3. 3
CELL THEORY
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
DEFINITION OF CELL
Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms.
Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions.
Cells group together to form tissues, which in turn group together to form organs, such as the heart
and brain.
Our cells contain a number of functional structures called organelles.
Figure 1. Basic plant cell
4. DISCOVERY OF CELLS
Figure 3. Robert Hooke’s drawings of the
cellular structure of cork and sprig of
sensitive plant from Micrographia (1665)
Cells: small, membrane
enclosed
units filled with a
concentrated aqueous
solution of chemicals and
endowed with the
extraordinary ability to
create copies of themselves
by growing and then dividing
in two
Figure 2. Drawing of the
microscope set up used by R.
Hooke in 1665
5. Prokaryotic vs.
5
Eukaryotic
• no nucleus
• no membrane enclosed organelles
• single chromosome
• no streaming in the cytoplasm
• cell division without mitosis
• simple flagella
• smaller ribosomes
• simple cytoskeleton
• no cellulose in cell walls
• no histone proteins
• nucleus
• membrane enclosed organelle
• chromosomes in pairs
• streaming in the cytoplasm
• cell division by mitosis
• complex flagella
• larger ribosomes
• complex cytoskeleton
• cellulose in cell walls
• DNA bound to histone proteins
Figure 4. Prokaryotic cell Figure 5. Eukaryotic cell
12. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
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Surrounds nucleus
Made of two layers
Openings allow material to enter and
leave nucleus
Figure 10 . Nuclear Membrane
13. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Moves materials around in cell
Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
Rough type (pictured): ribosomes
embedded in surface
13
Figure 11 . ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
14. RIBOSOMES
14
Each cell contains
thousands
Make proteins
Found on ribosomes &
floating throughout the
cell
Figure 12 . RIBOSOMES
15. MITOCHONDRIA
15
Produces energy through chemical
reactions – breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other
materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats,
and carbohydrates Figure 13 MITOCHONDRIA
16. GOLGI BODIES
16
Protein 'packaging plant'
Move materials within the cell
Move materials out of the cell
Figure 14 GOLGI BODIES
17. LYSOSOME
17
Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Transports undigested material to cell
membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Figure 15 LYSOSOME
18. CHLOROPLAST
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Usually found in plant cells
Contains green
chlorophyll
Where photosynthesis takes
place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Figure 16 CHLOROPLAST
19. CONCLUSION
Various parts of the cell function very important but extraordinary functions.
Each phase performs the job for which it is chemically and structurally suited; thus, the
nucleolus synthesizes protein and ribonucleic acid.
A massive phase of the protein synthesis of the cell is carried out through the ribosomes related
with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cytoplasm
The chromosomes of the nucleus comprise the genes that produce hereditary outcomes in the
cell.
It also describes that the oxidation things to do of the cell are carried in the mitochondria and
that, as a result of respiratory exercise of these structures, ATP is produced, which is available
for electricity and structural purposes in the cell.
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