book

2. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
pasuxismgebeli
redaqtori anastasia qitiaSvili
wigni moamzades: lika Rlonti
anastasia qitiaSvili
nino labartyava
cico gvaramaZe
konsultanti lamara CikvaiZe
mxatvari-dizaineri buba oCiauri
damkabadonebeli qeTevan gogava
teqnikuri redaqtori nino balanCivaZe
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa
da mecnierebis saministro
erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa
da Sefasebis centri
ISBN 978-9941-0-0535-0

3. s a r C e v i

4. w i n a s i t y v a o b a
mocemuli saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia saxelobo ganaTlebis maswavleblebisa
da instruqtorebisaTvis. saxelmZRvanelo SemuSavebulia avtorTa jgufis mier
erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris profesiuli ganaTlebis
mimarTulebis farglebSi.
saxelmZRvanelos daniSnulebaa, daexmaros saxelobo ganaTlebis maswavlebleb-
sa da instruqtorebs swavlis procesis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi. avtorebi
mzad arian saxelmZRvanelosTan dakavSirebiT miiRon konstruqciuli SeniSvnebi
da gaiTvaliswinon isini Semdeg gamocemaSi.
avtorebi madlobas uxdian TanamSromlobisa da praqtikuli magaliTebis mo-
wodebisaTvis profesiuli swavlebis centrebs:
informaciuli teqnologiebis profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tbilisis m. ToiZis saxelobis samxatvro profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tbilisis profesiuli swavlebis centri `speqtri~
Tbilisis profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tbilisis politeqnikuri profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tbilisis mravalprofiliani profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tblisis mravaldargovani profesiuli swavlebis centri
Tbilisis profesiuli swavlebis centri `margi~
foTis profesiuli swavlebis centri
kaspis profesiuli swavlebis centri
kaWreTis profesiuli swavlebis centri
winamZRvrianTkaris winamZRvriSvilis profesiuli swavlebis centri
N 1 quTaisis profesiuli swavlebis centri
N 2 quTaisis profesiuli swavlebis centri
didi jixaiSis nikolaZis saxelobis profesiuli swavlebis centri
baTumis profesiuli swavlebis centri
qobuleTis profesiuli swavlebis centri
tyibulis profesiuli swavlebis centri
zestafonis profesiuli swavlebis centri
Cxorowyus profesiuli swavlebis centri
mestiis profesiuli swavlebis centri
xidisTavis profesiuli swavlebis centri
kazreTis profesiuli swavlebis centri
qarelis profesiuli swavlebis centri
Telavis profesiuli swavlebis centri

5. Sesavali
saxelmZRvanelos mizania saxelobo ganaTlebis maswavlebelebsa da
instruqtorebs daexmaros swavlebis procesis efeqturad dagegmvasa
da warmarTvaSi. saqarTvelos kanonis `profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~
mixedviT profesul ganaTlebas axorcielebs maswavlebeli da instruq-
tori. maswavlebels ZiriTadad evaleba Teoriuli codnis gadacema,
xolo instruqtori atarebs profesiul da praqtikul swavlebas, Tum-
ca, xSir SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebels uxdeba instruqtoris movaleobis
Sesrulebac da piriqiT. amitom, saxelmZRvaneloSi ar aris gamijnuli
erTmaneTisagan maswavleblebisa da instruqtorebisaTvis gankuTvnili
rekomendaciebi.
swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT saxelobo ganaTlebis maswavleblebsa da
instruqtorebs sxvadasxva kompetenciis floba esaWiroebaT, rogori-
caa dargobrivi, pedagogiuri, socialuri da personaluri. maT mxolod
specialobis safuZvliani codna ki ar evalebaT, aramed codnis efeq-
tianad gadacemac, saswavlo garemos mowyoba, studentebis motivireba,
stimulireba, swavleba saklaso da samuSao adgilze, jgufebis marTva,
xelmZRvaneloba, studentebis Sefaseba da a.S.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo swavlebis yvela am aspeqts exeba da Se-
icavs konkretul rekomendaciebs.
saxelmZRvanelo iwyeba fsiqologiuri Teoriebis mokle mimoxilviT.
am Tavis mizania, mkiTxvels warmodgena Seuqmnas im Teoriul mimar-
Tulebebze, romelic safuZvlad udevs swavlebis meTodikas. ganxilu-
lia bihevioristuli, kognituri da humanisturi Teoriebi, maT Soris
msgavseba-gansxvaveba da pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi. am TavSive aris
naCvenebi, rom swavlebisas mxolod maswavlebeli ki ar unda gansaz-
Rvravdes, ra da rogor aswavlos studentebs, aramed studentebTan er-
Tad gegmavdes saswavlo process da studentis individualur SesaZle-
blobebs iTvaliswinebdes.
Semdegi Tavi (Tavi 2) exeba swavlis procesSi individualur gan-
sxvavebebs. am Tavis ZiriTadi mizania maswavlebelsa da instruqtors
aCvenos, rom yvela adamiani erTnairad ar swavlobs, rom adamianebi
gansxavevbulad aRiqvamen movlenebs, imaxsovreben masalas, azrovneben
da msjeloben. maT gansxvavebuli unarebi da SesaZleblobebi aqvT. am
individualuri gansxvavebebis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia efeqturi
swavleba. amasTanave, am Tavis mizania gviCvenos swavlebis moqnili, mra-
valferovani midgomebis upiratesoba standartul, xist midgomebTan
SedarebiT.
Tavi 3 eTmoba motivaciis sakiTxs: motivacia, rogorc swavlis pro-
5

6. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
cesis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maregulirebeli faqtori, mecnierTa da
fsiqologebis mxridan yovelTvis did yuradRebas imsaxurebs. maswavleb-
lisa da instruqtoris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa studentebis dain-
tereseba, maTi motivireba, swavlebis imdagvarad organizeba, rom swavlis
procesi studentebisaTvis saintereso gaxdes. am TavSi ganxilulia motiva-
ciis tipebi, motivaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, rogoricaa adamianis
moTxovnileba, interesebi, pasuxismgebloba, pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi
motivaciis marTvisa da SenarCunebisaTvis.
Tavi 4 eTmoba komunikaciis process. am Tavis mizania mkiTxvels daanaxvos
komunikaciis mniSvneloba swavlebis procesSi. kidev erTxel aris naCvenebi,
rom xSir SemTxvevaSi swavlebis araerTi problema ukavSirdeba komunikaciis
process da, Tu codnis gadacema Sesabamisi komunikaciis procesis Tanxle-
biT ar xdeba, maswavleblis mxridan mxolod sagnis floba ar aris sakmarisi.
aqve aris ganxiluli araverbaluri komunikacia, romlis Sesaxeb arc Tu ise
bevrma maswavlebelma icis, Tumca saklaso garemoSi is umniSvnelovanes fun-
qcias asrulebs.
Tavi 5 da 6 eTmoba swavlebis miznis dagegmvasa da swavlebis meTodebis
SerCevas. am Tavebis mizania maswavlebels da instruqtors aCvenos, rom swav-
leba efeqturi ver iqneba, Tu yuradRebiT ar SevarCevT yoveli leqciisa
Tu kursis mizans, zustad ar ganvsazRvravT swavlebis misaRwev Sedegebs,
swavlebis konkretul meTods da zustad ar SevarCevT saswavlo masalas,
romelic am Sedegis miRwevisaTvis aris saWiro. am TavSic aqcenti keTdeba
swavlebis mrvalferovani meTodebis gamoyenebis aucileblobaze.
Tavi 7 da 8 eTmoba swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebs. maTi mizania mas-
wavleblebsa da instruqtorebs miawodos sistematizirebuli informacia
swavlebisa da Sefasebis Sesaxeb zogadad da konkretul meTodebTan dakav-
SirebiT. saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebis
farTo speqtri, romelic rogorc jgufuri, aseve individualuri swavlebisas
gamoiyeneba. swavlebis meTodebi ganxilulia Semdegi principebiT: meTodis
arsi, misi gamoyenebis pirobebi, studentebis optimaluri raodenoba, meTo-
dis pozitiuri da negatiuri mxareebi, saswavlo garemosa da swavlebis damx-
mare saSualebebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi,
praqtikidan aRebuli magaliTebi da rekomendaciebi meTodis SerCevasa da
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. meTodis arsis sworad gageba-gamoyenebaSi ro-
gorc maswavlebels, ise instruqtors daexmareba praqtikidan aRebuli mag-
aliTebi da konkretuli rekomendaciebi. daaxloebiT amave formatiT aris
ganxiluli Sefasebis meTodebic.
saxelmZRvanelos Tan erTvis terminTa ganmarteba, romelSic Tavmoyrilia
saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebuli terminebi da maTi mokle ganmartebebi.
6

7. fsiqologebis azriT, swavla aris axali informaciis, codnis, Cve-
vebis, damokidebulebebisa da ganwyobebis SeZena. swavla gulisxmobs
cvlilebas erT romelime zemoTCamoTvlil sferoSi, rac gamowveulia
gamocdilebis SeZeniT. aviRoT, mag.: zonrebis Sekvris magaliTi. es
rTuli Cveva ramdenime moqmedebas moiazrebs: zonris gadakecva da
maryuJis gakeTebas. yovelive amas ki sWirdeba praqtika da gamocdile-
bis SeZena.
swavla sabolood gamocdilebis Sedegia – mas mohyveba adamianis moq-
medebis cvlileba. cvlileba SeiZleba iyos rogorc realuri (dakvir-
vebadi), mag.: students ar SeeZlo da axla SeuZlia Teqis moTelva, ise
potenciuri (aradakvirvebadi), mag.: studentma iswavla axali Teoria.
yvela cvlilebaze dakvirveba SeuZlebelia, swavla nervul sistemaSi
mimdinare araTvalsaCino procesia.
sakmaod rTuli procesia swavla, romelsac saukuneebis manZilze
ikvlevdnen fsiqologebi da filosofosebi; masze gavlenas axdens
garemo faqtorebi, adamianis inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, gan-
wyobebi, motivacia, interesebi, sxva adamianebTan urTierToba da a.S.
amitom, arsebobs swavlis sxvadasxva Teoria, romlebic swavlis pro-
cesis sxvadasxva aspeqtze akeTeben aqcents. esenia:
bihevioristuli Teoria, romlis mixedviT swavla aucileblad
qcevaSi cvlilebas gulisxmobs, rasac SeiZleba davakvirdeT da aRvr-
icxoT. Teoria swavlis procesSi gansakuTrebul miSvnelobas garemo
faqtorebsa da maswavlebels aniWebs; swavla gulisxmobs garemosTan
urTierTobis procesSi gamocdilebis miRebasa da informaciis dag-
rovebas. es Teoria efeqturia, rodesac swavleba mTlian klasze an
studentTa jgufzea orientirebuli da ara konkretul individebze.
kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT swavla adamianis kognitur
aqtivobas saWiroebs, rogoricaa informaciis gaazreba, gadamuSave-
ba, azris gamotana; Teoriis mixedviT swavla SesaZlebelia qcevaSi
maSinve ki ar aisaxos, aramed kognitur cvlilebaSi gamoixatos. am
Teoriis mixedviT swavlis procesis centrSi dgas moswavle, romelic
garkveuli SesaZleblobebis, interesebisa da gamocdilebis matarebe-
lia. adamiani codnas `pasiurad~ki ar iRebs, aramed agebs TandaTano-
biT, gamocdilebis safuZvelze.
humanisturi Teoria, romelic swavlis procesSi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas pirovnul, individualur gansxvavebebs aniWebs. swavla
swavlis fsiqologiuri
Teoriebi
7

8. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
maSinaa efeqturi, rodesac xdeba indvidualuri gansxvavebebis gaTva-
liswineba da dakmayofileba.
mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom es Teoriebi ar gamoricxaven, pi-
riqiT _ avseben erTmaneTs.
mokled mimovixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
1. 11. biheviorizmi
biheviorizmi swavlis procesSi gan-
sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas garemo faq-
torebs aniWebs. biheviorizmis mixed-
viT swavlisaTvis stimuls garemo
faqtorebi iZlevian; amitom bihevior-
istebi ikvleven garemo faqtorebs,
anu stimulebsa da am stimulebze re-
aqciebs. mocemul Teorias stimul-
reaqciis Teoriis saxeliTac moixse-
nieben. mag.: telefonis zari aris stimuli imisaTvis, rom telefonis
yurmili aviRoT.
bihevioristuli Teoria maswavlebelze koncentrirebuli Teo-
riaa, anu is direqtiuli swavlebis Teorias warmoadgens. am Teoriis
mixedviT moswavle swavlis procesSi pasiuria, swavla damokidebulia
maswavlebelze da informaciis gadacemis formaze. ZiriTadi aqcen-
ti keTdeba swavlebaze da ara swavlaze. Tu maswavlebeli saswavlo
garemos gaxdis pozitiurs da sasiamovnos, waaxalisebs studentebs,
moswavleebi efeqturad is-
wavlian masalas da piriqiT.
bihevioristul Teorias ar
ainteresebs swavlis procesSi
adamianis individualuri gan-
sxvavebebi da SesaZleblobe-
bi. misTvis mTavaria garemos
imdagvarad organizeba, rom
moswavleebma `wvrTnis~ sa-
fuZvelze gamocdileba Sei-
Zinon anu daiswavlon.
metic, bihevioristebis mi-
8

9. swavlisfsiqologiuriTeoriebi
xedviT arsebobs daswavlis forma, romelic sulac ar saWiroebs in-
formaciis damuSavebas, gaanlizebas anda azris gamotanas; mas asoci-
aciur daswavlas uwodeben.
asociaciuri daswavlisas erTi movlena asociaciurad, gaucno-
biereblad ukavSirdeba meores. mag.: maswavleblis mimarT dadebiTi
damokidebuleba SesaZlebelia gavrceldes sagnis mimarT damokideb-
ulebaze ise, rom moswavles ar hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu ratom da
rogor xdeba damokidebulebebis Camoyalibeba.
asociaciur daswavlaSi Tavis mxriv or formas ganasxvaveben: kla-
sikursa da operatiul ganpirobebulobas.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba – aseve moixsenieba rogorc `piro-
biT_refleqsuri daswavla~, vinaidan moiazrebs pirobiTi refleqsis
gamomuSavebas. is pirvelad rusma fiziologma ivane pavlovma (1849-
1936) aRwera.
ivane pavlovi, ikvlevda ra saWmlis monelebis procesebs ZaRleb-
Si, Semdeg movlenas gadaawyda: eqsperimentis dros ZaRlebi nerwyvis
gamoyofas iwyebdnen sakvebis miRebisas. es bunebrivi refleqsia. mo-
cemulma movlenam pavlovs
ubiZga Semdegi eqsperimen-
tis dagegmvisaken. is reka-
vda zars, romelic cxadia,
ar iwvevda nerwyvis gamo-
yofas; Semdeg is rekavda
zars da amave dros ZaRls
aZlevda sakvebs; mocemuli
proceduris ramodenimejer
gameorebis Semdeg zaris xma
iwvevda nerwyvis gamoyofas. anu zaris xmaze, romelic ZaRlisTvis
stimulia, ZaRli imave reaqciiT pasuxobda, rogoriTac sakvebis da-
naxvaze; amdenad, stimulebis (sakvebi da zaris xma) asociaciis gziT
da ramodenimejer gameorebis Semdeg ZaRlma axali qceva daiswavla.
pavlovis Teoriis gavleniT jon uoTsonma daswavlis Semdegi Teo-
ria Camoayaliba: nebismieri daswavla xdeba klasikuri ganpirobebis
gziT da adamianis Tandayolil refleqsebs eyrdnoba.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis magaliTs xSirad vawydebiT swavlebis
procesSi. swored klasikuri ganpirobebuloba aris mizezi imisa, rom
zogierTi maswavlebeli, sagani mogvwons, zogi ki ara.
magaliTad, aviRoT sagani masalaTmcodneoba; sanam studenti mas ar
icnobs, is misTvis jer neitraluri stimulia, magram auditoria da
9

10. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
maswavlebeli, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian am saganTan, SeiZleba
stimulad gadaiqcnen. es stimuli SeiZleba daukavSirdes rogorc sa-
siamovno reaqcias, (mosaxerxebeli skami, keTilganwyobili maswavle-
beli,) ise usiamovnos (mouxerxebeli skami, braziani maswavlebeli).
sabolood, am stimulze SesaZlebelia emocia daukavSirdes sagans,
anu SesaZloa maswavlebeli aswavlides masalaTmcodneobis sagans da
iwvevdes mis mimarT negatiur damokidebulebas. cxadia, sagnis swav-
la kognitur aqtiobas saWiroebs maSin, roca sagnisadmi negatiuri
damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba xdeba uSualod klasikuri ganpirobe-
bulobis gziT.
arsebobs daswavlis kidev erTi forma: `daswavla cdisa da Sec-
domis meTodiT~. is Camoayaliba edvard Torndaikma.
mocemuli stilis daswavla Semdegnairad mimdinareobs: axal da
ucxo situaciaSi adamiani sxvadasxva qcevas mimarTavs manam, sanam misi
qceva sasurvel Sedegs ar moitans. amis Semdeg xdeba warmatebuli
qcevis gameoreba, rasac daswavla ganapirobebs. mag.: warmoidgineT,
rom students axlad dawyebuli aqvs muSaoba kompiuterTan. is beWdavs
dokuments, magram zustad ar axsovs, Tu rogor unda ganaxorcielos
teqstis centrirebis operacia. is mimarTavs sxvadasxva qcevas (aW-
ers sxvadasxva Rilaks) manam, sanam sasurvel Sedegs ar miaRwevs. amis
Semdeg, rodesac is miujdeba kompiuters samuSaod, ufro iolad gan-
axorcielebs sasurvel qcevas.
Torndaikis daswavlis kanonebi
efeqtis kanoni: moxdeba im qcevis gameoreba, daswavla, romelsac
Tan axlavs “kmayofilebis gancda” da piriqiT, ar moxdeba im qcevis
gameoreba, romelsac Tan ar axlavs “kmayofilebis gancda”.
mzaobis kanoni: nebismieri qmedebis daswavla-ardaswavla mzao-
bazea damokidebuli. mzaobaSi igulisxmeba adamianis ganviTarebis
done da motivacia. mag.: studenti kompiuteris gamoyenebiT dava-
lebis Sesrulebis dros daSvebuli Secdomebis gaTvaliswinebiT
maSin aRwevs sasurvel Sedegs, Tu man ukve garkveul doneze icis
kompiuterTan muSaoba.
mravali reaqciis kanoni: rodesac adamiani gadaawydeba prob-
lemas, romlis gadasaWreladac mas ara aqvs mza qceva, is mimarTavs
mraval gansxvavebul qcevas manam, sanam erT-erT maTgans saWiro
rezultati ar mohyveba.
10

11. swavlisfsiqologiuriTeoriebi
XX saukunis erT-erTma cnobilma fsiqologma b.f. skinerma ganavr-
co ganmtkicebis Teoria da mas operantuli ganpirobebulobis Teo-
ria uwoda.
skineris mixedviT, adamianis qcevaTa
umravlesoba operantulia, mag.: sas-
wavlebelSi wasvla, werilis dawera: es
imas miSnavs, rom es qcevebi winaswaraa
ganzraxuli, nebelobiTia da ara uSua-
lod stimuliT gamowveuli, rogori-
caa mag.: Tvalis xamxami, dacemineba.
skineris Teoriis mixedviT daswav-
lisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia ganmtkicebisa da dasjis gamoyneba.
ganmtkiceba SesaZlebelia iyos rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negati-
uri. pozitiuri ganmtkiceba waxalisebas gulisxmobs; negatiuri gan-
mtkiceba ki aris usiamovno stimulis mocileba misaRebi qcevis ganx-
orcielebis Semdeg. is ganicdeba rogorc Sveba.
pozitiuri ganmtkicebis magaliTebi saswavlo garemoSi imdenad
mravalferovani da cnobilia, rom maTi CamoTvla banalurad mogeCvene-
baT. yovelTvis, roca maswavlebeli uRimis students, eubneba raime
sasiamovnos, aqebs, uwers maRal niSans, aRniSnavs TanatolebTan mis
warmatebebs, is iyenebs pozitiur ganmtkicebas. moswavle gaimeorebs
ganwyobis anu damokidebulebis kanonis Tanaxmad Cven mivmar-
TavT garkveul qcevas Cveni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisa da
damokidebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mocemuli kanoni aRiarebs
kulturis da gamocdilebis zegavlenas. Cveni damokidebulebebi
kulturis zegavlenas ganicdis. mag.: zogierTi kulturisaTvis
agresiuli qceva ufro damaxasiaTebelia, amitom mocemul kul-
turaSi mosalodnelia aseTi qcevis daswavla da ganmtkiceba.
dominanturi elementebis kanonis Tanaxmad, problemur situ-
aciaSi organizmi reagirebs gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan (domi-
nantur) elementebze. studenti swori gadawyvetilebis Ziebisas
pirvel rigSi TvalSisacem detalebs afiqsirebs.
analogiuri reaqciis kanoni gulisxmobs, rom, roca Cven vx-
vdebiT axal situaciaSi, pirvel rigSi mivmarTavT im qcevas,
romelsac mivmarTavdiT msgavs situaciaSi. Cven reaqcia gadagvaqvs
erTi situaciidan meoreSi, rac aucilebelia adaptaciisaTvis.
11

12. 12
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
anu daiswavlis im qcevas, romelsac maswavleblis mxridan amgvari qme-
deba mosdevs. negatiuri ganmtkiceba mag.: maswavlebeli aRar aZlevs
SeniSvnas students, aRar uwers cud niSans, mas Semdeg, rac man dava-
leba kargad Seasrula.
arsebobs dasjis ori saxe: pozitiuri da negatiuri.
dasjis tips, rodesac arasasiamovno zemoqmedebis RonisZiebebi
gamoiyeneba arasasurveli qcevis aRkveTis mizniT, pozitiuri dasja
ewodeba. mag.: datuqsva an cudi niSnis dawera studentis cudi qcevis
Sesabamisad.
negatiuri dasja aris arasasurveli qcevis Sedegad gamoyenebu-
li garkveuli sasjeli, (anu jarima), romelic moiazrebs sasiamovno
stimulis moSorebas. mag.: moswavlis datoveba skolaSi gakveTilebis
Semdeg.
cxrili 1.1. magaliTebi saswavlo garemodan
stimuli operantuli
reaqcia
Sedegi
(ganmtkiceba
an dasja)
rezultati
gamocdis daniSvna
ucxo enaSi
studenti kar-
gad swavlobs
sagans
dadebiTi ganmtki-
ceba: studenti
friads iRebs
mosalodnelia,
rom studenti
momavalSic
kargad imeca-
dinebs
maswavlebeli akri-
tikebs studentebs
araswori pasuxebis
gamo
studenti mxo-
lod maSin pa-
suxobs, rode-
sac sakuTar
sisworeSia
darwmunebuli
negatiuri ganmt-
kiceba: maswavle-
beli ar akritikebs
students
izrdeba imis
albaToba, rom
studenti mx-
olod maSin pa-
suxobs, rode-
sac sakuTar
codnaSi iqneba
darwmunebuli
maswavlebeli ata-
rebs gakveTils
studenti
megobarTan
saubrobs
pozitiuri dasja:
maswavlebeli ava-
lebs students
klasis dalagebas
gakveTilebis Sem-
deg
mcirdeba imis
albaToba,
rom studen-
ti SemdegSic
ilaparakebs
gakveTilebze.

13. 13
swavlisfsiqologiuriTeoriebi
maswavlebeli stu-
dentebs pirdeba,
rom gamocdebis
kargad Cabarebis
SemTxvevaSi monaw-
ileobas miiReben
gamofenaSi
studentebi
cudad abare-
ben gamocdebs
negatiuri dasja:
studentebi ar
Rebuloben gamof-
enaSi monawileobas
mcirdeba alba-
Toba imisa, rom
studentebi
SemdgomSic cu-
dad Caabareben
gamocdebs
pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi bihevioristuli
Teoriis mixedviT
bihevioristuli Teoriis mixedviT swavlebis procesSi maswav-
lebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi:
gazardos dadebiTi stimulebis raodenoba, sixSire da
intensioba;
Seamciros negatiuri stimulebis raodenoba, sixSire da
intensioba;
swavla kargia dadebiTi ganwyobiT;
swavlisaTvis saWiroa gameoreba da maswavleblisa da in-
struqtoris mxridan ukukavSiri;
mizanmimarTuli waxalisebisa da jarimebis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebelia qcevis garkveuli saxeobebis daswavla;
maswavlebelma da saswavlebelma unda ubiZgos adamians
problemis gadasaWrelad mimarTos sxvadasxva qcevas,
ris Semdegac unda dajildovdes swori reaqcia;
adamianebi reagireben gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan da
uCveulo stimulebze (ix. dominanturi elementebis ka-
noni) da ara zogadad mTel situaciaze. amitom swavlebis
procesSi maswavlebelma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos
mniSvnelovan (dominantur), aspeqtebze. mag.: mniSvnelo-
vani aspeqtebis gamoyofa didi SriftiT, feris gamoyene-
ba, xSiri gameoreba.

14. 14
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
1. 22. kognituri Teoriebi
kognituri Toriebis mixedviT swavlis procesSi azrovnebis monaw-
ileoba swavlis process aadvilebs. swavla efeqturia, rac ufro sa-
fuZvlianad xdeba masalis gaazreba da gadamuSaveba.
kognituri Teoriebi warmoadgens konstruqtivistul midgomas.
bihevioristuli Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT konstruqtivizmis Teori-
iT swavlis procesSi aqcenti keTdeba moswavleze, studentze da
ara maswavlebelze. moswavle an studenti avtomaturad ki ar pa-
suxobs garemo stimulebs da am gziT ki ar iZens codnas, aramed
(termini konstruqtivizmi swored
amas miuTiTebs) swavlobs kogni-
turi aqtivobebis safuZvelze, ra-
Sic igulisxmeba problemaTa gadaw-
yveta, analizi, sinTezi, Sefaseba,
damaxsovreba. saswavlo garemoSi Zi-
riTadi aqcenti keTdeba ara swavle-
baze, aramed swavlaze.
konstruqtivizmi eyrdnoba J.pia-
Jes, l. vigotski da j.bruneris Te-
oriebs. vinaidan, Cveni wigni profesi-
uli swavlebis maswavleblebisTvisaa
gankuTvnili, romelTa auditoriis asaki 15 wlis zeviTaa, amitom
aRniSnul kognitur Teoriebs mokled mimovixilavT. mocemuli Te-
oriebi bavSvis ganviTarebis stadiebsa da azrovnebis Taviseburebebs
moicavs. vrclad mxolod informaciul models SevexebiT.
Sveicareli fsiqologi Jan piaJe (1896-1980) swavlis procesis mTa-
var figurad bavSvs, moswavles miiCnevs. piaJes mosazrebis Tanaxmad
adamianis ganviTareba aris adaptaciis procesi. adaptaciis umaRlesi
forma ki aris Semecneba. piaJe adaptaciis qveS 2 process moiazrebs:
asimilaciasa da akomodacias.
piaJes Teoriis mixedviT, rodesac garemodan miRebuli informacia
bavSvis gamocdilebas Seesabameba, maSin bavSvi Tavisi gamocdilebis
Sesabamisad agrZelebs qcevas anu xdeba asimilacia; aRniSnuli pro-
cesiT xdeba ukve arsebuli Cvevis ganmtkiceba da reaqciis avtoma-
tizmamde dayvana; magram, rodesac garemo bavSvisTvis axalia da mis
gamocdilebas ar Seesabameba, bavSvi garemo moTxovnebis Sesabamisad
icvlis qcevas anu xdeba akomodacia. ganviTarebis procesisaTvis mniS-
velovani faqtoria balansi akomodaciisa da asimilaciis procesebs

15. 15
swavlisfsiqologiuriTeoriebi
Soris. Tu adamiani yovel jerze moaxdens reaqciis asimilacias da
ganaxorcielebs erTsa da imave moqmedebas, ver moxdeba axlis daswav-
la. meore mxriv, Tu adamians sul uwevs garemosTan Tavidan Segueba,
ver moxerxdeba naswavlis ganmtkiceba.
rusi mecnieri lev vigotski (1896-1934) Tavis TeoriaSi ganviTarebis
procesSi centralur rols kulturasa da socialur faqtorebs ani-
Webs. sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisas, socialur garemoSi swavlobs
bavSvi imas, rasac sazogadoeba saukuneebis manZilze agrovebs. kul-
turis gavleniT viTardeba logikuri azrovneba, problemis gadaWris
unari, ena. swored kultura gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda viswavloT da
ganviTarebis ra dones unda mivaRwioT. socialurad misaRebi qceva
TandaTan xdeba adamianisTvisac misaRebi. vigotskis mixedviT swavla
win uZRvis kognitur ganviTarebas anu Cven jer vswavlobT da Semdeg
amis safuZvelze vviTardebiT.
vigotski ganasxvavebs ganviTarebis aqtualur da uaxloes zonas:
adamians aqvs unari gaakeTos raime sxvisi daxmarebis gareSe – es aris
misi ganviTarebis aqtualuri zona. mag.: adamians SeuZlia TavisiT,
damoukideblad gadaWras garkveuli sirTulis amocana. uaxloesi gan-
viTarebis zona aris adamianis unari gaakeTos raime sxvisi daxmare-
biT. swored am etapze aris saWiro adamianis sxva, ufro gamocdil
adamianebTan urTierToba; uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona aris poten-
ciali, romelic stimulirebas saWiroebs, risi funqciac ojaxma da
maswavleblebma unda Seasrulon.
jerom bruneris (1915 – ) Teorias `swavla aRmoCenis gziT~ uwo-
deben. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mocemul TeoriaSi aris is faqti,
rom maswavlebeli naklebad gamodis xelmZRvanlis rolSi. adamiani
aqtiuradaa CarTuli swavlebis procesSi, Tavad amuSavebs informa-
cias da arsebuli codnis safuZvelze ayalibebs axal koncefciebsa
da ideebs.
bruneris TeoriaSi adamiani TviTon ayalibebs realobis versiebs,
iRebs gadawyvetilebas, gamoaqvs azri. amitom bruneris mosazrebiT
saswavleblis funqcia aris pirobebis Seqmna, raTa adamianma damou-
kideblad aRmoaCinos garemos kanonzomierebebi da mimarTebebi.
Sesabamisad, maswavleblis funqcia SemdegSi gamoixateba: amocanisa
da sakiTxis formulireba da axsna; magaliTebis moyvana; dakvirvebe-
bze dayrdnobiT hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba; hipoTezebis dasamtkice-
blad an uarsayofad testebis, eqsperimentebis momzadeba da Catareba;
axali informaciis ganzogadeba, misi gamoyenebis SesaZlo variantebis
formulireba.

16. 16
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
warmogidgenT konstruqciuli swavlebis martiv magaliTs:
situacia: studentebi swavloben mSeneblobisaTvis duRabis momzadebas
maswavlebeli: iciT, duRabis damzadebisas ratom iyeneben Semkvrel
nivTierebebs? ra kavSiri aqvs amas SenebasTan?
ras fiqrobT, rogor unda vipovoT pasuxi kiTxvaze?
studentebi: CavataroT cda, vawarmooT dakvirveba.
maswavlebeli studentebs aZlevs mimarTulebas: mniSvnelovania is, rom
duRabis damzadebisas aucilebelia wylis gamoyenebac.
studentebs eZlevaT davaleba ganaxorcielon praqtikuli dakvirvebebi
da Seagrovon faqtebi. meore leqciaze studentebi ganazogadeben Tavi-
anT dakvirvebebs.
sabolod studentebs gamoaqvT daskvna, rom duRabis damzadebisas imi-
tom iyeneben Semkvrel nivTierebebs, rom wyalTan Serevisas Semkvreli
nivTierebebi fizikur-qimiuri procesebis zemoqmedebiT Txevadi mdgo-
mareobidan gadadian myar mdgomareobaSi. amdenad, duRabis damzadebisas
swored Semkvreli nivTierebebis safuZvelze xdeba SesaZlebeli Seneba.
pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi kognituri Teoriebis mixedviT:
maswavlebelma students unda Seuqmnas fizikuri da inteleq-
tualuri aqtivobis ganxorcielebis pirobebi;
swavlebisas daculi unda iyos balansi axal da Zvel masalas
Soris. davaleba unda iyos studentebisaTvis gasagebi, Seesa-
tyvisebodes misi codnis dones (asimilaciis procesi) da Tan
moicavdes garkveul siaxles, risi dauflebac unda moxdes
(akomodaciis procesi);
saswavlo programaSi unda moiazrebodes studentisa da mas-
wavleblis aqtiuri urTierTobis aucilebloba;
maswavlebelma unda icodes studentis codnis realuri done,
raTa optimalurad dagegmos swavlebis procesi;
swavlebis procesis efeqturobisaTvis saWiroa studente-
bis aqtivacia, is unda iyos swavlebis procesis aqtiuri mo-
nawile;
studentis aqtivoba maswavlebelma unda mimarTos garkveuli
mimarTulebiT. swavlebis procesi moicavs TanamSromlobas
studentsa da maswavlebels Soris;
aucilebelia studentebis individualuri Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswineba.

