Assignment 2 Crime Control vs. Due ProcessFor many years,.docx

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Assignment 2: Crime Control vs. Due Process For many years, New York City suffered from very high rates of both violent and property crime. In 2001, the September 11 attack brought down the World Trade Center towers. Since then, there have been several attempted acts of terrorism as well. In response to these difficult challenges, the New York Police Department (NYPD) implemented several new procedures, including: Stop and frisk "Mosque crawling" (undercover surveillance of city mosques) Prepare a report in Microsoft Word that addresses the following points: Describe the two programs listed above. Analyze whether these programs have been effective. To do this, you will need to locate crime statistics for New York City and determine whether crime and terrorism have increased or decreased. Discuss how these programs relate to the issue of crime control versus due process. Explain how the presence of crime or the potential for terrorism might impact New York economically. Recently, the stop-and-frisk program has been suspended by a federal judge. Do you agree with this decision? Explain your reasoning. .

Education

Analyze whether these programs have been effective. To do
this, you will need to locate crime statistics for New York City
and determine whether crime and terrorism have increased or
decreased.
Discuss how these programs relate to the issue of crime control
versus due process.
Explain how the presence of crime or the potential for terrorism
might impact New York economically.
Recently, the stop-and-frisk program has been suspended by a
federal judge. Do you agree with this decision? Explain your
reasoning.

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The War on Global Crime Crime has always represented a threat to the security of ordinary people in all countries and occasionally to state institutions. The changing nature of threats to global crime has become greater in recent years and has undermined the capacity of governments to protect citizens and themselves. The threat to the United States from international crime continues to grow through rapid changes in technology providing a foundation for criminals to exploit the globalization of trade and finance. These developments have helped create new mechanisms for trafficking contraband, conducting illicit trade, laundering money, and engaging in large-scale economic crimes. They have also opened the door to new criminal opportunities. Submission Details: In at least 250 words, post to the Discussion Area your responses to the following: Build a case that examines the country that according to your research will pose the greatest global threat in terms of crime. Identify and describe the specific crime that is produced by this country. State measures that have been taken by government agencies or international organizations in the past to curtail the crime and recommend solutions to the crime. Use APA citations to show resources that support your viewpoint. .

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Click on the following link(s) for the Phase 2 Reading Assignment: Annual Report to Congress on ISE Most people attribute the creation of law enforcement and intelligence fusion centers with the events of September 11, 2001. However, from 1999–2002, a series of major events primed policy makers within the U.S. intelligence and law enforcement communities to formalize cross-community information sharing activities and ultimately to create an effective law enforcement and intelligence information-sharing environment. As the new millennium was set to begin, Ahmed Ressam (the Millennium Bomber) was stopped as he exited a ferry crossing from Canada to a remote U.S. entry point. The contents found in his trunk would have allowed Ressam to achieve his goal of setting off an explosive device at the Los Angeles airport. This event, which occurred just two years before 9/11, led to meetings regarding the creation of some type of fusion and/or sharing process. Further discussions would advance this idea in the fall of 2002. In October of 2002, unprovoked shootings in the Washington DC metropolitan area resulted in 10 people dead and three critically injured. At the outset of these shootings, a massive police investigation across local and federal levels developed to apprehend the so-named Beltway Sniper. Local and federal law enforcement officials in the East attempted to fit the pieces together and analyze messages left by the killer or killers. This sniper case, combined with previous lessons learned, culminated in the realization for the need to formalize a multijurisdictional information-sharing activity. Members from across the law enforcement community—combining with elements of the homeland security, defense, and intelligence communities — set about institutionalizing this effort as quickly as possible. Assignment Guidelines For this assignment, you are a member of the law enforcement community tasked with institutionalizing this effort. Address the following in 1,000 words: What are the challenges for federal, state, and local law enforcement in collecting intelligence information as it pertained to these two events? Explain. What lessons were learned from these events with regards to intelligence collection and information-sharing? Explain. What recommendations can you offer on how to create an information-sharing environment? Explain. How would your recommendation effectively formalize multijurisdictional information sharing to counter some of existing challenges? Explain. Be sure to reference all sources using APA style ...

