Jagannath acharya aatma britanta

huGgfy cfrfo{sf]cfTdj[QfGt 3
cfrfo{x¿sf] pTklQ
d]/f kj{h cfrfo{x¿sf] pTklQ lxGb':yfgdf ePsf] xf]  . cfrfo{x¿ sf}l80o
Clifsf ;Gtlt x'g  . pQ/L ef/tdf t's{x¿sf] aa{/ cfs|d0fx¿af6 O{=;+= !!(# b]lv
!@)# ;Dd sl/a bz aif{ hltsf] aLrdf cfPsf] O:nfdsf] cf“wLn] lbNnLb]lv
a+ufn;Ddsf ;Dk0f{ pQ/L ef/tsf /fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs Joj:yfx¿nfO{ PsfPs
sDkfodfg t'NofOlbPsf] lyof]  . d':nLd afbzfxx¿n] lblUjho ub}{ lxGb'x¿sf] hg}
km'sfNg], 6'KkL sf6g] tyf pgLx¿sf] wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] x'd{t lng] ug{ yfn]  .
t's{x¿n] nvgf} zx/ cfkmgf] sAhfdf lnO{;s]sf lyP  . Tolta]nf cfkmgf]
j}lbs wd{sf] /Iffy{ sfGo s'Ahaf6 ;lRrbfgGbf]kfWofo e§ / ;bfgGbf]kfWofo e§
;xf]b/ b'O{ bfh'efO{ a|fxd0fx¿ pQ/fv08 kxf8tkm{ nfuL 3'Db} hf“bf h'Dnf b]zdf
k'u]  . To; ;do Toxf“ /0fs]z/ l;+x gfd u/]sf /fhf wd{–/fHo ub{y]  .
g/]zn]/fhz'o o1 ug{ nfUbf gjfuGt's tL låhx¿ Toxf“ cfdlGqt lyP .
sfo{ l;l4sf nflu bfh'sf] cf1f d'tfljs ;bfgGbn] o1:ynd} hdLg s]xL
sf]6ofO{ a?0f b]jtfsf]dGq k9L Toxf“ kfgL pdf/L lbP . ToxL hn ;]rg u/L dGq
k9b} pgLx¿n] d08kdf clUg k|s6 u/fP  . Tof] b]v]/ Toxf“ pkl:yt ;a} hgx¿
cfZro{ rlst eP . g/]z cToGt v';L e}pgLx¿nfO{ cfrfo{ kbjLn];Ddflgt u/L
/fhu'? agL h'Dnfdf g} a:g] k|aGw ldnfP  .
;lrbfgGbsf] h'Dnfs} j]beQm pkfWofo 9'Ë]nsL gf} jifL{of sGof OGb|fjtL;Fu
ljjfx eof] eg] ;bfgGbsf] pg} j]beQmsf efO{sf 5f]/L gGbf;Fu ljjfx eof]  . efO
;bfgGbn] o1 d08kdf dGq l;l4åf/f gof“ kfgL pdf/]sfn] gj kfgLosf] cke|+zdf
pgnfO{ Gof}kfg] elgof] / pgsf j+zx¿ Gof}kfg] sxnfOP  .
;lRrbfgGbnfO{ Ps lbg :jKgdf Ps cnf}lss k'?ifn]bz{g lbO{ pgsf b'O{
k'qx¿ cToGt efUodfgL Pj+ ;sn zf:qdf kf/+ut x'g]atfP .
d]/f]k'vf{ pg};lRrbfgGb zdf{ cfrfo{ cfkmgf k|sf08 ljåfg k'q L /fd
zdf{sf ;fy h'Dnfsf /fhfsf] xh'/Lof e} Toxf+ g} a;]sf x'g  . pg} /fd zdf{sf] h]7f]
anL zdf{ nufot kf“r k'qx¿ hGd] . tL kf“r}hgf j]b, Jofs/0f, lddf+;f, sd{sf08

huGgfy cfrfo{sf]cfTdj[QfGt4
cflb ;sn zf:qdf s'zn lyP  . pgLx¿sf] ljåtfsf] Voflt l5d]sL /fHox¿df klg
km}lnof]  . tL /fHosf /fhfx¿sf] cfu|x cg';f/ anLsf efOx¿ ljleGg /fHox¿df
uO{ cfkmgf] ljåtfsf] k|efj b]vfO{ dxTjk0f{ lhDd]jf/L lnP/ /fhfaf6 ljtf{ k|fKt
u/L a;]  .
8f]6Lsf /fhf Laxfb'/ l;+xaf6 …k/fh'nÚ eGg] 7fp“sf] ljtf{ k|fKt u/L Toxf“ a:g]
anL zdf{sf dflxnf efO lji0f' zdf{sf ;Gtltx¿ k/fh'nL sxnfOP .
c5fdsf /fhfaf6 Toxf“sf] …;fkLsf]6Ú eGg] 7fp“sf] ljtf{ kfO a:g] anLsf
;flx+nf efO g/xl/zdf{sf ;Gtltx¿ ;fksf]6f sxnfOP .
b'Nn' /fHodf uPsf anLsf csf{ efO dg' zdf{n] …Kofs'Ú eGg] 7fp“df ljtf{ kfO{
a;]sf]n] pgsf ;Gtltx¿ Kofs'/]n sxnfOP  .
ynf/Lsf /fhf ljqmd l;+xsf] cg'/f]w cg';f/ Toxf“ k7fOPsf] sfG5f efO
s]z/frfo{nfO{ /fhfn] k|wfgdGqL agfO{ …af;sf]6Ú eGg] 7fp“sf] ljtf{ lbO{ a;fP  .
tb'k/fGt Toxf“ hlGdPsf pgsf ;Gtltx¿ af;sf]6f sxnfOP .
ptf Gof}kfg] kbjL kfPsf ;bfgGbf]kfWofosf dflxnf 5f]/f lza zdf{nfO{
b}n]vsf /fhf l;+x adf{n] …zlQmÚ gfds gu/sf] clwklt …;TokfnÚ agfO Toxf“
a;fPsfn]pgsf ;Gtltx¿ ;Tofn elgP . sfG5f 5f]/f xl/zdf{nfO{ h'Dnf
g/]z /0fs]z/ l;+xsf 5f]/f g/]Gb| l;+xsf] /fHofleif]sf]T;jdf ;Gtfg b/ ;Gtfg
;Ddsf] nflu …kGof?Ú gfds ufp“sf] clwsf/ lbO{ /fv]sf]n] pgsf ;Gtfgx¿ kg]?
sxnfOP .
;lRrbfgGbsf] h]7f] gflt jln zdf{sf] xf“uf] s]xL k':tfx¿;Dd cfb/ ;Ddfgsf
;fy h'Dnfd} a:of]  . kl5 Ls[i0f zdf{sf] 5f]/f dl0f/fh zdf{ afh'/f uO{ a;]  .
pgsf h]7f 5f]/f sf“zL/fd zdf{ afh'/faf6 lg:sL 9f]/ k|b]z k'u]/ Toxf“sf /fhf ldrf
vfgnfO{ cfkmgf] ljåtfsf] k|efj b]vfO …n+hLÚ eGg] ufp“ ljtf{ kfO pgsf ;Gtltx¿
s]xL k':tf ToxL“ a;]  .
sfzL /fdsf j+zh j]bzdf{sf ;flx+nf 5f]/f uf]s'nfrfo{ sf:sLsf /fhf s'n
d08g zfxsf] /fHosfndf sf:sL k'uL Toxf“af6 ndh'Ësf] /fhf lji0f' zfxsf]
s'nfrfo{ /fhu'? eO{ rf/ k':tf ;Dd ToxL“ /x]  .
uf]s'nfrfo{sf kgftL b]j/fhfrfo{sf] 5f]/f j]b/fhfrfo{n] lj=;+= !^!^ efb|df z'e
;fOt lgsfnL uf]/vfsf /fhf b|Jo zfxsf] /fHofleif]s u/fPsf x'g  .
j]b/fhsf 5f]/f df]tL/fdfrfo{ uf]/vfaf6 sf7df8f}+ cfp“bf lqz'nL b]jL 3f6df
k/dwfd eP  . pg} df]tL/fdsf 5f]/f hoeb|frfo{ uf]/vfaf6 cfkmgf] eP e/sf] L
;DklQ lnO{ cfkmgL cfdfsf ;fy g]kfn cfO{ efbufp“sf /fhf hol:ylt dNnnfO{

v';L kf/L sfu]Zj/L nfdf6f/ eGg] 7fp“df ljtf{ kfO{ a:g yfn]  .
hoeb|sf 5f]/f aln/fdfrfo{sL 5f]/L ;/:jtLnfO{ sfu]Zj/Ld} :yfgLo 9sfn
y/L s'df/sf] ;fy ljjfx u/L lbOPsf]df pgL jfn ljwjf eOg  . o'jfj:yfdf kl5
pgn] afh] hoeb|n] /f]k]sf] lkknsf] ?vdf kf;f] nufO{ k|f0f Toflug  . k|]t ?kdf
kl5;Dd Toxf“ ltgn]cfrfo{ s'nnfO{ kL8f ;d]t lbOg .
sfu]Zj/Ldf Tof] 36gf 36]kl5 jln/fdsf 5f]/f xl/s[i0f / L/fdn] cfkmgf] ;a}
L ;DklQ ;fdfGo dNodf a]r ljvg u/L kf6gsf /fhf l;l4g/l;+x dNnsf]df
k'u] . /fhf v';L eO{ pgLx¿nfO{ uf]bfj/Ldf hUuf hdLg lbO{ a;fP .
Toxf“ L/fdsf 5f]/f /3'/fdb]lv ho gf/fo0f;Dd tLg k':tf eP  . pg} ho
gf/fo0fn] sflGtk'/sf /fhf hok|sfz dNnnfO{ v';L kf/L …d'8v sf]NnÚ eGg]
uf“pdf -xfnsf]bu'g]{ kfgL Pj+ sf]8k If]q_ ljtf{ kfO{ cfkmgf k'qx¿sf ;fy ToxL“
a:g yfn]  .
ho gf/fo0f cfrfo{, To; ;do sfndf Vofltk|fKt ljåfg x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF
k|Voft Hof]ltifL Pj+ tflGqs klg x'g'x'GYof]  . cf}ifwL zf:qsf] 1ftfsf -j}B_ ?kdf
klg pxfFsf] Voflt lyof]  . sflGtk'/sf g/]z hok|sfz dNn tyf eQmk'/sf /fhf
ekltGb| dNnsf] /fhb/af/x¿df pxfFsf] ljz]if k|efj lyof]  . tL dNn /fhfx¿af6
pxfFnfO{ ljz]if cfb/ ;Ddfg ul/GYof]  .
ho gf/fo0fsf ^ efO 5f]/fx¿ dWo]h]7f Lxif{sf ;Gtlt dl0f vnsx¿ x'g .
o1df dGq ljz]if lbIff kfPsf of]xf“uf]sf];Gtltx¿ cfheGbf Ps;o jif{ hltb]lv
otf dl0f cf=bL= -cfrfo{ bLlIft_ n]Vb} cfPsf 5g  . cfhef]ln sf]xL sf]xLn] t
bLlIft dfq} n]Vg] u/]sf] klg b]lvG5  .
ho gf/fo0fsf dflxnf k'q a|xdfgGb tkm{sf]h]7f]gflt ;bfgGb d'8vaf6 k'g
uf]bfj/L uO{ a:g yfn]  . pg} ;bfgGbsf ;ftf}+ k':tfsf ;Gtlt d]/f] afh] ljZj]Zj/
elgg] ejgfy uf]bfj/L 5f]8L slxn] hfjnfv]n / slxn] jlQ; k'tnL clg w'd
jf/fxL x'“b} eQmk'/ u'08df ;d]t s]xL cjlw a;L lj=;+= !(%) sf] b;ssf] dWolt/
oxf“ eQmk'/ sf};n6f/df cfO{ :yfoL ?kdf a:gyfNg' ePsf] xf]  .
cfrfo{x¿sf] xfFuf
cfrfo{x¿sf] dn b'O{ xf“uf 5g, sf}8]0o / uu{ uf]q  . oL b'O{ uf]qx¿ aLr
cfk:tdf ljxfjf/L ;d]t rNg] u/]sf] 5  . h'Dnfaf6 ;'? ePsf] cfrfo{x¿sf] j+z
klZrd dxfsfnLb]lv kj{df d]rL;Ddg} km}lnPsf] 5  . cfkmgf] Joj;fo j[lQ ljz]ifn]
h;nfO{ hxf“ cg'sn x'G5 ToxL+ uP/ a;]  . cfrfo{x¿sf] j+z dxfsfnLb]lv d]rL;Dd

dfq xf]Og kjf]{Q/ ef/t Pj+ e'6fg / jdf{ -Dofgdf/_ /fHo;Dd klg km}lnPsf]
5  . s'n b]jtfsf] khf ubf{ xfdLx¿ sfpnf]sf] j[Ifd'lg ug]{ ub{5f}+ eg] cGo s]xL
cfrfo{x¿ cdnfsf] af]6d'lg ug]{ ub{5g  .
wd{ / ;+:sf/
lxGb' wdf{jnDjL a|fDx0f kl/jf/ ePsf] x'gfn] d j}lbs wd{ / ;+:sf/df x's]{sf]
dflg; x'“  . ;fgf] pd]/d} j|taGw u/]kl5 j]b k9g} kb{5 eGg] xfd|f] k/+k/f xf]  . d]/f]
afh]n] dnfO{ æg k7]t Dn]R5 efiff g uR5]t h}g dlGb/Æ elg c+u|]hL efiff k9g
;d]t lbg'ePg  . pxf“n] eGg'x'GYof] ls …h}g dlGb/df hfg' x'“b}g, dxfjL/sf] gfËf]
dlt{ b]v]df kfk nfUb5  .Ú
hGd / afNosfn
g]kfndf PstGqLo hxfgLof /f0ff zf;gsf]pTsif{ sfn lj=;+= !(*! j}zfv
!! ut]sf lbg d]/f] hGd ePsf] xf]  .
afh] ejgfy -h;nfO{ ljZj]Zj/ klg elgGYof]_ sf kf“r efO{ 5f]/fx¿ / Pp6L
5f]/L lyP  . aHo} sf7df8f}+ cf?jf/L km}sf lt/sL rfln;]sL 5f]/L x'g'x'GYof]  . d]/f]
lktfhL lji0f'k|;fb ;flx+nf];Gtfg xf] .
To; avtsf] ;do kl/l:ylt cg'sn ;+:s[t lzIff bLIff xfl;n ug'{ePsf] d]/f]
lktfhL d]wfjL / k|ltefzfnL x'g'x'GYof]  . pxf“ s'df/L rf]s c88fdf d'vLof kbdf
hfuL/] klg x'g'x'GYof]  .
dftf v]t d+h/L pkfWofo kmlk{ª 8Nn ufp“sL kf}8]n snsL ;Gtfg xf]  . Tof]
j]nfsf] ?l9jfbL k'/ftgkGyL ;gftgL kl/jf/sL 5f]/L x'g'x'GYof]  .
afNosfn hGd:yfg sf}zn6f/af6} x's]{ a9]sf] x'“  . s]6fs]6Ldf s]xL cjlw
dfjnLdf klg lat]sf]n] 7nf] laGb|fnf] ePsf] Tof] kf}8]n kl/jf/df klg d]/f] /fd|}
kl/ro / k|efj lyof]  .
lzIff bLIff
3/ kl/jf/df k9g' k9fpg'k5{ eGg] efjgf lyof]  . /fd|/L kl9lbP x'GYof] eGg]
cfkmGtx¿ ;a}sf] ;bfzotf lyof]  . 5f]/f] k9] n]v]sf] 7nf] ljåfg agf]; eGg]
cfdfsf] rfxgf lyof]  . lsgeg] Pshgf dfdf k+l8t x'g'x'GYof] t'n;Lgfy kf}8]n  .
dfdf 3/tkm{ afh]sf PsefO sxlnPsf Hof]ltif k+l8t lyP ;o{gfy eGg], h;n]
kfqf] klg 5kfp“y]  . cfkmgf] afh] klg k|Voft k+l8t ePsf]n] 5f]/f]n] klg w]/} k9f];

/ gfdL k+l8t agf]; eGg] d]/f] cfdfsf] 7nf] OR5f lyof]  . v]ltkftLdf cfkmn] b'Mv
si6 vk]/ klg d]/f] k9fOdf cfdfn] ;Sbf] nufgL ug'{ePsf] xf]  . sf7df8f}+df 8]/f
u/]/ a;L k9bf cleefjssf] ?kdf d]/f] dfOnf af xl/k|;fbn] klg obf sbf df]x/,
?k}ofF, s]xL /sd £o lsg]/ vfg' elg lbg] ug'{x'GYof]  .
/fgLkf]v/L ;+:s[t k|wfg kf7zfnfdf k9bf s'g} ;do dfdf t'n;Lgfy;“u klg
dxfaf}4 cf]6'lt/ 8]/fdf ;“u} a;L k9+]  . bfn rfdn cflb /f;g kfgLsf] Joj:yf
cfdfn] g} ul/lbg'x'GYof]  . s]xL ;xof]u dfdfaf6 klg ePsf] xf]  . ;f“em laxfg eft
dfdfn] g} ksfpg'x'GYof], ;3fpg] sfd d klg uy]{+  .
o;/L k9b} d}n] k|yd k/LIff kf; u/] kZrft tLgwf/f kf7zfnf ;+:s[t
5fqfaf;df a;L k9g lgj]bg lbP“ / gfd klg lgl:sof]  . ToxL“ a;]/ k9g] d]/f]
OR5f lyof] . Toxf“ Leb| zdf{x¿ d eGbf Ps aif{ cl3sf x'g .
tLg wf/f ;+:s[t 5fqfaf;df hfg vf]h]sf] d 3/df cfP kl5 of] yfxf kfpg'
ePsf] d]/f] afh]n] dnfO{ bfg] u'7Lsf] eft vfg hfg] xfdL dl/;Sof}+ ;fu /
l9+8f] vfP klg cfkmgf] 3/sf] vfg'k5{  . csf{sf] bfg u'7Lsf] bfgf vfg'x'“b}g elg
/f]Sg' eof]  . Tof] a]nfdf cg'zf;gsf] /fd|f] kfngf x'GYof]  . d hfg ;lsgF  . kl5
lj:tf/} 3/df cfly{s cefj x'g yfNof]  . d]/f] cfdfnfO{ @@–@# jif{sf] pd]/d} ljwjf
x'g'k¥of]  . afaf :ju{af; ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 hlGdPsf] d]/f] efO{ alb|k|;fb ue]{
6'x'/f] lyof]  . d c9fO aif{sf] dfq lyP“  .
cfdfn] v]tL kftLaf6 b'Mv lhnf] u/L xfd|f] nfng kfng ug'{kg]{ x'“bf
pxf“nfO{ al9g}} tslnkm lyof]  . To;f] x'“bf d}n] l56} hfuL/ vfO lbPx'GYof]
eGg] b]j/ h]7fHo'x¿;Fu 5'l§P/ cnu} a:g' ePsL d]/L cfdfsf] OR5f lyof]  .
afh] rf“xL clt{ pkb]zn] ;bfzotf /fVg'x'GYof]  . cfly{s e/y]u vf;} ePsf]
xf]Og  . hflu/ gvf]h  . vf;u/L gf]s/L ug'{ eg]sf] csf{sf] sdf/f] aGg' ;/x xf]
elg pxf“ eGg'x'GYof] .
7nf] ?kdf v]ltkftLdf nfUg' x'“b}g, v]ltkftLlt/ a9tf Wofg uPdf sf]bfn]
xf]OG5 eGg] pxf“sf] wf/0ff lyof]  . pBf]u, Jofkf/ cflb Joj;fo ug]{ t xfd|f]
;+:sf/g} lyPg  . ;+:s[t k9L /fd|f] ljBf xfl;n u/]/ efujb k'/f0f eGg] 7nf]
kl08t xf]p eGg] afh]sf] clt{ pkb]z lyof]  . hhdfgL / k'/]TofO{+ klg pxf“ ug{
lbg'x'GgYof]  . To;}n] d}n] afh]sf] pkb]z cg';f/sf] nfOg ckgfpg vf]h]+  .
tLg wf/f ;+:s[t 5fqfaf;df a;L k9g] cfkmgf] OR5f / kfPsf] cj;/ 3/af6
ePsf] /f]sfj6n] d s]xL pbfl;g ag]+  . hflu/ vfgsf] nflu P3f/ kf; x'g'kg]{  .
of] x'gnfO{ ca :sn hfg' t lyPg  . ;+:s[t k9]sf] / ul0ftdf klg ljz]if bvn