17. 17
swavlisfsiqologiuriTeoriebi
informaciuli modeli
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kognituri Teoria aris informaciuli mo-
deli. mocemuli Teoriis warmomadgenlebi adamianis SemecnebiTi pro-
cesebis muSaobas kompiuteris funqcionirebas adareben. adamianis tvi-
ni kompiuteris msgavsad iRebs informacias, awesrigebs, inaxavs da sa-
Wiro dros iyenebs mas. es modeli atkinsonisa da Sifrinis (Atkinson&
Shiffrin, 1968) mier aris SemuSavebuli da mexsierebis mravalkomponen-
tian modeladac moixsenieba.
informaciuli modeli 3 komponentisagan Sedgeba.
pirveli komponenti codnis sacavia. aq inaxeba garemodan sxvadasx-
va dros miRebuli informacia da asociaciebi.
meore komponentSi xdeba garemodan miRebuli informaciis gada-
muSaveba da damaxsovreba; xolo Semdeg saWiro dros misi amotana da
gamoyeneba.
mesame komponenti aris adamianis
mier sakuTari Tavis gancda, rogorc
Semecnebis subieqtis. am komponents
metaSemecneba ewodeba.
mexsierebis mravalkomponentiani
modelis Tanaxmad arsebobs Semde-
gi tipis mexsiereba: sensoruli mex-
siereba, xanmokle anu muSa mexsi-
ereba da xangrZlivi mexsiereba.
sensoruli mexsiereba mexsiere-
bis pirveli etapia. sensorul mex-
sierebaSi inaxeba SegrZnebebi: mxedvelobiTi, smeniTi, Sexebis. aq Se-
mosuli masala aracnobieria da xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi rCeba
mexsierebaSi.
xanmokle mexsiereba aris mexsierebis tipi, romelic masalas ra-
modenime wamis ganmavlobaSi inaxavs. am etapze masala advilad ikarge-
ba sxvadasxva faqtoris gavleniT. mag.: Tanakursels vTxovT telefo-
nis nomers. sanam nomers viniSnavT, is gvaxsovs, magram mogvianebiT
SeiZleba veRar gavixsenoT.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba – mexsierebis tipia, sadac masalis xSiri ga-
meorebisa da gadamuSavebis Semdeg xdeba informaciis Senaxva da aR-
dgena xangrZlivi drois manZilze – Tveebi, wlebi, kvirebi. mag.: Cven
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi vinaxavT faqtebs, codnas, Teoriebs, da a.S.

18. 18
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
cxrili 1.2 mexsierebis tipebi
sensoruli xanmokle xangrZlivi
moqmedebis
xangrZlivoba
1 wamze
naklebi
20 wamamde SeuzRudavi
stabiluroba myisieri iolad ikargeba garemos
zegavleniT
mdgradi
moculoba SezRuduli SezRuduli (7±2) SeuzRudavi
zogadi daxa-
siaTeba
momentaluri,
aracnobieri
STabeWdileba
aqtiuri, informaciis
Senaxva SesaZlebelia
gameorebis xarjze.
codnis baza:
asociaciuri,
pasiuri, gada-
muSavebis re-
zultati.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba SezRudulia. ZiriTadad mozardi da
mozrdili asakis adamianebi imaxsovreben 6-dan 9 erTeulamde (sityvas,
ricxvs) anu saSualod 7 erTeuls. am Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba
aucilebelia swavlebis procesSi. aris SemTxvevebi, roca students
saTanadod ar aqvs ganviTarebuli xanmokle mexsiereba. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi maswavlebels SeuZlia Semdeg gzas mimarTos: an mcire mocu-
lobis informacia miawodos students, an didi moculobis masala ise
gadaastruqturos, rom daaxloebiT 6-9 erTeulis farglebSi Caetios,
an izrunos misi mexsierebis ganviTarebaze. masalis xSiri gameorebiT
SesaZlebelia xanmokle mexsierebis gavarjiSeba.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba Seicavs informacias, romelic Cven gvaqvs
samyaros Sesaxeb. informacia xangrZliv mexsierebaSi ufro dacu-
lia xanmokle mexsierebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac informacia garemos
zegavleniT iolad SeiZleba damaxinjdes da daikargos. Tu adamians
aqvs informacia, rom safrangeTis dedaqalaqi parizia, mas es ecodine-
ba meore dResac da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSic. xanmokle mexsierebis
sacavidan informaciis xangrZlivi mexsierebis sacavSi gadasatanad
saWiroa masalis gameoreba, informaciis gadamuSaveba, azris gamotana,
Zvel naswavl masalasTan dakavSireba da a.S.

19. 19
swavlisfsiqologiuriTeoriebi
pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi:
vinaidan saswavleblis da maswavleblis funqcia aris studen-
tisaTvis sakmaod didi moculobis codnis gadacema, swavlebis
procesi xangrZliv mexsierebaze unda iyos orientirebuli.
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi rCeba is masala, romelic ufro efeq-
turad iyo daswavlili, amitom saswavlo masala unda iyos
saintereso, TvalsaCino, cxovrebiseuli.
SemogTavazebT or magaliTs saswavlo garemodan.
magaliTi
maswavlebeli xsnis sadenebisa da kabelebis gayvanas foladisa da
plastmasis milebSi.
maswavlebeli studentebs uxsnis, rom milebSi gahyavT aluminisa da
spilenZis ZarRviani sadenebi da kabelebi kveTiT 2,5kv.mm; is ixilavs
sxvadasxva SemTxvevas: sadenebisa da kabelebis gayvana nestian Seno-
bebSi, qimiurad aqtiur, feTqebad-saSiS garemoSi.
maswavlebeli xsnis teqnologiuri operaciebis Tanamimdevrobas:
1. saproeqto dokumentaciis Seswavla;
2. instrumentebisa da masalebis SerCeva da momzadeba;
3. sadenebisa da kabelebis momzadeba da gayvana.
meore tipis gakveTili:
maswavlebeli xsnis imave sakiTxs. maswavlebeli axdens demonstri-
rebas, rom milebSi gahyavT aluminisa da spilenZis ZarRviani sadenebi
da kabelebi kveTiT 2,5kv.mm; yvela students uCvenebs sadenis formasa
da zomas.
maswavlebeli ganixilavs sxvadasxva SemTxvevas: sadenebis gayvana
nestian da gansakuTrebiT nestian SenobebSi. maswavlebeli studntebs
sTxovs gaixsenon, rogor aris maT binaSi an saxlSi gayvanili sad-
enebi, ra masalisagan aris damzadebuli, aris Tu ara daculi yvela
usafrTxoebis zoma, gansakuTrebiT im adgilebSi, sadac sineste maRa-
lia, mag.: abazanaSi; studentebTan erTad ganixilavs, rogor SeiZleba
maqsimaluri usafrTxobis zomebis dacva.
Semdeg maTi yuradReba gadaaqvs ekranze sadac sqematurad aris mo-

20. 20
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
cemuli teqnologiuri operaciebis Tanamimdvroba. sqemebs Tan axlavs
mokle ganmartebebi.
albaT dagveTanxmebiT, rom meore tipis leqciaze ufro efeqtu-
rad moxdeba masalis aTviseba. maswavleblis qceva iwvevs studente-
bis dainteresebas. ganxiluli magaliTi cxovrebiseulia, gamoiyeneba
TvalsaCino masala. aseT leqciaze studentebi ufro aqtiurebi iq-
nebian da ukeT daimaxsovreben masalas, vidre pirvel leqciaze.
ratom viviwyebT? vinaidan swavlebis procesi xangrZliv mexsiere-
bazea orientirebuli, maswavleblisTvis sasargeblo iqneba codna
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom xdeba daviwyeba. amiT maswavlebels miecema
saSualeba swavlebis meTodebi dagegmos ise, rom Seamciros saWiro
masalis daviwyeba.
rogorc wesi, iolad gvaviwydeba masala, romlis xSiri gamoyeneba
da gaxsenebac ar xdeba. amas Caqrobas uwodeben; Tu me dRes movis-
mine amindis prognozSi, rom Tovlis safarveli dReisaTvis 15 san-
timetria, da Semdeg es informacia aRaravin Semaxsena, namdvilad ar
memaxsovreba erTi wlis Semdeg.
damaxinjeba – masala, romlis xSiri gaxseneba ar xdeba, magram
mTlianad ar gamqrala mexsierebidan, SeiZleba damaxinjdes an airios
sxva mogonebebTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi informacias arasworad, fragmen-
tulad vixsenebT. amitom maswavlebelma axsnis dros xazi unda gaus-
vas mniSvnelovan da gamokveTil aspeqtebs, romlis damaxsovreba da
aRdgena ufro advilia.
gandevna – arsebobs mosazreba, rom adamiani iviwyebs TavisTvis usi-
amovno movlenebs. mocemuli fenomeni ganxilulia zigmund froidis
(1856-1939) TeoriaSi, usiamovno da matravmirebeli mogonebebi idevne-
ba cnobierebidan da ileqeba fsiqikis aracnobier nawilSi.
amasTanave, SeiZleba Zvelma naswavlma masalam axlad aTvisebuli
daCrdilos. maswavlebels zogjer uWirs axali studentebis saxelebi-
sa da gvarebis damaxsovreba da maT Zveli moswavlis saxeliT mimar-
Tavs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu msgavsebac saxezea. aseT SemTxvevas
proaqtiuri Seferxeba ewodeba. analogiurad, rodesac maswavlebeli
daimaxsovrebs axali studentebis gvarebs, SesaZloa sirTule Zveli
studentebis gvarebis gaxsenebisas Seeqmnas. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs
retroaqtiur SeferxebasTan.
masalis axsnisas mniSvnelovania, rom xazi gaesvas axali masalis ka-
vSirs adre aTvisebul masalasTan.

21. 21
swavlisfsiqologiuriTeoriebi
mniSvnelovani (mosaWidi) aspeqtebis amotanis problema – fsi-
qologebi miiCneven, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi daviwyebulad migvaCnia is
informacia, romlis amotanac gviWirs mexsierebidan. zogjer miRebu-
li informaciidan SegviZlia mxolod warsuli gamocdilebis aRdgena.
aseT SemTxvevaSi gaxseneba xdeba ara calkeuli detalebis, aramed Zi-
riTadi arsis. amitom swavlebis procesSi aqcenti unda gakeTdes mniS-
vnelovan, xelmosaWid detalebze, risi wyalobiTac moxdeba ara mxo-
lod zogadi informaciis, aramed calkeuli detalebis gaxseneba.
1. 33. socialur-kognituri Teoria
Cven xSirad vswavlobT ara sakuTari gamocdilebis safuZvelze, ara-
med sxvebze dakvirvebisa da maTi mibaZvis gziT; mocemul process da-
kvirvebiT, mibaZvis gziT daswavlasac uwodeben. swored dakvirvebisa
da mibaZvis gziT xdeba metyvelebis maneris, Cacmisa Tu varcxnilobis
stilis, da a.S. damkvidreba, mocemuli kulturisaTvis misaRebi qcev-
ebis daswavla. es Teoria albert banduram (1925-1988) Camoayaliba;
mas socialur – kognituri Teoria ewodeba, vinaidan is warmoadgens
SemaerTebel rgols biheviorizmsa da kognitur midgomas Soris.
adamians, romelsac akvirdebian models uwodeben, xolo modelze
dakvirvebis gziT garkveuli moqmedebebis an qcevis aTvisebis pro-
cess modelirebas uwodeben. Tu qcevas, romelsac adamiani akvirdeba,
dadebiTi Sedegi mohyveba, da adamini moelis, rom mis SemTxvevaSic
aseTi Sedegi iqneba, izrdeba am qcevis Sesrulebis albaToba da piriq-
iT. modeli SeiZleba iyos realuri adamiani, an filmis, nawarmoebis
personaJi, istoriuli gmiri, warmosaxuli adamiani da a.S.
banduras Teoriis mixedviT dakvirvebis gziT daswavlaSi oTxi pro-
cesia CarTuli: yuradReba, Senaxva, motoruli reproduqcia (anu
qcevis gameoreba) da motivaciuri procesebi.
yuradReba – bunebrivia, rom gagviWirdeba raimis swavla, Tu yur-
adRebas ar mivaqcevT im qcevas, romlis aTvisebac gvinda. mag.: ada-
miani SeiZleba bevrjer Seswrebia xaWapuris cxobis process, magram
SesaZloa damoukideblad ver gaakeTos, Tu qceva misTvis imdenad
mniSvnelovani ar iyo, rom masze yuradReba gaemaxvilebina.
Senaxvis procesi – Tu Cven gvinda raime qcevis daswavla, garda
imisa, rom masze yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT, unda davimaxsovroT
kidec is, rasac vakvirdebodiT.

22. 22
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
albert banduras Tanaxmad, swavla vizualurisa (rasac vxedavT) da
verbaluris (rasac vismenT) aRqmis sinTezia. rTuli qcevis dauflebi-
sas mniSvnelovania mocemul qcevaze ara mxolod dakvirveba da mo-
qmedebaTa Tanmimdevrobis damaxsovreba, aramed instruqciisa Tu
miTiTebebis kargad mosmena da gageba. simaRlidan xtomisa da curvis
swavlisas Turme kargi rezultati miiRweva maSin, rodesac adamiani
iTvaliswinebs instruqtoris instruqciebs da uSualod Sesrulebamde
xdeba qcevis modelis warmodgena gonebaSi.
motoruli reproduqcia (anu qcevis gameoreba) – gulisxmobs gon-
ebaSi warmodgenili qcevis moqmedebaSi gadatanas. moqmedebis warmate-
biT Sesruleba damokidebulia Tandayolil unarsa da gavarjiSebaze.
zog adamians ufro metad exerxeba raimes keTeba, vidre sxvebs. aseve,
rac ufro kargad aris adamiani gavarjiSebuli raimes keTebaSi, miT
ufro zustia misi moqmedeba.
motivacia – imisaTvis, rom adamianma modelirebis gziT raime iswav-
los, is motivirebuli unda iyos amisaTvis; misTvis raime mizezis gamo
es qceva unda iyos sasurveli. motivacia ufro farTod ganxilulia
me-3 TavSi.
banduras Teoriis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom TeoriaSi
centraluri adgili ar ukavia asociaciur kavSirebsa da cdisa da
Secdomis meTods. mocemuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, aravin miandobs ax-
albeda mZRols saWes da ar aswavlis marTvas cdisa da Secdomis
meTodiT. avtomobilis tarebis swavlebisas gamarTlebulia marTvis
instruqciebis (nabeWdi da zepiri saxiT) miwodeba, magaliTze dak-
virvebis gziT axsna.
pedagogiuri rekomendaciebi socialur-kognituri
Teoriis mixedviT
maswavlebelma swavlebis procesSi unda marTos studen-
tebis yuradRebis, Senaxvis, motoruli reproduqciisa
da motivaciis procesebi.