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Chapter 1: Introduction: The Linearity of Contemporary Criminal Justice Thought: Perspective, Context, and Direction Chapter 18: Contemporary Police and Society, pp. 290-294 Godown, J. (2009, August). The CompStat process: Four principles for managing crime reduction. Police Chief Magazine, LXXVI(8). Retrieved from http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&article_id=1859&issue_id=82009 Unit Lesson Throughout history, the American criminal justice system has experienced a myriad of challenges and changes along its evolutionary journey. Ever since the inception of our nation’s first police agency, law enforcement has been charged with the responsibility of instituting public policy and initiative that exhibits a clear perspective on how to detect, deter, and prevent crime. These perspectives set the foundation for the way our criminal justice system addresses the contemporary issues facing modern law enforcement in the 21st century. The evidentiary shift from traditional criminal justice practices to a more innovative, contemporary law enforcement strategy arose from research-based theory and practice. Three contemporary tools deserving a deeper level of explanation and analysis include the following elements:  evidence-based practices (EBP),  crime mapping, and  community and problem-oriented policing. These tools are key to what is referred to as predictive policing. The premise behind predictive policing rests on the idea that society will be much safer if we do not wait to make an arrest after a crime has been committed, but rather, we prevent the crime in the first place (Maguire & Okada, 2015). Evidence-based policing, simply stated, is the marriage between scientific research and taking that evidence and those results and putting them into practice with the use of guidelines and policy. This notion has been used in medicine when doctors use advanced training as it pertains to the scientific method and follow the most recent evidence available derived from research (Sherman, 1998). We see this firsthand with Berkeley Police Chief August Vollmer in the early 1970s when he began implementing a radical approach to practical policing with innovations such as the patrol car, profiling, and forensics to name a few. UNIT I STUDY GUIDE Contemporary Criminal Justice Theory and Practice BCJ 4601, Criminal Justice Current Topics 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Crime mapping, such as that provided by the widely recognized program CompStat (computer statistics), is another innovation in contemporary criminal justice that has changed the way law enforcement approaches crime. Crime mapping has a long history dating back to the 1920s. According to Chamard (2006), the most well-known criminological maps came from Chicago sociologists, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, who constructed a choropleth map consisting of the residences of over 3,000 juvenile delinquents. Shaw and McKay used polygon shading to indicate t ...

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Vol. 6(1), pp. 1-12, August 2016 DOI 10.5897/JIIS2015.0089 Article Number: 930ADF960210 ISSN 2141-6478 Copyright © 2016 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JIIS Journal of Internet and Information Systems Review Challenges to enforcement of cyber-crimes laws and policy Ajayi, E. F. G. School of Law, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Received 4 August, 2015; Accepted 25 July, 2016 Cybercrime, a concept which to date has defied a globally accepted definition, appears to be the latest scourge plaguing man and same has occupied the cynosure. The word “cybercrime” is on the lips of almost everyone involved in the use of the computer and Internet, be it individual, corporate, organization, national, multinational or international. The attention accorded cybercrimes is not far- fetched; on one hand, it is partly rooted in its unavoidable nature as a result of the fact that telecommunications via the cyberspace, is the veritable means by which social interaction, global trade and commerce are transacted; and on the other, the economic losses to which all citizens are exposed whether now or in the nearest future. Aside economic losses, other consequences of cybercrimes includes but not limited to setback to the brand image and company reputation otherwise known as goodwill, loss of intellectual property and sensitive data, opportunity costs which includes but not limited to service and employment disruptions, penalties and compensatory payments to affected clienteles, contractual compensation for delays, cost of countermeasures and insurance, cost of mitigation strategies and recovery from cyber-attacks, the loss of trade and competitiveness, distortion of trade and job loss. This paper argues that it is not as if relevant laws and regulations are not in place because some advanced nations in the world have in one form or another, laws against cybercrimes, yet, the challenge of cybercrimes remains intractable and bewildering. As nations across the globe strives to curb cybercrimes through the instrumentality of the law, so are the cyber criminals devising new and sophisticated techniques to further their trade, thereby rendering impotent, the extant legal measures. This Article intends to bring to the fore, a comprehensive account of why cybercrimes remains an albatross in order showcase the enormity of the challenge faced by humanity, in the hope that, when the extent of the problem is known, may be, a global solution would timeously be fashioned out, to stem the tide of cybercrimes. Key words: Cybercrimes, cyber criminals, challenges, enforcement, economic losses. INTRODUCTION Cyber-crimes are relatively a new phenomenon but same has occupied the cynosure of global attention simply because all citizens of the world, irrespective of whether private or public, are vulnerable to it, the said vulnerability Email: [email pr ...

