtkfathc fmdc vybidytkj,f+
vfuhfv= hjujhw @ghbywtcf wthwdbc vfhwdfkpt#= vtnfl
vuh.yj,bfht [fhs+ tc [tkc ubikbs= vwbhtjltybw rb o'tyfc
ufybzt,s+ twflts= fh uvfhsjy tvjwbt,vf+

1ქალთა ლიდერობის ფენომენი ეკატერინე გამახარია

1ქალთა ლიდერობის ფენომენი ეკატერინე გამახარია

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