/x]sf] d ;fdfGo 1fg / P]g ;|]:tfdf klg sdhf]/ lyOg“  . g]kfnL ljifosf] s'/f
xf], Tof] dnfO{ cfOxfNYof]  . cfkmn] Tof] ;d'Rr gk9]sf] ePtf klg d}n] l7dLsf
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ a]n'sf P3f/ kf; k9fpg yfn]+  .
kl5 d}n] olQs} P3f/kf;sf] k/LIff lbg uP“  . d}n] oxL+ k9fPsf] Pshgf
ljBfyL{n] klg d ;Fu} k/LIff lbof]  . d}n] eGbf a9L c+s p;n] NofP5  . xfdL b'j}
kf; eof}+  . k|yd k/LIff kf; u/] kZrft d b/af/ xfO{ :sn ejgdf /x]sf] To;
;dosf] ;+:s[t ljBfnodf dWodf k9g yfn]+  . kj{dWodf kf; u/]+  . k9fOdf d t]h
lyP+, kl5 k/LIff lbg agf/; uPsf] x'“  . k+= go/fh kGt d]/f] u'? x'g'x'GYof]  . d}n]
Hof]ltif ljBf klg pxf“;“u} l;s]sf] x'“  .
ca d]/f] efO klg x'sL{ al9;s]sf] / 3/df ljlw Jojxf/ a9b} uPsf]n] cfdfnfO{
cfly{s sl7gfO{ x'g yfNof]  . 3/af6 oy]:6 ;xof]u k'Ug] cj:yf g/x]sf]n] Psfu|
Wofg lrQn]cfkmgf]k9fO{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]cj;/dnfO{ k|fKt x'g ;s]g . hUuf
hdLg s]xL ePtf klg clxn] h:tf] hdLgsf] dNo lyPg  . o;sf] ;qmL ljlqmaf6
cfkmgf] Jojxf/ rNg] cj:yf xf]Og  . t;y{ d}n] 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{
cfo cfh{g tkm{ nfUg'kg]{eof] . clg o;f];Ktfx k'/f0f cflb sfo{df klg nfu]+ .
/fhgLlts k|efj
d]/f] afh] ljZj]Zj/ kmTo ;d;]/sxf“ kl08TofOF ug'{x'GYof]  . kmTo ;d;]/ h=a=/f=
jL/ ;d;]/sf ! efO{x¿ dWo] eLd ;d;]/ kl5sf sdfl08ª hg/n x'g, hf] cToGt
kl/dL, ljåfg, pbf/ k|s[ltsf / zfx;L lyP  . d]/f] afh] pgsf] u'? x'g'x'GYof]  .
/0ff]låk l;+xnfO{ dfbf{ h'gh'g efOx¿n]rGb| ;d;]/nfO{ ;3fP tL tL efOx¿nfO{
pgn] dfl/lbP eGg] s'/f 5  . o;k|sf/ rGb| ;d;]/sf] kfnfdf w]/} ef/bf/x¿
dfl/P . ;Qfsf nflu bfHo sfsf afp h;nfO{ klg dfl/lbg]h'g k|j[lt{ /f0ffx¿df
lyof], To;af6 d]/f] afh]nfO{ pgLx¿k|lt 3[0ff pTkGg eP5  . oL kltt j+zx¿sf]
rfs/L u/]/ vfg' eGbf a? vfg gkfP/ ef]s} dg'{ hflt xf] elg pxf“ Toxf“ hfg
5f]l8lbg'eof]  .
lj=;+= !(^^ df kmTo ;d;]/ lat]kl5 pgsf 5f]/fx¿ k|r08 ;d;]/ nufot
d]/f] afh]nfO{ af]nfpg 3/;Dd cfkm}+ cfP  . pxf“n] hfg OGsf/ ug'{eof], hfg' ePg  .
oL /f0ffx¿ eg]sf o:tf ;Gtfg x'g ltdLx¿n] ltgsf] rfs/L u/L gvfg' egL
afh]n] cYof{pg' ePsf] lyof]  . dnfO{ /f0ffx¿ k|ltsf] gsf/fTds k|efj of] klg
Pp6f lyof]  .
lj=;+= @))#÷)$ ;fnlt/sf] s'/f xf], To; a]nf n}grf}/ v'Nnf / km/fs ;kmf

rf}/ lyof]  . ;f“emkv Toxf“ r]tgzLn af}l4s JolQmTjx¿sf] hd36 x'g] uYof]{  .
To;dWo] rf}/ 5]p a:g] ljxf/Lnfn eGg] Pshgf eb| k'?if lyP, pg}sf 5f]/f
hLjgnfn ;Tofn hf] kl5 ;+;bsf] dxf;lrj klg eP  . csf]{ xfd|f] af;'b]j
l/;fnhLsf gft]bf/ sGof :snsf ;+:yfks of]ugfy Kofs'/]n Pj+ k+= O{Gb|gfy
Kofs'/]n klg x'g]uy]{  .
/Tgb]j kf}8]n -slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8]nsf sfsf gftfsf JolQm_, ;'Gb/
k|;fb, 7fs'/k|;fb Pj+ gGb/fd e08f/Lx¿ tyf uf}/Lk|;fb cflb JolQmTjx¿ klg
Toxf“ x'g]uy]{  . o:t} cGo s]xL JolQmx¿sf] pkl:yltdf Toxf“ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
/fhgLlt nufotsf ljifox¿df ukm x'GYof] . To; avt ef/tdf dxfTdf ufGwLsf]o'u
lyof] / Toxf“ ptfaf6 cvaf/x¿ klg cfp“y]  . uf}/Lk|;fbn] …;r{ nfO6Ú / ljxf/L
nfnn] …;+;f/Ú eGg] Ol08og Go'h k]k/ Nofp“y]  . g]kfnsf] ;+jGwdf n]v tyf va/
5flkPsf cGo kq klqsfx¿ klg n'sfO{ l5kfO{ Toxf“ cfOk'Uy] . To; df]xlkmndf
a;L ukm ug]{ / ;'Gg] d]/f] klg afgL a:of]  .
d]/L km'k'sf] 3/ n}grf}/df 5  . d Toxf“ a/fa/ uO{ a:g]uy]{+  . d cln ;lqmo
ePsf] 7fg]/ xf]nf km'kfh'n] klg dnfO{ a9L :g]x ug'{x'GYof]  . km'k'sf] 3/sf] aundf
kf]v/f, tgx“ If]qsf wgLs JolQm /Tgb]j a:g] uy]{, zfob ptfaf6 o; If]qdf cfO{
cln cufl8 3/ agfO{ a:g] JolQm pg} x'g  . g/sfGt clwsf/L hf] kl5 ;lrj klg
eP, ;'?df logL pg} /Tgb]js} 3/df 8]/f u/L a;]sf lyP  .
/Tgb]j sf+u|]; lyP / efj's :jefjsf slj klg  . km'k'sxf“ hf“bf a:bf 3/ ;Fu}
ePsfn] pgL;Fu d]/f] ;+ut / 3lgi7tf a9g yfNof]  . d]/f] km'k'sf 5f]/f efO nId0f
e§/fO{ klg d ;Fu ;Fu} x'Gy]  . pgL t klxn] g} sf+u|]; alg ;s]sf] /x]5g  . pg}
/Tgb]jn] dnfO{ xftsf] cf}+nfsf] 6'Kkfdf l;of]n] 3f]r]/ /ut lgsfnL ToxL /utn]
;lx5fk u/fO{ lj=;+= @))% ;fndf sf+u|];sf] ;b:otf lbPsf x'g  . o;/L d sf+u|];
ag]+  . /Tgb]j hËaxfb'/ /f0ffsf] 5f]/fsf u'?sf] 5f]/f x'g  .
lj=;+= !(($ ;fndf d k/LIff lbg agf/; uPsf] lyP“,ToxL+ w]/} lj/fdL k/]+  .
;fob k/LIffsf] nfuL u/]sf] sl7g kl/d cg'sn v'/fsL gk'u]/ xf]nf  . kl5 oxf“
cfP“, d'vaf6 vn vn sf]k/f e/ /ut cfpg] k6s k6s cfpg]  . o;/L /ut
gyfldPkl5 dnfO{ ca af“Rb}g elg 7fp“ ;f/]/ /flvof]  . Tof] a]nf 8S6/sf] hdfgf
lyPg, a}Bx¿sf] hdfgf lyof]  . pgLx¿x¿n] ;j0f{ dfntL cflb ljleGg /;fbL
v'jfP  . j}Bx¿sf] cf}ifwL nfdf] ;do;Dd ;]jg ug'{kg]{ / d'v afg'{kg]{ x'G5  . o;/L
k6s k6s d'vaf6 /ut cfpg yfn]kl5 dnfO{ Ifo /f]u x'G5 ls af“Rb}g ls eg]/
k9fOdf d]xgt gug{ cfkmGtx¿af6 bjfj x'g yfNof] .

To; avtb]lv d'vaf6 skmdf /ut lg:sg] d]/f] Tof] /f]u clxn] *) jif{sf] of]
pd]/;Dd klg lgd{n x'g ;s]g  . kl5 o;nfO{ Pnf]KofyLdf æa|f]ªs|fOl6;Æ elgof]  .
x/]s aif{ df};d kl/jt{g x'g] Ct'df -sflt{s / r}q_ of] ;fdfGo ?kdf /]vf k5{,
s]xL cf}iflw ljz]if P06Ljfof]l6s ;]jg u¥of] clg l7s x'G5  . ToxL /f]un] klg d]/f]
k9fO{ cufl8 a9fpgdf dnfO{ cj/f]w k'¥ofof]  .
j}jflxs hLjg
3/df sfd ug{ cfdf PSnL x'g' ePsLn]pxf“nfO{ sfddf ;3fpg];xfossf]
cfjZostf lyof]  . cfdfn] cfkmgf h]7fHox¿;Fu /fo lnO{ efO;Fu ;Nnfx u/]/
k= ! g+= wflbª hLjgk'/sf -kl5 :joDe cufl8 a;f]af;_ k+= b]jgfy uf}tdsL 5f]/L
;Ltf uf}td;Fu ljjfxsf]to ug'{eP5 .
s]6L dg gkgf{sf] sf/0fn] ge} To; avt dnfO{ ljjfx ug]{ OR5f gePsf]n]
d s]6L x]g{ Pj+ sfds'/f] l5Gbf tyf l6sf nufpg klg uPsf] xf]Og  . d]/f] 7nf
jf s[i0fk|;fb cfrfo{ /bfh'x¿ an/fd k|;fb tyf Zofdk|;fb Pj+ dfdf t'n;Lgfy
kf}8]n cflb ;d]t uO{ sf7df8f}+ u0f]z:yfgdf ljjfxsf] sfd s'/f l5lgP5  . p
a]nfsf] hdfgf o:tf] lyof]  . o;/L !((* ;fndf d]/f] klxnf] ljjfx eof]  .
d]/f] ;;'/f dfOnf u'?Ho'sf]df k+l8TofO{ ug'{x'GYof], df+;fxf/, w'd|kfg gug]{ clUg
xf]qL eGg] kl/jf/  . pxf“x¿ dnfO{ klg df+;fxf/ / w'd|kfg 5f8g eGg'x'GYof] t/ d
cln cx+sf/L :jefjsf] ePsf] x'gfn] d}n] o;nfO{ d]/f] cfbtdf ;;'/fnLsf] x:tIf]k
x'g vf]h]sf] eGg] ;DemL tL lrhx¿ dnfO{ emg} 5f8g dg nfu]g  . To;f] x'gfn]
pxfFx¿;Fu d]/f] ;fËf]kfËf] plt ldNb}gYof]  .
/fhgLlts ofqf
/fhgLltdf d]/f] klxnf] cfsif{0f eg]sf] /f0ffzf;sx¿ k|ltsf] 3[0ff / å]if h'g
d}n] k|ToIf b]v]+ / d]/f] afh]n] klg dnfO{ o:t} eGg'eof]  . bf];|f], – n}g rf}/df a:g]
u/]sf] ljxf/Lnfn / of]ugfy Kofs'/]nx¿sf] df]xlkmn hxf“ ;xeflu x'g] d]/f] nt
al;;s]sf] lyof] / t];|f], /Tgb]j;“usf] ;+ut  . log} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ d]/f] /fhgLlts
r]tgzLntfsf] hfu/0f eof] / em'sfj x'g uof]  . clg d /fhgLltlt/ nfu]+  . t/
Tof] a]nfdf d]/f] /fhgLlt eg]sf] oL ;a gful/s clwsf/ cflb OToflb eGg'eGbf
klg hgtfsf] ;]jf ug'{ lyof]  .
/f0ffzfxLnfO{ x6fpg' / pgLx¿af6 lyrf] ldrf] ePsf] zf]lift kLl8t hgtfnfO{
d'Qm u/fpg'g} dn p2]Zo lyof]  . Tof] ugf{sf nflu ;f]em} oL ;a s'/fx¿ af]n]df

pgLx¿n] dfl/lbO{ xfNy]  . pgLx¿ af]Ng] b]jtfem}+ g} lyP  . x's'dsf] hjfkm 5}g,
sfnsf] cf}iflw 5}g, eGg] hdfgf lyof]  . To;f] x'gfn] ;fdflhs s'/fx¿ lnP/ hgtf
dfem k'Ug'kYof]{  .
blIf0ff ;lIf0ff glnOsg /fdfo0f, efujb cflb ;'gfp“5' eg]/dfG5]x¿ hDdf
u¥of] clg To;} l;nl;nfdf /fdfo0f Pj+ efujb sfndf zf]if0f d'Qm ;dfh s:tf]
lyof] eGg] j0f{g u/]/ ck|ToIf ?kdf cfkmgf] kl/jt{gsf/L Ph]G8f /fVg] uy{]+  .
csf]{ Pp6f dfWod lyof] k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf, d'7L bfgsf nflu 3/ 3/df Pp6f
Pp6f 3}+6f] af“l8lbP/ ltdLx¿n] rfdn lk7f] h] vfG5f} k|To]s lbg Ps d'7L o;
ef“8f]df /flvb]p elgof]  . To;nfO{ cf}iflw dnf] cflb k/f]ksf/L sfo{df pkof]u ug]{
;fwg agfP/ x]g{] cf]g]{ sfd k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfsf] dfWodaf6 ul/of]  .
/fdfo0f Pj+ efujt / k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfsf] dfWodaf6 @)) ;fn cufl8
o;/L d}n] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] ljleGg If]qdf hgtfdfem uO{ sfd u/]+  . Tof]
a]nfsf] /fhgLlt clxn]sf] h:tf] vlr{nf] lyPg  . d}n] cfkmn] s]xL kfp“ eg]/ xf]Og
d'n'snfO{ s]xL lbg ;sf}+ eg]/ /fhgLlt u/]sf] x'“  .
cfdfsf] OR5f
d]/L cfdfsf] OR5f 5f]/fn] hflu/ vfcf]; / 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'lw|cf];
eGg] lyof]  . d hfuL/lt/ gnfu]sf]df pxf“ w]/} lk/ ug'{x'GYof]  . d}n] cfdfsf]
ToxL Pp6f OR5fsf] cj1f u/]+  . d}n] klxn]g} elg ;s]+ d]/f] afh]n] ubf{ d}n] c+u|]hL
ljBf kl9gF .
afh]n] d]/f] nfng kfngdf eg] Wofg lbg'ePsf] xf]Og  . pxf“ Pp6f kf]Vt
Hof]ltifL x'g'x'GYof] / tflGqs klg  . pxf“ Pp6f 5'§} :jefjsf] dflg; x'g'x'GYof]  .
pxf“ k||fo 3/df a:g'x'b}gYof]  . syf k'/f0f eGb} klg lxF8g'x'GYof]  . emf/km's
ug'{x'GYof], o;sf] hg dfg;df 7nf] k|efj lyof]  . dflg;x¿ o;df pxf“nfO{ w]/}
ljZjf; ub{y] . ljleGg zlQm lk7x¿df k'uL ;fwgf ug]{ pxf“ ttsfnLg ;dosf
7n} ;fws x'g'x'GYof]  . sxf“ hfg'x'G5, s] vfg'x'G5 3/df s;}nfO{ kQf x'“b}gYof]  .
km]l/ x7ft 6'Kn'Ss 3/df cfO klg k'Ug'x'GYof] / s;}n] s]xL elglbP a'em]/ ufnL
klg ug'{x'GYof]  .
/fhgLltdf LdtLsf] ;xof]u / kfl/jfl/s cj:yf
/fhgLtLs r]tgfsf] Tolt w]/} ljsf; eO g;s]sf] To; hdfgfdf d]/f] klxnf]
LdtLaf6 dnfO{ cfkmgf] /fhgLlts ofqfdf s'g} afwf cj/f]w ePg  . pgn]] d ;Fu

slxNo} s'g} l;sfot ul/gg / dfu klg /flvgg  . afn aRrfx¿sf] x]/rfx / /fd|/L
3/wGwf ;dflng  . pgL Pp6L c;n kTgL / cg'zfl;t a'xf/L lyOg  . o;}n]] g}
d]/f] /fhgLlts ofqfdf ;xof]u x'g uPsf] xf]  .
kl5 pgsf] :jf:Yo 3]/} v/fj eof]  . h]7f] 5f]/f] /3'gfy csf]{ ljgf]b / 5f]/L
uLtf hlGd;s]sf lyP  . ;'?df yfxf ePg, pgsf] kf7]3/ w]/} v/fa eO;s]sf]
/x]5, To;a]nf sf7df8f}+df w]/} gfd rn]sf 8fS6/ ch'{gg/l;+x lhgfgL / j;Gt
axfb'/ lyP  . clg Pshgf cd]/LsL 8fS6/ klg ;+of]un] cfOk'u]sL lyOg  . tL
;a}n] /fd|/L hf“r u/] / gAa] k|ltzt cfzf 5}g, ljb]zdf nuL pkrf/ u/fP klg
bz k|ltzt dfq cfzf ug{ ;lsg]atfP . t'?Gt}ljb]z nUg ;Sg]cj:yf klg
g/xFbf olQs}df @)!! ;fnd} pgsf] b]xfj;fg eof]  .
b'O{j6f 5f]/f / Pp6L 5f]/L klg eO;s]sf]n] bf];|f] ljjfx ug]{ d]/f] ;f]r lyPg  .
b'O{ jif{;Dd o:t} ;f]rdf a;]kl5 csf]{ ljjfx ug{ cfdfaf6 dnfO{ 7nf] bafa eof]  .
olb d}n] csf]{ ljjfx gu/]df cfkm cg;g a:g] wDsL cfdfaf6 x'g yfn]kl5 d}n]
d+h'/L lbP“  . nlntk'/ Odf8f]n a:g] k+= Cif]Zj/ cof{nsL 5f]/L ljdnf;Fu o;/L
d]/f] bf];|f] ljjfx klg eof]  .
@)!$ ;fndf kf6L{n] u/]sf] eb| cj1f cfGbf]ngdf cfkmgf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf
kl5 @)!% ;fnsf]cfd lgjf{rg tfsf hgtf;Fusf];xh ;Dks{sfnflu d l7dL
axfvf ahf/df 8]/f lnP/ a;]+  . afnaRrfx¿ cfdf / efO;Fu}} /x]  . lgjf{rgdf
ljhoL e} ;+;b ;b:o ag]kl5 sf7df8f}+lt/} Hofbft/ gS;fn rf/ 9'+u]df 8]/f u/L
a;]sf] x'“  . To;avt h]7f] 5f]/f] /3'gfy / 5f]/L uLtf k|foM d ;Fu} pt} x'Gy] eg]
ljgf]b rflxF ;fg} afnsb]lvg} 3/ 5f]8g rfxFb}gYof]  .
@)! ;fn k'; ! ut]sf]36gf x'“bf bf];|L kTgLtkm{af6 5f]/L pld{nf tLg dlxgf
dfqsL lyO{  . @)! b]lv @)@% ;fn;Dd ef/t lgjf{;gdf /xFbf 5f]/f] dx]Zj/ pt}
d'hkmkm/k'/ tyf 5f]/Lx¿ k'ikf / piff b/eËfdf hlGdPsf x'g  . lgjf{;gaf6 kmls{P
kZrft 5f]/fx¿ lszf]/ -hf] clxn] ;–kl/jf/ cd]l/sflt/ a:5_ / O{Zj/ hlGdP  .
d @)@% ;fndf lgjf{;gaf6 kmls{g' cufj} 5f]/f] /3'gfysf] sd pd]/d} ljjfx
eO{ rf“u'sf s'Os]n kl/jf/;Fu gftf hf]l8Psf] lyof]  . kl5 5f]/L uLtf / pld{nfsf]
;d]t ljjfx eO{ ;s]kl5 s[lif ljsf; a}+sdf sfd ub}{ /x]sf 5f]/f ljgf]bsf]
ljjfx lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks – ef]hk'/ lgjf;L xl/k|;fb g]kfnsL 5f]/L
od'gf;Fu eof]  . @)#* df3df ljgf]bsf] ljjfxsf] 6Lsf 6fnf] u/]sf] lbgdf Toxf“
u0f]zdfghL / ls;'ghLx¿ ;d]t pkl:yt x'g'x'GYof]  .
To;kl5 5f]/Lx¿ k'ikf / piffsf] klg ljjfx eof] clg ;dosf] s]xL cGt/fndf