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Vol. 6(1), pp. 1-12, August 2016 DOI 10.5897/JIIS2015.0089 Article Number: 930ADF960210 ISSN 2141-6478 Copyright © 2016 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JIIS Journal of Internet and Information Systems Review Challenges to enforcement of cyber-crimes laws and policy Ajayi, E. F. G. School of Law, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Received 4 August, 2015; Accepted 25 July, 2016 Cybercrime, a concept which to date has defied a globally accepted definition, appears to be the latest scourge plaguing man and same has occupied the cynosure. The word “cybercrime” is on the lips of almost everyone involved in the use of the computer and Internet, be it individual, corporate, organization, national, multinational or international. The attention accorded cybercrimes is not far- fetched; on one hand, it is partly rooted in its unavoidable nature as a result of the fact that telecommunications via the cyberspace, is the veritable means by which social interaction, global trade and commerce are transacted; and on the other, the economic losses to which all citizens are exposed whether now or in the nearest future. Aside economic losses, other consequences of cybercrimes includes but not limited to setback to the brand image and company reputation otherwise known as goodwill, loss of intellectual property and sensitive data, opportunity costs which includes but not limited to service and employment disruptions, penalties and compensatory payments to affected clienteles, contractual compensation for delays, cost of countermeasures and insurance, cost of mitigation strategies and recovery from cyber-attacks, the loss of trade and competitiveness, distortion of trade and job loss. This paper argues that it is not as if relevant laws and regulations are not in place because some advanced nations in the world have in one form or another, laws against cybercrimes, yet, the challenge of cybercrimes remains intractable and bewildering. As nations across the globe strives to curb cybercrimes through the instrumentality of the law, so are the cyber criminals devising new and sophisticated techniques to further their trade, thereby rendering impotent, the extant legal measures. This Article intends to bring to the fore, a comprehensive account of why cybercrimes remains an albatross in order showcase the enormity of the challenge faced by humanity, in the hope that, when the extent of the problem is known, may be, a global solution would tim eously be fashioned out, to stem the tide of cybercrimes. Key words: Cybercrimes, cyber criminals, challenges, enforcement, economic losses. INTRODUCTION Cyber-crimes are relatively a new phenomenon but same has occupied the cynosure of global attention simply because all citizens of the world, irrespective of whether private or public, are vulnerable to it, the said vulnerability Email: [email p.

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Corruption, Norms, and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets Author(s): Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel Source: Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 115, No. 6 (December 2007), pp. 1020-1048 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/527495 . Accessed: 25/03/2015 17:53 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected] . The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Political Economy. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 164.107.70.42 on Wed, 25 Mar 2015 17:53:25 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/527495?origin=JSTOR-pdf http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp 1020 [ Journal of Political Economy, 2007, vol. 115, no. 6] � 2007 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0022-3808/2007/11506-0002$10.00 Corruption, Norms, and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets Raymond Fisman Columbia University and National Bureau of Economic Research Edward Miguel University of California, Berkeley and National Bureau of Economic Research We study cultural norms and legal enforcement in controlling corruption by analyzing the parking behavior of United Nations officials in Manhattan. Until 2002, diplomatic immunity protected UN diplomats from parking enforcement actions, so diplomats’ actions were constrained by cultural norms alone. We find a strong effect of corruption norms: diplomats from high-corruption countries (on the basis of existing survey-based indices) accumulated significantly more unpaid parking violations. In 2002, enforcement authorities acquired the right to confiscate diplomatic license plates of violators. Unpaid violations dropped sharply in response. Cultural norms and (partic- ularly in this context) legal enforcement are both important deter- minants of corruption. We thank Stefano Dellvigna, Seema Jayachandran, Dean Yang, Luigi Zingales, and seminar participants at the Harvard Development Economics Lunch, Harvard Behavioral Economics Seminar, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Political Economy discussion group, University of Michigan, London School of Economics, University of Southern California, Stockholm University, University of California, Berkeley, Northwest- ern University, University of .

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