23. 23
swavlisfsiqologiuriTeoriebi
1. 44. humanisturi midgoma
humanisturi fsiqologia swavlobs adamianis unikalobasa da `me~-s
formirebas. mocemuli Teoriis mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebi arian
karl rojersi (1902-1987) da abraam maslou (1908-1970).
swavlebis humanisturi midgoma eyrdnoba konstruqtivizms da (kon-
centrirebulia moswavleze, studentze) swavlebis procesSi did mniS-
vnelobas aniWebs moswavlis individualur stils, pirovnebis harmo-
niul ganviTarebasa da faseulobaTa formirebas; es Teoria aqcents
akeTebs adamianis warmatebebze da ara warumateblobaze.
vinaidan Teoria swavlis procesSi pirovnul gansxvavebebs aniWebs
mniSvnelovan rols, amitom Teoriis mimdevrebi maswavleblebs urCeven
swavlebis procesSi sxvadasxva formis gamoyenebas: leqciis, diskusi-
is, proeqtebis prezentaciis, TamaSebis, distanciuri mecadineobebis.
Semdeg TavebSi araerTxel SevxvdebiT individualuri gansxvavebebis
gaTvaliswinebis, da amdenad, humanisturi midgomis mniSvnelobas swav-
lebis procesSi.
aSS-Si Catarda kvleva skolebze, romlebic swavlebis humanistur
formas iyenebdnen; aRmoCnda, rom aseTi skolebis moswavleebi ga-
moirCeodnen maRali TviTSefasebiT, SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebiTa da
TanamSromlobis unariT.

24. yvela adamiani erTnairad ar swavlobs; amas araerTi kvleva da mec-
nieri amtkicebs. amasve adasturebs maswavleblebisa da moswavlee-
bis, studentebis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba; swavlaze gavlenas ax-
dens adamianis kognituri SesaZlebloba, gamocdileba da interesebi.
adamianebi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen, gadaamuSaveben da imaxsovreben
informacias; amas swavlis stils uwodeben; es imas ki ar niSnavs,
rom adamians mxolod am stiliT SeuZlia swavla, aramed imas, rom am
stiliT swavla misTvis yvelaze advilia da mosaxerxebeli.
swavlebis dros standartuli midgoma yvela studentisadmi yve-
la situaciaSi sul ufro araefeqturi xdeba; Tanamedrove swavleba
adamianis individualur SesaZleblobebzea orientirebuli; swavlebis
procesi imdagvarad unda daigegmos, rom yvela students hqondes
sakuTari potencialis ganviTarebis saSualeba.
es fotoebi kargad gamoxataven adamianebs Soris individualur gan-
sxvavebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva adamiani sxvadasxvanairad xe-
davs am fotoebs yvela maTgani sworia.
ras xedavT am suraTze?
profils Tu eskimoss? axalgazrda Tu xandazmul adamians?
am TavSi ganvixilavT 3 mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, rac swavlis proces-
Si individualuri gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebaSi dagvexmareba; ese-
nia: swavlis sensoruli stili, informaciis gadamuSaveba da mra-
valmxrivi inteleqti.
individualuri gansxvavebebi
swavlis procesSi
24

25. 25
individualurigansxvavebebiswavlisprocesSi
2. 11. swavlis sensoruli stili:
vizualuri, audialuri da kinesTetikuri
informacias samyarodan aRqmiT viRebT. Cven vxedavT sagnebs da
movlenebs, gvesmis saubari da sityvebi, SevigrZnobT temperaturas da
a.S. saerTod, sxvadasxva situaciaSi gansxvavebuli tipis informaciis
miRebaa saWiro, Tumca rogorc cnobilia, adamianebi ukeT aRiqva-
men da imaxsovreben erTi romelime tipis informacias anu adamianTa
umetesobas informaciis miRebis erTi dominanturi stili aqvs. gamo-
yofen vizualuri, audialuri da kinesTetikuri stilis adamianebs.
vizualuri stilis adamianebs uadvildebaT axali informaciis vi-
zualurad miReba – suraTebiT, diagramebiT, cxrilebiT; maT urCevni-
aT saswavlo masalas xedavdnen, vidre ismendnen an raimes akeTebdnen.
saklaso garemoSi maTTvis yvelaze efeqturi vizualuri masalebis
gamoyenebaa.
audialuri stilis adamianebs urCevniaT masala moisminon; isini
ukeT imaxsovreben saubars, diskusias, dialogebs; maT aseTi saxiT
miRebuli masalis gaxsenebac uadvildebaT. aseTi adamianebisaTvis
yvelaze efeqturi swavlis procesSi leqciebis mosmena, diskusiebsa
da seminarebSi monawileobis miRebaa.
kinesTetikuri stilis adamianebs uadvildebaT swavla, rodesac
raimes akeTeben, Wrian, ageben, awyoben an asruleben rolebs. maT
urCevniaT informacia gadaamuSavon moZraobiTa da demonstrirebiT.
aseTi adamianebi saklaso garemoSi yvelaze advilad maSin swavloben,
rodesac isini fizikurad aqtiurebi arian.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom klasisa da saswavlo kursisagan damoukideb-
lad (Rockville, Maryland) studentebis 29%-Si vizualuri stili domini-
rebs, 34%-Si – audialuri, xolo 37%-Si – kinesTetikuri.
cxadia, Znelia swavlis procesSi yvela students misTvis sasurve-
li saxiT mivawodoT informacia, Tumca maswavlebelma swavlis pro-
cesi ise unda dagegmos, rom saswavlo masala yvelasaTvis advilad
aRqmadi iyos. amis gamo rekomendebulia swavlebis mravalferovani,
kombinirebuli meTodebis gamoyeneba, rac yvela students met-nak-
lebad aqtiurs gaxdis – saintereso vizualuri masalebis gamoyeneba,
multimedia, gasagebi da saintereso argumentebi, studentebis CarT-
va diskusiaSi, demonstrirebis da simulaciebis gamoyeneba, roluri
TamaSebi da a.S.
25

26. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
2. 22. informaciis gadamuSaveba
Cven ara mxolod informacias viRebT samyarodan, aramed vawes-
rigebT, gadavamuSavebT da vinaxavT mas, raTa SemdgomSi saWiro dros
da adgilas gamoviyenoT; mecnierebis azriT, (Regorc, 1987) adamianebi
amas gansxvavebulad akeTeben; zogi ufro sistematurad da mowesrige-
bulad, zogi ki ufro araorgnizebulad, mouwesrigeblad.
gamoyofen or ganzomilebas: aRqmisa da informaciis gadamuSavebis.
aRqmis mixedviT ganasxvaveben konkretuli da abstraqtuli aRqmis
stilis adamianebs, xolo informaciis gadamuSavebis mixedviT – orga-
nizebuli da araorganizebuli stilis adamianebs.
konkretuli aRqmis adamianebi metad koncentrirebulebi arian
fizikur realobaze, rasac xedaven, grZnoben, esmiT, ynosaven da exe-
bian; aseTi adamianebi obieqturebi arian, maT swavlisas sWirdebaT
raime xelSesaxebi da realuri informacia, rasac SeigrZnoben da aRiq-
vamen.
abstraqtuli aRqmis adamianebisTvis, piriqiT, ufro mniSvnelova-
nia ganzogadebuli azrebi, warmodgenebi, Teoriebi, principebi. isini
metad subieqturebi arian, vidre obieqturebi. isini Teoriebisa da
koncefciebis samyaroSi cxovroben. maT swavlis procesSi Teoriebis,
zogadi principebis codna esaWiroebaT.
informaciis gadamuSaveba, rogorc sityva miuTiTebs, niSnavs infor-
maciis mowesrigebas, gadamuSavebas da Senaxvas. organizebuli stilis
adamianebi informacias sistematiurad da Tanamimdevrulad awesrige-
ben; isini logikurebi da zustebi arian. maT axasiaTebT sworxazovani,
kargad mowesrigebuli, logikuri azrovneba. swavlis procesSi maT
uyvarT sizuste da garkveuloba.
maTgan gansxvavebiT, araorganizebuli stilis adamianebi mentalu-
rad qaoturebi arian. isini ufro intuiturebi arian azrovnebaSi,
masalis damaxsovrebaSi, vidre logikurebi. maT ufro uadvildebaT
movlenis erTianobaSi warmodgena da danaxva, vidre movlenis Semad-
geneli calkeuli nawilebis aRqma. swavlis procesSi maT ar uyvarT
CarCoebi da wesebi.
am ori ganzomilebis mixedviT gamoyofen 4 tipis adamians: konkre-
tuli araorganizebuli, konkretuli organizebuli, abstraqtuli
araorganizebuli da abstraqtuli organizebuli.
26

27. individualurigansxvavebebiswavlisprocesSi
yvela adamians aqvs oTxive stili, Tumca adamianebis umetesobas rome-
lime maTgani ufro dominanturi aqvs.
es modeli Zalian kargad gamoxatavs adamianebs Soris gansxvavebas.
mag, konkretuli da organizebuli tipis studentebs ufro uadvil-
debaT swavla, rodesac masala da swavlis procesi kargad aris struq-
turirebuli, aqvT detaluri instruqciebi, kargad gansazRvruli we-
sebi, mokle, magram mkafiod formulirebuli amocanebi; gamokveTili
abstraqtuli da araorganizebuli tipis studentebs, mag.: swavla ur-
CeviaT arastruqturirebul jgufur garemoSi, uyvarT saubari, msj-
eloba, gonebrivi ieriSiT axali ideebis Segroveba, Tavisufleba sas-
wavlo situaciaSi.
cxrilSi 2.1 mocemulia oTxive stilis mokle aRwera.
cxrili 2.1. informaciis gadamuSavebis tipebi
abstraqtuli organizebuli konkretuli organizebuli
kiTxva, msjeloba,
diskusiaSi CarTva,
axali ideebi, cod-
nis SeZena, logika,
testebi, hipoTeze-
bis Camoyalibeba,
gonebrivi savarji-
Soebi, kvleva
analizi, Sefase-
ba leqciebis
mosmena, akademi-
uri saqmianoba,
kvleva, filoso-
fia, obieqtu-
roba, intleq-
tualuri saqmi-
anoba, wesrigi
magaliTebi, mo-
nacemebi da ricx-
vebi, diagramebi,
kompiuteri, real-
uri gamocdileba,
rukebi, mok le
instruqciebi
wesebi, gegmebi,
meTodologia,
savele gasvlebi,
wesrigi, konkre-
tika
konkretuli araorganizebuli abstraqtuli araorganizebuli
problemis gadaWra,
damoukidebloba,
arCevanis gakeTeba,
Ria-SekiTxvebi,
suraTebi/ara de-
talebi, orig-
inaloba, naklebi
SezRudvebi, riski,
bevri resursebi
sakuTari ganrigi,
eqsperimentebi,
SemoqmedebiToba,
gamowvevebi, Ta-
maSebi, moqni-
loba,
jgufuri muSaoba,
sakuTari mosazre-
bebis qona, vizu-
alizacia, moZra-
oba, iumori, in-
tuicia, emociebi
TviTgamoxatva,
TanamSromloba
warmodgena, Ria-
SekiTxvebi, ganx-
ilvebi, drama,
media, fantazia,
poezia, ara-
sworxazovneba,
spontanuroba,
subieqturoba,
TanamSromloba
27

28. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
2. 33. inteleqti
inteleqtis Seswavlas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs; galtoni, bine,
sterni iyvnen is adamianebi, romlebmac pirvelad scades inteleqtis
gazomva. inteleqti moiazreboda rogorc adamianis unari, gadaeWra
axali amocana an Seeqmna produqti, romelic mocemuli kulturisaT-
vis Rirebuli iqneboda. dReisaTvis inteleqtis Sesaxeb warmodgena
Seicvala; inteleqti ganixileba ara rogorc unari, romlis `gazomva~
SeiZleba, aramed potenciali, romelic SesaZlebelia ganviTardes imis
mixedviT Tu ra aris mocemul kulturaSi miCneuli Rirebulad, ra
SesaZleblobebi eZleva adamians da rogori garemo aqvs. metic, dRei-
saTvis saubroben ara erTi saxis fiqsirebul inteleqtze, romelic
adamians aqvs an ara aqvs, aramed mravalmxriv inteleqtze, romelic
sxvadasxva sferoSi vlindeba; hovard gardneris mixedviT (Howard
Gardner, 1983) arsebobs 8 saxis gansxvavebuli inteleqti; yvela adami-
ani flobs rvave saxis inteleqts, Tumca gansxvavebuli xarisxiT; ro-
gorc wesi, adamians erTi saxis dominanturi (yvelaze ganviTarebuli)
inteleqti aqvs. cxrilSi mocemulia rvave saxis inteleqti da maT
Soris gansxvavebebi.
cxrili 3.2 inteleqtis tipebi
lingvisturi
inteleqti
aqvs kargad ganviTarebuli sityvaTa maragi, advilad imax-
sovrebs saxelebs, TariRebs, axal sityvebs, moswons wera
da kiTxva, literatura, uyvars sityvebiT TamaSi.
logikuri da
maTematikuri
inteleqti
advilad xedavs tendencias, kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli
abstraqtuli azrovneba, SeuZlia kategoriebsa da ideebs
Soris mimarTebis damyareba, advilad angariSobs, xmarobs
kompiuters, uyvars Tavsatexebis, logikuri amocanebis
amoxsna.
sivrciTi
inteleqti
advilad imaxsovrebs sagnebis sivrceSi ganlagebas, Seu-
Zlia zustad aRidginos gamosaxuleba da misi sivrciTi
mdebareoba, uyvars xatva, dizaini, Seneba, kargad erkveva
rukebsa da diagramebSi.
musikaluri
inteleqti
advilad imaxsovrebs melodias, aqvs kargad ganviTarebuli
ritmis SegrZneba, xSirad mReris, mgrZnobiarea bgerebisa
da xmebis mimarT.
28

29. individualurigansxvavebebiswavlisprocesSi
kinesTeti-
kuri inte-
leqti
advilad swavlobs sxeulis SegrZnebebiT, simulaciiT, ro-
luri TamaSebiT, uWirs didxans erT adgilze gaunZrevlad
jdoma, exerxeba sportuli TamaSebi, cekva, warmodgenebi,
aqvs kargi koordinacia, advilad urTierTobs adamianebT-
an, esmis da gamoxatavs damokidebulebas JestebiT, mimike-
biT.
interperso-
naluri inte-
leqti
kargad esmis adamianebis, advilad swavlobs sxvebTan urT-
ierTobis procesSi, exerxeba organizeba da xelmZRvanelo-
ba, kargad esmis sxva adamianebis emocia, SeuZlia mosme-
na; SeuZlia adamianebs Soris mediacia, uyvars socialuri
TamaSebi.
intraperso-
naluri inte-
leqti
uyvars marto muSaoba, aris damoukidebeli, aqvs Zlieri
nebisyofa, kargad ganviTarebuli intuicia, sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebulia, kargad icis sakuTari Zlieri da susti
mxareebi.
naturalistu-
ri inteleqti
kargad erkveva samyaroSi – florasa da faunaSi, exerxeba
mosavlis moyvana, konservacia.
mravalmxrivi inteleqtis Teoria tradiciuli Teoriebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT mravalferovania; is adamianis SesaZleblobebis farTo speq-
trs asaxavs, dawyebuli lingvisturi unarebidan damTavrebuli natu-
ralisturi inteleqtiT. tradiciuli swavleba ZiriTadad lingvistur
da logikur unarebs scnobda, da Sesabamisad, adamianebi, romlebic
metad logikurebi da zustebi iyvnen metad inteleqtualebad iTvle-
bodnen. samagierod, TiTqmis SeumCneveli rCeboda bavSvebis inteleqti
musikis, xelovnebis, dizainis da a.S. ganxriT.
dReisaTvis ganaTlebis sferoSi mravalmxrivi inteleqtis Teo-
rias did yuradRebas aqceven. am Teoriis mixedviT, swavlebis pro-
cesSi maswavlebeli yovelTvis unda iTvaliswinebdes individualur
gansxvavebs; man imdagvarad unda warmarTos swavlebis procesi, rom
saSualeba misces students, erTi mxriv, warmatebiT gamoiyenos domi-
nanturi inteleqtis tipi da, meore mxriv, ganaviTaros `susti~ tipis
inteleqti.
mravalmxrivi inteleqtis Teoria, swavlebis sul mcire 8 gansxvave-
bul stils gulisxmobs; swavlebis procesSi verbaluri informaciis,
cifrebis, suraTebisa da musikis gamoyeneba, TviTrefleqsia, fizikuri
varjiSebis, interpersonaluri urTierTobebis da naturalisturi ga-
mocdilebis gamoyenebas. es imas ar niSnavs, rom maswavlebelma rvave
stili erTi leqciaze unda gamoiyenos, aramed SearCios saswavlo
miznebTan yvelaze Sesatyvisi ramodenime maTgani.
29