Ps bzs cjlw aLrdf 5f]/f] dx]Zj/sf] ljjfx e}/xjfsL ;/Ltf nfld5fg];Fu /
p;sf efOx¿ lszf]/ / O{Zj/ b'a}sf] ljjfx ef/tsf] ljxf/, /fdgu/ lgjf;L qmdzM
Zj]tf l/dfn / zf]ef vgfn;Fu eof]  .
o; k|sf/ d]/f] /fhgLlts ofqfdf kl5Nnf]] LdtLaf6 klg cefj / tslnkmsf
afah'b s'g} cj/f]w ePg  .
afNosfn
d]/f] afh]sf kf“r efO 5f]/fx¿ lyP . 7nf] af s[i0fk|;fb wd{–sd{df Hofbf lng
x'g'x'GYof]  . /f0ffsfndf Ps k6s cfkmgf] s'nfrf/ / hflto ;+:sf/ k|lts'n cfr/0f
u/]sf]elg 8f= lkgfsL k|;fb cfrfo{nfO{ -z}nhf cfrfo{sf lktf_ bfh'efOx¿af6
eft efG5f sfl6+bf pxf“n] zf:qLo k}/jL u/L eft rnfO{ 7nf] u'g nufOlbg' ePsf]
lyof]  . To:t} lji0f'dl0f cfrfo{nfO{ -/fhf dx]Gb|sf] kfnfdf zlQmzfnL JolQmTj–
;/bf/_ klg pxf“sf] 7nf] k|efj lyof] / pgL pxf“sf] uf]8fd} 9f]Uby]  . pxf“ ;uf]naf6
5'§L leGg e};Sg' ePsf] lyof]  .
dfOnf af xl/k|;fb l7dL klZrd If]qsf] lhDdfjfnL ug'{x'GYof]  . To;}n] 3/df
aflx/sf dflg;x¿sf] afSn} pkl:ylt /xg] uYof]{  . To:t} sflx+nf af /fdk|;fb /
sfG5f nIdL k|;fb x'g'x'GYof]  . sfG5f afsf] b'a} LdtLx¿af6 ;Gtfg ePgg  . rf/}
hgf afpx¿sf];+o'Qm kl/jf/5Fbf an/fd bfO /Zofd bfO{ kl5 d h]i7 lyP“ .
d cln r]tgzLn :jefjsf] klg ePsf]n] ;a} efOx¿df d]/f] 8f]ldg]zg x'g]uYof]{  .
v]ns'b cflb / em} emu8f tyf jfbljjfbdf d]/f] cfb]zsf] ;a}n] kfng uy]{, g]t[Tj
d]/f] /xGYof]  .
d a/fa/ dfdf3/ kmlk{Ë 8f]Nn ufp“df klg uO{ a:g] ub{y]+  . d]/f] cfdfsf] h]7f
afa' sfG5fafa' cflbsf 5f]/fx¿ / c? efOx¿df ;d]t d g} h]7f] ePsfn] Toxf“
klg g]t[Tj / 8f]ldg];g d]/f] g} /xGYof]  . sf]xL dfdfx¿ Toxf“sf :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{
v]taf/L lwtf] aGwsdf lnO{ C0f nufgL u/]/ Aofh / To;sf] :ofh klg lng]
ug'{x'GYof]  . kRg g;Sg] of] :ofh ;d]tsf] ttsfnLg ;fdGtL k/Dk/fnfO{ tf]8g d}n]
pxf“x¿nfO{ bafa lbPsf]lyP“ .
d]/f] 3/ kl/jf/sf cfkmgf efO elthfx¿ dfq xf]Og ufp“3/ j/k/sf cfkmeGbf
sd pd]/sf c? dflg;x¿nfO{ klg d cfkmgf] 3/ cf“ugdf k9fpg] uy]{+  . To;
avt ;fwf/0f hgdfg;df 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ k9fpg'k5{ eGg] r]tgzLntf g} lyPg  .
d]/f] l5d]sL cfkmgf] ;dsfnLg Pshgf JolQmnfO{ d}n] n]v k9 u/fpg vf]Hbf
p;sL cfdfn] d;Fu cfO{ lbgdf Ps ef/L 3f“; sf6L Nofpg] 5f]/fnfO{ lauf/L lbg

nfu]sf] / lbgdf Psdfgf b'w sd e} cfdbfgL 36]sf] 5 elgg  . cfkmnfO{ 5f]/fsf]
k9fO{ n]vfO{;“u s'g} dtna ge} b'wsf] a9L pTkfbg ;“u ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] b'Mv];f]
kf]v] kl5 3/b]lv 6f9f;Dd k'uL 3f“;sf] ef/L Nofpg'kg]{ Tof] JolQmnfO{ d}n] cfkmg}
3/ sDkfp08sf] jf/L sfGnfdf lbgsf] Psef/L 3f“; sf6g lbP/ art ;dodf
n]vk9 u/fP“  . To;/L tL JolQm n]vfkl9 hfg]kl5 hUuf cflb sf/f]af/ ;d]taf6
lgs};DkGg klg eP .
v]ns'b / k9fOn]vfO{ cflbsf] dfWodaf6 o;/L d}n] cfkmgf ;dsfnLgx¿sf]
cu'jfO{ u/]+  . !)–!@ aif{s} pd]/b]lv ufp“ l5d]sLx¿sf]df ;fdflhs sfo{ ljz]if
Gjf/fg, kf:gL Pj+ k'/f0f cflbdf v6g vf“rf] cK7of/f] kbf{ d ;xfotf k'¥ofOlbGy]+  .
!%–!^ aif{s} pd]/b]lv ul/a u'?jf / cgk9x¿sf nflu k};f glnOsg d'kmtdf g}
aflb–k|ltafbL, clh{ / b/vf:t cflb n]lvlbg] ub{y]+  . ;dfhdf 3'nldn e} g]t[Tj
lng] d]/f] Pp6f kIf o;/L klg phfu/ ePsf] xf]  .
km';{b ePsf] a]nfdf d}n] dflg;x¿ e]nf u/fO{ syf k'/f0fx¿ cflb ;'gfP/
kl/jt{gsf s'/fx¿ eGg] ub{y]+  . dflg;x¿ d'Uw e} ;'Gby] / ax; klg ub{y]  . @))
;fn cufl8 ;dfhsf] tNnf] / dflyNnf] ju{df o;/L d]/f] ;Dks{ ePsf] xf]  .
l7dL e'nfFv]nsf sfhL axfb'/ eGg] d]/f Pshgf lxt}ifL ldq lyP  . pgL
wf]qmf]df la:s'6 lnO{ gf]n af]s]/ pkTosfleq ltg} zx/ / ufp“ ufp“df a]Rg hfg]
ub{y]  . pgsf] gfd g} la:s'6 sfhL axfb'/ lyof]  . la:s'6 laqmLsf] l;nl;nfd} cfkm
sf+u|]; x'“ gelgsg} /f0ffzfxLsf] lvnfkmdf k|hftGq eg]sf] olt hflt s'/f xf] eGb}
yfxf gkfpg] ta/n] k|rf/ k|;f/ ub{y]  . o; tl/sfaf6 klg xfd|f sfo{x¿ x'Gy]  .
snf ;+:s[lt Pj+ v]tLkftL / Jofkf/ Joj;fo ljz]ifsf] dfWodaf6 To;/L xfd|f s'/fx¿
hg ;dIf k'¥ofOGYof] . k|;Ëjz s'/f ub}{ hf“bf xfd|f s'/fx¿sf rrf{ x'Gy] . v'nd
v'Nnf ?kdf xfd|f s'/fx¿sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ t sf]xLsf] klg lxDdt x'Fb}gYof]  .
@)) ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kl5 o;sf lj?4 k|ltufdLx¿af6 xdnf eof]  . /f0ffx¿n]
kfNg] cf7 kxl/of, x'Ss], au}+r], wfO{, a'a', ;';f/] / s]6Lx¿ cflb;d]t k|fo sf7df8f}+
pkTosfsf] o;} sf“7 If]qdf a:g] 8]8 b'O{ ;o kl/jf/ tyf kj{ ! g+= / klZrd ! g+=
sf o:tf JolQmx¿ g} k|ltufdL lyP  . /f0ffx¿sf] ho lrtfpg] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfkmlt/
cfslif{t u/L cfkmnfO{ c;n egfpg d}n] To:tf] rl/q agfPsf] lyP“  .
;|f]tM
!= k'Vof}{nL;DaGwL – cfrfo{ j+zfjnL
@= g]kfnsf] ;+lIfKt j[QfGt – Oltxf; lz/f]dl0f afa'/fd cfrfo{

/Iff bn u7g
k/f]ksf/sf] dfWodaf6 hg;]jf ug{ / hgtfsf] 3/b}nf];Dd k'Ugsf nflu
;dfh;]jL bofjL/ l;+x s+zfsf/n] /f0ff zf;g sfndfg} u7g ug'{ePsf] k/f]ksf/
;+:yfsf] zfvf d+h'jh| ah|frfo{sf] cu'jfO{df l7dLdf klg lhNnf :t/s} zfvf d}n]
cfkmgf] k|oTgn] :yfkgf u/fPsf] lyP“  . of] ;a} hfgsf/L ePsf d+h'ah| u'efh'
clxn] klg hLljt} x'g'x'G5  .
k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf ;+rfngsf nflu k|To]s 3/ 3/df df6fsf] 3}nf] af“l8lbof] /
hgtfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] rfdn lk7f] h] vfG5g x/]s lbg Ps d'7L To:tf] cgfh
3}+6f]df ;+u|x ul/lbg cg'/f]w u¥of]  . clg dlxgf dlxgfdf To:tf] 3}6f]df ;+u|lxt
cgfhnfO{ ;+sng ug{ hf“bf hgtf;Fu ;Dks{sf]dfWod eof] . To;/L ;+slnt
cgfh a]rlavg u/L k|fKt /sdn] hgtfnfO{ ;fdfGo -k|fylds_ cf}iflw pkrf/ ug{
;lsof]  . o; k|sf/ k/f]ksf/s} dfWodaf6 ;+u7g lgdf{0f klg x'g;Sof]  .
kß ;d;]/sf] k|wfgdGqLTj sfndf jL=kL= sf]O/fnfnfO{ h]n;f/ u/L sf7df8f}+
NofOPkl5 lbg lbg} h'n';df dfG5] v6fpg' kg]{ eof]  . lhDd]jf/L kj{s cfh t“ hf
ef]ln p hf egL h'n';df v6fpg] k7fpg] sfo{ k0f{ axfb'/ Pd=P= n] u/]sf lyP  .
To;/L dfG5] k7fpg] Jofs kmf];{df k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf lyof]  . eGbf ;fdflhs ;+:yf
elgP klg o;} ;+:yfdf ;+nUg dflg;x¿nfO{ g} kl/rfng ul/of]  .
k|ltufdLx¿ xdnf ug{ p7] eg] k|lt/f]wsf nflu cfkmgf] zlQm ;+ro ug]{ p2]Zon]
u0f]zdfghLsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ @))–)* ;fnlt/ /Iff bnsf] ;+hfn lj:tf/
ul/of]  . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] ltg} lhNnfx¿ – sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/df
lhNnf :t/sf] o:tf sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ul/P  . sf7df8f}+ / kf6gsf] ;dy{gdf
d}n] l7dLdf csf]{ rf}yf] oxL :t/sf] zfvf :yfkgf u/L k|To]s 6f]n–6f]ndf ;d]t
o;sf]zfvfx¿ v'nfP“ .
@)) ;fnsf] kl/jt{gsf] nuQ} k5fl8 k|ltqmflGtaf6 aRg /Iff s]Gb|sf]
gfp“af6 ;+u7gsf] hfnf] o;/L 6f]n 6f]n / ufp“ ufp“df km}nfOof]  . k/f]ksf/
;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] dfWodaf6 t @)) ;fn cufl8 b]lvg} d}n] cfkmgf] If]qdf w]/}

sfd ul/;s]sf] lyP“  . cfkmgf] If]q / j/k/sf wfld{s / g}lts kIfdf hfu?s
k|fo a'9fkfsfx¿;Fu d]/f] /fd|f] ;Dks{ lyof]  . oxf“ d}n] s}of+} ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿
:yfkgf u/fP“  . gful/s :jtGqtfsf s'/fx¿ k|rf/ u/]/ eGbf klg hg;]jfsf
sfo{x¿af6 oxf“ d}n];+u7gnfO{ dha't agfPsf]x'“ . lhNnfdf /fhgLlts eGbf
;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿ w]/} lyP  . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;b:otfn] xf]Og log} ;fdflhs
;]jfsf s[ofsnfkx¿n] d]/f] nf]slk|otf ePsf] xf]  . vf;u/L d]/f] /fhgLlts eGbf
klg ;fdflhs JolQmTjn]dflg;x¿n]dnfO{ ;fy lbPsf x'g /d}n]cfkmnfO{ cufl8
a9fpg ;s]sf] x'“  .
Ps ;o rf/ jif{b]lv zf;g ub}{cfPsf /f0ff vnssf efO{ ef/bf/ Pj+ gf]s/
rfs/x¿ / tL xLg efjgf af]s]sf dfG5]x¿sf] e'm08sf] ;+u7g lnP/ pgLx¿n]
k|ltqmflGt ug]{ x'gls eGg] h'g vt/f lyof] To;nfO{ /f]Sgsf nflu xfdLn] sf7df8f}+
kf6g / efbufpF tLg} zx/x¿df Pp6f Pp6f /Iff s]Gb| agfof}+  .
efbufp“ /Iff s]Gb|n] efbufpF zx/nfO{ dfq} a9tf x]g{ yfn]sf] x'gfn] l7dLdf
d}n] rf}yf} /Iff s]Gb| agfPsf] lyP“  . oL /Iff s]Gb|x¿sf] dn g]t[Tjdf kf6gdf
cfzf/fd zfSo sf7df8f}+df sf7df8f}+ d]l8sn xnsf d+undfg lyP Pj+ ;]qm]6/Ldf
s}nfz/fd eGg] dflg; lyP  .
6f]n–6f]ndf 6f]n /Iff ;+3 vf]n]/ k|hftGqsf lj?4 6fpsf] p7fpg]x¿;Fu
;fdlxs ?kdf k|lt/f]w ug]{ /Iff s]Gb|sf] p2]Zo lyof]  . eGgnfO{ rflxF+ ;fdflhs
;+:yf oyfy{df sfd rflxF sf+u|]; dfly cfO nfUg]k|Tofqmd0f Pj+ k|ltqmflGtsf lj?4
vf]lnPsf] ;+u7g lyof] – /Iff s]Gb|  . ;f]l;on O:o'hx¿ cl3 g;f/L /fhgLlts
s'/f dfq}n] ;a} dflg;x¿ cfslif{t x'Fb}gg  . sf+u|]; of sDo'lgi6 eg]/ dfq} t
dflg;x¿ kl5 nfUb}gg . ;fdflhs s'/fx¿ dfqn]cfd hgtfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg
;lsg] x'Fbf ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] k|f?kdf vf]lnof] – /Iff s]Gb|  . uf]/vf kl/ifbåf/f
x'g;Sg] cfz+lst k|ltqmflGtsf lj?4 vf]lnPsf] ;+u7g lyof] /Iff s]Gb|  .
otf efbufpFdf dfwj ]i7 ;efklt / lji0f'eQm ]i7 eGg] ;]qm]6/L lyP  .
sf7df8f}+ / kf6gdf Pp6f Pp6f dfq} /Iff s]Gb| /xg], emg ;fgf] lhNnf efbufpFdf
rflx lhNnf :t/s} x}l;otdf l7dLdf csf]{ s]Gb| vf]lnPsf]df dfwjn] lta|
c;Gt'li6 hgfpFb} av]8f ug{ vf]h]  . t/ rf/ s]Gb|x¿dWo] sf7df8f}+ / kf6gsf
;efkltx¿n] dnfO{ ;dy{g u/] clg rf/ dWo] tLg d]/f] kIfdf x'g hfFbf dfwj PSnf]
k/]  . xfdLn] dxf s]Gb| agfpg] s'/f uYof}+{  . of] sfo{df u0f]zdfghLsf] k|f]T;fxg
Pj+ ;dy{g lyof] .
oL /Iff s]Gb|x¿df Pp6f Pp6f ;]qm]6/L Pj+ ;xof]uL /fVg u0f]zdfghLn] s]xL

cfly{s ;xof]u d u/f}+nf eGg'ePsf] lyof]  . /Iff s]Gb|x¿sf] u7g / ;~rfngdf
cfkm ;+/Ifs h:tf] eP/ pxf“n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'eof]  . of] sfo{df pxfFn] s]xL cfly{s
;xfotf ;d]t pknAw u/fpg'eof]  .
lhNnfdf gu/ / ufp“ Pj+ g]jf/ / kj{t]sf] -a|fDx0f, If]qLsf_ efjgfnfO{ klg
d}n] ;dGjofTds 9+un] sfo{ u/+]  . o; kl/k|]Ifdf d}n] @)!% ;fnsf] cfd r'gfjdf
eQmk'/ gu/af6 dnfO{ ;3fpg] cGo ;yLx¿sf cltl/Qm ljz]if ?kdf Toltv]/sf
gj o'jfx¿ dxGtnfn -xfn lbj+ut_ k|fWofkg/t ljh'nLhL /l;len PleP;gdf
sfd u/]sf w'j gf/fo0fsf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;DemL /fv]sf] 5'  .
o:t} kl/k|]Ifdf @)$* ;fnsf] cfd r'gfjdf klg dnfO{ ljz]if?kdf ;3fpg] cGo
;fyL Pj+ sfo{stf{x¿sf cltl/Qm u0f]zeQm zfv / gflt k|hfkltsf] of]ubfgnfO{
klg d e'Ng ;lSbg . @)!% /)$* ;fnsf b'j}lgjf{rgx¿df lhNnf sldl6sf
sltko ;fyLx¿ plt w]/} ;lqmo geOlbPsf] ePtf klg d]/f] k'/fgf] ;Dks{sf]
cfwf/df / cfkmg} tl/sfn] gof k|of]u ul/ ljho xfl;n x'g;s]sf] xf]  .

