1. Presented to:
Sir Akhtar
Presented by:
Shumaila(2013-bt-025)
Fatima Mumtaz(2013-bt-020)
Adila Khalil(2013-bt-002)
Hina Shahzadi(2013-bt-026)

2. Comparison Between
Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes

3. Prokaryotes
• a microscopic single-celled organism which
has neither a distinct nucleus with a
membrane nor other specialized organelles
Eukaryotes
• are organisms whose cells are organized into
complex structures by internal membranes
and have a definite nucleus

4. Origon
• Prokaryotes dominated from 3.5 to 2 billon years
ago
archeobacteria and eubacteria
• Prokaryotes were the only form of life on Earth
for millions of years until more complicated
eukaryotic cells came into being through the
process of evolution.
• Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes by
i. Endosymbiosis
ii. Membrane infolding

5. Endosymbiotic theory
• Endosymbiosis refers to one
species living within
another - the host.
• The movement of smaller
photosynthetic (chloroplast)
and heterotrophic
(mitochondria) prokaryotes
into larger prokaryotic host
cells

6. Membrane infolding theory
• The infolding of the
prokaryotic plasma
membrane gave rise to
single membrane
eukaryotic organelles.
• Double-walled
organelles by complete
invagination

7. similarities
• Presence of DNA and RNA is common
between the two cells.
• Cell membrane
• Ribosomes
• Cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton
• Flagella

9. Differences
• The difference between the structure of
prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great that it
is considered to be the most important
distinction among groups of organisms.

10. Cell wall
• prokaryotic cell wall
chemically complex
peptidoglycan
• Eukaryotic cell wall
• chemically simple
• cellulose
• chitin

11. Ribosomes
• Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than
eukaryotic ribosomes, and differ in protein
and RNA content.
• Ribosomes of prokaryotic cell are free floating
in cytoplasm.
• Ribosomes of eukaryotic cell can roam free in
cytoplasm.

12. flagella
• Prokaryotes flagella consists of two protein
building blocks
• For Propulsion
• Eukaryotes flagella is complex consists of
multiple microtubules
• for movement

13. Golgi apparatus
• Present only in eukaryotes .
• Sac like structure
• Help in storing preserving
• Transportation hence called post office of the
cell
• Absent in prokaryotes

14. Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell
Lysosome Present Absent
Mitochondria Present Absent
Peroxisomes Present absent
Endoplasmic reticulum present absent
Cell size large small
Microtubules Present absent

15. Nucleus
•The most fundamental difference is that
eukaryotes do have "true" nuclei containing
their DNA, whereas the genetic material in
prokaryotes is not membrane-bound.
• Store all necessary information
• Brain of the cell

16. Reproduction
Prokaryotes
• Cell divide by binary fission
Eukaryotes
• Sexual or asexual
• Cell divide by mitosis or meiosis

17. Plasma membrane
Eukaryotes
• Sterols and carbohydrates that serve as
receptors present
prokaryotes
• No carbohydrates and generally lacks sterols

18. Cytoplasm
• No cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic streaming in
prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes cytoplasm has cytoplasmic
streaming and have cytoskeleton.

19. Genome
 Prokaryotes
• Single circular DNA
• Only a single loop of
stable chromosomal
DNA stored in an area
named the nucleoid
 Eukaryotes
• Multiple linear
chromosome
• DNA is found on tightly
bound and organised
chromosomes

20. Genome
 Prokaryotes
• Genes are expressed in
groups, known as,
operons
• Little repetitive DNA
• Extrachromosomal
plasmid present
 Eukaryotes
• Individually genes
expressed
• Large amount of
repetitive DNA
• Extrachromosomal
plasmid absent

21. Genome
 Prokaryotes
• Haploid
• Trascription and
translation occur
simultaneously
 Eukaryotes
• Diploid
• Transcription occur in
nucleus, and translation
in cytoplasm

22. DNA replication
The similarities between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic replication:
• Both are bi-directional processes
• DNA polymerases work 5’ to 3’
• Leading and lagging strands
• Primers are required

23. Replication difference
• Prokaryotes
• Occur inside cytoplasm
• Only one origion of
replication
• Origion of replication is
formed of about 100-
200 nucleotides
• Eukaryotes
• Occur inside nucleus
• Origion of replication
are many
• Origion of replication is
formed of about 150
nucleotides

24. Prokaryotic replication Eukaryotic replication

25.  Prokaryotes
• One replication bubble
formed
• Large okazaki fragments
• Rapid
 Eukaryotes
• Numerous replication
bubbles formed
• Small okazaki fragments
• Slow