30. swavlis procesis erT-erTi mniSvne-
lovani faqtori motivaciaa. swored
motivacia aris mizezi imisa, rom zo-
gierTi studenti mondomebulia, ar
acdens leqciebs, swavlobs, cdilobs
kargi Sedegis miRwevas, zogi ki ara.
swavlebis motivacia gavlenas ax-
dens swavlebis procesze da xarisxze.
adamianebi erTsa da imve situaciaSic ki SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli
motivebis gavleniT swavlobdnen.
motivacia damokidebulia adamianis moTxovnilebebze. amerikelma
fsiqologma abraam masloum (1954 weli) Seqmna motivaciis ierarqi-
uli modeli, sadac Camoayaliba adamianur moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia.
is ganasxvavebda ZiriTad moTxovnilebebsa da metamoTxovnilebebs.
ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi Seicavs:
fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs (sakvebis, wylis miReba);
usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebs (komfortis, usafrTxo pirobeb-
Si yofnis survili);
siyvarulisa da mikuTvnebulobis moTxovnilebebs (urTierTo-
bis, urTierTmijaWulobis, jgufTan mikuTvnebuloba);
TviTpativiscemis moTxovnilebebs (maRali TviTSefasebis qo-
nis, pativiscemisa da aRiarebis miReba).
mocemuli moTxovnilebebi ierarqiuladaa ganlagebuli. maRali
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia mxolod ufro dabali
donis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg. rodesac adamians Sia
an sciva, im momentSi naklebad fiqrobs aRiarebaze an pativiscemaze.
ZiriTad moTxovnilebebs deficitur moTxovnilebebsac uwodeben.
metamoTxovnilebebi Seicavs esTetiur, kognitur, TviTrealizaci-
is moTxovnilebebs. am moTxovnilebebs zrdis moTxovnilebebsac uwo-
deben.
maswavlebelma aucileblad unda icodes studentebis moTxovnile-
bebis Sesaxeb da swavlebis procesis efeqturobisaTvis scados maTi
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba: mijaWvulobis, kuT-
vnilebis, aRiarebisa da TviTpativiscemis.
motivacia
30

31. 31
motivacia
TviTaqtua-
lizaciis
pativiscemis
socialuri
usafrTxoebis
fiziologiuri
nax. 3.1 motivaciis ierarqiuli modeli
ansxvaveben ori saxis motivacias: garegans da Sinagans.
garegani motivaciis SemTxvevaSi adamiani ZiriTadad saqmianobs
garegani jildos misaRebad: Seqebis, fuladi jildos, maRali
niSnis, serTifikatis da a.S.
Sinagani motivaciisas ki adamians Tavad siamovnebs da surs mo-
qmedeba, imis miuxedavad miiRebs jildos Tu ara. es motivacia
TviT pirovnebidan gamomdinareobs. mag.: samuSaos dasrulebis
Semdeg kmayofilebis gancda.
garegan motivacias did yuradRebas uTmobs bihevioristuli mid-
goma, gansakuTrebiT Seqebasa da waxalisebas. pozitiur da negatiur
ganmtkicebas adgili aqvs nebismier saswavlo garemoSi. maswavleblebi
aqeben da SeniSvnas aZleven studentebs, uweren dabal an maRal niS-
nebs. rodesac ganmtkiceba sistematurad gamoiyeneba, is aucileblad
axdens qcevaze zegavlenas.
rodis unda Seaqos maswavlebelma studenti?
Seqeba maSin aris gansakuTrebiT efeqturi, Tu is iwvevs studen-
tis TviTpativiscemis gazrdas. mag.: Tu Seqebas Tan axlavs kon-
struqciuli rCevebi, maSin mas ufro xangrZlivi da mniSvnelovani
efeqti mohyveba, vidre mxolod sityvas “kargia”. amasTanave, rCeva
unda iyos Zalian konkretuli da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda Sei-
cavdes studentebis Sedarebas.

32. 32
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
zogi mecnieris azriT, Seqebisas xazi unda gaesvas adamianis mon-
domebas da ara inteleqtsa da niWs. rodesac xazi esmeba adamianis
mondomebas, maSin is miiCnevs, rom swavliTa da mondomebiT SesaZle-
belia gonierebis (inteleqtis) formireba da ganviTareba. xolo,
rodesac Seqebisas xazi esmeba mxolod inteleqtualur SesaZle-
blobebsa da niWierebas, maSin Cndeba gancda, rom inteleqti mudmivi
mocemulobaa da, rodesac moswavle saTanadod ver asrulebs dava-
lebas, mas eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom saamisod “unari”ar gaaCnia da
kargavs motivacias.
Sinagan motivacias gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas humanisturi mid-
goma aniWebs. adamianisaTvis mniSvnelovania swrafva TviTrealiza-
ciisa da kompetenturobisaken. yvela adamians aqvs survili, iyos
darwmunebuli sakuTar TavSi da kompetenturad gamoiyurebodes sx-
vebis TvalSi. swored es ubiZgebs students daeuflos meore enas,
ganviTardes, didi dro dauTmos fizikur varjiSs an romelime in-
strumentze dakvras.
zogi studentisaTvis garegani motivacia ufro mniSvnelovania, vi-
dre Sinagani. amitom, maswavlebelma motivaciis orive formas unda
mimarTos da maTi kombinirebiT miaRwios sasurvel Sedegs. fsiqolo-
gebis azriT, is adamianebi, romelTa qcevasac Sinagani motivebi gan-
sazRvravs, ufro darwmunebuli arian sakuTar TavSi, ufro metad
Rebuloben kmayofilebas saqmianobidan da ufro iolad itanen waru-
mateblobas, vidre garegani motivirebis adamianebi. xSirad xdeba ise,
rom garegani motivaciidan gadavdivarT Sinagan motivaciaze, mag.: asa-
kis matebasTan erTad.
motivTan mWidro kavSirSia interesi. saswavlo dawesebulebebis um-
niSvnelovanesi mizani aris interesis gamowveva, rogorc konkretuli
sagnis, ise mTeli swavlebis procesis mimarT. saWiroa gvaxsovdes, rom
miznisken swrafvisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania gare ganmamtkiceblebi.
gare ganmamtkicebels mimarTavs yvela maswavlebeli, Tumca arsebobs
sawinaaRmdego azric, rom mudam garedan micemulma ganmamtkicebelma
SeiZleba gamoiwvios studentebis maTze damokidebuleba da Sesabam-
isad motivaciis Semcireba. iTvleba, rom isini, vinc Sinagani motive-
bidan gamomdinare moqmedeben, ufro metad arian dainteresebuli sa-
kuTari saqmianobiT.

33. motivacia
motivacia gavlenas axdens adamianis warmatebasa da warumateb-
lobaze. sainteresoa is faqti, rom adamianebi gansxvavebulad xsnian
sakuTar warmateba-warumateblobas. mag.: zogi studenti maRali niSnis
miRebas sakuTar niWierebas miawers, zogi ki iRbalsa da gamarTlebas.
adamianebi, romlebic warmatebas sakuTar Tavs miaweren ufro kompe-
tenturad grZnoben Tavs, vidre is adamianebi, vinc warmatebul qcevas
gamarTlebiTa da bedisweriT xsnian.
maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu rogor xsnis ada-
miani sakuTar warmatebas Tu warumateblobas. dasaxuli miznis miRwe-
va im SemTvevaSia advili, Tu studentebs mivaxvedrebT, rom warmateba
maT mondomebazea damokidebuli, rom maT SeuZliaT akontrolon swav-
lis procesi da miaRwion sasurvel Sedegs.
maswavlebelma saswavlo garemo im-
dagvarad unda moawyos, rom studente-
bis motivaciis aqtivacias axdendes.
rodesac saklaso garemoSi aqtivaci-
is done Zalian dabalia, maSin studen-
ti mowyenilia, misi yuradReba gafan-
tulia, is ar aris CarTuli gakveTilis
procesSi. xolo Tu aqtivacia Zalian
maRalia, maSin studenti grZnobs SiSsa
da Zlier SfoTvas. amitom maswavlebelma studentTa aqtivaciis kon-
troli unda moaxdinos. saklaso garemosTvis idealuria aqtivaciis
saSualo done. bunebrivia, rom studentebi, romelTac ar ainteresebT
gakveTili, ver grZnoben Tavs komfortulad, ver iTviseben efeqtu-
rad masalas da verc Zlieri SfoTvis SemTxvevaSi iqnebian CarTuli
gakveTilSi.
maswavlebels SeuZlia akontrolos studentebze moqmedi stimule-
bis umravlesoba. is, Tu rogor gamoiyurebian maswavleblebi, ras
da rogor amboben, did zegavlenas axdens studentTa yuradRebis xa-
risxze. mag.: Tu maswavlebeli azviadebs gamocdis mniSvnelovanebas,
testSi Seaqvs Zalian rTuli davalebebi, emuqreba an mkacrad eqceva
studentebs – iwvevs Zlier SfoTvas, rac iwvevs maTi yuradRebis ga-
fantvas. aseve, Tu maswavlebeli Zalian monotonurad, nela, qaoturad
awvdis masalas, esec iwvevs yuradRebis gafantvasa da mowyenilobas.
33

34. 34
komunikacia aris adamianebs Soris urTierTobis procesi, romlis
mizania informaciis gadacema. komunikaciis procesSi erTi mxare, anu
informaciis wyaro, informacias gadascems meore mxares, anu infor-
maciis mimRebs, romelime sakomunikacio arxis saSualebiT. infor-
maciis wyaro da mimRebi SeiZleba erTi an meti adamiani iyos. mag.:
leqciis axsnis procesSi maswavlebeli aris informaciis wyaro, xolo
studentebi – informaciis mimRebebi.
informacia, romelic komunikaciis procesSi gadaicema, SeiZleba
iyos verbaluri (sityvieri) an araverbaluri (usityvo). amis mixed-
viT komunikacia iyofa verbalur anu sityvier da araverbalur, anu
usityvo komunikaciad. komunikaciis procesSi ZiriTadad gulisxmo-
ben mosazrebebis, ideebis, Sexedulebebis gacvlas, rac sityvierad
xdeba, Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania komunikacia JestebiT, mimike-
biT, poziT da a.S.
sakomunikacio arxi, rome-
lic informaciis gadacemi-
sas gamoiyeneba, SesaZlebelia
iyos sxvadasxva; mag.:
vizualuri, rodesac maswav-
lebeli iyenebs TvalsaCinoe-
bebs da studentebi xedaven
masalas;
audialuri, rodesac mas-
wavlebeli saubrobs da stu-
dentebi ismenen informacias;
taqtiluri, rodesac studenti xeliT exeba mag.: Tixas da xvdeba,
rom is sveli da rbili aris;
komunikaciisas SesaZlebelia erTdroulad erTi an ramdenime arxis
gamoyeneba. rac ufro meti arxi gamoiyeneba informaciis gadasacemad,
miT ufro advilia masalis gageba da damaxsovreba.
erTi SexedviT komunikacia ar unda iyos rTuli, Tumca bevri so-
cialuri Tu politikuri problema araswori, damaxinjebuli komu-
nikaciiT aris gamowveuli. igive iTqmis swavlebis procesze. Zalian
xSirad swavlebis problemebi, sxva mizezebTan erTad, araswori komu-
nikaciiT aris gamowveuli.
komunikacia SesaZlebelia Seferxdes sxvadasxva faqtoris gavleniT,
komunikacia

35. 35
komunikacia
maT sxvanairad barierebs uwodeben. barierebi xels uSlis informa-
ciis gadacemasa da gagebas. es SesaZlebelia iyos:
enobrivi barierebi, rogoricaa msmenelisaTvis gaugebeli Jar-
gonis gamoyeneba, specialuri terminologia, ucxo ena;
fizikuri barierebi, rogoricaa xmauri, maRali an dabali tem-
peratura, arakeTilmowyobili saklaso garemo;
fsiqologiuri barierebi, rogoricaa interesis arqona, uyur-
adReboba;
meorexarisxovani barierebi, rogoricaa mosaubreebs Soris
gansxvavebuli gamocdileba, kulturuli gansxvavebebi.
am barierebis kontroli da komunikaciis procesSi maTi Semcireba
mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs komunikacias.
4. 11. verbaluri komunikacia
verbaluri komunikacia aris sityvieri komunikacia anu komunikacia
enis gamoyenebiT.
verbaluri komunikaciis mizani aris sityvieri informaciis gada-
cema. verbalur komunikacias didi mniSvneloba aqvs saklaso garemoSi;
leqciis, seminaris, diskusiis, jgufuri muSaobis didi nawili ver-
balur komunikacias eTmoba.
informacia maqsimalurad gasagebi da advilad gadasamuSavebeli rom
iyos, sxvadasxva faqtoris gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro. es faqtorebia:
terminologia;
informaciis Sinaarsi;
informaciis sidide;
organizeba;
analizi;
informaciis gadacemis dro.
es maxasiaTeblebi icvleba konteqstisa da komunikaciis miznis mi-
xedviT; amasTanave, informaciis miReba da misi gadamuSaveba didad
aris damokidebuli kulturaze; rac erTi auditoriisTvis gasagebia,
SesaZlebelia gaugebari da miuRebeli iyos sxvasTan.

36. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
informacia rom gasagebi iyos, saWiroa:
terminologia, romelsac komunikaciisas viyenebT, auditori-
isaTvis gasagebi iyos; specterminologiis gamoyenebisas darw-
munebuli unda viyoT, rom studentebs terminologia esmiT;
Sinaarsi unda iyos naTlad Camoyalibebuli; yovelTvis unda
SevecadoT, rom yvelaferi, risi Tqmac gvsurs, iyos mkafiod
formulirebuli da naklebad nagulisxmevi. aseve, unda gaviT-
valiswinoT auditoriis gamocdileba, rogorc individualuri,
ise kulturuli.
informaciis sidide damokidebulia Temasa da auditoriaze,
Tumca is ar unda iyos Zalian grZeli da mosabezrebeli da
aseve – Zalian mokle da gaugebari;
masala unda iyos kargad struqturirebuli da logikurad or-
ganizebuli; gamokveTili unda iyos mniSvnelovani momentebi;
aseve, sasurvelia informaciaSi igrZnobodes movlenebis qro-
nologia: movlenis dawyeba, ganviTareba da dasasruli;
informacia unda Seicavdes logikur analizs;
informaciis gadacemis dro Zalian mniSvnelovania komunika-
ciis efeqturobisaTvis; komunikaciisaTvis saWiroa ara mar-
to informaciis kargad Camoyalibeba, aramed saWiro dros ga-
dacemac.
klasSi didi dro ixarjeba maswavleblis mier masalis axsnaze. rac
ufro naTlad, martivad, logikurad da gasagebad Camoayalibebs mas-
wavlebeli asaxsnel masalas da rac ufro metad daukavSirebs mas au-
ditoriis gamocdilebas, miT ufro advilad gasagebi gaxdeba masala
studentebisaTvis.
4.1.1. mosmena
erTi SexedviT mosmena ar unda iyos problema, Tumca adamianebs
xSirad uWirT informaciis zusti gageba.
arsebobs termini aqtiuri mosmena, rac mianiSnebs, rom mosmena
ar aris pasiuri procesi da mxolod informaciis gagebas ar niSnavs.
aqtiuri mosmena niSnavs ara mxolod imis gagebas, Tu ras ambobs ada-
miani, aramed rogor da ra emociiT. aqtiuri mosmenis dros msmeneli
ZiriTadad mosaubrezea koncentrirebuli. kargi mosmena niSnavs ara
mosaubrisaTvis sakuTari mosazrebebis da emociebis Tavsmoxvevas, ar-
amed mosaubris informaciisa da emociis zust gagebas.
36