@)) ;fnkl5 d]/f] eldsf
@)) ;fnsf] hgqmflGt kl5 g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] klxnf] dxf–;ldlt clwj]zg,
g]kfnu+hdf ePsf] lyof]  . Toxf“ df]xL ls;fg / ljtf{jfnsf w]/} ;d:ofx¿
phfu/ ePsf lyP  . To; clwj]zgdf d}n] dxf–;ldlt ;b:osf] x}l;otn] efu
lnPsf] lyP+  . @)) ;fn b]lvg} kf6L{df d xd];f clwj]]zgsf] 8]lnu]6; /
dxf–;ldlt ;b:o /x“b} cfP“  .
To; avt g]kfn clw/fHo aQL; lhNnfx¿df ljeQm eP cg'?k g]kfnL
sf+u|];sf] ;+u7g 9f“rf klg jQL;} hf]gn l;:6ddf cfwfl/t lyof]  . To; clwa]zgn]
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf+rn afx]s af“sL ;a} hf]gn l;:6dsf] ;+u7g 9f“rfnfO{ vf/]h
u¥of]  . sf7df8f} hf]gn sldl6n] k|wfgdGqL dft[sf k|;fb sf]O/fnf ;/sf/sf
lj?4 s]xL O;'hx¿nfO{ lnP/ cfGbf]ng 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sfn] To; cfGbf]ng
;dflKtsf] 3f]if0ff geP;Ddsf nflu Tof] sldl6 lj36g gul/g] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof]  .
sf7df8f} hf]gsf] sfo{ ;ldltdf ;'Gb//fh rfln;] cWoIf x'g'x'GYof] eg]
;lrjdf g'tg yklnof, k|rf/ ljefudf alb|/fd e08f/L / ;+u7g ljefusf] lhDd]jf/L
dnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof]  .
k|wfgdGqL dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf lj?4 nufOPsf cf/f]kx¿df dn d'2f t
dx+uL j[l4s} lyof]  . pxf“n] v';f{gL ljb]z lgof{tsf] Ohfht lbg'eof], :jb]zdf
v';f{gL dx+uL u/fpg lgsf;L ul/of] eGg] egfO lyof]  . To; avt g]kfnL
?k}ofFF rng rNtLsf] ar{:j lyPg, ;/sf/L :ofxf ;|]:tfdf g]=?= / ef=?= b'j}sf]
dxn pNn]v x'g] uYof]{  . g]=?= sf] t'ngfdf ef=?= sf] b/efp w]/}g} tn dfly eO/xg]
u/]sf]n] gf]6nfO{ v';f{gLsf] efp h:tf] tndfly ug'{ePg, ef=?=sf] dNo tf]Sg'k¥of] /
g]=? sf] b/ ;:tf] kf/L ef=?=nfO{ dx+uf] kfg'{ePg eGg] csf]{ dfu lyof]  .
g]kfnL sf+u|];n] hgqmflGtdf u/]sf] ;xdlt cg';f/ ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj
ul/g'kg]{ lyof]  . /fhf lqe'jg To;df cfn6fn ul//x]sf lyP  . otf kf6L{ ;efklt
ag]sf dft[sf afa'n] /fhfk|lt em'sfp /fvL pgn] ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj u/fpg
rfx]gg  . To:t} jL=kL= sf]O/fnf ;/sf/df /xg'x'“bf pxf“n] ljtf{ vf/]hL c88f /

/fli6«o hg u0fgf lnOg] sfof{no :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] lyof]  . ltgLx¿nfO{ klg dft[sf
afa'n] lgl:qmo ?kdf /flvlbg'eof]  . oL ;a} sf/0fx¿n] g]kfnL sf+u|];n] dft[sf
afa'sf] lvnfkmdf cfGbf]ng ;'? u/]sf] lyof]  . pkTosfsf] ;+u7gdf ljz]if ks8
ePsf]n] To; cleofgdf d]/f] eldsf cu|ufdL lyof]  .
@))( ;fndf g]=sf= kf6L{ ;+u7gsf ;a} ;efklt / ;lrjx¿sf] /fh lj/fhdf
;Dd]ng eof]  . To; ;Dd]ngdf d}n] klg efu lnPF  .
@))( ;fnsf] hgsk'/ dxflwj]zg kl5 eb|sfnL ldn] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]
dnwf/ 5f8L o;} kf6L{sf] cfbz{ cg'?k hg sf+u|]; kf6L{ vf]n] t/ pgnfO{
sxf“sf] O;f/f lyof] pg} hfg'g  . d}n] klg @)%# ;fndf hg sf+u|]; gfp“af6 kf6L{
vf]n]sf]df -;+of]un] gfd pxL kg{ uPsf]_ ToxL l;sf] u¥of] eg]/ s]xL dflg;x¿n]
xNnf u/]sf To;}n]g} xf]  .
k|wfgdGqL dft[sf k|;fb sf]O/fnf / jL=kL= sf]O/fnf aLrsf] cGt/åGådf
eb|sfnL ld nufot s]bf/dfg Jolyt afnrGb| zdf{ tyf lgd{n nfdfx¿ jL=kL=sf]
kIf / dft[sf afa'sf] lj/f]wdf a9Lg} ;lqmo lyP  . kl5 ef/tLo ;dfhjfbL g]tf
hok|sfz gf/fo0f cfO{ jL=kL= /dft[sf afa'sf]xft ldnfOlbg' eof] . oL b'O efO
ldNg gx'g] ldn] eg]/ s]bf/dfg Jolyt, afnrGb| zdf{ / lgd{n nfdfx¿n] jfdkGyL
sf+u|]; agfP  .
k|hftflGqs r]tgfsf] ;qkft
v8udfg l;+xsf] n]vfO{ cg';f/ g]kfndf k|hftflGqs r]tgfsf] /fhgLlts
;qkft lj=;+= !(** ;fndf ePsf]] xf]  . Tof] a]nfsf]] ls+abGtL cg';f/ eLd ;d;]/nfO{
df/]/ a;Gt ;d;]/nfO{ /fhf -L # k|wfgdGqL_ agfpg] of]hgf lyof]  . !)$ jif]{
/f0ff zf;g sfndf afp, sfsf, bfh' cflbnfO{ xTof u/L L # dxf/fh -k|wfgdGqL_
alg zlQm xYofpg] k/+k/f t 5“b} lyof]  . ToxL u/fpg vf]h]sf] cleof]udf hgtfsf]
of ;/sf/sf] egfO xf] v8udfg l;+x y'lgP  .
h]nleq -;Gbe{–s]lGb|o sf/fuf/_ s:tf] cj:yf x'G5 eg] Toxf“ aGbLx¿nfO{
leGg leGg :j?kdf ;+s'lrt agfOG5  . rf/ aGbL eP/ rf/ lbjf/ -kvf{n_
leq 3'Dg kfpg], sf]7fdf a;L ;fyL ;fyL 5nkmn ukm ug{ kfpg]/aflx/c?
;fyLx¿;Fu klg v]n -u]d_ v]Ng kfpg] Pp6f :j?k xf]  . csf]{, sf]7fleqaf6
aflx/ hfg gkfpg], lb;flk;fasf] nflu klg kfn] ;fy nflu dfq hfg kfpg], Pp6}
sf]7fdf dfq ;Lldt e} a:g'kg]{ / Tof] eGbf s8f ;hfo ug'{kg]{nfO{ qmdzM tLghgf
/ Pshgf dfqsf] lk+h8fdf /flvg] ul/G5  . csf]{ xf] h]n leqsf] klg h]n–;]n  .

v8udfg l;+xnfO{ ToxL ;]n sfn–sf]7/Ldf /flvPsf] lyof]  . sfn sf]7/L eGgfn]
leqsf] ;j{q efu sfnf]n] kf]t]sf] pHofnf] eg]sf] slxNo} st}af6 s]xL gcfpg]
lg:k§ c“Wof/f] sf]7f xf]  .
v8udfg l;+xnfO{ /fv]sf] a]nfdf t x}g pgnfO{ /fv]sf] sfn sf]7/L eg]
h]nleq kl5 d}n] klg b]v]sf] x'“  .
o;/L h]ndf s8f oftgf lbOPsf v8udfg l;+xsf] s'/f ;f“rf] xf] eg]
/fhgLlts p2]Zon] ;j{k|yd lj=;+= !(** ;fndf g]kfndf k|r08 uf]/vf vf]lnPsf]
xf] . To;kl5 lj=;+= !((# ;fndf k|hfkl/ifb v'Nof] . k|hf kl/ifbdf ;+nUg clwsf+z
dflg;x¿ k|ToIf of k/f]If b/af/;Fu -gf/fo0f lx6L_ ;DaGwLt lyP  . sf]xL Toxf“sf
kxndfg -Jofofd lzIfs_ lyP, sf]xL s]xL lyP, sf]xL Toxf“leq /x]sf dlxnfx¿sf
gftfuf]tfsf dflg;x¿ lyP  . h:t} – wd{eQm, u+ufnfn, 6+sk|;fb, ljBf, /fdxl/
zdf{x¿ cflb /logLx¿n]c? hf];b:o agfP pg}lyP .
To; avt /fHo ;+rfngsf ofjt sfd sfjf{xLx¿ dxf/fhsf]v8u lg;fgfn]
-lg0f{o_ rNYof]  . dfG5] dfg'{k¥of] eg] /f0ffsf] l;kmfl/;df L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6
nfndf]x/ nufpg'kYof]{  . lg0f{o /f0ffn] uy]{  . /a/ :6fDk em}+ eP/ /fhfn] ;xL5fk
nufpg' kg]{x'GYof]  . o;}n] k|hfkl/ifbsf cleoGtfx¿nfO{ s] cfzf lyof] eg] To:tf]
lg0f{odf L % n] nfn df]x/ nufpg] 5}gg  . ;fob pgLx¿n] /f0ffx¿n] u/]sf]
d[To'b08sf] ;hfonfO{ d nfndf]x/ nufpg] 5}g eGg] /fhf lqe'jgaf6 cfZjf;g
kfPsf lyP .
!((# ;fndf vf; 36gf klg To:tf] s]xL ePsf] lyPg  . :jfoQ zf;g
– kl/jt{g dfluPsf] lyof], /f0ffx¿sf] lg/+s'ztfnfO{ c+s'z lyof] Tof]  . kl/jt{g
sfdLx¿ jsfobf ljwfg 3f]if0ff kq em08f cflb To:tf] s]xL lnP/ lgl:sPsf
lyPgg  . k|hfkl/ifbd} /x]sf ?b| kf}8]nsf] gfd lnOG5, dflg;x¿ pg}n] kf]n
nufOlbPsf] s'/f ub{5g  .
s;n]kf]n nufof], ToxL+ leq slt l;=cfO{=8L=x¿ lyP Tof]t yfx ePsf]
xf]Og  . t/ logLx¿ klqmP  . afx'gx¿ hlt rf/kf6] d'l8P, cGo hfltsfx¿ sf]xLnfO{
kmf“;Lsf] ;hfo“ / sltkon] cfhLjg sf/faf;sf] ;hf“o kfP  . log} dWo] u0f]zdfghL
klg kg'{eof]/kl5 pxf“ h]naf6 efuL Ol08of k'Ug'eof] .
ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf efu lnO{ …c+u|]h eufcf]Ú cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf
g]kfnLx¿ ef/t :jtGq ePkl5 ca g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] nflu r6k6fpg
yfn]sf lyP . pgLx¿n]g]kfndf klg /fhgLlts kf6L{ ;+u7gx¿ agfpg'k5{ elg
rrf{ rnfpg yfn]  . o:tf vfn] JolQmTjx¿sf] cvf8f vf; u/L agf/;d} lyof]  .

jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] k'/f kl/jf/, e§/fO{ aGw'x¿ -uf]kfn k|;fb, s[i0f k|;fb_
l8NnL/d0f /]UdL, afnrGb| zdf{ cflb ;a agf/;d} lyP  . Toxf“ /fli6«o sf+u|];
u7g ug]{ s'/f eof]  . ca u0f]zdfghL t g]kfn k|hfkl/ifbdf nfuL kqmfp k/]sf] /
h]naf6 efuL Toxf“ k'Ug'ePsf] lyof]  . Toxf“ gjul7t kf6L{sf] gfd k|hfkl/ifb /fVg
sa'n ul/g] t s'/} lyPg, k|tLsfTds ?kdf 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf To;
gof“ kf6L{sf] u7g ug]{ / sfo{ ;+rfng ;efklt jL=kL= sf]O/fnf x'g] lg0f{o ul/of]  .
Tof] lg0f{odf l8NnL /d0f /]UdL ;xdt x'g'ePg  . /]UdLhLsf] egfO s] lyof]
eg] of] s'g} dxflwj]zgaf6 ul/Psf] lg0f{o xf]Og, jL=kL= / pxf“ Pp6} sfo{ ;ldltsf]
;b:o /x]sf] x'“bf jL=kL= km'6]/ cfp“b}df d}n] 5f8g] s'/f cfpb}g eGg'eof]  .
sfo{stf{x¿sf] egfO rflx /]UdLn] 5f8g' kb{5 / jL=kL= nfO{g} agfpg'kb{5 eGg]
lyof]  . /]UdLhLn] 5f8g dfGg'ePg  . o:tf afb ljjfbx¿ w]/} lbg rNb} /x]  . oL
;a} s'/fx¿ o'u jf0fL klqsfdf k|sflzt x'g] uYof]{  .
qmflGt ;'? e};s]kl5 cGtt df]xg ;d;]/n] s] eg] eg] æclx+;fTds g]tf
hf] 5 d p;};Fu ;Demf}tf u5'{  .Æ qmflGt rln/x]s} avt cfkmnfO{ clx+;fTds
atfpg] /]UdLhL df]xg ;d;]/;Fu ;Demf}tf ug{ elg v'?v'? cfpg'eof]  . n+sf
hnfpg] xg'dfg h; kfpg] 9]8jf eg]em} qmflGt ug]{ rf“lx sf+u|]; pgL ;Demf}tf u5'{
elg lxF8]kl5 jL/u~h b]lvg} sf“u|]; sfo{stf{x¿n] /]UdLnfO{ ;f]8f af]tn ;d]tn]
nv]6]sf lyP  .
Clifs]z zfxsf afa' tf/s axfb'/ zfx b/af/Lof dfG5] lyP  . if8oGqsf/L
g x'g, pg}n] g} sfnLdf6Ldf s]xL lbg;Dd /]UdLnfO{ n'sfP/ /fv]  . pxf“ n's]/}
a:g'eof]  . jL=kL= sf] cg'kl:ytLdf agfOPsf] ;efklt, pxf“n] jL=kL=nfO{ 5f]8g
dfGg'ePg  . /]UdLhLsf] jf/]df of] ;+lIfKt rrf{ lsg u/]sf] eg] /fli6«o sf“u|]; dfq}
eGbf s'/f cw'/f] x'g hfG5 eg]/ xf]  .
EofnLdf -sf7df8f}+ pkTosf_ rflx s] x'GYof] eg] ca kf6L{ ;+u7g agfpg]
a9fpg] s'/f t 5“b} lyof]  . d}n] elg;s]+ l;of]n] cf}+nfdf 3f]r]/ sa'n u/fO{GYof]  .
Tolt ubf{ klg kl5 uP/ p ;'/fsL xf]Olbg] xf] ls eGg] ;Gb]x t /xGYof] g}  . sf]xL
sf]xLnfO{ t 3/d} s]xL PS;g ug{ elgGYof]  . o; k|sf/ 3/df PS;g u/L s]xL
n'6]/ Nofp eGbf xfd|f] efbufp“df Pshgf dflg; cfTdxTof u/]/ ;d]t d/]  . To:tf]
36gf ;d]t k/]sf] 5  . JolQmnfO{ k/LIf0f t ug'{k¥of] lg  . sy+ sbflrt ;]qm];L
cfp6 eof] eg] dfG5] dfl/g] vt/f a]xf]g'{kYof]{  .
@)) ;fn cufl8sf]s'/f ubf{ oxfF sf7df8f}+df nfn sDo'lgi6 eGg]rrf{
x'GYof] . ToxfF c;g ahf/df b'jL ePsf Pshgf JolQmsf]h'g k;n 5, ToxL

