Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

1. PROKARYOTIC AND
EUKARYOTIC CELL

2. FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
Five kingdom classification was proposed by RH Whittaker in 1969.
* Criteria for classification*
1.Complexity of cell structure- prokaryote, eukaryote.
2.Complexity of organisms- unicellular, multicellular.
3.Mode of nutrition- plants(autotrophs), fungi( heterotroph and
saprobic absorption) and animals ( heterotroph and ingestion).
4.Lifestyle- Producers(plants), consumers( animals),
decomposers(fungi).
5.Phylogenetic relationships- prokaryote to eukaryote, unicellular to
multicellular.

4. MONERA
• Unicellular and Prokaryotic.
• True nucleus and membrane bound organelles
are absent.
• Some of them have cell wall (bacteria and
BGA) and some of them don’t have cell wall
(mycoplasma).
• Have two Major groups-
1. Eubacteria(true bacteria).It includes
bacteria and cyanobacteria
2.Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria)
• Examples- E.coli, Bacteria, Anabaena, etc.

5. PROTISTA
• Unicellular and Eukaryotic.
• True nucleus is Present.
• Protista are mainly Protozoans.
• The structures like cilia, flagella and
pseudopodia are presented in these
organisms which help in locomotion
and food capturing.
• Examples — Diatoms, amoeba,
paramecium, algae, euglena, etc.

6. FUNGI
• Heterotrophic and Eukaryotic.
• Mainly have Multicellular body with the
exception of yeast which is unicellular fungi.
• True nucleus is Present.
• Their cell wall is made up of chitin.
• .They have saprophytic nutrition i.e. live on
the dead and decaying matter.
• Examples- Yeast, Penicillium, aspergillus,
penicillium, etc.

7. PLANTAE
• They are Eukaryotic, Multicellular and
Autotrophs.
• They have an additional covering on plasma
membrane called Cell membrane.
• They have cell wall, made up of cellulose and
chlorophyll pigments which help in
photosynthesis.
• Presence of vascular tissues.
• They are non-motile or static.
• The plant kingdom is classified into 5 phylum.

8. ANIMALIA
• They are Eukaryotic and Multicellular.
• They are Heterotrophs.
• They do not have cell wall and chlorophyll!
pigments.
• Generally have locomotory organs and are motile.
• They have a well developed sensory and
neuromuscular system.
• This group contains all invertebrates and
vertebrates.
• The animal kingdom is classified into 10 divisions.

9. PROKARYOTIC CELL

10. •PROKARYOTES CELL were the first and for billions
of years were the only form of life on earth.
•unicellular organism.
•simplest type of cell.
•have diffused nucleus with no nuclear membrane,
nucleolus, ribonucleoprotien.
•Genetic material is dispersed throughout cytoplasm.
•Don’t have membrane bound organelles
•Major group includes bacteria, blue green algae.
•0.2-1.5 micrometer diameter 3-5 micrometer length

11. •Tough rigid structure 10-25nm thick
•has peptidoglycan layer ,teicholic acid (in gram +ve) ,
lipopolysaccharide (in gram –ve)
CELL WALL

12. Gram positive cell wall
diff

13. •Function of cell wall –
1) Gives protection to bacteria against cell lysis , toxic
substance
2) Rigidity to bacteria due to presence of peptidoglycan
layer
3) Virulence factor eg endotoxin contribute to
pathogenicity
4)Immunity : antibody raised against specific cell wall
antigen may give immunity against some bacterial
infection

14. •Cell membrane-
- 5-10nm thick lack sterols such as cholestrol except
in mycoplasma
-some have pentacyclic sterol like molecules called
hopanoids’
•Cytoplasmic matrix –
have 70S ribosomes (30S and 50S subunits)
•Intracytoplasmic inculsions
storage sites of nutrient/ energy in some bacteria
are of 2 types –
1) organic inculsion bodies eg. glycogen granules
2) Inorganic inculsion bodies eg.
polymetaphosphate , volutin

15. •Mesosomes –
- invagination of plasma membrane in shape of
vesicle tubules lamella
- Site of bacterial respiration
-Involved in cell wall formation and cell division
•Plasmid –
- extrachromosomal DNA
-Non essential for life
-capable of independent replication
-used as vectors
-provide antibiotic resistance to bacteria

16. •Capsule/slime layer-
- glycocalyx layer outside the cell wall.eg streptococcus
salivarius
-Function-
1) contribute to bacterial virulence by protecting from
phagocytosis, drying out, action of lysozome and
bacteriophages,
2) may be toxic to host cell
3) biofilm formation
4) Source of nutrition eg streptococcus mutans
5) Capsule as vaccine eg haemophilus influenza

17. •Flagella
-thread like appendages
-Provide bacterial motility
•Fimbrae-
-short fine hair like appendages
-Helps in bacterial adhesion

19. INTRODUCTION
Eukaryotic cells have an organized nucleus with
a nuclear envelope.
Eukaryotic cells have organelles and organized
DNA.
Extra chromosomal DNA is found in
mitochondria.
Major groups included in eukaryotes are Algae,
Fungi and parasites(protozoa and helminths)