37. komunikacia
aqtiuri mosmena sizustes saWiroebs, amitom, sasurvelia informa-
ciis mosmenisa da gagebis Semdeg yovelTvis gadavamowmoT, ramdenad
zustad gvesmis mosaubris.
aqtiuri mosmenisas msmeneli yur-
adRebas gamoxatavs rogorc araver-
balurad, mag.: TvaliT kontaqti, Tavis
daqneva, Ria Jestebi, aseve verbalu-
rad, mag.: `ra moxda Semdeg~, `Sen ro-
gorc miTxari... iqneb daakonkreto~ da
a.S.
aqtiur mosmenasTan mWidro kavSir-
Sia ukukavSiri, rac niSnavs imas, rom
msmeneli mosaubres atyobinebs, rom
man moismina da zustad gaigo mosaubris azri da damokidebuleba. Sesa-
Zlebelia iTqvas, rom ukukavSiri aqtiuri mosmenis Sedegia. ukukavSiri
SesaZlebelia iyos rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi. ukukavSiris da-
niSnulebaa adamians Seatyobinos, rogor gaaumjobesos Sedegi.
arsebobs ukukavSiris ramdenime saxe:
pozitiuri, romlis mizania studentis waxaliseba; mag.: `Sen zus-
tad gaiangariSe ra moculobis saSeni masala dagWirdeba kedlis amo-
sayvanad; ase gaagrZele!~
uarofiTi, romlis miza-
nia mosaubris dablokva; ma-
galiTad, `rogorc Cans, Sen
uyuradRebod mousmine am
instruqcias, amitom, araswo-
rad Seasrule davaleba~.
neitraluri, romelic
arc waaxalisebs da arc
aferxebs mosaubres; mag.:
`gasagebia, mesmis~
informatiuli, romlis
mizania msmenelisaTvis in-
formaciis miwodeba; mag.:
`rasac axla Tqven akeTebT,
amas formatirebis process
uwodeben~.
Semajamebeli – romlis mizania mosaubris naTqvamis, qcevis da a.S.
Sejameba; mag.: `Seni naTqvamidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
37

38. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
SenTvis ufro mosaxerxebeli individualuri muSaobaa~.
pedagogikaSi, ufro meti aqcenti pozitiur ukukavSirze unda keT-
debodes; saWiroa aRiniSnos is, rasac miaRwia studentma da ara mxo-
lod is, rasac ver miaRwia.
4.1.2. SekiTxvis dasma
mniSvnelovania SekiTxvis sworad dasma. imis mixedviT, Tu ra sakiTxze
da ra informaciis misaRebad vekiTxebiT, icvleba SekiTxvis forma,
Sinaarsi da miRebuli pasuxic.
SekiTxva Sedgeba Sinaarsisa da formisagan; cxadia yoveli kiTxva
garkveuli Sinaarsis matarebelia. formis mixedviT ki arsebobs daxu-
ruli da Ria SekiTxvebi.
daxurulia SekiTxva Tu misi pasuxebi winaswar gansazRvrulia. da-
xurul SekiTxvaze pasuxs didi dro ar sWirdeba; daxuruli SekiTxve-
biT mowmdeba ramdenad zustad axsovs adamians informacia. daxuruli
SekiTxvebi xSirad Sedis testebSi.
daxurul SekiTxvas SeiZleba 2 pasuxi hqondes `diax/ara~ an ram-
denime pasuxi da maTgan swori pasuxis SerCeva iyos saWiro; daxurul
kiTxvebSi Sedis daTanxmebis xarisxic~ srulad veTanxmebi, nawilobriv
veTanxmebi, neitraluri, sakmaod veTanxmebi, saerTod ar veTanxmebi~,
romlidanac respondenti erT pasuxs irCevs.
daxuruli kiTxvebis magaliTebi
1. `dasaSvebi aris Tu ara mcire zomis minis daWra Targis gamoy-
nebiT, romelic imave minidanaa gamoWrili?
1 diax 2 ara
2. `ra manZiliT unda iyos saWrebi erTi meorisagan daSorebuli
minebis damagrebisas?
1 10-15 mm 2 25-50 mm 3 30-35 mm
3. `almasis minisaWrelis SerCevis dros upirvelesad gaTval-
iswinebuli unda iyos minis sisqe?~
1 veTanxmebi 2 nawilobriv veTanxmebi
3 ar veTanxmebi
38

39. komunikacia
Ria SekiTxvas winaswar gansazRvruli pasuxebi ar aqvs. mas SeiZleba
mravali pasuxi hqondes; aseTi kiTxvebiT SesaZlebelia gadamowmeba,
Tu rogor aRiqvams studenti movlenas, ra mosazrebebi aqvs da a.S.
Ria SekiTxvis mizani SesaZlebelia iyos pasuxis dakonkreteba, pasux-
is kidev ufro gavrcoba, meti axsna-ganmartebis micema da a.S. aseT
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad students sWirdeba masalis gaxseneba,
gadamuSaveba, Sefaseba, argumentireba. Ria SekiTxvebze pasuxs ufro
meti dro sWirdeba, vidre daxurulze.
mag.: `rogor gavzardoT marcvleuli kulturebis mosavlianoba
1 ha-ze?~
an `ras gulisxmobs soflis meurneobis produqtebis pirvela-
di gadamuSaveba?~
maswavlebeli ZiriTadad imisaTvis ekiTxeba studentebs, rom gaigos,
ramdenad kargad esmiT maT masala. Tumca, maswavlebelma SesaZlebe-
lia arasworad dasvas SekiTxvebi da Sesabamisad, studentebs azris
srulyofilad gamoTqmis saSualeba ar misces; sasurvelia SekiTxvebi
daisvas cal-calke da ara ramodenime erTad; students mosafiqre-
blad saWiro dro unda hqondes; SekiTxvis dasmis dros maswavlebeli
unda iTvaliswinebdes studentebis codnasa da individualuri gansx-
vavebebs; aseve, mas winaswar ar unda hqondes gaazrebuli kiTxvaze
pasuxi da studentebs am pasuxisaken ar unda ubiZgos; SekiTxva unda
daisvas mTeli jgufisTvis da ara jgufis nawilisaTvis.
4. 22. araverbaluri komunikacia
araverbaluri komunikacia aris komunikacia sityvebis gareSe, anu
adamianis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebiTa da qceviT.
urTierTobisas informaciis udidesi nawili 90% araverbalu-
rad (sxeuli da xmis toni/tembri) gadaicema;
araverbaluri komunikaciiT gamoixateba emociebi, damokide-
buleba, moZraobis mimarTuleba, sagnebis forma, rac zogjer
Znelad gamoiTqmis sityvebiT;
araverbaluri komunikacia ufro Zvelia, vidre verbaluri; ada-
mianebi metyvelebis dawyebamde urTierTobisaTvis araverbalur
komunikacias iyenebdnen; bavSvebic jer swavloben araverbalur
39

40. 40
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
komunikacias, Semdeg verbalurs;
verbaluri komunikaciis siswore
da sandooba mtkicdeba araver-
baluriT, Tu maT Soris Seusabam-
obaa, mag.: adamiani pozitiurad
afasebs movlenas, magram misi
saxis gamometyveleba amis sawi-
naaRmdegos adasturebs, adamia-
nebi ufro metad araverbalur
informacias endobian;
araverbaluri komunikacia ufro
sandod da gulwrfelad aris miCneuli, vidre verbaluri,
radgan ufro Znelia araverbaluri maniSneblebis kontroli,
vidre sityvebis;
verbaluri komunikacia wydeba, rodesac wyaro wyvets infor-
maciis miwodebas; araverbalurad informacia yovelTvis gada-
icema sxeulis poziT, CacmulobiT da qceviT;
adamianebi xSirad cdiloben realuri emociebis dafarvas. ro-
gorc wesi, yalbi, arabunebrivi emocia droSi Zalian gaxan-
grZlivebulia an piriqiT, Sekvecili. gamocdili adamianisaTvis
advili dasanaxia adamianebis realuri emocia sxeulis pozis,
Jestebisa da sxva aravebaluri maniSneblebis mixedviT.
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom saklaso garemoSi informaciis udidesi na-
wili araverbalurad gadaicema. amasTanave, rodesac studentebi mas-
wavlebels zogadad an mis kompetenturobas afaseben, umetes SemTx-
vevaSi araverbalur informaciaze miuTiTeben. mag.: sasiamovno xma
aqvs, gamaRizianebeli manerebi aqvs, momwons misi xmis tembri da a.S.
amis sawinaaRmdegod, aRmoCnda, rom maswavleblebi nakleb yuradRe-
bas aqceven studentebis araverbalur maniSneblebs da ZiriTadad ma-
salis gadacemiT arian dakavebuli.
saklaso garemoSi mniSvnelovania Semdegi araverbaluri maniSneble-
bis gaTvaliswineba da kontroli: sxeulis poza, Jestebi, saxis ga-
mometyveleba, xmis maxasiaTeblebi, Cacmuloba da manZili; aseve
fizikuri garemo da dro.
sxeulis poziT iseTi mniSvnelovani informaciis miReba SeiZleba
adamianis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa misi statusi, damokidebuleba, emociebi
da a.S. mag.: rodesac studenti leqciaze zis modunebuli, maswavleb-
sityvebi
10%
sxeu
l
is
ena
50%
xmis maxasi-
aTblebi
40%

41. 41
komunikacia
els ar uyurebs, es SesaZlebelia niSnavdes, rom mas ar aintersebs
leqcia; xolo win wamoweuli studenti, romelic iniSnavs masalas,
gamoxatavs interess.
Jestebi warmoadgens xelebis moZraobas; arsebobs Caketili da Ria
Jestebi, agresiuli da keTilganwyobili; mag.: gadajvaredinebuli xe-
lebi Caketili pozaa, muStis dartyma magidaze an saweri kalmiT an
joxiT miTiTeba agresiulad aRiqmeba. maRali statusis, maRali TviT-
Sefasebis, sakuTar TavSi darwmunebul adamianebs ufro farTo Jest-
ebi aqvT, vidre dabali statusis da morcxv adamianebs, romlebic
sakuTar TavSi ar arian darwmunebuli; saklaso garemoSi sasurvelia
maswavleblis Jestebi iyos Ria da araagresiuli.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakomunikacio saSualeba saxis gamome-
tyvelebaa. saxis gamometyvelebaSi Sedis Rimili, TvalebiT kontaqti
da mimikebi; maswavlebeli studentebis saxis gamometyvelebiT Ses-
aZlebelia mixvdes, esmiT da ainteresebT Tu ara sakiTxi, ician Tu
ara masala da a.S. aseve, maswavleblis saxis gamometyveleba studen-
tebisaTvis SeiZleba mniSvnelovani ganmamtikicebeli iyos; rodesac
studentis pasuxze maswavlebeli iRimis da Tavs aqnevs, studentisaT-
vis es niSnavs, rom misi pasuxi sworia; SeWmuxnili Subli, moRuSuli
saxe uaryofiT stimulad aRiqmeba. igive iTqmis TvalebiT kontaqtze;
rodesac studentebma pasuxi ician maswavleblis kiTxvaze, isini cdi-
loben maswavlebels TvalebSi uyuron; maswavlebeli Tvalebis kon-
taqtiT cdilobs moswavlis mxridan yuradRebis miqcevas da SenarCu-
nebas. aseve gagebas, Tu ramdenad ainteresebT studentebs Tema.
xmis maxasiaTeblebSi Sedis xmis toni da tembri; tembris kontro-
li ufro Znelia, vidre tonis. sasurvelia xmis toni iyos gadasacemi
masalis Sesatyvisi; Zalian maRali toni agresiulad aRiqmeba. xmis
toniT advili misaxvedria adamianis emociuri mdgomareoba; nawyeni,
gabrazebuli, dabneuli an bednieri adamianis xmis toni mkveTrad gan-
sxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan.
adamianebis Sefasebaze did gavlenas axdens Cacmuloba. Cacmulo-
bis mixedviT daskvnas akeTeben adamianebis gemovnebaze, energiulo-
baze, rolze, guneba-ganwyobaze, statusze da a.S. xSirad Cacmulobis
mixedviT msjeloben adamianebis kompetenturobaze, mimzidvelobasa
da sandoobaze.
arsebobs garkveuli molodini rogor unda icvamdes maswavlebeli;
es damokidebulia kulturaze, saswavleblis tipze. Tu maswavlebeli

42. 42
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
met-naklebad ar jdeba mosalodnel stilSi, SesaZlebelia mis mimarT
Zalian dadebiTi an uaryofiTi damokidebuleba Camoyalibdes. mag.:
Tanamedrovea da misabaZia an Zvelmoduria da yuradRebis miqceva ar
Rirs.
nax. 4.1 sxvadasxva tipis urTierTobisas dakavebuli manZili
adamianebs Soris manZili icvleba urTierTobis tipisa da kultu-
ris mixedviT; rac ufro axlo urTierToba aqvT adamianebs, miT mci-
rea urTierTobisas manZili; megobrebi ufro axlo manZilze urTier-
Toben, vidre maswavlebeli da studenti an ucnobi adamianebi. aseve,
aRmosavluri kultura ufro mcire manZils irCevs urTierTobisas,
vidre evropuli. rodesac urTierTobisas bunebrivi manZili irRveva,
adamianebi iwyeben SfoTvas, uxerxulad grZnoben Tavs da cdiloben
maTTvis komfortuli manZilis aRdgenas. did jgufebSi ufro didia
maswavlebelsa da students Soris manZili, vidre mcire jgufebSi.
fizikuri garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs komunikaciis efeq-
turobas; rogoraa ganlagebuli aveji, ra eqspoziciebia kedlebze gan-
Tavsebuli, mniSvnelovani informaciis momcemia, Tu vin swavlobs am
oTaxSi, ras saqmianoben isini, da a.S. garemo gavlenas axdens adamian-
ebs Soris urTierTobaze. swored amitom didi yuradReba eqceva sak-

43. 43
komunikacia
laso garemos mowyobas; kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom naTel, keTilmowyobil
saswavlo oTaxSi ufro pozitiuria studentebs Soris urTierToba,
vidre bnel da arakeTilmowyobil garemoSi.
gakveTilis formatis mixedviT icvleba saklaso garemoc. klasi-
kuri leqciis dros studentebi merxebTan sxedan, xolo maswavlebeli
Tavis magidasTan an dafasTan dgas da ise xsnis masalas; maswavleblis
magida da skami gansxvavdeba studentebis merxebisagan da skamebisagan
zomiTa da formiT; aseTi komunikaciisas maswavlebeli da studentebi
araTanabar situaciaSi arian; treiningebisas, mcire jgufebSi muSao-
bisas studentebi sxedan wreSi. aseTi garemo urTierTobas metad Rias
da komfortuls xdis. saerTod, pozitiuri saswavlo garemo naklebad
Seicavs barierebs da naklebad usvams xazs maswavleblisa da studen-
tis statuss Soris gansxvavebas.
dro mniSvnelovani faqtoria komunikaciis procesSi; komunikaciis
efeqturoba damokidebulia drosa da drois marTvaze. mag.: kvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom axali masalis gacnoba umjobesia gakveTilis dasawy-
isSi an bolos, rodesac sxva masalaSi Sereva aRar xdeba. studentebi
yvelaze pasiurebi masalis gadamuSavebis TvalsazrisiT gakveTilis
SuaSi arian, amitom am dros axali masaliT gadatvirTva aramizanSe-
wonilia.
droSi Sedis pauzebi da saubris tempi; drois udidesi nawili mi-
dis SekiTxvebis dasmasa da pasuxebSi; maswavlebelma unda icodes, ra
dro SeiZleba dasWirdeT studentebs pasuxis gasacemad an sakiTxis
gadasaWrelad da ra xangrZlivobisa SeiZleba iyos pauzebi. adamianebi
gansxvavdebian informaciis gadamuSavebis siCqaris mixedviT, amitom
sxvadasxva adamians erTsa da imave kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad da erTi
da imave masalis gadasamuSaveblad SeiZleba met-naklebad gansxvave-
buli dro dasWirdes. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom maswavleblebi 5 wamze
mets ar elodebian studentis pasuxs. amasTanave, maswavlebelma unda
SearCios saubris adekvaturi tempi; saubris Zalian swrafi tempis
SemTxvevaSi studentebs uWirT masalis gageba da gadamuSaveba; xolo
saubris Zalian neli tempi SesaZlebelia studentebisaTvis mosawyeni
gaxdes.
droSi Sedis punqtualobac; swavlebis procesSi Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia maswavleblis mxridan punqtualobis dacva; maswavlebeli ara mxo-
lod zustad unda gamocxaddes leqciaze, aramed zustad dagegmos
aqtivobebi da gansazRvrul dros daamTavros leqcia.