JolQmsf] bfh' nfn sDo'lgi6 lyP  . To;a]nf pgn] s]xL sfd u/]sf lyP  . nfn
sDo'lgi6sf] clxn] t rrf{ cl:tTj s]xL /x]g  . c? kf6L{x¿ t /f0ffx¿nfO{ g}
;3fpFy]  . pgLx¿ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cfGbf]ngsf] lj/f]w ul//x]sf lyP  .
@)) ;fn sflt{sdf /fhf lqe'jg oxfF dfjnLdf 5f]l8Psf tLg jif]{ gflt
1fg]Gb| afx]s ;kl/jf/ ef/t tkm{ nfu]  . lj=;+= !()# sf] sf]tkj{ kZrft /fhf
/fh]Gb| laqmd cfkmgL /fgL /fHo nIdLsf ;fy agf/; uO{ a;]sf avt k|wfgdGqL
h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffnfO{ ptf af]nfj6 u/]  . k|wfgdGqLn] /fhfsf] cf1f cj1f ug'{ t
;xh xf]Og clg oxfF h+uaxfb'/n] % jif]{ afns ;'/]Gb| laqmd zfxnfO{ /fhf agfO
To;sf] hjfkm n]vfP  .
ætkfO{ b]z 5f]8]/ uPsf /fhfn] cfkmgf] d'n's 5f]8]/ uO;s]kl5 tkfO{sf]
/fHo uof], d /fhf eP“  . pgnfO{ d k7fplbgÆ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ;Gb]z k7fP  .
ptfaf6 kmls{Psf /fhf /fh]Gb| laqmd zfxnfO{ g]kfn ;/xb k|j]z u/]kZrft af6f]
af6g} pgn] lx/f;tdf lnP  . kl5 pgnfO{ eQmk'/sf] k'/fgf] b/af/df gh/aGbdf
/flvof]  . otf % jif]{ caf]w afns /fhfnfO{ kfkf v'jfpFb} pgsf] ;f/f clwsf/
k|wfgdGqLsf] x}l;otdf cfkmn] kfpg] u/L /fhfaf6 k~hfkq lnP/ k|wfgdGqL
h+uaxfb'/ zlQmzfnL ag]  .
@)) ;fndf df]xg ;d;]/n] klg ToxL Oltxf; bf]xf]¥ofpg vf]h]  . k|wfgdGqL
h+u axfb'/sf] kfnfdf /fhf /fh]Gb| laqmd zfxnfO{ ul/P em} b]z 5f]8L efUg] /fhf
lqe'jgnfO{ klg cfkmgf] k/Dk/f cg';f/ ;QfRo't ul/g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f k|wfgdGqL
df]xg ;d;]/ h=a=/f= n] ef/bf/L ;efaf6 to u/fP  . pgn] lqe'jgsf gflt tLg
jif]{ afns 1fg]Gb| zfxnfO{ /fhf agfP  .
ptf l5d]sL b]z ef/tn] a]nfotL pklgj]zaf6 e/v/ e/v/} :jfwLgtf k|fKt
u/]sf] lyof]  . /f0ff zf;sx¿nfO{ ;dy{g lbb}+ /x]sf a]nfotLx¿ ef/t 5f]8L uO{
;s]sf lyP  . :jfwLgtf ;+u|fdsf] cu'jfO{ ug]{x¿n] g} ef/tdf ;/sf/ rnfPsf
lyP  . g]kfndf hgtf s] rfxG5g qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{gsf/Lx¿sf] kIfdf 5g ls
/f0ffzfxLnfO{ ;dy{g hgfp5g eGg] s'/f a'emg ef/t ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 oxfF
g]kfndf k|ltlglwx¿ cfpg] eP  . pgLx¿ cfPsf] lbg Po/kf]6{df ljzfn hg ;fu/
pln{of]  . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf tLg} lhNnfx¿af6 hg ;dx Pslqt ePsf] lyof]  .
sf7df8f}+sf] Oltxf;d} klxnf]kN6 olt 7nf] h'n'; lgl:sof]  .
hg ;dx v'a} g} hDdf ePsf] lyof]  . bofjL/ l;+x s+zfsf/ g]t[Tjsf] k/f]ksf/
;+:yfsf] dfWodaf6 dflg;x¿ a6'lnP  . k9] n]v]sf JolQmTj ePsf x'gfn] h'n';sf]
g]t[Tj z+s/b]j kGtnfO{ -pg}sf] gfpFdf :yflkt xfnsf] z+s/ b]j SofDk;_ ug{

elgof]  . 8/fpg' kg]{ cj:yfsf] To; ;do sfn, z+s/ b]j kGt Po/kf]6{af6 5n]/
efu]  . xfdLx¿ pgsf] kl5 nfUb} uP/ u'Åo]Zj/L 3f6 k'uL pgnfO{ klqmP/ kfv'/fdf
;dftL kmsf{P/ Nofof}+  . ef/tLo b'tx¿sf] ;fd' xfdLn] lqe'jg lhGbfjfb, dx]Gb|
lhGbfjfb, a;'Gw/f lhGbfjfb, df]xg ;d;]/ d'bf{jfb cflb gf/f 3GsfO{ hgtfsf]
zlQm k|bz{g u¥of+} .
@))^ ;fn lt/s} s'/f xf], oxfF xfd|f] l7dL axfvf ahf/sf u0f]z s'df/ ef6
-sf/+lht_ nfx'/] x'g uPsf dfG5], kms]{/ cfP  . pgL lh=la= ofsy'Djfn] k7fPsf] eg]/
oxfF ;fgf] l7dL l:yt af?bvfgf / ;Fu} /x]sf] uf]nL u¶fsf] e08f/ u¶f3/ SofKr/
ug]{ of]hgf lnP/d sxfF cfP . xfn hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| Pj+ ;fgf]l7dL
SofDk; ejg ePs} :yfgdf hËaxfb'/ /f0ffsf] kfnfdf lgld{t k'/fgf] ejgdf
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfs} d'Vo af?b vfgf -e08f/0f_ lyof]  . o:t} g} uf]nLu¶fsf] To;
avtsf] d'Vo e08f/0f u¶f3/x¿ xfn;Dd klg oyfjt g} 5g  . sDkfp08 eg]
s]xL lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5  .
ofsy'Djfn] pQm xft xltof/x¿ Pj+ uf]nf af?b SofKr/ ug]{ sfo{sf nflu
cfkmn] s]xL hgzlQm tof/ u/]sf] / of]hgf agfO{ PS;gsf nflu dfu]kZrft
dbtsf nflu c? dfG5]x¿ k7fOlbg] elg k7fPsf] s'/f lnP/ ;xof]usf
nflu u0f]z s'df/ dsxfF cfP  . pgn] of] s'/f zfob d afx]s c? sf]xLnfO{
gelgcfpg' eg] xf]nfg t/ ;]qm];L cfp6 eof], u0f]z s'df/ ksl8P  . wGg pgn]
dnfO{ kf]n u/]gg  .
eQmk'/df b'uf{k|;fb xf8f /l7dLdf u0f]z s'df/ef6 tyf lhts[i0f -ch'{g_
lrqsf/ sf+u|];sf ;b:o klxn]g} alg;s]sf lyP  . lh=lj= ofsy'Djfn] u¶f3/
af?bvfgf SofKr/ ug{ k7fPsf] cf/f]k nufO{ ch'{g / 3/sf] 9f]sfdf uf]nL xfgL
u0f]z s'df/nfO{ ;dfltPsf] lyof]  . Tof] uf]nLsf] Kjfn cBflk pgsf] 9f]sfdf /x]sf]
5  . u0f]z s'df/nfO{ u0f]zdfghLsf] ;fd'Gg]g} h]ndf 6fpsf] tn / uf]8f dfly u/L
/fv]/ lkl6Psf] lyof]  . kf6L{k|lt ;dlk{t o:tf ;fyLx¿ d]/f ;xof]uL lyP  .
ptf eQmk'/ gu/sf b'uf{k|;fb xf8f x'g] vfg] kl/jf/sf dflg;, pgL kf6L{k|lt
cltg};dlk{t JolQm lyP . d]/f]eGbf a9L Tofu Pj+ jlnbfg ePsf, kf6L{df d eGbf
klxn] b]lvg} sfd ul/;s]sf o:tf vfn] sfo{stf{x¿ d]/} g]t[TjnfO{ dfGby]  . g]tf
pgLx¿ g} x'g'kg]{ xf] t/ j'l4 / Ifdtfn] xf]nf o:tf dflg;x¿ g]tf dnfO g} dfGby]  .
csf]{ 36gf, oxfF sf7df8f}+df 6f]kL xNnfP/ /f0ffzfxLsf] lj/f]w hgfpg] sfo{
ul/of] . k|To]s lbg b'O{ rf/hgf b'O{ rf/hgf ub}{ b; kGw| lbg;Dd dflg;x¿nfO{
h]n k7fOPsf] xf]  . @)) ;fn cl3 oxL 6f]kL xNnfpg] afx]s oxfF sf7df8f}+ EofnL

leq cGo lx+;fTds sfo{ s]xL ePsf] lyPg  . o;} sf/0fn] EofnL aflx/af6 cfPsf
g]tfx¿nfO{ a9tf uj{ ePsf] xf]  . pgLx¿ sf7df8f}+ EofnLn] xf]Og pgLx¿n] aGb'sn]
NofPsf] /fHo;Qf elg 7fGg] clg oxfF EofnLdf xfdL rflxF /fhwfgL jf;Ln] ;xof]u
/ ;dy{g gu/]sf] eP qmflGt sxfF ;kmn x'GYof] / elg 7fGg]  . o;}n] clnslt
s]xL o:tf] efjgfx¿ klxn]b]lv g} ljsf; x'g uPsf] sf/0f klg ToxL xf]  .
@)) ;fnsf]qmflGt ;kmn ePkl5 sf+u|];sf];+u7g v'Nnf ?kdf lgdf{0f x'g
yfNof]  . d cfkm sf+u|];sf] ;b:o klxn]g} eO;s]sf]n] lhNnfdf ca k/f]ksf/sf]
;b:osf] ?kdf dfq x}g sf+u|];sf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf klg d}n] sfd ug{ yfn]+
To; avt g]kfn clw/fHo #@ lhNnfdf ljeflht lyof] . k|To]s lhNnfdf
;ft hgf k|ltlglwx¿ r'lgPsf x'Gy] . lhNnf leqsf ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿af6 r'lgg]
o:tf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ 8]lnu]6; elgGYof]  . d]/f] cfkmgf] lhNnf eQmk'/df ;ft dWo]
kf“r of ^ hgfdf d]/f] kIfdf krf; k|ltzt / lj/f]wdf krf; k|ltzt x'“bf aLrsf]
Jofn]G; dt d]/f] 8f]ldg];gdf x'g]uYof]{  . o;/L sfo{ ;ldltdf /x]sf ;ft hgfdf ^
hgf lji0f'eQm e'h'åf/f dgf]lgt / d Pshgf dfq x'“bf klg s'g} Ph]08f ljz]ifdf
dt dtfGt/ ePdf d}n] ef]l6ª u/fpg vf]Hbf pgL dfGb}gy]  . ef]l6ª u/fPdf d}n]
8f]ldg];g ul/lbG5 ls egL pgL cfkmn] dgf]lgt u/]sf ;fyLx¿;Fu ;d]t ljZj:t
x'g ;Sb}gy]  . d]/f] To:tf] vfnsf] JolQmTj ljsf; ePsf] lyof]  .
/f0ff sf+u|]; ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿
/f0ff sf+u|]; ;+o'Qm dlGqd08ndf hgtfsf tkm{af6 hgg]tf jL=kL= sf]O/fnfn]
u[x dGqLsf] ?kdf g]t[Tj ug'{ePsf] lyof]  . jL=kL= :ki6 lehg ePsf] g]tf
x'g'x'GYof]  . pxfFdf /fli6«otf ;jf]{kl/ lyof] eg] k|hftGq pxfsf] cf:yf / lgi7f Pj+
;dfhjfb ljZjf; lyof]  . /fli6«otf, k|hftGq / ;dfhjfb pxfFsf] dn gLlt lyof]
t/ kf6L{n] ;dfhjfbsf] 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] lyPg, To;}n] k|hftGq / /fli6«otfsf]
s'/f dfq} lyof]  . /fli6«otfsf] gLlt Pj+ sfo{ of]hgfcg';f/ pxfFn] g]kfndf /x]sf]
Ol08ogsf] ldln6/L ld;g / /fhfsf] ;Nnfxsf/ /x]sf uf]laGb gf/fo0f l;+xnfO{
lkmtf{ hfp eGg'eof] .
k|hftGqsf];+:yfut ljsf; tkm{ – k|hftGqsf cleGg kIf ;+j}wflgs c+ux¿
h:tf] nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs cflb Joj:yf ul/of]  . k|wfg Gofofnosf]
Joj:yf u/L sfg'gljb xl/k|;fb k|wfgnfO{ klxnf] k|wfg GofofwLz agfOof]  .
L # dxf/fhsf] b/af/ l;+x b/af/nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]qm]6fl/o6sf] ?kdf
v8f ul/of]  .

cfly{s qmflGt
@)) ;fn cl3 hgtfx¿nfO{ rf}/f;L lsl;d /sd -lt/f]_ nfUbYof]  . hUuf
sdfP/ nfUg] To;sf] lt/f] /sd Pp6f eof] eg] 3/ w'/L v8f eP kl5 w'/L dfly
nfUg] /sd csf]{  . To:t} b'O hgf 5f]/fx¿ 5g tL b'O{ 5f]/fx¿ 5'§L leGg eP
kl5 tL b'O{nfO{ 5'§f 5'§};d]t ubf{ tLgj6f x'g u}/sd j[l4 x'g hfGYof] .
/f0ffx¿sf] 3f]8fnfO{ 3fF; sf6g] 3fF;L, ufO{j:t'x¿ x]g]{ dfg], bfp/] cflbx¿nfO{
efu lbg' kb{Yof] . To; avt sfuhL d'b|fsf]Joj:yf lyPg . wft' d'b|f k|rngdf
lyof]  . dw]; Pj+ kxf8 To;sf] cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{nfO{ tf]8f af]Sg] elgGYof]  . tf]8f
af]sfpFbf af]Sg] vfnsf] dfG5] af6fdf hxf“ hf] e]l6G5 To;nfO{ ks8]/ afWotfd}
klg of] sfd u/fOGYof]  .
af6f] 3f6f] cflb ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ubf{ emf/f p7fP/ cyf{t of] of]
3/af6 olt olt hgf dflg;x¿ cfpg'kg]{ eGg] pbL{ hf/L u/L :jod;]jL sfd
u/fOGYof]  . o:t} s8f ck/fwsf ck/fwLx¿ Hofgdf/f cflbnfO{ lk+h8fdf /fvL
nUg'k¥of] eg] To;}u/L dfG5] kqm]/ sfd nufOGYof]  . /}ltx¿nfO{ ;dftL lagf
kfl/lds u/fOg] o:tf sfdx¿nfO{ j]7 j]uf/ elgGYof]  . o:tf vfn] lt/f] jfkt
nfu]sf] /sd, w'/L dfly nfu]sf] /sd, lkm/f}tL /sd cflb OToflb rf}/f;L k|sf/sf
lt/f] /sdx¿ dflkm ul/P / a]7 a]uf/ k|yfnfO{ cGTo ul/of]  .
csf]{ tkm{–clkm;/x¿nfO{ vfGuL lbg] rng lyof]  . L # dxf/fhn] tf]lsPsf]
kmnfgf] /}s/ hUuf kmnfgf] JolQmnfO{ elg lbPkl5 Tof] p;}sf] eof]  . o;df df]xL
ls;fgnfO{ 7'n} km/s kYof]{  . h:t}–p;n] dfndf lt/f] ltg{kfP /f]kgLdf dflglnpF rf/
?k}ofF lt/]k'UYof]eg]ca vfGuLdf @% kfyL wfg lhG;Ldf a'emfpgkYof]{+ . ;xdltdf
lhG;L ga'emfOP klg @% kfyL wfg a/fa/sf] ahf/efp b/n] p;n] lt/f] ltg'{kYof]{  .
vfGuL pknAw u/fpg]hUufsf ;DaGwdf s'g}dfkb08 lyPg . Pp6fnfO{ lbg
dg nfu] Pp6fnfO{ lbof] csf]{nfO{ lbg dgnfu] csf]{nfO{ lbof] a; Ú o:t}  . /}s/
hUufdf df]xL xs clwsf/ lyPg  . Tof] ;Qf;Lgx¿s} clwsf/sf] s'/f xf] eGg] h'g
wf/0ff lyof] To;nfO{ /f]lsof]  . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ df;Ls ?kdf tna pknAw u/fpg]
/ vfGuLjfnf dfG5] lhG;L af]Sg' kg]{ hf] hlt lyP ltgLx¿nfO{ klg cGo ;/x rf/
?k}ofFsf] efpn] gubd} afnL a'emfP x'g] / ca hDd} /}s/nfO{ vfGuLdf gxflng]
lg0f{o ul/of]  . vfGuL k|yf vf/]h eof]  .
ljtf{ vf/]hL
/f0ffx¿n] cfkmv';L cfkmnfO{ dgnfu]sf] h] hlt hdLg hf] h;nfO{ klg

bfg ub{y], To:tf hUufnfO{ ljtf{ elgGYof]  . o:tf ljtf{x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf x'Gy]  .
h:t} –
lkmsbfgL ljtf{ – /f0ffx¿n]kfg rkfP/lkmsbfgLdf y'Ss y'Sbf Tof]lkmSbfgL
yfk] afkt Tof] yfKg] JolQmn] kfPsf] hdLg lkmSbfgL ljtf{ eof]  .
l/em ljtf{ – /f0ffx¿nfO{ l/emfP/ v';L kf/]/ kfPsf] ljtf{  .
as; ljtf{ – s]xL sfd ljz]ifdf k'?iffy{ u/]afkt kfPsf]ljtf{ .
s'z ljtf{ – s'z ;dftL bfgu/]/ lbPsf] ljtf{  .
kf]t ljtf{ – d]xgt kj{s kl;gfsf] dn] lnPsf] ljtf{  . o:t} /f0ffx¿sf] uf]8f
lyr]/kfPsf]tyf r'snL nufP/klg kfPsf ljtf{x¿ cflb .
o;/L ljleGg vfn] ljtf{x¿sf] nfut lnO{ gfgf k|sf/sf To:tf ljtf{x¿nfO{
;dfKt ug]{ lg0f{o lnOof] / To;sf] c88f :yfkgf eof]  .
ljwfg;efsf] s'/f
To; avt hg;+Vofsf]PsLg nfut t lyPg . g]kfnsf]hg;+Vof c;L
nfv hlt /x]sf] elgGYof]  . lgjf{rg cfof]u u7g eO;s]sf] lyPg  . k|hftflGqs
gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fug{ ljwfg;ef t rflxof] . To;sf nflu hg;+Vofsf]df]6fdf]6L
nfut lnO{ xft p7fP/} ePklg hg k|ltlglw r'gL ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ug]{ eGg]]
s'/fsf] Pp6f lgSof}{n ul/of]  . @)) ;fnsf] qmflGt kl5 cf7 dlxgfsf] cjlwdf
/f0ff sf+u|];sf] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/df jL=kL= sf]O/fnfn] ug'{ u/fpg' ePsf] dxTjk0f{
hgkIfLo sfo{x¿ df]6f df]6L ?kdf log}lyP .
k|lt qmflGt
k|To]s qmflGt kl5 k|ltqmflGtsf] k|of; ul/Psf] x'G5  . o;}sf] k|lt?k @))
;fnsf] qmflGt gfos jL=kL= sf]O/fnf dfly e/t ;d;]/n] cfs|d0f u/]  . To;a]nfsf]
k|lt qmflGt s:tf] eg] uf]/vf kl/ifbn] hxfF hxfF ;ef uYof]{ ToxfF ToxfF SofKr/ eof]
eGbYof]  . To; avtsf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] eg] Pp6f zlQm ;DkGg /f0ffn] x'Ss],
au}+r], 9f]s], wfO{, ;';f/], afx'gL, 8f]n] cflb OToflb u/]/ sd ;] sd ;o 8]9 ;o
dfG5]x¿ kfn]sf x'Gy]  . tL dflg;x¿ clwsf+zt sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq sfF7 If]qsf
Pj+ kj{ ! g+= /klZrd ! g+= lt/sf x'Gy] .
To;f] ePsf] x'gfn] oL If]qsf o:tf vfn] dflg;x¿ k|foM k|ltufdL :jefjsf
lyP  . ltgLx¿sf] /f0ffx¿;Fu} a9L e'msfp lyof]  . tL If]qx¿df d[u]Gb| ;d;]/, e/t
;d;]/x¿ k'u]kl5 dflg;x¿ Hofbf em'ldGy]  . clg ToxfF dflg;x¿ oL sf+u|];x¿n]

