3. What is Ebola?
Ebola is a deadly disease caused by a haemorrhagic virus.
There are five strains, and four of them can cause disease
(Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, Bundibugyo, and Reston agents).
The Sudan virus has been associated with an approximate
50 percent case fatality rate in four known epidemics
The virus is scary, but it’s also rare.
5. Tissue Damage
macrophages and dendritic cells are probably the
first cells to be infected
Filoviruses replicate readily within these cells, causing their
necrosis and releasing large numbers of new viral particles
into extracellular fluid
Spread to regional lymph nodes results in further rounds of
replication, followed by dissemination of virus to dendritic
cells and fixed and mobile macrophages in the liver, spleen,
thymus, and other lymphoid tissues.
6. Systemic Inflammatory Response :
Macrophages infected with Ebola Zaire virus produce
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) , interleukin(IL) , IL-6,
macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and nitric
oxide (NO)
that is responsible for the fever, malaise,
vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability,
hypotension
7. Coagulation Defects :
Virus-infected macrophages synthesize cell-surface tissue
factor (TF), triggering the extrinsic coagulation pathway.
Leading to coagulopathy in Ebola infection.
√ Increased D-dimers occur within 24 hours after infection .
√ activated protein C is decreased on day 2.
√ thrombocytopenia started in day 4 .
As the disease progresses, hepatic injury may also cause a
decline in plasma levels of certain coagulation factors.
8.
9.
10. Where is Ebola?
33 Ebola outbreaks since 1976
It started in Guinea and spread to Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria.
the 2014 outbreak inWest Africa is by far the largest.
A man who travelled to the U.S. from Africa died of Ebola in
October.
Anurse who helped treat him came down with Ebola.
Ebola has infected thousands of people and killed more than half of them.
11.
12.
13. Method of infection
from direct contact with an infected person’s body fluids ( from a person
who has the virus, and only symptomatic).
People catch it through their body fluids.
Blood, stool, and vomit are the most infectious, but
semen, urine, sweat, tears, and breast milk also carry it.
viruses can initiate infection via many routes, including :
ingestion, inhalation, passage through breaks in the skin, eyes, or
genitals.
You pick it up from needles or sheets contaminated by fluids
14.
15. How You Won’t Get Ebola
You can’t get Ebola from casual contact, like sitting next to an
infected person.
Air, food, and water don’t carry the virus.
But kissing or sharing food or a drink with someone who has
Ebola could be a risk, since you might get infection from his
infected saliva .
16.
17. What are the symptoms?
Incubation period take from 2 to 21 days, but usually 8 to 10 days,
after infection for signs of Ebola to appear.
Symptoms can seem like the flu at first
Then, sudden fever, feeling tired, muscle pains, headache, and
sore throat.
As the disease gets worse, it causes vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and
bruising or spontaneous bleeding from the eyes , gums, etc...
18.
19. There a Vaccine for Ebola?
There is no approved medicine or vaccine to
treat or prevent Ebola.
Scientists have tested some drugs on animals, which seemed to
work.
But they haven’t studied how the medications affect humans.
Researchers are also studying two new vaccines that could
prevent Ebola, but they still need to test them in more people to see if
they’re safe and if they work.
20.
21. Treatment
Since there aren’t any drugs to fight the virus, health care teams
treat the person’s symptoms and offer basic support care.
Keep hydration with IV fluids, oxygen, maintain their Bp, treat
any associated infections.
Aperson’s survival depends on his immune system .
The sooner he gets medical care, the better the chances he’ll
recover.
24. Ebola survivors have specific strain antibodies that
may protect them from the same strain of the virus
for 10 years or more.
But no one knows if they can get sick from
the other strains.
It’s rare, but the Ebola virus can stay in semen for 3 months after
recovery, so he should avoid sex or use a condom to keep from
infecting others.
The virus can stay in breast milk for 2 weeks after
recovery, so women shouldn’t breastfeed during
that time.
25.
26. How Can we Prevent It?
The best way to avoid Ebola is to stay away from areas where the virus
is common.
If you are in an outbreak area:
Avoid infected people, their body fluids, and the bodies of
anyone who has died from the disease.
Avoid contact with wild animals, like bats and monkeys, and their meat.
Wash your hands often.
After you leave the area, watch for changes in your health for 21 days,
and get medical help right away if you have any symptoms.
27.
28. Controlling an Outbreak
Trained public health workers find every person who might have
had contact with an infected person.
They watch each of those people for 21 days.
If someone shows signs of Ebola, health care teams test them,
treat them, and keep them away from others.
The goal is to stop Ebola from spreading
further.