44. saswavlo mizani aris swavlebis procesis aucilebeli komponenti.
saswavlo mizani gansazRvravs Tu ra unda viswavloT da Semdeg, ra
unda SevafasoT. SeuZlebelia swavlebis procesis efeqturobis dad-
gena Tu winaswar ar gvecodineba risi miRweva gvinda da Sefasebis ra
proceduras gamoviyenebT.
saswavlo miznebi SeiZleba Camo-
vayaliboT Zalian zogadad, mag.: mos-
wavleTa potencialis gamovlena,
srulfasovani moqalaqeebis aRzrda.
zogadi mizani asaxavs moswavleTa
efeqturi ganviTarebis mimarTule-
bas, magram mocemuli mizani maswav-
leblisaTvis yoveldRiur cxovreba-
Si sakmarisi ar aris. misTvis aucilebelia konkretuli, yoveldRiuri,
specifikuri miznebis dasaxva.
arsebobs saswavlo miznebis sami farTo sfero: miznebi kognitur,
afeqtur da fsiqometrul sferoebSi.
benJamen blumma da misma kolegebma Camoayalibes swavlebis proce-
sis kognituri da afeqturi miznebi; Teoria cnobilia pedagogiuri
miznebis taqsonomiis saxelwodebiT.
taqsonomia anu miznebis ierarqia aRwers konkretul miznebs, rom-
lebic mizanTa ufro zogad klasSi erTiandebian. mocemuli Teoriis
gamoyeneba SeiZleba nebismieri profilis saswavleblis konkretuli
pedagogiuri miznebis SemuSavebisaTvis.
kognituri miznebis taqsonomiaSi (ierarqia) 6 klasi gamoiyofa.
esenia:
• codna; • analizi;
• gageba; • sinTezi;
• gamoyeneba; • Sefaseba.
kognituri miznebis ierarqia mocemulia cxrilSi 5.1.
maswavlebelma saswavlo procesis ganmavlobaSi Semdeg mizans unda
miaRwios: studentebs unda hqondeT mocemul saganSi codna, unda
hqondeT gaazrebuli miRebuli informaciis arsi, SeeZloT codnis
gamoyeneba, informaciis gaanalizeba, sinTezireba da Sefaseba.
saswavlo miznebi
44

45. saswavlomiznebi
cxrili 5.1. blumis kognituri miznebis taqsonomia
1. codna
• obieqtebis, faqtebis, TariRebis, terminebis, wesebis,
principebis, procesebis codna;
• arsebuli klasifikaciebisa da kategoriebis codna;
• kriteriumebis codna;
• meTodebis codna;
• smeniTi, werilobiTi da grafikuli informaciis
damxsovreba da aRdgena zusti an msgavsi formiT.
2. gageba
• faqtebis, wesebis, principebis, procesebisa da Teoriebis
sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemis unari;
• teqstidan ZiriTadi azris gamotana;
• werilobiTi, smeniTi da grafikuli informaciis erTi
formidan meoreze gadatana;
• Sesabamisi magaliTebis moyvanis SesaZlebloba.
3. gamoyeneba
• miRebuli informaciis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi;
• nimuSisa da principebis mixedviT davalebisa Tu samuSaos
Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba;
• arsebuli kanonzomierebis gavrcelebis farglebis
gansazRvra.
4. analizi
• masalis danawevreba misi ukeT gagebisa da damaxsovrebis
mizniT;
• movlenis, Sinaarsis dafaruli azris aRmoCena da axsna;
• procesTa Soris kanonzomierebebis gamovlena;
• movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena;
• sakuTari poziciis axsna, dasabuTeba;
5. sinTezi
• calke mocemuli elementebis gaerTianeba.
• axali produqtis Seqmna;
• hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba, kvlevis dagegmva;
• problemis gadaWris alternatiuli gzebis Camoyalibeba;
• problemis gadaWrisTvis saWiro moqmedebebis dagegmva;
6. Sefaseba
• sakuTari poziciis argumentirebuli dasabuTeba;
• garkveul kriteriumebsa da standartebze dayrdnobiT
daskvnebis gakeTeba;
• problemis gadaWris ramodenime gzidan erT-erTis
arCevis
marTebulobis dasabuTeba;
• modelis (sistemis) moqmedebis Sefaseba;
• mosazrebebis, Teoriebis, Rirebulebis dasabuTeba;
• monacemebisa da masze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli daskvnebis
Sesabamisobis dadgena.
45

46. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
afeqturi miznebi moiazrebs swavlebis procesTan dakavSirebul
emociur reaqciebs:
motivaciur sferos;
interesebs;
Tanxmobas;
movlenisadmi pozitiur an negatiur damokidebulebas;
procesSi CarTulobas.
profesiuli ganaTlebis sferoSi aseve didi yuradReba eqceva iseT
afeqtur miznebs, rogoricaa Sromis usafrTxoeba da SromisaTvis
momzadeba.
saswavlo miznebis fsiqometruli sfero unar-Cvevebis SeZenazea
orientirebuli; aq Sedis iseTi moqmedebebi, rogoricaa instrumentebis
gamoyeneba, motoruli moZraobebi, moZraobis daxvewa. maswavlebelma
saswavlo procesis ganmavlobaSi Semdegs unda miaRwios: students
unda SeeZlos daxazva, detalebis awyoba, daSla, damontaJeba, dapro-
eqteba da a.S.
saswavlo miznebi fsiqometrul sferoSi SeiZleba davyoT martiv
(qveda done), saSualo sirTulisa da kompleqsur (zeda done) moq-
medebebad. cxrilSi 5.2 mocemulia fsiqometrul sferoSi saswavlo
miznebis klasifikacia.
cxrili 5.2. saswavlo miznebi fsiqometrul sferoSi.
done maxasiaTeblebi
qveda done daxazva, dakavSireba-gacalkeveba, gameoreba, imitireba
saSualo done Secdomis aRmoCena, damontaJeba, garemonteba, dayeneba
zeda done Seqmna, simulireba, gamokvleva, daproeqteba, konstru-
ireba
rac ufro zeda safexuris fsiqometrul mizans isaxavs maswavlebe-
li, miT rTulia da did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs unar-Cvevis daswavla.
maswavlebels sWirdeba yoveli gakveTilis yuradRebiT dagegmva.
maswavlebelma unda icodes ara mxolod ra mizans emsaxureba yoveli
mecadineoba Tu leqcia, aramed ra Sedegs unda miaRwios; swavlebis
procesi Sedegze unda iyos orientirebuli.
46

47. saswavlomiznebi
swavlis Sedegi es aris swavlis procesSi SeZenili axali codna da
unarebi. ganasxvaveben SeZenili unarebis 5 ZiriTad tips:
inteleqtualur unarebs;
verbalur informacias;
damokidebulebebs;
motorul Cvevebs;
kognitur strategiebs.
taqsonomiis msgavsad pedagogiuri miznebis orientirad SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT swavlis Sedegi. SemogTavazebT e. ganies mier SemuSavebul
swavlis Sedegebs da masze dafuZnebul pedagogiur rekomendaciebs,
romelic saWiroa mocemuli Sedegis misaRwevad.
cxrili 5.3 swavlis Sedegis kavSiri pedagogiur miznebTan
da swavlebisaTvis saWiro pirobebTan.
swavlis Sedegi mizani
swavlebisaTvis
saWiro pirobebi
inteleqtualuri unarebi
zogadi wesebis codna
students unda See-
Zlos awonis meTodiT,
eleqtrotengamzomis
gamoyenebiT merqnis
tenianobis gansazRvra
saWiroa wesebis ax-
sna; wesebis das-
wavlisa da gagebi-
saTvis verbaluri
instruqciebis miwo-
deba
wesebis, kanonzomiere-
bebis codna
studentma unda
icodes merqnis mikros-
kopuli da makrosko-
puli agebuleba
aucilebelia ZiriTa-
di cnebebis, konkre-
tuli magaliTebis
ganxilva da ganmt-
kiceba
cnebebis codna
studentma unda Se-
Zlos merqnis saxeebis
CamoTvla
----------------------------
----------------------------
gansxvavebis codna
studentma unda Se-
Zlos sxvadasxva deta-
lis an xelsawyos gan-
sxvaveba
unda moxdes masa-
lis mravaljeradi
ganmeoreba da ganmt-
kiceba
47

48. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
swavlebis martivi tipi
(stimul reaqcia)
sasurvelia, students
hqondes swavlebis
procesis, saswavle-
blisadmi pozitiuri
damokidebuleba
dadebiTi ganmtkice-
ba: pozitiuri gamoc-
dileba
verbaluri informacia
studentma unda Se-
Zlos merqnis saxeebis
CamoTvla
miwodebisas informa-
cia Sinaarsis mixed-
viT kargad unda
iyos organizebuli,
aucilebelia arsisT-
vis xazis gasma, stu-
dentTa motivireba
damokidebuleba
students urCevnia Sem-
invis samuSaoebis Cat-
areba, iatakis filebiT
mopirkeTebas.
informaciis miwo-
deba saqmianobis
sxvadasxva sferoebis
Sesaxeb
motoruli Cvevebi
students daxmarebis
gareSe unda SeeZlos
Seminvis samuSaoebis
Catareba: Targis gam-
oyenebiT minis daWra,
Casma, damagreba, sago-
zavis wasma.
verbaluri instruq-
cia, ganmtkiceba,
praqtikuli mecadi-
neoba
kognituri strategiebi
studentma unda
mimarTos sakuTar
strategias masalis
damaxsovrebisaTvis
damaxsovrebis efeq-
turi strategiebis
ganxilva da swavleba
48

49. saswavlo kursis momzadebis dros erT-erTi umTavresi kiTxva,
romelzedac maswavlebeli pasuxs saWiroebs, aris: rogor avarCio
Cemi kursis swavlebisaTvis yvelaze ufro Sesaferisi meTodi?
dResdReisobiT swavlebis uamravi sxvadasxva meTodia cnobili, maT
Soris saxelobo ganaTlebaSic. yvela maswavlebelma unda SearCios
swavlebis saTanado strategia da meTodika, romelic uzrunvelyofs
studentebis mier masalis optimalur aTvisebas. pedagogiuri mid-
gomebis arsebul simravleSi garkvevisaTvis gTavazobT ramdenime
rekomendacias:
swavlebis meTodis SerCevisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, mkafiod unda iyos
gansazRvruli swavlis Sedegebi: ra unda icodes da risi gakeTeba
unda SeZlos studentma mocemuli saswavlo kursis dasrulebis Sem-
deg? swavlis SedegebiT ganisazRvreba rogorc kursis Sinaarsi, aseve
swavlebis meTodika da Sefasebis formatic.
swavlis Sedegebis Camoyalibebis dros gaiTvaliswineT rogorc
dargobrivi codnis, aseve zogadi unarebis gamomuSavebis aucile-
bloba. anu studentma Tqveni kursis farglebSi unda SeiZinos ara
marto dargobrivi kompetencia, mag.: veb-gverdis dizaini, metalis
detalebis gamoCarxva, eleqtroaparaturis SekeTeba da a.S., aramed
iseTi zogadi unarebic, rogoricaa, mag.: komunikacia, jgufSi an da-
moukideblad muSaoba, drois menejmenti da a.S. swavlis Sedegebis
gansazRvrisas isic unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom misaRwevi Sedegebi re-
alisturi unda iyos, anu dasaxeT iseTi miznebi, romelTa miRwevac
arsebuli resursebis pirobebSi SesaZlebeli iqneba.
swavlis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, ufro martivi iqneba Sesabamisi
swavlebis meTodis SerCeva. Tu kursi Teoriuli xasiaTisaa da ar
gulisxmobs praqtikuli unarebis gamomuSavebas, maSin mizanSewonili
iqneba leqciis, seminarebisa da /an diskusiis meTodis gamoyeneba. Tu
kursis farglebSi studenti garkveul praqtikul unarebs unda daeu-
flos, maSin optimaluria demonstrirebis da/an proeqtebis meTodis
gamoyeneba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos saintereso momenti: kvlevebiT dadasturebu-
lia, rom swavlebis meTodikis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas SemTxvevaTa
90%-Si gansazRvravs saxelmZRvanelo. saxelobo ganaTlebis SemTx-
vevaSi da saqarTveloSi dResdReisobiT arsebuli realobis gaTval-
49
rogor SevarCioT swavlebis
meTodebi

50. swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaTlebaSi
iswinebiT saxelmZRvaneloze dayrdnoba (misi praqtikulad ararsebo-
bis gamo) namdvilad ar SeiZleba. ganmsazRvreli unda iyos dagegmili
swavlis Sedegebis miRweva.
erTi kursis farglebSi SesaZloa swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodis gam-
oyeneba: mag.: dasawyisSi leqcia, mere ki seminari da diskusia; an da-
sawyisSi demonstrireba, mere ki proeqtebi da a.S.
swavlebis meTodis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania yvela detali:
ramdeni saaTia gamoyofili am kursis swavlebisaTvis;
ramdeni studenti iqneba jgufSi;
kursi/sagani savaldebuloa Tu arCeviTi;
ra tipis saswavlo masalaa am kursis farglebSi gaTvaliswineb-
uli (saxelmZRvanelo, maswavleblis konspeqti Tu sxva);
ra sagnebi da ra meTodiT aqvT studentebs ukve naswavli;
ra sagnebs da am sagnis paralelurad ra meTodiT swavloben
studentebi;
rogori resursebia xelmisawvdomi swavlebisaTvis (eleqtro-
nuli media, laboratoria, saxelosno, Cveulebrivi saklaso
oTaxi da a.S.)
yvela saswavlo kurss misTvis damaxasiaTebeli swavlebis meTodika
Seesabameba, Tumca uSualod swavlebis procesSi sruliad dasaSvebia
dagegmili meTodikis Secvla; Tu maswavlebels miaCnia, rom student-
Ta am konkretul jgufTan umjobesia sxvagvarad muSaoba da a.S.
50

51. 51
7. 11. leqcia
ra aris es?
klasikuri ganmartebiT, leqcia aris garkveuli informaciis mom-
cveli momzadebuli sityva auditoriis winaSe.
leqcia warmoadgens studentTa didi raodenobisaTvis informaciis
gadacemis efeqtur meTods. leqciis dros studentebs miewodebaT
sistematizebuli codna, Sesaswavli sferos ZiriTadi koncefciebi da
Teoriebi. acnobs ra msmenels sabazo Teoriul informacias, leqcia
sagnis SemdgomSi damoukideblad Seswavlis winapirobas qmnis.
rodis viyenebT?
ramdenadac leqcia studentebisaTvis informaciis didi raodeno-
biT miwodebas uzrunvelyofs, amgvari swavlebis meTodis gamoyene-
ba mizanSewonilia Sesavali kursebisa da sagnebis Teoriuli nawilis
Seswavlisas. profesiuli ganaTlebis specifikidan gamomdinare, erTi
sagnis farglebSi xSirad mogviwevs saleqcio swavlebis Sexameba swav-
lebis sxva meTodebTan, ase mag.:
leqcia + praqtikuli mecadineoba;
leqcia + seminari;
leqcia + seminari + praqtikuli mecadineoba da a.S.
studentebis raodenoba
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, leqciis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia student-
Ta did jgufTan muSaoba. ramdenadac leqciis dros ZiriTadad mas-
wavlebeli aris aqtiuri (is kiTxulobs leqcias) rTulia calsaxad
ganisazRvros leqciaze damswreb studentTa optimaluri raodenoba,
es ZiriTad auditoriis//saklaso oTaxis tevadobazea damokidebuli.
sauniversiteto tradicia icnobs ramdenime aseuli studentisaTvis
leqciis wakiTxvis SemTxvevebs. saqarTveloSi profesiuli ganaTlebis
sferoSi am etapze aseTi mravalricxovani auditoriis winaSe leqciis
wakiTxva naklebad savaraudoa, Tumca sruliad SesaZlebelia, stu-
dentTa raodenoba ramdenime aTeuliT ganisazRvros.
swavlebis meTodebi