clxn] lhTb}df x'G5 / eGg] uy]{  . Ps ;o rf/ jif{ ;Dd /fHo u/]sf /f0ffx¿ eg]sf
b]ptf ;l/sf dflg;x¿ x'g eGg] pgLx¿sf] xLg efjgf lyof]  .
lqejg 5“b} e/t ;d;]/af6 xfdLx¿ pk/ o; k|sf/sf] k|ltqmflGtsf/L xdnf
eof]  . k|ltufdLx¿sf] o:tf] xdnfaf6 aRg xfdLx¿n] ufp“ ufp“ / 6f]n 6f]ndf /Iff
s]Gb|x¿ vf]n]sf xf}+  . @))* ;fnlt/s} s'/f] xf], /fhf lqe'jg :jf:Yo pkrf/sf
nflu :jLh/Nof08sf] h'l/r uPsf lyP  . To; a]nf df]xg ;d;]/sf] k|wfg
dlGqTjdf ;+o'Qm dGqLd08n lyof] . To;df u0f]zdfghL klg ;+nUg x'g'x'GYof] .
tTsfnLg o'j/fh dx]Gb| ;Qfdf xfjL lyP .
To;a]nf sf7df8f}+sf] hg 3gTj o:tf] aflSnPsf] lyPg / lqejg /fhky
klg ag]sf] lyPg  . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ;8s ;+hfn;“u hf]l8Psf]g} lyPg  .
sf7df8f}+ zx/sf nflu vfBfGg tyf t/sf/Lx¿sf] cfklt{ dnt l7dL eQmk'/ If]q
tkm{af6 x'g] uYof]{  .
ahf/df rfdn nufot vfBfGgsf] efp a9of], dxFuL eof] eg]/ sf7df8f}+df
To;sf] lj/f]w x'g yfNof]  . u0f]zdfghL lhDd]jf/ lgsfodf x'g'x'GYof]  . pxfFn] dnfO{
af]nfO{ dxFuL lgoGq0f af/] ;Nnfx ug'{eof]  . To; avt sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf
vfBfGgsf] Jofkf/ Joj;fo k|fo l7dL af]8]lt/sf Joj;foLx¿n] ug]{ub{y]  .
o; If]qsf oL Joj;foL a~hf/fx¿ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq Pj+ cf;kf;sf
If]qx¿af6 vfBfGg tyf bfnxg -u]8fu'8Lx¿_ cflb ;+sng u/L s'6fgL lk;fgL
u/L dxfaf}4df a;L yf]s tyf v'b|f ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ub{y]  . rfdn lrp/f cflbsf]
Jofkf/ dnt ToxL+af6 x'g]ub{Yof]  . o:t} sf7df8f}+ zx/df t/sf/Lsf] cfklt{ klg
dnt l7dL, gub]zlt/s} ls;fgx¿af6 x'g]ub{Yof]  . u0f]zdfhLsf] rfxgf cg';f/ tL
Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{ e]nf u/fO{ d}n] ldl6ª u/+]  . vfBfGg ;:tf] / ;'ne cfklt{ u/fpg]
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /Iff s]Gb|x¿sf] gfp“df u0f]zdfghLn] d dfkm{t s]xL /sd ;d]t
pknAw u/fpg'eof]  .
tL Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{ k|To]s d'/L rfdn laqmL ubf{ krf; k};f sd u/L laqmL
ug]{ / Tof] sd u/]sf] krf; k};f d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ leqL ?kdf pknAw u/fpg] u/L
pgLx¿n] d'/Ldf Ps df]x/ cyf{t krf; k};f 36fO laqmL ug{ yfn]  . o;/L dxFuL
lgoGq0f ul/of]  .
l7dL af]8] d]/f] cfkmgf] If]q ePsf] / d]/f] cfkmg} 3/ kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5d]s Pj+
ufp“ 3/sf ;a} dflg;x¿af6 cfkmn] pkef]u ug]{ eGbf a9L cgfh pg} l7dL af]8]sf
Jofkf/L -a~hf/fx¿_ nfO{ ljqmL ul/GYof]  . o;} sf/0f klg pgLx¿;Fu d]/f] lgs6sf]
;+ks{ /k|efj lyof] . o;/L klg To; avt vfBfGgsf]efp j[l4df lgoGq0f ug{

;lsPsf] lyof]  .
af]8] If]qsf a~hf/fx¿;Fu o; k|sf/sf] lgs6tfn] ubf{ klg kl5 @)!% ;fnsf]
cfd lgjf{rgdf To; If]qaf6 dnfO{ ;jf{lws dt k|fKt ePsf]lyof] .
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq vf;u/L g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] 3gf j:tL /x]sf] ufpF Pj+
zx/x¿df rvf{ tyf sk8f a'Gg] tfgx¿sf] k/Dk/fut s'6L/ pBf]ux¿ ;+rflnt
lyP  . ls;fg kl/jf/x¿ v]tLkftLaf6 kfPsf] cjsf;sf] ;dodf cfkmgf] pkof]usf]
nflu dfq} eP klg vbb/ Pj+ 3/a'gf cflbsf sk8fx¿ cf–cfkmg} 3/df tof/ ug]{
k|rng lyof] . tL rvf{ Pj+ tfgx¿sf nflu cfjZos wfuf]x¿ sf]6f s06«f]n u/L
;'ne dNodf pknAw u/fpg] gLlt lnOof]  .
;/sf/n] Joj:yfkg ug{ vf]h]sf] sf]6f s06«f]nsf dfn ;fdfgx¿ h] h] lyP
Jofkf/Lx¿n] kfpg] tL ;fdfgx¿ /Iff s]Gb|sf] lzkmfl/;df dfq x'g;Sg] Joj:yf
u0f]zdfghLn] ldnfOlbg' eof]  . otf /Iff s]Gb|sf] zfvfsf] ?kdf d}n] ufpF ufpFdf
u|fd /Iff s]Gb|x¿ vf]Ng yfn]+  . o:tf /Iff s]Gb|x¿ sf+u|];sf] husf] ?kdf /x]sf
ePtfklg sf+u|];sf] zfvfsf] ?kdf ge} ;f]l;on u|fp08df vf]lnPsf lyP  .
/Iff s]Gb|sf] ;~hfn /x]sf] 7fpFdf pkef]Qmfx¿n] ;'ne dNodf dfn ;fdfgx¿
kfpg yfn]  . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf vfBfGg Pj+ t/sf/Lx¿sf] cfklt{ tyf dNo
lgoGq0f klg o;} /Iff s]Gb|sf] ;+hfn cGt/ut ;xh ePsf] xf]  . o; k|sf/ oxfF
t /Iff s]Gb|x¿sf] ;+hfn ;/sf/sf] hu g} aGg k'Uof]  .
d}n] cfkmgf] lhNnf eQmk'/df l7dL nufot lhNnfsf] blIf0f klZrd u|fdL0f
If]qx¿df /Iff s]Gb|sf] Jofks hfnf] lkmhfP“  . l7dL afxfvf ahf/sf lhts[i0f
lrqsf/ -ch{'g_, blwsf]6sf n]vgfy Gof}kfg], afnsf]6sf 7fs'/bf; ]i7 cflb
;fyLx¿sf] o;df pNn]Vo ;lqmotf /xof]  .
;dosf] cGt/fndf s]xL jif{kl5 oxfF /fhwfgLdf /Iff s]Gb|x¿sf] ;+hfnnfO{
lnP/ cGoq rflxF+ /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;g / oxfF rflxF+ 8'KnLs]6 zf;g eof] eg]/
xfd|f] lj/f]w klg x'g] uYof]{  .

dx]Gb|n] af]nfPsf] ;Dd]ng
olQs} kl/k|]Ifdf /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;j{ bnLo xf]Og alNs ;j{ kIfLo eg]/
/fh b/af/df hg:t/sf] Pp6f ;Dd]ng af]nfP  . To;df /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf]
k|ltlglwTj em}+ uf}zfnf ;ldlt Pj+ /Iff s]Gb|sf u|fdL0f zfvfsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;d]t
plQs} x}l;ot x'g] u/]/ 8flsof]  .
s'g}Pp6f ufpFdf dfq ;Lldt ;+:yf /s'g}Pp6f uf]7df dfq ;Lldt
uf}zfnf ;ldlt h:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;d]t /fi6«JofkL /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf
k|ltlglwsf] a/fa/L x}l;otdf af]nfOPsf] To; ldl6+unfO{ jL=kL= sf]O/fnfn] of] xfd|f]
ckdfg xf], o;nfO{ alxisf/ ug'{k5{ eGg'eof]  .
dx]Gb|n] af]nfPsf] To; ldl6+unfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|];;Fu} /fli6«o sf+u|]; / k|hfkl/ifbn]
;d]t jlxisf/ u/]  . t/ sDo'lgi6x¿ / uf]/vf kl/ifbn] rflx alxisf/ u/]gg  .
To; ldl6+udf d}n]rflxF cfkmgf] cnUu} b[li6sf]0fn] hfg rfx]sf] lyP“  . o;}n] d}n]
jL=kL= ;Fu cfkmgf] egfO o;/L /fv+] –æd /Iff s]Gb|df ;lqmo dfG5], ToxfF /Iff
s]Gb|x¿sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj /xG5, ToxfF d cfkmgf] :6«]Gy ;f] ug{ ;S5' / ax'dt
l;Ug]r/ SofDk]g u/]/ b]vfOlbG5' .Æ d cfkm cln lh2L :jefjsf] klg dflg; x'gfn]
d}n] pxfF;Fu o;nfO{ Tof] s]xL g s]xL geGg'xf];  . ToxfF s]xL g s]xL s'/f klg t
/xnf eg]+  . o; sfo{df jL=kL=sf] cle?lr lyPg  . To;}n] pxf“n] d;Fu cln ems]{/,
ætkfO{sf] s'/f a'em]+, ;o{afa';Fu uP/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];Æ eGg'eof]  .
To;kl5 d ;o{k|;fb pkfWofosxfF k'uL pxfF;Fu 5nkmn u/]+ . d}n]pxfF;Fu
EofnLsf ax'dt k|ltlglwx¿sf] l;Ug]r/ SofDk]g u/fpg ;S5' eg]+  . pxfFn] s] eg]/
l;Ug]r/ u/fpg' x'G5 eGg'eof]  . d}n] cfkmgf] Ph]08fdf æP]ltxfl;s k[i7eld ePsf]
kf6L{nfO{ ;Qf ;'Dk]/k|ToIf zf;gsf]cGTo xf];Æ, olt b; zAbx¿sf]Ps jfSo
dfq n]V5' of] eGbf a9L s]xL n]lVbg eg]+  . o; plQmsf] efjfy{ t k|foM tL ufpFn]
;efkltx¿n] ulx/fOdf ;f]Rb} ;f]Rb}gg  . P]ltxfl;s kf6L{ dfq eg]sf] eP k|hf
kl/ifbsf] gfp“ cfpg ;SYof]  . P]ltxfl;s k[i7eld af]s]sf] kf6L{ eg]kl5 Tof] xfdL
dfq lyof}+  . csf]{ t 5+b} lyPg g}  . of] s'/f tL clw;+Vo ;efkltx¿n] a'emg] g}

xf]Ogg  . pgLx¿s} dfG5] eP klg v'?–v'? d ;lx5fk u/fO{ xfN5' eg]+  . olt eg]
kl5 ;o{ afa'n] æo'lQm t lgsfn]sf 5f}+, ;S5f}+ eg] n u/Æ eGg'eof]  .
To; ;Dd]ngdf d}n] /Iff s]Gb|sf] ;efkltsf] x}l;otdf efu lnO{ dfly
pNn]lvt jfSo n]vL /fhfsf lj?4 ax'dt ;b:ox¿sf] l;Ug]r/ u/fO lbPF  . o;df
sf7df8f}+ kf6g / eQmk'/ tLg} lhNnfsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;xof]u eof]  . ljz]if u/L
kf6gsf ;efklt cfzf/fd zfSon] d]/f] cleofgdf /fd|f] ;xof]u u/]  .
/fhf dx]Gb|n] ax'dt /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿nfO{ cNkdtdf kf/]/ ;j{kIfLo dfG5]
af]nfO cfkmgf] ax'dt b]vfpg vf]h]sf lyP  . o;df pgL cNkdtdf g} k/]  . d
cfkmgf] k|of;df ;kmn ePF  . cfkmgf g]tfx¿nfO{ lbPsf] arg k'/f u/]+  .
cfkm cNkdtdf k/] kl5 /fhfn] s'g kf6L{ 7nf] / s'g ;fgf] egL 5'6ofpg]
dfks oGq, dfgf, kfyL, t'nf cfk'm;Fu s]xL 5}g eg] . ca tL alxisf/ug]{
kf6L{x¿nfO{ lrQ a'emfpg o; lg0f{onfO{ :ylut u/L s'g kf6L{ 7nf]/s'g ;fgf]
egL 5'6ofpg clw/fHo e/Lsf ;a} lhNnfx¿df cg';Gwfgsf nflu bf}8fxf 6f]nL
v6fOof]  . ToxfF ;a} kf6L{x¿n] c–cfkmgf] :6«]Gy ;f] u?g elgof]  .
bf}8fxf 6f]nL lgl/If0f qmddf lhNnfx¿df k'Ubf h'g;'s}lhNnfdf klg ToxfF
Jofks ?kdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] rf/tf/] em08fx¿ dfq b]lvof]  . st} st} dfq
cln cln k|hf kl/ifbsf] em08f b]lvGYof], c? kf6L{x¿ plt ;+ul7t e} g;s]sfn]
pgLx¿sf] em08f b]lvg] t s'/} cfPg  . clg o;df klg g]kfnL sf+u]|;s} ax'dt
b]lvof]  . b/af/df af]nfOPsf] ;Dd]ngdf t xfdLn] /fhfnfO{ cNkdtdf kfl/lbof}+
eg] aflx/ lhNnfx¿df cfkmgf] :6«]Gy ;f] ug'{ xfd|f nflu s'g 7nf] s'/f lyof] /
bf}8fxf 6f]nLdf hfg] lji0f'dl0f cfrfo{n] /fhf;Fu o;f] eg] æh'g;'s} lhNnfdf
klg x]bf{v]/L a9L em08f b]vfpg] dfG5]x¿ t sf+u|];s} b]lvG5g t/ ;/sf/af6
h:tf] x's'd x'G5 d To:t} l/kf]6{ n]V5'  .Æ bf}8fxfdf c? hf] vl6Psf lyP pgLx¿n]
h:tf t:t} eg]  . o; sbd kZrft klg /fhfn] s'g kf6L{ 7nf] / s'g ;fgf] elg
gfKg] dfgf, kfyL, t'nf gePsf] s'/f u/L sf+u|];sf] ax'dt gePsfn] ;Qf ;'DkGg
dg 5}g eg]  .
/fhfsf] h:tf] x's'd x'G5 p;} cg';f/ l/kf]6{ n]V5' eGg] lji0f'dl0f cfrfo{
;NofgL /fhfsf]df vbf{/ lyP  . ;NofgL /fhf, dx]Gb|sf dfjnL ;;'/fnL vfn] klg
x'g  . pg} lji0f'dl0fnfO{ dx]Gb|n] kl5 æ;/bf/Æ kbjL klg lbP  . ;'?df lognfO{
cl;:6]06 sld:g/ / kl5 clg sld:g/ klg agfOof]  . /fhf dx]Gb|sf] lg/+s'z
sfo{sfndf pgL /fHosf xtf{ stf{g}eP . @)@* ;fn df3df dx]Gb|sf]d[To' ePkl5
^ dlxgf leq}pgL klg lbj+ut eP .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; / k|hftGqsf k|lt /fhf dx]Gb|sf] efjgf s:tf] lyof] eGg] d}n]
;+lIfKt ?kdf pNn]v u/]+  . ca oxfF t s:tf] eg] sf+u|];sf tt tt cju'0fx¿
ePsfn] /fhfn] l7s u/] eg]/ 5fkfx¿df 5flkG5g clg ToxL kl9G5  . a'l4hLlj
egfpFbfx¿ To;}sf] O06/ lk|6]zg ub{5g, s:tf] la8Dagf Tolt v]/ s] s:tf
36gfx¿ 36]sf lyP egL k|dfl0ft s'/fx¿ eGg'k¥of]  . sfNklgs s'/fx¿ u/]/ t
ePg lg  . oL o:t} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ @)!$ ;fndf xfdLn] ;Tofu|x ug]{ c7f]6 u¥of}+  .

jL=kL= / dx]Gb|sf] ;DaGw
/fhf dx]Gb|n] jL=kL=nfO{ a8f] cfb/ ;Tsf/ ub{y]  . jL=kL= k|lt pgL 4fefj
/fVby]  . jL=kL=n] dx]Gb|;Fu kfl/jfl/s e]63f6 ubf{ sltko cj;/x¿df dxf/fgL /Tg
cfkm}n] lrof ckm/ u/]sf] k|;+u klg ;'lgGYof]  . dx]Gb|n] o; cl3sf k|wfgdGqLx¿
Pj+ cGo g]tfx¿nfO{ eGbf jL=kL=nfO{ ljz]if 4f ub{y]  . jL=kL=af6} d}n] ;'g] cg';f/
jL=kL= k|wfgdGqL ePsf avt pxfFn] eGg'ePsf ;a} s'/fx¿ dx]Gb|n] dfGg] ub{y]  .
jL=kL= /dx]Gb|sf aLr ;f}xfb{k0f{ cfTdLotf Pj+ ;lGgs6tf lyof] .
jL=kL= k|wfgdGqL e} dGqL kl/ifb u7g ePsf] nuQ} kl5sf] s'/f xf], /fhf
dx]Gb|n] pxf;Fu eg] æjL=kL=, tkfO{ k|fOd ldlg:6/ ePkl5 d}n] s]xL afwf cj/f]w
ul/gF / tkfO;Fu s]xL s'/f] dflugF klg  . dnfO{ Pp6f s'/f] dfUg dg nfu]sf] 5
lbg'x'G5 eg] dfq} dfU5'  .Æ olt elg ;s] kl5 jL=kL= n] …s] s'/f xf] ;/sf/
x's'd xf];Ú eGg'eof]  . To;kl5 dx]Gb|n] cxF To;} t d dflUbg x'G5 eg]/ k|f]ldh
ug'{xf]; clg dfq} dfUb5' eg]  . jL=kL=n] æcf]=s]=Æ elg lbg'eof]  . olt eg] kl5 dx]Gb|n]
sdf08/ OgrLkm egf{ ubf{ d}n] eg]sf] JolQmnfO{ u/f}+, Tof] dnfO{ lhDdf lbg'xf];
eg]  . otf kfln{ofd]06df eg] Sofljg]6n] ;]gfsf] jl/i7td JolQmTjnfO{ lgo'lQm lbg]
s'/f atfO{;lsPsf] lyof]  .
g]kfnsf]Oltxf;df @)!% ;fndf ePsf]klxnf]cfd lgjf{rg kl5 b'O{
ltxfO{ ax'dtn] lgjf{rLt g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/ u7g ePsf] Toltv]/sf] dfxf}ndf
ldln6/L clkm;/x¿sf] s] wf/0ff lyof] eg] jL=kL= sf]O/fnfn] /fhf;Fu c8fg
lng'x'G5, To;}n] pxfFnfO{ tf]8g' x'Fb}g  . xfdLx¿;Fu cfdL{sf] h'g Pp6f cfzfsf]
b[li6sf]0f lyof] To; 36gf kl5 ca cs}{ ;f]r aGof]  . /fhfnfO{ jL=kL= n] eg]sf]
cf]=s]= b]VgnfO{ Pp6f ;fgf] s'/f lyof], of] g} g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df b'/ufdL c;/ kfg]{
sf/s tTj aGg k'Uof]  .