20. STRUCTURES
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES:
• FLAGELLA
• CILIA
• GLYCOCALYX
• CELL WALL
• CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
INTERNAL STRUCTURES:
• NUCLEUS
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• GOLGI APPARATUS
• LYSOSOMES
• VACUOLES
• MITOCHONDRIA
• CHLOROPLAST
• RIBOSOMES
• CYTOSKELETON

23. FUNCTIONS
PLASMA MEMBRANE
• A fluid like bilipid membranous layer composed of proteins and carbohydrates.
• It separates the cell from its external environment , protects the cell and provides
shape, stability and integrity of the cell.
• Selectively permeable.
NUCLEUS
• Brain or control centre of the cell
• Surrounded by a nuclear membrane
• Contains DNA
• Regulates gene expression via chromosomes

24. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Carry materials throughout the cell and is the
“transport system” of the cell.
• They are of two types:
1.RER-lined with ribosome
2.SER-absence of ribosome
GOLGI BODIES
• Moves material inside and outside the cell.
• Temporarily stores proteins,modifies and packs
macromolecules.

25. MITOCHONDRIA
• Double membranous structure.
• Powerhouse of the cell- helps in the formation of ATP through respiration
CHLOROPLAST
• Present in plants only , contains the green pigment chlorophyll
• Responsible for performing photosynthesis in plants.
LYSOSOMES
• Contains digestive enzymes that degrades worn out cell parts.
• Also known as “suicidal bags”
Peroxisomes
• Contains reducing enzymes CATALASE and OXIDASE that oxidise certain organic
substances.
CENTRIOLES
• Made up of microtubules ,a pair of cylindrical organelles near the nucleus.
VACUOLES
• Stores materials such as food ,water ,sugars , minerals and waste products
CYTOSKELETON
• Made up of microtubules , actin and intermediate filaments
• Gives the cell its shape and helps organize the cell parts and also help the cell to
move.

26. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC
CELL AND EUKARYOTIC CELL

27. PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR OR UNICELLULAR
HAVE DIFFUSED NUCLEUS i.e. WITHOUT
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
NUCLEUS WITH NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
CIRCULAR DNA LINEAR DNA
ABSENCE OF MEMBRANE BOUND
ORGANELLES
PRESENCE OF MEMBRANE BOUND
ORGANELLES
RIBOSOMES : 70 S RIBOSOMES : 80 S
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA FOUND IN
PLASMID
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
FOUND IN MITOCHONDRIA

28. PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
CELL MEMBRANE DOES NOT
CONTAIN STEROLS EXCEPT IN
MYCOPLASMA
CELL MEMBRANE CONTAIN
STEROLS
SITE OF RESPIRATION IS
MESOSOME
SITE OF RESPIRATION IS
MITOCHONDRIA
PINOCYTOSIS IS ABSENT PINOCYTOSIS IS PRESENT
CELL DIVISION BY BINARY FISSION CELL DIVISION BY MITOSIS AND
MEIOSIS
MAJOR GROUPS : BACTERIA, BLUE
GREEN ALGAE
MAJOR GROUP: FUNGI, PARASITE,
OTHER ALGAE, PLANTS AND
ANIMALS

29. CLINICAL
CASES

30. GRAM POSITIVE COCCI INFECTION-
(1) STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS –
• SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS LIKE FOLLICULITIS,
FURUNCLE, AND CELLULITIS, ETC.
• MUSCULOSKELETAL INFECTIONS LIKE OSTEOMYELITIS,
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS AND ABSCESS.
• TOXIN MEDIATED INFECTIONS SUCH AS SCALDED SKIN
SYNDROME, FOOD
POISONING, AND TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME.
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS -

31. (2) STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES –
SUPPURATIVE MANIFESTATIONS INCLUDE -
• SORE THROAT
• SCARLET FEVER
• SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
NON SUPPURATIVE MANIFESTATIONS INCLUDE
-
• ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER
• POST STREPTOCOCCAL
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

32. GRAM NEGATIVE COCCI INFECTIONS –
(1) NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS –
• PYOGENIC MENINGITIS AND SEPTICEMIA
(2) NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE –
• GONORRHEA
• CONJUNCTIVITIS IN NEW BORN

33. GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI INFECTIONS –
(1) CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE –
• DIPHTHERIA
• MYOCARDITIS
• POLYNEUROPATHY
(2) BACILLUS ANTHRACIS –
• CAUSATIVE AGENT OF ANTHRAX
(3) MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS –
• PULMONARY AND EXTRAPULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS

34. GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI INFECTIONS –
(1) ESCHERICHIA COLI –
• HARMLESS IN HUMAN INTESTINE
• URINARY TRACT INFECTION AND DIARRHOEA
(2) KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE –
• UTI
• LOBAR PNEUMONIA, MENINGITIS AND
SEPTICEMIA
(3) SHIGELLA –
• BACILLARY DYSENTERY
(4) SALMONELLA TYPHI –
• TYPHOID

35. THANK YOU
By
31 Dhruv bharti
32 Divya
33 Divyansh Sharma
34 Divyansha Goel
35 Divyanshu Seervi