52. 52
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
Pros & Contras
swavlebis saleqcio meTods mTeli rigi upiratesobebi aqvs: moicavs
ra erTdroulad studentebis did raodenobas, leqcia swavlebis
yvelaze ufro ekonomiuri meTodia, rodesac saqme exeba saswavlo ma-
salis didi moculobis gadacemas gansazRvrul droSi. logikurad or-
ganizebuli faqtebi da ideebi Tanamimdevrulad da swrafad miewodeba
studentebs. saswavlo masala, romelic SesaZloa sxvadasxva saxelmZR-
vaneloSi iyos gabneuli da romlis moZiebaze studentebs bevri dro
daexarjebodaT, leqciaze maT kompaqturad miewodebaT. leqcia avsebs
swavlebis sxva meTodebs da, rogorc wesi, win uZRvis mag.: demonstri-
rebas an diskusias.
bevri dadebiTi mxaris miuxedavad, swavlebis saleqcio meTods ram-
denime uaryofiTi aspeqtic axasiaTebs: leqcia xels ar uwyobs stu-
dentTa aqtiur monawileobas. swavla aqtiuri procesia, maSin rode-
sac leqcia studentebs pasiur msmenelad moiazrebs da maswavleblis
aqtiurobas efuZneba. leqcia ver uzrunvelyofs swavlis Sedegebis
sruli speqtris dafarvas. ase mag.: praqtikuli an jgufSi muSaobis
unarebi leqciaze namdvilad ver gamomuSavdeba. garda amisa, leqciaze
rTulia imis dadgena, ramdenad kargad gaiges studentebma miwode-
buli masala. maswavlebelma SesaZloa imaze meti informacia miawodos
studentebs, vidre maT aTviseba SeuZliaT.
sakmaod rTulia studentebis didi raodenobis yuradRebis mobili-
zeba da SenarCuneba leqciis ganmavlobaSi. maswavlebeli kargi orato-
ri unda iyos, rom SeZlos dagegmili informaciis efeqturi gadacema
studentebisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, studentebis yuradReba leqciis
dawyebidan pirveli 10-15 wuTis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba da iz-
rdeba leqciis dasasruls. Sesabamisad, sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma
leqciis mimdinareobis dros gazardos studentTa monawileoba Car-
Tuloba maTi mxridan yuradRebis amaRlebis mizniT. garda amisa, leq-
ciaze miRebuli codnis SenarCunebis xarisxi swavlebis aqtiur meTo-
debTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro dabalia; cnobilia, rom Cven wakiTxuli
da/an mosmenili informaciis daaxloebiT 10-20% vimaxsovrebT, maSin
rodesac masalis moyolis an weris dros vimaxsovrebT mis 70%-mde,
xolo yvelaze ufro efeqturia (90%-mde) aqtiurad Sesrulebuli sa-
muSaos dros miRebuli codnis damaxsovrebis done.
mokled leqciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi ase SegviZlia
davajamoT:

53. 53
swavlismeTodebi
dadebiTi mxareebi:
Teoriuli informaciis miwodebis efeqturi meTodi;
maswavleblis mier advilad kontrolirebadi saswavlo garemo
ar saWiroebs specialur aRWurvilobas;
variaciulobis didi potenciali.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
meTodi gamouyenebelia praqtikuli unarebis swavlebisaTvis;
maswavlebelsa da studentebs Soris komunikaciis nakleboba;
rTulia auditoriis yuradRebis SenarCuneba;
leqciis momzadebas mniSvnelovani dro sWirdeba;
Sefaseba leqciis procesSi garTulebulia;
leqcia swavlebis formaluri teqnikaa da students
pasiurs xdis.
saswavlo garemo
leqcia maqsimalurad gasagebi rom iyos, yuradReba unda mieqces
auditoriaSi/saklaso oTaxSi msmenelTa ganTavsebas. tradiciulad
gamoiyeneba auditoriis e.w. frontaluri stili – anu maswavlebeli
dgas studentebis winaSe, rogorc wesi, dafasTan, xolo studentebi
mwkrivebad arian ganlagebuli (ix. naxazi 7.1). maswavleblis xma yvelas
kargad unda esmodes. Tu gaTvaliswinebulia TvalsaCinoebis gamoy-
eneba, maSin dafa/ekrani oTaxis nebismieri wertilidan kargad unda
Candes. maswavlebeli aseve kargad unda xedavdes auditorias, raTa
masTan kontaqti ar dakargos da SeamCnios msmenelTa reaqcia. mniS-
vnelovania, rom msmenelebs hqondeT weris saSualeba leqciis dros
informaciis CaniSvnis mizniT.
auditoriis frontaluri stiliT ganawileba xazs usvams maswav-
leblis aqtiur da msmenelTa erTgvarad pasiur rols, Tumca leqcia
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamoricxavs msmenelTa CarTulobas da aq-
tiur diskusias – leqciis msvlelobisas studentebs unda SeeZloT
SekiTxvebis dasma. cxadia, SekiTxvebi maswavlebelmac unda dasvas,
magram ara ganvlili masalis codnis Semowmebis mizniT, aramed imis
dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad gasagebia mimdinare leqcia, raTa saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi droulad moxdes koreqtireba/damateba.
Tu msmenelTa auditoria mcirericxvovania (ar aRemateba 15 stu-
dents), sasurvelia maTi ganTavseba ise, rom xeli Seewyos yoveli stu-
dentis aqtiur monawileobasa da CarTulobas leqciaSi. Sesabamisad
gamoiyeneba ara frontaluri, aramed sadiskusio stili e.w.`U for-

54. 54
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
mati~ (ix. nax.: 7.2) studentebi da maswavlebeli ganlagebuli arian U
formis magidis irgvliv ise, rom yvela erTmaneTs kargad xedavs da
maswavlebels aqvs saSualeba, miuaxlovdes nebismier students.
nax. 7.1 nax. 7.2
leqciis frontaluri stili leqciis sadiskusio stili
swavlebis damxmare saSualebebi
radganac leqcia gulisxmobs sabazo informaciis miwodebas msmenel-
ebisaTvis, romelic maTTvis gasagebi da advilad gadasamuSavebeli
unda iyos, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba TvalsaCino masalis gamoyenebas.
TvalsaCinoeba SesaZloa Semoifarglos mxolod teqstiT – leqtori
saubris paralelurad informaciis ZiriTad punqtebs dafaze/ekranze
warmoadgens (rogorc wesi, winaswar momzadebuli prezentaciis saxiT
ppt formatSi). es uadvilebs msmenelebs gaigon leqciis arsi da Cain-
iSnon ZiriTadi momentebi. imave formatSi SesaZlebelia arateqsturi
masalis, mag.: ruqebis, sqemebis, diagramebis, cxrilebis da a.S. prezen-
tacia. Tu ama Tu im mizezis gamo SeuZlebelia prezentaciis momzade-
ba, maSin SesaZloa didi zomis tabulebis gamoyeneba – am SemTxvevaSi
garkveul sirTules warmoadgens am TvalsaCinoebis ganTavseba dafaze,
misi moxsna da a.S. – es procesi xSirad asistirebas saWiroebs; asis-
tentad SeiZleba studenti gamoviyenoT. TvalsaCinoebis gamoyeneba
ar unda iqces TviTmiznad – TvalsaCinoeba unda daexmaros msmenels,
ukeT gaigos leqciis farglebSi gadasacemi informacia da gauadvi-
los mas momavalSi am masalis Seswavla. TvalsaCinoeba gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania vizualuri tipis studentebisaTvis, visac mxedvelo-
biTi mexsiereba ukeT aqvs ganviTarebuli.
Sefasebis adekvaturi formebi
Tu saswavlo kursi mxolod leqciis formatiT iswavleba (anu araa

55. 55
swavlismeTodebi
kombinirebuli swavlebis sxva meTodebTan), maSin leqciis dros mi-
wodebuli masalis codnis Sesamowmeblad SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT
Sefasebis rogorc weriTi, aseve zepiri formebi:
weriTi Sefaseba zepiri Sefaseba
• testi • kiTxva-pasuxi
• Ria kiTxvebze pasuxi • prezentacia
• Txzuleba/ese
radganac leqcia ZiriTadad Teoriuli masalis asaTvisebladaa gan-
kuTvnili, Sefasebisas ver gamoviyenebT praqtikuli unarebis demon-
strirebas – mowmdeba Teoriuli codna.
Tu leqcia sagnis swavlebis mxolod erT-erTi komponentia (mag.:
praqtikul mecadineobasTan erTad), maSin SesaZlebelia Sefasebis sxva
formebis gamoyenebac.
magaliTebi
mag.: N1mag.: N1
Tema: saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli Taflovani mcenareebi da maTi
mniSvneloba mefutkreobaSi
mizani: studentebs gaacnos
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli Taflovani mcenareebi, maTi daxa-
siaTeba, yvavilobis kalendaruli vadebi;
mcenareTa saneqtre produqtiuloba; mcenareebidan miRebuli
Taflis maxasiaTeblebi (feri, gemo, aromati, dakristaleba
da a.S).
Taflovani mcenareebis mniSvneloba futkris sakvebi bazis mow-
yobasa da gaumjobesebaSi.
maswavlebeli studentebs acnobs Taflovan mcenareebs Semdegi
klasifikaciiT:
mindvris (mzesumzira, esparceti, samyura, ZiZo da a.S.),
mdelos;
tyis (wabli, cacxvi, akacia, suro, da aS);
baRis (vaSli, msxali, qliavi, atami da a.S.);
subtropikuli mcenareebi (mandarini, forToxali, limoni
da a.S).

56. 56
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
maswavlebeli proeqtoriT uCvenebs studentebs mindvris jgufis
Taflovan mcenareebs; uxsnis maTi yvavlobis kalendarul vadebsa da
maTgan yvavilis mtvris aRebis vadebs; cxrilis saxiT uCvenebs Ti-
Toeuli mcenaris saneqtre produqtiulobas, romelic sxvadasxva mce-
narisaTvis gansxvavebulia, magaliTad 1 ha-ze 40 kg, 100 kg, 200 kg da
a.S maswavlebeli studentebs uxsnis TiToeuli tipis mcenarisagan
miRebuli Taflis upiratesobasa da nakls; uxsnis futkris sakvebi
bazis gaumjobesebis meTodebs.
mag.: N2mag.: N2
Tema: sanitarul-teqnikur sistemaSi gamoyenebuli armatura
mizani: studentebs avuxsnaT
ra SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba is;
aris Tu ara armaturis konstruqcia damokidebuli misi muSao-
bis pirobebze, daniSnulebasa da sxva faqtorebze.
maswavlebeli studentebs uxsnis, rom armaturis detalebis dasam-
zadeblad gamoyenebuli masala unda akmayofilebdes mTel rig moT-
xovnebs, ZiriTadad, eqspluataciis pirobebs. uxsnis ra saxisaa sak-
valTebi, rogor arian isini milsadenTan SeerTebuli, rogor iketeba
sakvalTis gasasvleli, an rogor iReba igi.
studentma aseTi teqnikuri saxis sakiTxebi kargad unda gaigos da
praqtikaSi damoukideblad SeZlos maTi gamoyeneba; maswavlebeli axs-
nisas iyenebs TvalsaCinoebebsa da naxazebs; axsenebs studentebs, ro-
gor aris maT saxlebSi gayvanili gaTboba da wyalmomarageba. is saSu-
alebas aZlevs studentebs leqciis drosac xeliT Seexon paralelur
sakvalTs moZravi SpindeliT, romelic gaTbobis sistemaSi gamoiy-
eneba; solur sakvalTs uZravi SpindeliT, romelic wyalmomaragebaSi
gamoiyeneba. xazgasmiT uxsnis im masalebs, romlisganac damzadebulia
sxvadasxva detali.
rekomedaciebi:
winaswar dagegmeT leqcia – leqciaze studentebs unda mia-
wodoT ZiriTadi informacia, romelic mTeli masalis sruli
aTvisebis winapirobas qmnis;
saleqcio masala logikuri TanamimdevrobT unda iyos organi-
zebuli (martividan rTulisaken) da advilad gasagebi audito-
riisaTvis;

57. 57
swavlismeTodebi
nu gadatvirTavT erT leqcias bevri gansxvavebuli tipis in-
formaciiT – SeecadeT TiTo leqcia TiTo Temis ganxilvas
dauTmoT;
`gaamdidreT~ Teoriuli leqcia konkretuli magaliTebiT;
leqciis bolos daskvnis saxiT SeajameT ZiriTadi punqtebi;
saleqcio kursis momzadebisas sasurvelia konsultacia ga-
iaroT Tqvens kolegebTan da SeaTanxmoT maTTan Tematika –
momdevno saseminaro Tu praqtikuli mecadineobebi saleqcio
kurss unda exmianebodes;
SeamowmeT auditoria leqciis Catarebamde – darwmundiT, rom
leqciis mimdinareoba uzrunvelyofilia saWiro damxmare sa-
SualebebiT;
kargad moamzadeT saleqcio masala – nu waikiTxavT wignidan
an konspeqtidan – moyeviT;
waaxaliseT studentebis mxridan kiTxvebis dasma;
mudmivad iqonieT mxedvelobiTi kontaqti auditoriasTan;
periodulad SeamowmeT, ramdenad `mogyvebaT~ auditoria da
mieciT Sesabamisi ukukavSiri.
7. 22. seminari
ra aris es?
seminari warmoadgens swavlebis formas, romelic, rogorc wesi,
studentTa mcirericxvovan jgufebSi mimdinareobs da studentebis
aqtiur monawileobas gulisxmobs, rac, Tavis mxriv, xSirad jgufis
winaSe samecniero statiis an Sesrulebuli proeqtis prezentaciiT
gamoixateba. Cveulebriv seminaris monawileebi damwyebebi ar unda
iyvnen. seminaris daniSnulebaa aswavlos studentebs maT mier arCeuli
disciplinis meTodologiis gamoyeneba da praqtikuli problemebis
gadaWra. xSirad seminari diskusiis an debatebis formas iRebs.
rodis viyenebT?
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, seminari aris ama Tu im proeqtze momuSave

58. 58
swavlebisa da Sefasebis meTodebi profesiul ganaT lebaSi
studentTa jgufis Sexvedra, yvelasaTvis saintereso problemebis
ganxilvis mizniT. Sesabamisad, seminaris gamoyeneba SeiZleba maSin,
rodesac studentebs ukve dagrovili aqvT garkveuli Teoriuli da
praqtikuli codna da SeuZliaT damoukideblad monacemebis, faqtebis
wardgena-ganxilva. seminari, rogorc swavlebis damoukidebeli forma,
iSviaTad gamoiyeneba; Zalian xSiria seminarebis kombinireba leqciebT-
an da/an praqtikul mecadineobebTan, rodesac seminari leqciaze an
praqtikumze SeZenili codnis ganmtkicebisaTvis gamoiyeneba.
seminarze studentebi monacvleobiT warmoadgenen garkveul masa-
las, romelic SemdgomSi yvela monawilis mier ganixileba. profesiu-
li ganaTlebis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos konkretuli praqtikuli
davalebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi: leqciaze mosmenili masala, maswavle-
blis mier micemuli davaleba da a.S.
seminarze moxsenebiT SeiZleba rogorc erTi studenti, aseve stu-
dentTa jgufi warsdges – es maswavleblis gadasawyvetia da cxadia,
damokidebulia warsadgeni masalis specifikaze. seminarze studentis
moxsenebis xangrZlivobas, momdevno kiTxva-pasuxis, sesiisa da disku-
siis formats maswavlebeli gansazRvravs. studentebi aucileblad wi-
naswar unda iyvnen informirebuli `TamaSis wesebis~ Sesaxeb.
kiTxva-pasuxi da diskusia seminaris yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
nawilia da kargad gaZRolis pirobebSi is studentTa swavlebis yve-
laze ufro efeqturi meTodia. Tumca, Tu diskusia kargad ar aris
momzadebuli, studentebi SeiZleba daibnen da diskusiis mTeli tvir-
Ti maswavlebels daawves. SekiTxvebi momxsenebels, pirvel rigSi, Ta-
vad studentebma unda dausvan – seminaris daniSnulebaa studentebSi,
prezentirebis garda, ganxilvis, debatebis kulturis gamomuSaveba.
Pros & Contras
dadebiTi mxareebi:
studentebis damoukidebeli da jgufuri muSaobis xelSewyoba;
studentebSi kamaTis unaris gamomuSaveba;
komunikacia;
saseminaro masalis moZieba, referireba da analizi.
uaryofiTi mxareebi:
diskusiis marTvis problema;
studentebis SesaZlo pasiuroba;