pDDf]bjf/ rogdf jL=kL=sf] b[li6sf]0f
sfo{stf{x¿n] rf/ g]tfx¿nfO{ rf/ gf/fo0f eGby]  . tL rf/ gf/fo0fx¿df
klxnf] g+j/df jL=kL= sf]O/fnf, bf];|f]df ;'j0f{ ;d;]/ h=a=/f=, t];|f] u0f]zdfg l;+x
/ rf}yf]df ;o{k|;fb pkfWofo x'gx'GYof]  . sfo{stf{x¿ s'g s'g gf/fo0fsf] åf/af6
k|j]z ug]{ eGg] s'/f Toltv]/ klg lyof]  . tL zLif{ g]tfx¿df clxn]sf zLif{x¿sf]
h:tf];DaGwdf s6'tf lyPg . s'g g]tfsf]dfWodaf6 hfFbf cfkm al9 nfeflGjt
xf]OG5 eGg] s'/f sfo{stf{x¿ n]vfhf]vf ub{y]  . To;df cfkmgf] :jefj / ;f]r ldNg]
s'/f t 5Fb} lyof]  .
jL=kL= a9tfg} /fi6«jfbL x'g'x'GYof]  . csf]{tkm{ Pp6f /fi6«jfb dfq} a9tf eP/
oxfF kof{Kt x'Fb}g, oxfF t lbNnLnfO{ klg slGeG; gul/sg oxfFsf]/fi6«jflbtf
alnof] eP/ afFRg ;Sb}g eGg] ;f]rfO{ klg x'GYof]  . of] efjgf t ;'?b]lvs} lyof]
g}  . Tof] a]nf;Dd c? w]/} afXo d'n'sx¿;Fu t bf}To ;DaGw klg e};s]sf] lyPg  .
log} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ klg sfo{stf{x¿ ljeflht lyP  . h:tf] ;j0f{hLsf] lbbLn]
;'Gb//fhnfO{ sGofbfg u/]sf] x'gfn] pxfFsf] nf]oln6L ;j0f{hL;Fu} /xof]  . ;o{
afa';Fu nf]on x'g]x¿ klg c? w]/} lyP, l/n]l6E;x¿ lyP, /hf]6fx¿ lyP cflb  .
nf]oln6Lsf] k|efj Tof] a]nfsf g]tfx¿df klg lyof]  .
jL=kL= sf]O/fnfdf eg] ;+odtf, w}o{tf cflb ;a} u'0fx¿ lyP  . pxfF cfkm s'/f
/fd|/L a'emg'x'GYof]  . s'/f a'lem;s]kl5 sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ slGeG; u/fpg'x'GYof] / lrQ
a'emfpg'x'GYof]  . pxfFdf Tof] Ifdtf lyof]  . d Pp6f pbfx/0f lbg rfxG5'– g]kfnsf]
/f0ff ;/sf/L #, tL L # sf lj?4 kf]v/f If]qdf xfd|f # L ;fyLx¿ ;lqmo
lyP . tL # Lx¿ eg]sf]L eb| zdf{, LsfGt clwsf/L /Lk|;fb l3ld/]-lª=_
lyP  . Tof] a]nfsf] pvfgg} lyof] oxfF EofnLdf L # / kf]v/fsf # Lx¿  .
@)!% ;fnsf] klxnf] cfd r'gfjdf jL=kL=n] klZrd # g+= kf]v/f If]qsf tL #
Lx¿dWo]Leb| /LsfGtnfO{ l6s6 lbg'eof], Lk|;fbn]kfPgg . tL Lk|;fb
eGg] dfG5] Leb| / LsfGtsf] t'ngfdf jg:kt kk'nfl/6L klg ePsf, /f0ff sfnd}
l8¶f e};s]sf / 3/df Ps dfgfsf] aGbf]a:t ePsf dflg; lyP  . ;+u7gdf pgsf]

/fd|} ks8 lyof]  . Tof] a]nf tgxF, ndh'ª, sf:sL clg cnu cnu c? lhNnfx¿
lyPgg . g]kfn clw/fHo hDdf #$ lhNnfdf dfq ljeflht lyof] .
Lk|;fbn]l6s6 gkfpg' Gofo ePg elg To; If]qsf sfo{stf{x¿ /fhwfgL
cfO jL=kL= af6 cGofo eof]elg ;j0f{hLsf]df lzsfot ug{ uP . of]jL=kL=n]
ug'{ePsf] s'/f xf], o;df d s] u/f}+ pxfF;Fu} uP/ eGg' elg pxfFn] tL sfo{stf{x¿nfO{
jL=kL= sf]df g}k7fpg' eof] . pgLx¿ jL=kL= sxfF k'u] . jL=kL=n]tL sfo{stf{x¿nfO{
eGg'eof]– …ltdLx¿sf] s'/f l7s xf], daf6 Lk|;fbnfO{ cGofo x'g uPs} xf]  .
tLghgf dWo] PshgfnfO{ d}n] To;f] ug}{ kYof]{  . d]/f] RjfO;df Leb| / LsfGt
dWo] s'g}nfO{ Aofs ug]{ xf] eg] pgLx¿sf] JolQmTj nf]c/ x'Fb} hfG5  . pgLx¿sf]
t'ngfdf Lk|;fbsf] JolQmTj o;} klg pFrf] 5  . pgsf] cfly{s x}l;ot /fd|f] 5,
klxn]sf] bhf{ l8¶f klg 5, gftfuf]tfx¿ klg w]/} 5g  .
t;y{ ;f+;b gx'Fbf klg Lk|;fbsf] kk'nfl/6L sdhf]/ x'Fb}g  . o;/L d}n]
Pp6f lx;fan] x]/]+  . csf]{ s'/f, kf]v/f If]qdf u'?ª du/x¿sf] cfjfbL klg
3gf 5  . u'?ª, du/x¿ PshgfnfO{ klg xfdLn] /fv]gf}+ / pgLx¿nfO{ uf]/vf
kl/ifb of sDo'lgi6x¿n] PS;Knf]O6 u/] eg] xfdLn] tLgj6} ;L6 xf5f}{+  . Pp6f
dfq} ;L6 ePklg pgLx¿nfO{ lbof] eg] xfd|f tLgj6} pDd]bjf/ xfdL lhtfpF5f}+ /
pgLx¿sf] ;befj;d]t k|fKt ub{5f}+  . ca tkfO{+{x¿ s] eGg'x'G5 eGg'xf];  . tLgj6}
;L6 lht]/ ;Ddfg arfcf}+ ls Gofo u/]/ xfdL tLgj6} xf/f}+  . tkfO{+{x¿ h] eGg'x'G5
d dfG5' n eGg'xf];Ú elg jL=kL=n] eGg'eof]  . jL=kL= af6 olt s'/f ;'g]kl5 pgLx¿
lrQ a'emfP/uP .
geGb} o;/L xfdLn] tLgj6} ;L6 lhTof}+  . jL=kL=sf] o:tf] tl/sf lyof]  .
clxn]sf g]tfx¿sf] h:tf] dg k/]sf sfo{stf{x¿sf] dfq} s'/f ;'Gg], dg gk/]sfx¿sf]
s'/} g;'Gg], e]6} gug]{, cg'xf/} gx]g]{, anhkmtL ug]{ h:tf b'u'{0fx¿ / gfnfosLkg
jL=kL= df k6Ss} lyPg  . pxfF sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ To;/L slGeG; ug'{x'GYof]  . d}n] of]
Pp6f b'O{6f pbfx/0f dfq} lbPsf] x'F, To:tf w]/} pbfx/0fx¿ d;Fu 5g  .
t/fO{ If]qdf u}x| dw];Lsf] pDd]bjf/L
jL=kL=n] l;/fxfdf dwjk|;fb /]UdLnfO{ l6s6 lbg'eof]  . To;f] lsg ug'{eof] eg]
To; If]qsf] r'gfjL d}bfgdf j]bfgGb emf eGg] JolQm k|Tof;L lyP  . emfn] …t/fO{
sf+u|];Ú eGg] ;+u7g agfPsf lyP  . pgL k|l;4 ef/tLo b}lgs …cfof{jt{Ú eGg]
;dfrf/ kqdf cfl6{sn n]Vg] ub{y]  . hgsk'/nfO{ ef/tLo eld ldlynf k|b]zs}
Ps lx:;f xf] elg pgL n]Vg] ub{y]  . ef/tLo zx/x¿ ;Ltfd9L, b/eËf cflb /

hgsk'/ Ps} k|b]z xf] eGg] pgsf] egfO lyof]  . pgL o:t} egfOsf cfl6{snx¿
5kfO{/xGy]  . pgL cf]kgnL k|f]–Ol08og dflg; lyP  .
To; dw]; If]qaf6 /fi6«jfbL eg]/ dfwjk|;fb /]UdLnfO{ r'gfj lhtfpg] jL=kL=nfO{
ax't 7nf] OR5f lyof]  . clg To;}n] To; If]qsf xfd|f cGo d}lyn ;fyLx¿nfO{
gp7fO{ pxfFn] dfwjnfO{ v8f ug'{eof]  . xfd|f] kf6L{sf] ToxfFsf k|Voft g]tfx¿ b]jgfy
ofbj / ;o{gfy k|;fb ofbjx¿nfO{ jL=kL= n] eGg'eof] …ltdLx¿ b'O6}n] lht] klg
oxfFaf6 dfwj xf/] eg] d l/;fpF5'  . klxnf dfwjnfO{ lhtfcf] / clg dfq ltdLx¿
lht  .Ú dfwjk|;fbn] ToxfFaf6 lht]  . of] /fli6«otfsf] s'/f lyof]  .
csf]{ pbfx/0f d}n] l6s6 kfpFbf d]/f] cfkmg} lhNnf eQmk'/sf] klg 5  . To;
avt eQmk'/df kf6L{ lhNnf ;efklt lji0f' e'h' lyP . u0f]zdfghLn]e'h'nfO{ l6s6
lbg vf]Hg'ePsf] lyof]  . e'h'n] l6s6 gkfPkl5 pxfFn] d+unfb]jL l;+xnfO{ p7fpg
vf]Hg'ef]  . clg e'h'af6 d+unf efph'nfO{ eP 5f]8g] huGgfynfO{ rflxF g5f8g]
egfOof]  . jL=kL= n] Tof] s'/f dfGg'ePg  .
u0f]zdfghLn]oxfF eQmk'/df o; ;DaGwdf cfkm hfFr ug{ cfpF5' eGg'x'Fbf
jL=kL=n]ToxfF tkfO{+{ hfg' kb}{g d cfkm}+ hfFr ug{ hfG5' eGg'eof] . u0f]zdfghL Pj+
eQmk'/ gu/ leqsf lhNnf sldl6sf cGo s]xL ;fyLx¿sf] k|of;sf] afjh'b jL=kL=n]
l6s6 dnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' eof]  . r'gfjdf ljleGg r'gfj If]qx¿df cg]sg :jtGq
pDd]bjf/x¿ r'gfjL d}bfgdf lyP  . sltko xfd|f] cfkmg} kf6L{ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf
;fyLx¿ klg lyP /c?x¿ klg .
u0f]zdfghLn] r'gfjL ;efdf efif0f ub}{ eGg'x'GYof] …hf] :jtGq pDd]bjf/
5g ltgLx¿ j]Zof cfOdfO{ h:t}x'G5g, htf;'s}klg kf]On hfg ;S5g clg
hf] kf6L{sf l6s6af6 p7]sf 5g tL t st} cGoq hfg ;Sb}gg / cf–cfkmg}
kf6L{sf] lgi7fdf a:5g  .Ú To;}n] :jtGq pDd]bjf/nfO{ ef]6 gb]p eg]/ pxfF hg
;efdf cfJxfg ug'{x'GYof] .
oxfF d]/f] r'gfj If]q eQmk'/df d+unf efph' :jtGq pDd]bjf/sf] ?kdf k|Tof;L
x'g'x'GYof] / d rflxF cflwsfl/s sf+u|];L SoflG88]6  . ca :jtGq pDd]bjf/ k|lt
nlIft u0f]zdfghLsf] pQm egfOnfO{ lng] xf] eg] oxfF xfdLn] d+unf efph'nfO{ s]
eGg] elg d}n] lhts[i0f lrqsf/ -ch'{g_ nufotsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ eGg] uy]{+  .
To;/L oxfF r'gfp If]q g+= $ eQmk'/df d]/f] lj?4 d+unfb]jL l;+x sf+u|];af6}
jfuL agL :jtGq pDd]bjf/sf] ?kdf v8f e}lbg'eof]  . To;f] ul/Pkl5 jL=kL= n]
u0f]zdfhLnfO{ y|]6 ul/ eGg'eof] …tkfO{+{ d+unfb]jL l;+xnfO{ pDd]bjf/L lkmtf{ lng
nufpg'xf]; xf]Og eg] tkfO{+{ pk/ l8;LKnfOg/L PS;g lnG5', ToxfF kf6L{sf]

cflwsfl/s Sofl088]6 huGgfy g} x'G5  .Ú d]/f] o; r'gfp If]qdf g]jf/ dtbftfx¿s}
;+Vofdf afx'Notf lyof]  . To:t}, kf]v/f If]qdf u'?ª, du/x¿ / ;L/fxfdf dw];L
dtbftfx¿sf] afx'Notf lyof]  .
ptf ca ;Kt/Lsf] s'/f– ToxfF b'Mv u/]sf sfo{stf{ uh]Gb|gf/fo0f l;+x lyP  .
sfo{stf{x¿sf] /f]hfO{ / ljj]ssf] lx;fan] l6s6 pg} uHh'afa'n] kfpg'kYof]{  . t/
l6s6 kfP gfu]Zj/k|;fb l;+xn]  . sf]Onf8L j/;fOgsf afa';fxa gfu'afa' ef/bf/
t x'Fb}x'g, ;fdGt klg lyP . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k|wfg GofofwLz ag]sf eujlt
k|;fb l;+ Pj+ jj/k|;fb l;+x¿ pgsf cfkmg}bfh'efOx¿ x'g .
sf]Onf8L j/;fOgsf /fhk't afa';fxax¿ To;avt 7nf ;fdGt lyP .
r]tgzLntfsf] ljsf; eO g;s]sf] To; hdfgf t/fOdf ;fdGtx¿n] wkfpg] /
9f]ns ahfpFb} cfpg] wfg's sf]O/L cflb nufotsf hgtf lyP  . uHh' afa'sf]
eGbf a9tf wfs, /jfkm Pj+ gfd, k|efj, k|lti7f /k};f a9L vr{ ug{ ;Sg]Ifdtf
gfu' afa'sf] lyof]  . To;}n] l6s6 kfP 8fS6/ alg;s]sf gfu' afa'n]g}, clg pgn]
r'gfj lht]klg .
@)! ;fndf /fhf dx]Gb|n] k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f u/]kl5 t'n;L lu/L /
ljZjaGw';Fu}oL 8f= gfu' klg /fhfnfO{ ;fy lbg k'u] . k+rfot Joj:yfsf]cj;fg
kl5 uh]Gb| afa'n]klg ;befjgf kf6L{ agfpg' eof] .
To;a]nf d'n'ssf ljleGg If]qdf o;/L l6s6 pknAw u/fpFbf cGofo ePsf]
lyPg d elGbg  . dfG5]n] sfd ubf{ slxn] sfxLF w]/ yf]/ cGofo klg x'g] x'G5  .
o; k|sf/ cGofo x'g hfFbf To;f] ugf{sf] sf/0f k|:t't ug]{ afgL jL=kL= sf]O/fnfdf
lyof], To;af/] pxfF sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ slGeG; ug'{x'GYof]  .
g]tfsf] sfd sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ 8f]ldg];gdf /fVg' xf]  . sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ 8f]ldg]6
ubf{ ls pgLx¿sf] s'/f dfGg' ls cfkmgf] sfd s'/faf/] pgLx¿nfO{ slGeG; ug'{g}
xf], jL=kL= o:t}g} ug'{x'GYof]  . t/ clxn] g]tfx¿ d'vn] Ps yf]s af]Ng] sfdn] csf]{
yf]s ug]{, sf]7fleq Pp6f s'/f af]Nof], sf]7faflx/ csf]{ s'/f, cfh Pp6f s'/f af]Nof]
clg ef]ln csf]{ s'/f u¥of] ca o:tf g]tfx¿n] sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ slGeG; u/L s;/L
g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{ ;Sg', hgtfnfO{ s;/L cfZj:t kfg'{ /d'n's xfFSg' . oxL s'/f
jL=kL= sf]O/fnfdf eg] km/s lyof]  .

@)!% sf] klxnf] cfdlgjf{rgkl5
@)!% ;fnsf] klxnf] cfd r'gfjdf g]kfn clw/fHo e/ sn Psb]lv Ps ;o
gf} gDa/;Dd hDdf Ps ;o gf} r'gfj If]qx¿ lyP  . To; r'gfpdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n]
Ps ;o cf7 r'gfp If]qx¿df pDd]bjf/L lbPsf] lyof]  . o;df p;n] rf}xQ/ ;L6df
ljho xfl;n u/L b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;kmn eof] . To;/L ljho xfl;n
u/]kl5 kf6L{sf] cfGtl/s ldl6ªx¿ eO/x]sf] lyof]  . kf6L{ leq / aflx/ ax;x¿
rln/x]sf] lyof]  .
k|wfgdGqL /pkk|wfgdGqL rog
w]/} dflg;x¿ Pj+ sf+u|];s} s]xL ;f+;bx¿, k|ltsfTds ?kdf eGg'kbf{ sfzLgfy
uf}td cflb JolQmx¿ ;'j0f{ ;d;]/ h=a=/f= k|wfgdGqL x'g eGg] rfxGy]  . /fhf klg
;'j0f{hLnfO{ g} rfxGy]  . /fhfsf] Pl8;L df]xgljqmdn] /fhfn] pxfFnfO{ g} k|wfgdGqL
agfpFb}5g elg ;'j0f{hLsf] 3/df va/ ;d]t u/]  . pxfFsf] kl/jf/x¿sf] klg ToxL
g}rfxgf lyof] . jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsL kTgL ;'zLnf efph'sf]rfxgf klg jL=kL= kf6L{
;+u7gnfO{ alnof] agfpglt/ nflu ;'j0f{hLnfO{ g} k|wfgdGqL agfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5
eGg] lyof]  . To;avt o; k|sf/sf] bf]x/f] efjgfsf] cj:yf lyof]  .
o:t} kl/l:yltdf jL=kL= sf] ;efkltTjdf kf6L{sf] a}7s al;/x]sf] lyof]  . To;
a}7sdf ;'j0f{hLn] h'?Ss p7]/ eGg'eof]– …of] klxnf cfd r'gfp kl5sf] cj:yf
xf], oxfF k|hftGqsf] ;qkft e/v/ e/v/ ePsf] 5  . xfdL l;Sb}5f}+  . xfdL
aflx/af6 aGb's af]s]/ cfPsf xf}+  . ;fyLx¿af6 ;+u7g u/]/ hg r]tgfsf] k0f{
ljsf; u/]/ k|hftGq NofPsf] xf]Og  . To;sf/0f d]/f] h:tf] sfFwn] o;nfO{ p7fpg
ufx|f]x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;Ifd jL=kL= sf]O/fnf x'g'x'G5, t;y{ pxfFnfO{ g}k|fOd
ldlgi6/ agfpg'k5{  .Ú
ha ;'j0f{hLn] o:tf] k|:tfj /fVg'eof] ;a}hgf 5Ss k/]  . sf]xL s'g}sf] dgdf
klg To:tf] xf]nf eGg] 5Fb} lyPg  . u0f]zdfghL v';Ln] efj ljJxn e} em§} p7]/
elgxfNg'ef], …;'j0f{hLnfO{ pk–k|wfgdGqL agfpg'k5{  .Ú hals To;a]nfsf] ;+ljwfgdf

pkk|wfgdGqLsf] Joj:y} lyPg  . dflg;x¿ slt ;]G6Ld]06n lyP s:tf] efj'stf
lyof]pgLx¿df . clxn]sf k|foM ljwfosx¿ Tolt cWoogzLn 5}gg eG5' d, a?
To;a]nf u0f]zdfghLn] To;/L pk–k|wfgdGqL elglbg' eof]  . ToxfF pkl:yt pxfFx¿
g]tf, xfdLx¿ pxfFx¿sf sfo{stf{ clg u0f]zdfghLn] k|:tfj /fVgf;fy} xfdLn]
t'?Gt} tfnL 7f]sL xfNof}+  . ;+ljwfgdf pkk|wfgdGqLsf] Joj:yf gx'Fbf gx'Fb} klg
;'j0f{hLnfO{ pk–k|wfgdGqL agfpg]s'/f ;j{;Ddltaf6 kf; eof] .
;efd'vsf] rog
k|ltlglw;efsf];efd'v agfpFbf k|ltlglw ;efsf]r'gfpdf ljhoL ePsf]
JolQmnfO{ agfpg] eGg] ;fdfGo ;+;bLo k/Dk/f Pj+ dfGotfsf] s'/f xf]  . Totflt/
Wofg glbOsg Psf Ps uf]/vfdf r'gfp xf/]sf s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{nfO{ ;efd'v
agfpg] k|:tfj cfof]  . Tof] k|:tfj kf; eof]  . clxn] oqf] jif{sf] cg'ej / cGt/fn
kl5 t s}og ;f+;bx¿ :ofpn] vfn] 5g / /fli6«o lrGtg eGbf g]tfjfbL 5g  .
ca emg Tof] a]nfdf t aGb'ss} ;xf/fn] eg] em}+ g]tfx¿n] e/v/} NofOlbPsf]
k|hftGq sfo{stf{x¿ g]tfx¿nfO{ k|];/ ug]{ Ifdtf / cf}sftdf klg lyPgg  . To;f]
x'Fbf g]tfx¿af6 cfPsf] k|:tfjnfO{ tfnL ahfpg' afx]s c? s'/f] s]xL lyPg  .
o;k|sf/ls;'ghLnfO{ ;efd'v agfOof] . To:t};'j0f{hLnfO{ pk–k|wfg dGqL .
ljwfgsf s'/f
xf/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ pk–k|wfgdGqL tyf ;efd'v agfpFbf Tof]ljwfg ;Ddt
lyof] ls lyPg eGg] s'/fdf s;}n] ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf lyPgg  . clg ljwfg s;n] kf]
x]/]sf lyP xf]nf /  Û ljwfg x]g]{ t g]tfx¿s} s'/f lyof]  . g]tfx¿n] s;nfO{ dGqL
agfP, dGqL d08ndf kg'{kg]{ sf] dfG5] k/] sf] k/]gg of ljwfg aflx/ uP/ klg
s;nfO{ s] agfOof] olt ;Dd t /fhfn] dfG5g elg pgLx¿nfO{ cf]e/ slGkm8]G;
eof] Tof] ;a} pgLx¿g} hfg'g  . d}n] dfly pNn]v u/]em}+ cflv/ sfo{stf{x¿ t
:ofpn] vfn]g} lyP / aGb'ss} andf NofOPsf] k|hftGqg} t lyof]  . To;}n] ubf{
oL ;a s'/fx¿ dflgof] . To;df ;+ljwfgdf rrf{ gePsf s'/fx¿ klg s]xL g s]xL
xfdLaf6 x'gk'u]  .
c? kf6L{x¿sf s'/f
c? kf6L{x¿sf] vf;} s]xL cl:tTj lyPg  . s]=cfO= l;+xsf tLg rf/ hgf
dfG5] lht]/ cfPsf ePklg pgL cfkm}+ r'gfj xf/]sf lyP  . pgL;Fu lht]sf eP/}

s}nfnLaf6 lzj/fh kGtnfO{ dGqL agfOg'sf] sf/0f lyof]  . k|hfkl/ifbaf6 lhTg]
Pshgf lyP, tL klg xfdL;Fu}cfOxfn] .
sDo'lgi6x¿n] gu0o ?kdf em}+ ljho xfl;n u/]sf lyP, pgLx¿sf] ;+Vof
hDdf rf/ ;L6df dfq l;dLt lyof]  . To;}n] ckf]lh;gdf dnt uf]/vf kl/ifb Pp6}
dfq lyof]  . /f0ffx¿sf] g]t[Tjsf] uf]/vf kl/ifb, ca /f0ffx¿;Fu hgtfsf] gkm/t t
5Fb} lyof], pgLx¿;Fu /fhf lqe'jgsf] ;d]t gkm/t lyof]  . To:tf] lyof] lj=;+= @)!%
sf] klxnf] cfd r'gfp kl5sf] Sofljg]6 Pj+ kfln{ofd]G6sf] kl/b[Zo  .

@)!% kl5 ePsf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿
@)) ;fnaf6}g]kfndf k|hftGq cfPtf klg @)!% ;fn;Dd oxfF cl:y/
ued]{G6 lyof]  . gofF u7g ePsf ;/sf/x¿ k|foM gf} dlxgf eGbf a9tf l6Sb}gy]  .
8f= s]=cfO{ l;+xsf]k|wfgdGqLTjsf];/sf/t cem tLg dlxgf eGbf a9L l6Sg
;s]g  . k|ToIf zf;gsf] ;/sf/ xf]; of bnLo :j?ksf] gf} dlxgf klg k'Ubf gk'Ub}
To;sf s]xL g s]xL kl/jt{g Pj+ /L cu{gfOh eOg}xfNYof]  .
o:tf] cl:y/tf eOg} /x]tf klg @)!% ;fnsf] cfd lgjf{rg kl5 Psf;L b'O{
ltxfO ax'dt xfl;n u/]/ xfdL ;/sf/df cfof}+  . xfdL klg cfpg t aGb'ssf]
cf8df ePsf]@)) ;fnsf]hgqmflGtaf6 cfPsf lyof}+ . xfdL hgtf dfem k'u]sf
t @))( ;fn /@)!$ ;fnsf];Tofu|xdf dfq}lyof] . Tof]klg @))( ;fndf
vf;u/L sf7df8f}+ EofnLdf dfq ;Lldt lyof}+ . @)!$ ;fndf rflxF xfdL b]zJofkL
?kd};Tofu|xdf uPsf xf}+ . cfd r'gfp u/fpgsf nflu elg @)!$ ;fndf xfdL
aNn df;df uof}+ .
@)!% ;fnsf]cfd r'gfpdf xfd|f]kf6L{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n]b'O{ ltxfO{ eGbf a9L
ax'dt xfl;n u¥of]  . xfdL ;Qfdf t k'Uof}+ t/ d'n'ssf] k|zf;g oGq xfdLn] rfx]
h:tf] lyPg  . ldln6/L;Fu åGå lyPg, /Iff bn vf/]h ul/lbPsf] x'gfn] k'ln;
kmf];{ l8df]/nfOh lyof]  . To;}n] Tolt ;lhnf] cj:yf lyPg  .
tL ;a s'/fx¿sf] afjh'b klg jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] JolQmTj olt k|efjsf/L lyof]
ls pxfF hxfF hxfF hfg'x'GYof] pxfFnfO{ b]Vg xhf/f}+ dflg;x¿sf] le8 nfUg] uYof]{  .
af6f]3f6f] cflb ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿df jL=kL= n] cfJxfg ug]{ lalQs} hgtf
tD;LxfNYof]  . Tof] a]nf hgtfsf] w]/} 7nf] sf]–ck/];g lyof]  . vfnL k|fljlws dfq
k7fOlbP klg ;Sg] sfd hgtf cfkm}+ ul/xfNy]  .
Tof] a]nf xfdL;Fu ;fgf 7nf ;a} vfn] k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] 7n} cefj lyof]  .
cf]e/l;o/x¿ ;d]tsf] cefjdf HofdL gfOs]x¿af6 Oli6d]6 u/fP/ ;d]t sfd
u/fpg'kg]{ cj:yf lyof]  . 8fS6/, Ol~hlgo/x¿ sxfF kfpg' /  Û u|fh'P6 ePsf
lzlIft JolQmx¿sf]cefjdf sd of]Uotf ePs}nfO{ klg j8f xflsd agfpg' kYof]{ .

lzlIft Pj+ k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] Toqf] sdhf]/ cj:yf lyof]  .
/fh:j
/f0ffsfndf d'n'ssf] cfo:tf hDdf tLg s/f]8 elgGYof]  . To;dWo] df]6fdf]6L
?kdf Ps s/f]8 cfdL{sf nflu, Ps s/f]8 l;len tkm{ / csf]{ Ps s/f]8 /f0ffx¿n]
rf8kj{ ljz]if cflbdf alS;; k|bfg u/]/ ar]sf] aL;–tL;–krf; nfv hlt x'G5
Tof] pgLx¿ vfg] uy]{  . To:tf] kl/kf6L ;Qf;Lgx¿sf] k/Dk/f lyof]  .
/fli6«o cfo;|f]t vf;} To:tf] s]xL lyPg  . pTkfbg j[l4 gu/fO s/ dfq}
a9fpg yfNof] eg] nf]slk|otf x'g] lyPg  . To:tf] cj:yfdf ;fdfGo s/ j[l4
dfqn] d'n'ssf] cfjZostfdf 6]jf k'Ug ;Sg] klg lyPg  . aflx/L d'n'sx¿af6 bfg
cg'bfgx¿ cfpg] s'/f klg sd lyof]  . To; avt yf]/} s]xL b]zx¿;Fu dfq bf}To
;DaGw ufFl;Psf] lyof]  . o;f] ePsf] x'Fbf ljsf;sf] km6sf] dfg{ To;avtsf] ;do
kl/l:ylt cg';f/ gLltut 7f]; sbd rfng' cfjZos lyof]  . o;sf nflu ;j{k|yd
of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g ul/of]  .
cy{ Pj+ of]hgf ljsf; dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/L pkk|wfg dGqL ;'j0f{ ;d;]/
h=a=/f= nfO{ ;'lDkOPsf] lyof]  . ;'j0f{hL :jo+ /fd|f] cfly{s ljz]if1 x'g'x'GYof]  .
;+;f/sf hxfF;'s}af6 k|sflzt ePsf cy{ /ljsf; ;DaGwL hg{n Pj+ k':tsx¿
;'j0f{hLsf]df cfOk'Uy]  . pxfF cToGt} cWoogzLn Pj+ d]xgtL JolQm x'g'x'GYof]  .
s'g k|sf/sf] hnjfo' / df6f] ePsf] :yfgdf s:tf] dnhn u/]df slt ;Dd laofF
nfUg]v';f{gL pTkfbg x'g]x'G5 elg ;f]w]df pxfF eGg ;Sg'x'GYof] . ;'j0f{hL ljsf;
of]hgfx¿sf af/]df bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fVg] JolQm x'g'x'GYof]  . jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf efjL
of]hgfx¿sf af/]df pxfFn] lbn}b]lv ;xof]u ug'{eof]  .
b]zsf]tLj| cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu bL3{sfnLg Pj+ cNksfnLg gLltx¿
cËLsf/ ul/of]  . :yfgLo:t/df ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ h:t} af6f]3f6f],
k'n–k'n];f, l;+rfO{ tyf Ogf/, s'jf cflb lgdf{0f ubf{ Jofks hg;xeflutf
h'6fpg] p2]Zon] ufpF Pj+ j8fdf :yfgLo:t/sf] ;ldlt u7g u/fO{ sfd u/fpg]
Joj:yf ldnfOof]  . lhNnf:t/df a8f xflsdsf] cWoIftfdf dgf]lgt Pp6f a8L,
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/of]  . To;eGbf dflyNnf] lgsfo u|fd ljsf;
dGqfno agfOof]  .
:yfgLo :t/df ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ug'{kbf{ nfut Oi6d]6 cg';f/sf] lgj]bg
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf lbPkl5 cfjZos hfFr k8tfn kZrft p;n]:jLs[lt
lbGYof], t/ o:tf] :jLs[lt eg] xr'jfsf] e/df xf]Og  . o;/L ul/g] ;xfotf gubdf

xf]Og lhG;Ldf x'GYof]  . nfut Ol:6d]6 cg';f/ O§f, ;Ld]06, afn'jf, /8 Pj+ s+lqm6
cflb sRrf kbfy{ g} pknAw u/fOGYof]  . sRrf kbfy{ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf u|fd
ljsf; c•fn]uYof]{ eg]To;sf]nflu vr{ h'6fpg]Joj:yf lhNnf ljsf; c•fn]
uYof]{  . sfddf sf]–cl8{g];g Pj+ cg'udg lhNnf ljsf; af]8{sf] d]Da/ ljz]ifnfO{
tf]lsPsf] x'GYof]  . o;k|sf/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ x'Fbf ToxfF e|i6frf/sf] u'~hfo;
/xFb}gYof], Tolt kf/bzL{ lyof]  . hxfF;'s} klg ;/sf/L nufgLeGbf a9tf sfd x'g]
u/]sf] lyof]  .
h'g;'s} If]qsf hgtfx¿df klg ca v'a ljsf; x'g]5 eGg] pT;fx hfu]sf]
lyof]  . To; avt;Dd xfd|f] b]zdf ljsf;sf] hu a;]s} lyPg  . af6f]3f6f]x¿sf]
lgtfGt cefj lyof]  . :s'n kf7zfnfx¿ lyPgg  . lkpg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf lyPg  .
:jf:Yo s]Gb|x¿ lyPgg  . ;'ne zf}rfnosf] t 1fgg} lyPg  . x'nfs ;]jfsf]
;xhtf lyPg  . ;+If]kdf eGg' kbf{ b]zsf] x/]s efu s] dw]; s] kxf8 hgtfx¿nfO{
cfwf/et cfjZostfsf] pknAwtf g} lyPg  .
o;/L ljsf;k|lt xf};nf / pT;fx hfu]sf hgtfx¿n] 7fpF7fpFdf cf–cfkmg}
af6f] vGg agfpg yfn]  . af6f] hg;xeflutfaf6 vg]kl5 ToxfF ;/sf/n] u|fa]n
ul/lbO{ xfN5 eGg] pgLx¿nfO{ e/f];f x'g yfNof]  . hg;xeflutfaf6 lgdf{0f
x'g] o:tf ;–;fgf of]hgfx¿df ;/sf/n] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFYof]  . 7f]; sfo{
x'g] hg ;xeflutfdns hgtfsf] cfwf/et cfjZostfsf ;–;fgf o:tf ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{df ;/sf/L ;xof]u lhG;Ldf cyf{t lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ g}pknAw
u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfOof]  .
u|f; ?6df oL ;a Joj:yf ldnfpg ufpF :t/df Pp6f u|fd k+rfot :yfkgf
ug]{ / tTsfnsf nflu ToxfF Pp6f k|fylds pkrf/sf] afs; / csf]{ x'nfssf]
afs; /fVg] gLlt lnOof]  . To;f] ubf{ ToxfF Pshgf JolQm /f]huf/ klg x'g] ef] /
k|fylds pkrf/ Pj+ x'nfssf] Joj:yf klg x'g] eof]  . k+r enfbdL Pj+ k+rfot eGg]
s'/f xfd|f] ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fut 9fFrf klg lyof]  .
b'O{y/L emul8ofx¿n] d+h'/ u/]sf] d+rn] u/]sf] km}znfnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf
GofofwLzn] u/]sf] km}znf eGbf klg /fd|f] dflgg] Tof] k/Dk/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]
gLlt lnOof] . Pp6f uf]?;Dd cyf{t Ps;o ?k}ofF lauf];Ddsf]d'2f l5Gg]Pj+
ldnfkq u/fpg rflxF ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k/]sf] d'2f ;Dd klg ldnfpg ;Sg] clwsf/
k+rfotnfO{ lbOof]  . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/n] Pp6f leGg b[li6sf]0fn] clËsf/
u/]sf] gLlt lyof] …k+rfotÚ  . @)! ;fn kf}if ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|n] k|hftGq ckx/0f
u/L g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/n] clËsf/ u/]sf] k|hftflGqs ;+:sf/ cg';f/sf]

k+rfotnfO{ tf]8d/f]8 u/L k+rfot Joj:yfs} gfpFdf d'n'sdf lg/+s'z ;Qf nfb]  .
b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 lgjf{lrt g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;/sf/ u7g u/]kl5 ;a}eGbf
klxn]hgtfdf lzIff cfh{g ug'{k5{ eGg]r]tgf hfu[t eof] . To;eGbf cl3
t hg;fwf/0fdf k9g' n]Vg'k5{ eGg]g} lyPg  . ;/sf/ u7g u/]kl5 xfdLnfO{
k|fljlwsx¿sf] ;a}eGbf 7nf] vfFrf] x'g cfof]  . sn]hdf k9fpg] of]Uotf k'u]sf
k|fWofksx¿ lyPgg  . c:ktfndf sfd ug]{ 8fS6/x¿ lyPgg o:t} Ol~hlgo/,
cf]e/l;o/x¿ lyPgg  . o;}sf/0fn] ubf{ xfd|f] ;a}eGbf a9L Wofg lzIff If]qdf uof]  .
k|To]s r'gfj If]qdf sDtLdf Pp6f xfO:s'n :yfkgf ug]{ gLlt lnOof]  . h;n]
ufpFdf @) hgf dfq} ePklg ljBfyL{ lnP/ k|fOd/L :s'n vf]Ng ;S5 eg] p;nfO{
;/sf/L ;xfotf lbO{ xfNg] ul/of]  . k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf ;DefJotf cg';f/
k|fOd/L, ldl8n / xfO{:s'nx¿ :yfkgf eP  . To:t} k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf tTsfnsf
nflu sDtLdf Pp6f x]Ny ;]G6/ :yfkgf ug]{ gLlt lnOof]  .
j}1flgs s/ k|0ffnL
d'n'sdf j}1flgs 9+usf]s/k|0ffnL nfu' ePsf]lyPg . hgtfx¿sf nflu
cfwf/et cfjZostfsf] kl/klt{ ug{ b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu cfo ;|f]t
h'6fpg cfGtl/s cfo tkm{ j}1flgs 9+usf] s/ k|0ffnLsf] ;qkft ul/of]  . jL=kL=
sf]O/fnfsf] wf/0ff cg';f/ lgDg ju{sf hgtf o;} klg kLl8t ePsf x'gfn]
pRr ju{sfx¿nfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] gLlt cg'?k lxdfno jL/ ljqmd zfx
-/fhf dx]Gb|sf dflxnf efO_ af6 o;sf] ;'?cft ul/of]  .
sd{rf/L k|zf;g tkm{
To;avt tNnf]:t/sf sd{rf/Lsf] dfl;s tna hDdf t]x| ?k}ofF dfq lyof]
olt yf]/} dfl;s j]tgdf sd{rf/Ln] s] dg nufP/ sfd unf{ elg ?= t]x| dfq kfpg]
sd{rf/LnfO{ dfl;s k}tfln; ?k}ofF kfpg]cg'kftdf pgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ tna j[l4
ul/of]  . tnadf jflif{s u|]8 j[l4 cflb Joj:yf eof]  . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{df
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotf Pj+ ;Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df kbf]Gglt x'g] Joj:yf ul/of]  .
eld ;'wf/
eld ;'wf/sf If]qdf klxnf] sbd ljtf{ vf/]hug]{ eof]  . u'7L hUuf tkm{ tLg
k|sf/sf u'7L hUufx¿ lyP . L % sf];/sf/sf]u'7Ldf wfg # kfyL rf/dfgf,
L # k§Lsf] u'7Ldf #@ kfyL rf/ dfgf lt/f] ltg'{kYof]{ / /}s/ hUufsf] eg] @% kfyL

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